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(5)
where (per unit representation implies ).
Notice the ZIP model is linear in except for the constant by using (1) and after rearrange some terms, a linear formulation
power loads . This term is approximated in order to obtain is obtained
a linear power flow.
(6)
B. Linear Approximation
A linear approximation is developed on the complex numbers with
[3] and not on the reals as in the conventional load flow formu-
(7)
(8)
Manuscript received July 02, 2014; revised September 10, 2014; accepted (9)
December 12, 2014. Paper no. PESL-00098-2014.
The author is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad
Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia (e-mail: alejandro.garces@utp.edu.
Notice that (6) requires to be solved in rectangular represen-
co). tation as follows:
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
(10)
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2394296
0885-8950 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.
Fig. 2. Error between the back-forward sweep algorithm and the proposed
(11) linear power flow. (a) Single phase case. (b) Three-phase unbalanced case.
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(13) TABLE I
SIMULATION RESULTS WITH DIFFERENT LOAD MODELS
where is the conventional product and is the Hadamard
product (i.e., the Matlab element-wise multiplication).
III. RESULTS