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Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

Paper
Time 2 hours
reference 4BI1/1B 4SD0/1B
Biology
UNIT: 4BI1
Science (Double Award) 4BI1/4SD0
PAPER: 1B
You must have: Total Marks
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number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 110.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

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Turn over

P70972A
©2022 Pearson Education Ltd.

Q:1/1/1/
*P70972A0132*
 Answer ALL questions.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

1 The human body has different hormones that are produced by endocrine glands.
(a) The diagram labels some of the endocrine glands in the body.

D
(in female)
C
(in male)

(i) Which gland produces insulin?

(1)
A

(ii) Which gland produces progesterone?

(1)
A

2
*P70972A0232* 
 (b) The human body has two systems of communication, nervous and hormonal.
(i) Students research the speed of nervous and hormonal communication.
They find this data
• hormones travel at a speed of 420 centimetres per minute
• nerve impulses travel at a speed of 55 metres per second
Determine the ratio of the speed of nervous communication to the speed of
hormonal communication.
Give your answer in the form n : 1
(3)

ratio = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Describe three other differences between the nervous system and the
hormonal system.
(3)

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(Total for Question 1 = 8 marks)

3
 *P70972A0332* Turn over
2 Biologists classify organisms into different groups. One group of organisms is fungi.

(a) Complete the passage about fungi by writing a suitable word or words in each
blank space.
(4)
Fungi do not carry out photosynthesis. Their body is usually organised
into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called .............................................................. .

Fungal cell walls are made of . ............................................................. .

Fungi feed by extracellular secretion of .............................................................. onto food

material and absorption of the organic products. This is known

as . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nutrition.

(b) A student investigates the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic

respiration in yeast.
The student measures the rate of gas produced in cm3 per minute.
The graph shows their results.

4
Rate of gas
3
produced
in cm3 per
2
minute
1

0
15 30 45 60
Temperature in °C

4
*P70972A0432* 
 (i) Name the gas produced by yeast during anaerobic respiration.
(1)

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(ii) Explain the effect that increasing temperature has on the rate of gas
production by the yeast.
(3)

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(iii) Describe how the student could measure the rate of gas production in
this experiment.
(2)

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(Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)

5
 *P70972A0532* Turn over
3 (a) Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that a person can force out of their
lungs in one breath.
The graph shows the relationship between vital capacity and age for a large
number of people.

4
Median
vital
3
capacity
in litres
2

0
0 20 40 60 80
Age in years

The vital capacity plotted is the median value for each age.
(i) State what is meant by the term median.
(1)

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(ii) Give a reason why the median is used rather than the mean.
(1)

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6
*P70972A0632* 
 (iii) Describe the relationship between vital capacity and age shown by the graph.
(2)

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(iv) Explain why vital capacity changes with age.

(2)

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(v) Age is not the only variable that can change vital capacity.
Give two other variables that can affect a person’s vital capacity.
(2)

1 . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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7
 *P70972A0732* Turn over
 (b) Describe a method you could use to demonstrate the effect of exercise on
breathing rate in students.
(3)

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(Total for Question 3 = 11 marks)

8
*P70972A0832* 
 BLANK PAGE

9
 *P70972A0932* Turn over
4 Scientists collect data from a grassland ecosystem.
For each trophic level they determine
• the mean number of organisms in a square metre
• the mean dry mass of these organisms in a square metre
The table shows the scientists’ data.

Mean number of Mean dry mass

Trophic level
organisms in g

producer 592 821.0

primary consumer 68 37.0

secondary consumer 35 10.60

tertiary consumer 3 2.40

(a) (i) Draw a labelled pyramid of numbers for this data.

(2)

(ii) Describe how you could collect data to find the mean number of producers
per square metre in the ecosystem.
(3)

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10
*P70972A01032* 
 (b) The mass of organisms at each trophic level is called the biomass.
The percentage of biomass in the producers that is transferred to the primary
consumers is 4.5%.
(i) Calculate the percentage of biomass in the secondary consumers that is
transferred to the tertiary consumers.
(1)

percentage = ............................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(ii) Comment on the energy transfers in this ecosystem.

In your answer, refer to data from the table and the percentages of
biomass transferred.
(4)

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(Total for Question 4 = 10 marks)

11
 *P70972A01132* Turn over
 BLANK PAGE

12
*P70972A01232* 
5 The diagram shows a wind-pollinated flower with some structures labelled W, X and Y.

Y W

(a) (i) Describe how structures W, X and Y are adapted for wind pollination.
(3)

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(ii) Structures W, X and Y are adapted for wind pollination.

Give two other differences between wind-pollinated flowers and
insect-pollinated flowers.
(2)

1 . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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13
 *P70972A01332* Turn over
 (b) Wind-pollinated flowers often cause an allergic response in people. This is known
as hay fever.
Most people in the United Kingdom who get hay fever have the symptoms from
April to September.
The graph shows the changes in total pollen count for three different plant types
from March to September during one year in the United Kingdom.

3500 tree
weed
3000
grass
2500

2000
Total pollen
count
1500

1000

500

1 Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep

As part of an investigation into pollen allergy, five people keep a diary of their
hay fever symptoms. They do this for the same year as the pollen count.
The table gives their results.

Months with severe Months with mild Months with no

Person
symptoms symptoms symptoms

A April and May March and June July to September

March to May
B June and July none
August

C April to September March none

D none none all

E June to September March to May none

14
*P70972A01432* 
 Using the data in the table and the information from the graph, discuss the likely
causes of the allergic responses in each person.
(5)

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15
 *P70972A01532* Turn over
 (c) The allergic response to pollen is part of the body’s immune response.
Explain what is meant by the term immune response.
(2)

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(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

16
*P70972A01632* 
 BLANK PAGE

17
 *P70972A01732* Turn over
6 The diagram shows a plant cell in distilled water and a plant cell in a concentrated
solution of sodium chloride.

Cell in distilled water Cell in concentrated solution of sodium chloride

(a) (i) Which structure is labelled M?

(1)
A cell membrane

B cell wall

C nucleus

D vacuole

(ii) Which structure is labelled N?

(1)
A cell membrane

B cell wall

C cytoplasm

D vacuole

18
*P70972A01832* 
 (b) (i) Give the name of the liquid found in the gap labelled O in the cell in the
concentrated solution of sodium chloride.
(1)

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(ii) Explain the differences in the appearance of the cell in distilled water and the
cell in the concentrated solution of sodium chloride.
(4)

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19
 *P70972A01932* Turn over
 (c) Describe an experiment you could do to show how different concentrations of
sodium chloride solution affect the appearance of plant cells.
(4)

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(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)

20
*P70972A02032* 
 BLANK PAGE

21
 *P70972A02132* Turn over
7 (a) The diagram shows the human heart with four chambers and four blood
vessels labelled.

V W

U X

T Y

S Z

(i) Which blood vessel brings deoxygenated blood to the heart?

(1)
A U

B V

C W

D X

(ii) Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood away from the heart?
(1)
A S

B T

C Y

D Z

22
*P70972A02232* 
 (iii) Explain the difference in the wall of chamber S and the wall of chamber Z.
(3)

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(b) Humans need a balanced diet for healthy growth and development.
Give the function of three different components of a balanced diet.
(3)

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23
 *P70972A02332* Turn over
 (c) Scientists investigated the link between body mass and coronary heart disease in
a population in Australia.
The scientists recorded the number of heart attacks in a population of 850 people
for a period of 20 years.
They classified the people as normal mass, overweight or obese.
They calculated rates of heart attacks that allowed a valid comparison to be made
between the groups.

Age in Calculated rate of heart attacks in arbitrary units

years normal mass overweight obese

under 40 3.7 6.4 12.1

40 to 60 18.6 21.4 27.0

over 60 36.1 36.4 17.3

all ages 11.3 16.3 20.2

Evaluate what the data shows about the relationship between classification of
body mass, age and heart attacks.
(5)

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(Total for Question 7 = 13 marks)

24
*P70972A02432* 
8 Fur colour in rats is controlled by a gene with two alleles.
One allele codes for black fur colour. The other allele codes for agouti fur colour.
Several female rats with agouti coloured fur are mated with several male rats with
black coloured fur.
All of the offspring have agouti coloured fur.

(a) (i) Explain which allele is dominant.

(2)

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(ii) A male and female rat from these offspring are then mated together in a
second cross.
Some of the offspring of this second cross have agouti coloured fur and some
have black coloured fur.
Draw a genetic diagram to show this second cross. Include the genotypes
of the parents, the gametes they produce, and the genotypes and the
phenotypes of the offspring.
(4)

(iii) Calculate the probability of any one offspring from this second cross being
male with agouti coloured fur.
(2)

probability = ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25
 *P70972A02532* Turn over
 (b) Scientists observed that genes that control fur colour in rats can affect rat
behaviour, such as how tame they are.
Other genes that control the size of the adrenal glands and the production of
neurotransmitters also affect rat behaviour.
Scientists also noticed that coat colour is associated with differences in anatomy
and physiology, such as the size of the adrenal glands and the production
of neurotransmitters.
(i) State the name of the type of genetic control where many genes control
one phenotype.
(1)

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(ii) Explain why the size of the adrenal glands and the production of
neurotransmitters would affect rat behaviour.
(3)

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26
*P70972A02632* 
 (c) Some rats with white fur also have pink eyes.
These rats have pink eyes because they do not have pigment in their irises.
This means that their irises let light pass through, unlike the coloured irises found
in other rats.
Explain how this difference in the iris affects vision in the rats with pink eyes.
(3)

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(Total for Question 8 = 15 marks)

27
 *P70972A02732* Turn over
9 Selective breeding has been used to develop modern varieties of wheat.
(a) Describe how scientists could use selective breeding to increase wheat yield.
(3)

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(b) During a long-term study of selective breeding, scientists collected data for the
mean yield of wheat in tonnes per hectare.
The table shows the scientists’ data.

Mean yield in tonnes

Year
per hectare

1840 2.6

1860 2.5

1880 2.4

1900 2.4

1920 2.5

1940 2.6

1960 2.8

1980 4.2

2000 5.3

2020 6.7

28
*P70972A02832* 
 (i) Plot a line graph to show how the mean yield changes from 1840 to 2020.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines.
(5)

(ii) In 1960, a dwarf variety of wheat replaced the old variety.

Scientists compared the percentage change in yield for the two varieties.
The percentage change in yield per year from 1840 to 1960 was
0.06% per year.
Calculate the percentage change in yield per year from 1960 to 2020.
(3)

percentage change = .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

29
 *P70972A02932* Turn over
 (iii) Dwarf wheat has a shorter, thicker stem than the old variety.
Suggest why growing dwarf wheat is an advantage for farmers.
(3)

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(Total for Question 9 = 14 marks)

30
*P70972A03032* 
10 There is a relationship between the colour of a flower and pollination by insects.
Design an investigation to find out if the colour of a flower affects how attractive it is
to pollinators.
Include experimental details in your answer and write in full sentences.
(6)

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(Total for Question 10 = 6 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 110 MARKS

31
 *P70972A03132*
 BLANK PAGE

32
*P70972A03232* 
Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2022

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

In Biology (4BI1) Paper 1B
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Summer 2022
Question Paper Log Number P70972A
Publications Code 4BI1_1B_2206_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2022
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must

mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the
last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be
rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than
penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not
according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may
lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme
should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded.
Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the
answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be
prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not
worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the
principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may
be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark
scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be
consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has
replaced it with an alternative response.
Question Answer Mark
Number
1(a)(i) The only correct answer is 1

A is the pancreas

B is not the answer as B is not the pancreas

C is not the answer as C is not the pancreas

D is not the answer as D is not the pancreas

Question Answer Mark

Number
1(a)(ii) The only correct answer is 1

D structure produces progesterone

A is not correct as it does not produce progesterone

B is not correct as it does not produce progesterone

C is not correct as it does not produce progesterone

Question Answer additional guidance Mark
Number
1(b)(i) 3
Calculation method not marking Calculation method
points
conversion of nerve
convert hormonal speed to m / min speed to cm per min

= 4.2 m per min

= 5500 cm per sec
= 5500 x 60 cm per
convert hormonal speed to m / sec min

= 330 000 cm per min

= 4.2÷60 m per sec

= 0.07 m per sec

division division

55÷0.07 330 000÷420

= 786 :1 scores 3 = 786 : 1 scores 3

allow 2 sig figs so allow 790:1 scores 3 Allow 785.7 to 1 for

full marks
and all versions of
785.7142857142857
score 3

allow 1 mark for ÷ 60

or × 60 or evidence of
multiplying by or
dividing by 60

allow 1 mark for ÷0.07

or :0.07 or ÷420 or
:420

allow 2 marks for 1 to

786 or just number 786
etc

any rounding errors

such as 785:1 scores 2
Question Answer Additional Mark
Number guidance
1 (b) (ii) A description that makes reference to three of the allow converse for 3
following: hormones
uses plasma/
• uses neurones / nerve cells (1) blood
ignore impulse
• electrical (1)
chemical
• goes to target cells only / specific (locus)
/ eq (1) all around body/
different organs
• (response) is usually short (term) (1)
(response) longer
(lasting)

ignore ref to
speed

total 8 marks
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(a) • hyphae (1) 4
• chitin (1)
• enzymes(1)
• saprotrophic / saprophytic (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2(b)(i) • carbon dioxide / CO2 (1) 1

Question Answer Mark

Number
2(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following: 3

• increasing (kinetic) energy / molecules move more (1)

• more collisions/ more enzyme substate complexes

formed / eq (1)

• above 37 / 400C /optimum / eventually / at higher

temperature enzyme denatures / change in active site /
substrate and enzyme can no longer bind /fit /eq (1)
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
2(b)(iii) A description that makes reference to two of the no credit 2
following for counting
bubbles or
time for
limewater
as stem
states in
this
experiment.

• use (collect gas in) measuring cylinder / allow ref to

(gas) syringe / eq (1) capillary
tube and
scale

ignore gas
cylinder
• measure volume / cm3 in time / or time to
produce volume /eq (1)
must refer
to volume
and time
for mp 2

total 10 marks
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(a) (i) • the middle value / eq (1) 1

Question Answer additional Mark

Number guidance
3(a)(ii) • median used as each age has wide / high allow 1
range /not (influenced by) affected by / any converse
reference to / reduces effect of extreme for mean
values / data is skewed / less affected by
anomalies / eq
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
3(a)(iii) A description that makes reference to two of the to score 2
following two
marks
• increases (steeply) up to 20-25 years (1) must
• levels off / peaks 20-25 years (1) have one
• decreases (steadily at constant rate) from correct
20-25 years (1) numerical
ref

allow one
mark for
increases
then
decreases

Question Answer Mark

Number
3(a)(iv) An explanation that makes reference to two of the following 2

• (increases) (up to 20 years) as body / size / mass /

chest cavity / lungs / muscle increases / grows /
develops / eq (1)

• no / little change (from 20) no further growth / stop

growing / eq (1)

• (decreases) (from 25 years) as diaphragm /

intercostal muscle weaker / lungs less elastic / less
recoil / eq (1)

Question Answer additional Mark

Number guidance
3(a)(v) An answer that makes reference to two of the 2
following

• smoking (1)
• lung disease / infection / condition / asthma ignore
/ bronchitis / emphysema / eq (1) illness /
• fitness / how active you are / eq (1) health
• body size/ height / mass / genetics / eq (1)
• sex /eq (1)
• altitude at which you live / eq (1)
• pregnancy (1)
• pollution / eq(1)
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
3(b) A description that makes reference to three of the 3
following

• count number of breaths per minute / allow use

number of breaths in stated time (at rest) / spirometer
eq (1) at rest for
mp 1

use
• breathing rate count per minute / number spirometer
of breaths in stated time after / during after
exercise /eq (1) exercise
for mp 2

• repeat / using more participants /use

group/ eq (1) allow
running
increasing
distances
• control age / sex / fitness of subjects / or
amount / period of exercise / eq (1) durations
of exercise
for mp 1
and mp 2

if measure
heart rate
can score
mp 3 and
4 only

total 11 marks
Question Answer additional guidance Mark
Number
4(a)(i) 2
• correct order of names (bottom) starting with producer
(1) / primary consumer/ secondary
consumer / tertiary consumer
ignoring shape

• correct shape (1) pyramid shape ignoring order

allow triangle pyramid

Question Answer Additional Mark

Number guidance
4(a)(ii) an answer that makes reference to three of the 3
following

• quadrat / use grid /eq (1)

• random sample (1)
• count (all) plants / producers / eq (1) ignore
• repeat / divide total sum of plants by area (1) organisms
allow
quadrats
as ref to
repeat
mp 4

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
4(b)(i) calculation 1

2.40 ÷ 10.60 x 100

allow 22.64 /22.642/22.6415
= 22.6% / 23 % (1) 22.64151 etc
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
4 (b) (ii) An answer that makes reference to four of the 4
following:

• fewer organisms at top of pyramid / eq (1) allow

converse
• less biomass/ dry mass at top of pyramid/
eq (1)

• energy / biomass lost (at each transfer) /

less energy / biomass transferred / not all
energy/ biomass transferred/ eq (1)

• most energy lost from producer to primary

consumer / less energy/ less biomass
transferred from producer to primary
consumer /eq (1)

• allow any two causes of energy loss (2) allow

two
from
• movement / heat loss / respiration /
metabolism

• not all material digested / cellulose not

digested / energy lost in faeces / energy
present in faeces

• not all organism eaten /eq

• some energy excreted / in urine / eq

• some organisms die / decomposed / eq

total 10 marks
Question Answer Mark
Number
5 (a)(i) A description that makes reference to three of the following: 3

• W or stigma / feathery / large surface area / W

stigma outside flower / exposed ( to catch pollen )/eq
(1)

• X or anther outside flower/ exposed (to disperse

pollen) / eq (1)

• Y or filament long / hinged / not rigid / can move (to

disperse pollen)/eq (1)

Question Answer additional Mark

Number guidance
5 (a)(ii) An answer that refers to two of the following allow 2
converse for
insect
pollinated

• smaller / dull / green flowers /petals / no larger/

petals / eq (1) coloured /eq

• no nectar/ nectary (1) nectar/nectary

• no scent / eq (1)
scent
• smaller / lighter / smooth pollen grains /
more pollen produced (1) larger / sticky
/ have hooks
pollen grains/
less pollen
produced
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
5 (b) An answer that makes reference to five the 5
following:

• link between pollen number and symptoms

/eq (1) allow hay
fever/
• Person A allergic to tree pollen (only) / eq allergic
(1) response/
for
allergy

• Person B allergic to (mainly) grass pollen /

eq (1)

• Person B some / mild allergy to tree and

weed / eq (1)

• Person C allergic to all pollen / tree and

grass and weed/eq (1)

• Person D no pollen allergy / eq (1)

• Person E allergic to (mainly) grass and weed

/ eq (1)

• Person E some / mild allergy to tree / eq (1)

• no species level data / eq (1)

• only one year / eq (1)

Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
5(c) An explanation that makes reference to two of the 2
following

if put
• response to antigens / pathogen / allergen / phagocytes
bacteria / virus /eq (1) produce
antibodies
• by white blood cells/ phagocytes / scores mp 2
lymphocytes /eq (1) only or
lymphocytes
• antibodies produced / phagocytosis / engulf engulf
/ eq (1) scores mp 2
only

total 12 marks
Question Answer Mark
Number
6(a)(i) The only correct answer is 1

B M is the cell wall.

A is not the answer as M is not the cell membrane

C is not the answer as M is not the nucleus

D is not the answer as M is not the vacuole

Question Answer Mark

Number
6(a)(ii) The only correct answer is 1

C N is the cytoplasm.

A is not the answer as N is not the cell membrane

B is not the answer as N is not the cell wall

D is not the answer as N is not the vacuole

Question Answer Mark

Number
6(b)(i) • sodium chloride (solution) / salt solution / bathing 1
solution / eq (1)
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
6(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to four of the allow 4
following converse for
cell in salt
solution
in distilled water

• water enters cell / eq(1) water exits

• by osmosis (1)

• from dilute solution to more concentrated allow as salt

solution / from high(er) water potential to soln / outside
low(er) water potential / water / outside has has lower
a higher water potential / eq (1) water
potential

allow high
conc of
water to low
conc of
water

• cytoplasm pushed against cell membrane/ .cytoplasm

cell wall / eq (1) /cell
membrane
shrinks away
• cell is turgid / (1)
. cell
plasmolysed /
flaccid
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
6(c) A description that makes reference to four of the
following 4

• (immerse) onion epidermis /rhubarb allow ‘layer

epidermis / named suitable plant tissues / of onion’
leaf epidermis / eq (1) ‘onion skin
cells’
‘rhubarb
stem’
Cladophora /
/ toadflax /eq

not just leaf

• same volume of solutions / stated volume of

solutions /eq (1)
not just
• at least two different concentrations of salt water and
solution / eq (1) salt solution

if describe
• leave cells for stated time / same time / eq potato discs
(1) expt
can score
• (observe / draw / photograph under) mp 2 3 4 so
microscope / eq (1) 3 max

total 11 marks
Question Answer Mark
Number
7(a)(i) The only correct answer is 1

A vessel U brings deoxygenated blood to heart

B is not correct as V does not bring deoxygenated blood

C is not correct as W does not bring deoxygenated blood
D is not correct as X does not bring deoxygenated blood

Question Answer Mark

Number
7(a)(ii) The only correct answer is 1

D chamber Z pumps oxygenated blood away from heart

A chamber S does not pump oxygenated blood away

B chamber T does not pump oxygenated blood away
C chamber Y does not pump oxygenated blood away

Question Answer additional guidance Mark

Number
7 (a)(iii) An explanation that makes reference to
three the following: converse for Z 3

S
chamber Z / left
• thinner /eq (1) ventricle thicker /eq

more muscle /eq

• less muscle /eq (1)
( muscle thicker scores
(muscle thinner scores MP 1 and MP 2) MP 1 and MP 2)

• (generates) low / less pressure force (generates) high(er)

/eq (1) pressure / force /eq

ignore withstands high

pressure

• pumps blood to lungs / eq (1) pumps blood all

around the body /eq
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
7 (b) An explanation that includes 3 of 3
• carbohydrate for energy / energy store /
respiration /eq (1)
• protein for growth / repair / enzymes / eq
(1)
• fat / lipid for energy / energy store /
insulation / respiration/ eq (1)
• one named mineral and function (1) eg
• one named vitamin and function (1) Vitamin C
• fibre for peristalsis / move food through gut develops
/ eq (1) connective
• water for solvent / medium for chemical tissue /
reactions /constituent of cells / eq prevents
scurvy
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
7 (c) An explanation that includes 5 of 5

• large study / reliable / eq (1)

• long term study / eq (1)

• only in one place / country / population / eq

(1)

• (across all ages) increasing mass increases allow

CHD/ eq (1) converse

• heart attacks / CHD more common in older

groups / eq (1)

• if obese under 40 3 times as likely to have

heart attack / CHD / greatest effect under 40 /
eq (1)

• up to 60 most likely to have heart attack if

obese / eq (1)

• in over 60 group more likely to have heart

attack / CHD if normal or overweight / eq (1)

• over 60 obese less likely to have heart attack /

CHD/ eq (1)

• other factors smoking / diet / exercise / stress

/ blood pressure / eq (1)

• other factors genetics / sex / family / eq (1)

total 13 marks
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
8 (a)(i) • agouti (1) allow
2
• all offspring are agouti / no offspring are ignore
black / as allele always expressed / shown / passed on as
visible in all phenotype / expressed in black allele
heterozygous / black allele not expressed / also passed
/eq (1) on

otherwise, all
the black
parents
would need
to be
heterozygous
and even
then only 0.5
probability
that each is
black / eq
(1)
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
8 (a)(ii) An answer that makes reference to two the 4
following: allow from
Punnett
square

allow other
letters allow
• parent genotypes Aa and Aa (1) A and b

eg

• parent gametes (1) A or a A or a Ab x Ab

• offspring genotypes AA Aa aa (1)

A or b A or b

• offspring phenotypes labelled or ratio 3 : 1 AA Ab bb

(1)

ignore X and
Y

ECF max 2
for mp 2
gametes
and mp 3
genotypes of
offspring
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
8 (a)(iii) 2
• probability of agouti / probability of male allow full
• multiplied marks for
correct
⅜ or 0.375 or 37.5% (2) answer no
working

1 mark for
0.5 or ½ or
50%

or 0.75 or
¾ or 75%

Question Answer Mark

Number
8 (b)(i) 1
polygenic (1)

Question Answer additional Mark

Number guidance
8 (b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to three 3
of the following:

• more adrenaline produced / affects allow converse for

amount of adrenaline produced / eq smaller adrenal
(1) and less
neurotransmitter
• affects heart rate / fear response /
fight or flight idea /eq (1)

• neurotransmitter levels affects

synapses / eq (1)

• quicker reflex / reaction time /

quicker response / more responsive /
eq (1)
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
8 (c) An explanation that makes reference to three of the 3
following:

• iris does not block / blocks less light / eq not just

(1) iris lets
light
• so pupil change / dilate / constrict has little / through
no effect / (iris) cannot regulate / control
amount of light entering eye / eq (1)

• too much light / more light enters eye / falls

on retina / eq (1)

• poor vision / damages retina / (goes) blind /

eq (1)

total 15 marks

Question Answer additional Mark

Number guidance
9 (a) A description that makes reference to three of the 3
following points

• cross / breed / mate / allow to self- pollinate

parent plant(s) with (grains) with highest
mass / yield / desired characteristics / eq (1)

• select offspring plants with (grains) with

highest mass / yield / desired characteristics
/ eq(1)

• repeat for more / many generations / eq (1)

Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
9 (b)(i) • Scale half grid and linear (1) allow y axis
starting at 1 5
• Lines straight and through all points (1) or 2 etc

• Axes correct way round (1) yield on y

• Points correctly plotted within half a small

square (1) No P if
extrapolate
yield to 0
• Units (yield in) tonnes per hectare (1)

bar chart just

loses L

Question Answer additional Mark

Number guidance
9 (b)(ii)
6.7-2.8= 3.9 1 mark for 3.9 3
/ 1.39 / 139/
3.9 ÷2.8 x 100 = 139.3 % in 60 years 139.3/139.29/
etc

1 mark for
÷60

3 marks for
correct
139.3 ÷60 = 2.3% per year (3) answer no
working

allow 2.32
2.321 2.3214
2.32143 etc
Question Answer Mark
Number
9(b)(iii) An explanation reference to three of the following points: 3

• less energy used to grow tall /eq (1)

• more energy available for grain/ eq (1)
• higher yield / harvest / more grain(s) / grains heavier / eq
(1)
• less likely to fall over / less likely to be damaged by wind
and rain / eq (1)
• easier to harvest / eq (1)
total 14 marks
Question Answer additional Mark
Number guidance
10 6
C use plants with different coloured flowers / (1) ignore
colour of
plant
once

O of same species / size / shape / (of flower) eq

(1)

R repeat each colour (1)

M1 count / see how many insects land on / visit

flower / eq (1)

M2 in a stated time / eq (1)

S1 same scent / nectar / use paper flowers / same

location/ temperature /sunlight / same season
/same time of day /eq (1)

S2 same number of / same insects / bees /

pollinators / same distance from hive / eq (1)

total 6 marks
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