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BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTH SOCIETY evolutionary characteristics, that

can interbreed and produce viable
OUTLINE
offspring.
• Biodiversity - Ex. BUTTERFLIES
• Three Levels of Biodiversity • have similarities in
• Terms Related to Biodiversity coloration and pattern.
• Patterns of Biodiversity ➢ Endemic Species
• Importance of Biodiversity - species that are native or
• Biodiversity Loss restricted in a particular area.
• Causes of Biodiversity Loss - Ex. Philippine Eagle, Philippine
• Genetically Modified Organisms Tarsier, Rafflesia
(GMOS)
• Risks and Downsides of GMOS ➢ Biodiversity Hotspots
• Policies and Politics on GMOS - Regions or areas in the world with
• SUMMARY rich biodiversity but are currently
facing threats of depletion and
loss.
BIODIVERSITY - Ex. Madagascar, Philippine
Archipelago.
• LIFE + MANY
• Variety of life forms on earth ➢ Ecosystem
THREE LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY - The interaction of biological
communities with one another and
➢ Genetic with the physical environment.
- variations in the different genes The direct and indirect
present in individual organisms. contributions or benefits that could
- Humans + Genetic Sequences be derived from the ecosystem
➢ Species are called ecosystem services.
- variations within and among
populations in a species, as well
as the differences between and ➢ Ecosystem Services
among species. • Provisioning services
➢ Ecosystem - food, water, clean water,
- ecosystems, ecological and clean air.
processes, and biological
communities. • Regulating services
- air purification, water
filtration, carbon
TERMS RELATED TO BIODIVERSITY sequestration, and climate
regulation.
• Supporting services
➢ Species
- soil formation, habitat, and
- group of organisms, which have
storage of gene pools.
common genetic, ecological, and

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• Cultural services ➢ Citrus thorns

- aesthetics, recreational use, - Used in tattooing process.
and indigenous use.

❖ To benefit from the ecosystem

PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY services requires the maintenance of
rich biodiversity.
❖ there are around 14 million species in
the world with nearly 2 million species
❖ Society depends on the ecosystem for
discovered and described.
its services.
In Philippines
❖ 52,000 species discovered and
described.
❖ Mega-diverse country
❖ High endemism with at least 49% of its
terrestrial wildlife being endemic to the
country biodiversity hotspot.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Provisioning services
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
➢ Food source
- fruits of trees • The depiction or reduction of biological
➢ Herbal medicines diversity due to extinction of species.
- leaves, roots, or flowers of plants. • It will result to the death of ecosystems
➢ Forest products worldwide, resulting to ending and
- trunk of trees or vines changing of ecosystem services. Most
of these losses happen in biodiversity
hotpots.
Regulating & Supporting services • It is predicted that half of the world
species will be extinct by 2050.
➢ Mangroves forest
- regulate the impact of waves. • The International Union for the
➢ Coral reefs Conservation of Nature or IUCN
- provide habitat for fishes in the categorize species based on their
seas. conservation status.

Cultural services DATA DEFICIENT

➢ Orchids - species that lack adequate
- used for decoration. information on their abundance,
➢ Whale sharks diversity, or distribution, hence,
- For ecotourism

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there is no assessment of risk for

extinction.
EXTINCT IN THE WILD
- species that are only present in
LEASE CONCERN captivity, in cultivation, or in
naturalized populations.
- species that have been evaluated
- Alagoas Curassow (Brazil),
and were not considered to be
Hawaiian Crow, Pere David Deer
threatened.
(China).
- Ex. Sea snails, Conus Barbieri,
Giant reed (Arundo donax), conus
textile.
EXTINCT
NEAR THREATENED
- species that are already gone, the
- species that are evaluated but do last individuals have died.
not qualify as vulnerable, - Ex. Golden toad (Costa Rica),
endangered, and critically Japanese sea lion, Great auk.
endangered.
- Ex. Bull sharks, Smooth
cauliflower coral FIVE CRITERIAS OF IUCN

VULNERABLE
- species that are likely to be
endangered soon. They were able
to meet the five criteria of IUCN.
- Ex. Molave tree, Dugong,
Philippine Eagle-Owl.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS

ENDANGERED
- species that are likely to be
extinct.
- Ex. Calamian Deer, Visayas
hornbill, Rare Orchid, Short haired
paphiopedilum.
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
- species that face high risk of
extinction
- Ex. Philippine Eagle, Philippine
Crocodile, Tamaraw.
Habitat Alteration and Destruction
- this has led to loss of many
species, particularly those that are
dependent on a specific type of
habitat.
Pollution
- many species are dying because
of pollution from industrial and
household sources.
Over-exploitation

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- is an excessive or unsustainable • starts with the identification of a trait of

consumption of resources. interest.
• The gene responsible for that trait of
interest is isolated.
Global Warming and Climate Change • The gene is inserted to the genome of the
- affected many species such as organism being modified.
polar bears. • The GMO is allowed to grow.
• There will be an assessment as follows:
➢ Biosafety
Illegal Poaching and Wildlife Trade ➢ Economic feasibility
➢ Social acceptance
- many species are being poached
illegally and sold to illegal wildlife
traders.
USES OF GMOS
• Agricultural
Diseases • Industrial
- many species are dying because • Health
of diseases. • Environmental

Introduction of Invasive Species Golden Rice

• Exotic species - a genetically modified biofortified

- when non-native species which rice.
are well-accustomed in another
ecosystem are introduced through
Biofortification
natural and artificial means in
another ecosystem. - is the process of adding nutrients
• Invasive Species or minerals to a food source such
- When exotic species became as Beta-carotenes.
harmful and dangerous to the new
ecosystem.
Beta-carotenes
- for vitamin A micronutrient
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
deficiency and malnutrition.
• organisms whose genetic make-up were
artificially modified through genetic
engineering; genes will be added to the Genetically Modified Pig
organism. - aims to address the lack of organs
for organ transplant needs.
Scientists are currently using pigs
Process of making GMOS
as a source.

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Xenotransplantation
- is the process of using animal
organs, tissues, and cells for
human needs.
GLOFISH
- genetically modified zebrafish
- modified to become
bioluminescent or be able to
produce light.
- initially intended to detect
pollutants in the water through the
amount of light it produces.
RISKS AND DOWNSIDES OF GMOS
Ecosystem Risks
- genetically modified organisms
can become invasive species if
uncontrolled and unregulated.
Genetic Contamination or Interbreeding
- GMOs may interbreed with wild
types which can cause the loss of
threat in the succeeding
generations, rendering the GMO
inefficient later.
- Wild types may inherit the trait
causing change in its ecology and
characteristics.
Adverse Effects on Health
- GMOs may cause adverse effects
on human health.
- It may cause toxicity to humans,
allergic reactions, and other
unintended effects.
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- GMOs for human consumption
are being assessed for potential
health effects.
Social Acceptance
- GMOs may be rendered useless if
there is lack of acceptance by
their target consumers. Many are
wary about GMOs' potential
impacts and effects.
- Corn farmers are sceptical and
will not use genetically modified
corn seeds, then the seeds will be
useless.
Economic Issues and Access
- GMOs might not be accessible to
many.
- Huge investments are needed to
develop GMOS.
- There should be a return on
investment and profit.
Animal Welfare
- Many GMOs are animals. Hence,
animal welfare issues are raised
in the production of GMOs.
Pest and Antibiotic Resistance
- The use of pest-killing GMOs may
lead to pests developing
resistance against the GMO itself.
- In the production of GMOs, some
use antibiotic-resistant bacteria
that a possibly contribute to the
growing problem of antibiotic
resistance.
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POLICIES AND POLITICS ON GMOS
BIOSAFETY
- the condition by which potential
harm, damage or threats caused
by the intentional or unintentional
introduction of a biotechnology is
under manageable or acceptable
level.
RISK ASSESSMENT
- process of evaluating or
identifying potential hazards or
damages to human or animal
health and the environment and
developing mitigation measures
for them.
Risk assessment process:
• Hazard Identification
• Risk evaluation
• Risk management
❖ To regulate the production and use of
GMOs to ensure biosafety, an
international protocol was adapted. It is
known as the Cartagena Protocol on
Biosafety to the Convention on Biological
Diversity.
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL
- an international agreement which
aims to ensure the safe handling,
transport, and use of living
modified organisms resulting from
modern biotechnology that may
have adverse effects on biological
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diversity, taking also into account
risks to human health.
Importance:
• Biodiversity Conservation
• Emphasis on Informed Consent
• Emphasis on Transparency and
Information Exchange
• Capacity Building
- is crucial in preserving nature and
biodiversity, valuing informed
consent and transparency, and
strengthening the capacity of
countries.
- It aims to protect human health
and nature through the proper use
and regulation of agricultural and
health-related biotechnologies.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 430
- In the Philippines, a system of
biosafety regulations was already
in place way back in 1990. It was
the first in the world.
- Issued on October 15, 1990 this
pertains to the establishment of
the National Committee on
Biosafety of the Philippines
(NCBP).
- The order recognized the global
concern regarding the impact of
new technologies on health,
agriculture, chemical and
pharmaceuticals and the
environment.
- It highlights the need for a
regulatory framework to address
biosafety issues associated with
biotechnology.
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SUMMARY
- Biodiversity is necessary for the
maintenance of ecosystem
services.
- Genetically modified organisms
are emerging technologies that
have a lot of uses and
applications.
- Biodiversity plays a crucial role in
sustaining a myriad of ecosystem
services vital for the well-being of
our planet.
- In the realm of emerging
technologies, genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) have become
a focal point, showcasing a
multitude of applications that span
agriculture, medicine, and
industry.

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