Protection and

1.2 Switchgear (Anna Uniu

PART A Short Question and Answers

scheme needed for power system?
(Q1. Why protection
is

Ans
AprilMay-18,
The of (R13),Q
protection schemes deal with the coordination different protective relaying equipments such as prcte
relays, circuit breakers. are needed
etc. They in power stive
transformers. protective system to safeguard all the equipme current
conditions. quipments
abnormal during

(a2. What are the causes of faults in power system?

Ans: (Model Paper-2, 01
IApril/May-11, (R041. O
The various causes of faults in power system are as follows,

Overvoltages due to lightning and switching surges.

Fine cement dust or soot in industrial areas.

Salt in coastal
areas

Trees falling across

lines.

Ice and snow loading.

6. Broken conductors.

Natural disasters such as earthquakes, storms etc..

8. Touching of phase conductors by birds, creepers, reptiles etc.

9. Ageing, overheating, moisture and mechanical damage of conductors.

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a3. Give the consequences of short circuit. April/May-19, (R13), Q1

OR
Write the effects of power system faults.
Ans: Nov./Dec.-12, (R08), Q1

The following are the consequences of short circuit.

1. The heavy currents or short-circuit currents cause excessive heating of conductor and result in fire or explosion.

2. The short-circuit may take place in the form of an arc, which causes considerable damage to the conductor and surrounding
devices.

shuts
The voltage during fault depends oni impedance of short-circuiting path, which is
very low.This low voltage
do
the equipments like motors, generators etc., at the load or consumer ends.
4. The generators upplying power to the system become unstable.

02
(R13),
(Q4. Give the types of faults. Nov./Dec-17,

OR Q1
(R13),
State the types of fault. AprilMay-17,

OR 01
(R08/10),
What are the different types of faults
occurring in the power system? May/June-14,

OR
What are the various typesof faults occurring in apower system? (R08), Q
Ans: (Model Paper-3, Q1| MaylJune-12,

The different types of faults that occur in power system are as follows,

1.
Symmetrical Faults

) Three phase (L-L-L) fault

i) Three phase to
ground (L-L-L-G) fault.

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 1.3
Unit 1
Protection Schemes
2.
Unsymmetrical Faults Q8. List out the merits and demerits of reactance

line grounding.
Single ground (L-) fault

(i) Line to line Ans: Model Q1

(-L) fault Paper-5,

ii) Double line to

ground (L-L-G) fault Merits of Renctance Grounding
iv) Open cireuit faul
Reactance grounding provides relay
() Winding fault.
operation.
satisfactory

What arethe different

Ans

are,
The
(Model

various methods of
Paper-4,

earthing
a1 |
types of oarthing?

AprilwMay-18, (R00/10),

or neutral grounding
a2) 3.
Arcing grounds

The transient ground

current faults.
are avoided.

faults are converted into controlled

It the partial grading insulation.

() Solid grounding or effective
protects of the apparatus
grounding
(i) Resistance grounding When compared to the solid grounded system, the
interference with communication circuits is reduced in
(ii) Reactance grounding
reactance grounded system.
(iv) Voltage transformer
grounding
(V) Zig-zagtransformergrounding Demerits of Reactance Grounding

(vi) Resonant Under some faulty the fault currentrequired

grounding. conditions,

devices in a reactance grounded

Q6, What is the necessity
to operate the protective
for earthing?
system is much more higher than that of resistance
Ans:
Nov./Doc.-14, (RO8/10), a2 grounded system.

the
Earthing or
neutral
grounding is necessary to improve
performance of three phase systems during line to ground
2 In reactance grounding under faulty conditions, very
high transient voltages appear
fault in the
followingways.
1 It eliminates
Q9. What is a Peterson coil?
arcing ground phenomenon so that the
healthy phases are not subjected to
high voltages. Ans: Model Paper-1, Q1
It ensures stability of as the voltage
neutral point of
is a variable iron cored reactor connected
Peterson coil
neutral is fixed and floating neutral is avoided. between
and ground of three phase system. With the
neutral

3. It reduces the stress on insulation as the voltages ofhelp of tappings the Peterson coil can be tuned to resonate with
healthy phases remain constant at normal phase value. capacitance of the system when a line to ground fault occurs. It
is also knownas arc coil or ground fault neutralizer.
suppression
4. The ground fault protection is effective because
ground The Peterson coil prevents the arcing
fault current is increased to a higher
grounds which lead to
magnitude. over voltage on systems with
ungrounded neutral.
5. It
provides more safety to equipment as insulation Q10. List the protective functions
breakdown due to overvoltages is prevented. performed by
Peterson coil.
6. The lightning can be discharged
overvoltages to ground. Ans:
a7Why earth wire is provided in overheaad The following are the protective functions
performed
transmission liness?
by Peterson coil.

(May/June-16, (R08/10), a2|Nov./Dec.-15, (RO8/10), a2) 1. It the system capacitance so that

neutralizes
arcing
OR grounds are eliminated.

Write the importanceof ground wire. It reduces the arc current to a low value such that the
Ans: May/June-14, (R08/10), Q2 arc is self
extinguished.

As transmission linescover very long distances, they 3. It decreases the magnitude of earth current
have more to be exposed to lightning. So, they are during
possibility sustained faults so that continuity of supply to the
strokes. Overvoltages
required to beprotected against lightning healthy phases is not interrupted.
due to lightning strokes can be avoided or minimized in ctice
4. It minimizes the tendency of a single
by using overhead earth wires. The earth wires are placed on the phase to
ground
fault
top of the tower so that any discharge due to lightning near the developing into 3-phase fault.
transmission lines is attracted towards these wires. As a result 5. It reduces the interruption of line during
the number of line outages are minimized. temporary line
to
ground faults.

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 Protection end
How Switchgear
Q11. is 'arcing ground avoided? (iv)
Transmission line
protection
(Anne
zone
Ans: Mayi June 12, (RO8), 02 (vEHVswitchgear protection
Universit,

Arcing ground can be avoided hy providing neutral

(vi) HV switchgear
the neutral point of the system is connected protection
ganding in which
to earth either by means of some circuit element
(resistance or Q16. What is
primary
reactance) or direct)y (without protection?
using any passive element). Ans:
Q12. Enumerate the merits and demerits of voltage
Primary protection is a Nov/Dec A7,
transformer grounding. to
safeguard the power
main line (R13),
protection that
0
Ans: Model Paper-3, 02 system equipment
immediately senses the fault against
The merits and demerits of voltage transformer to isolate the takes an fauio
Its. It
part from the
faulty instantaneous
system. Thus, healthy
grounding are listed below. acts like
it
first line of a part of the

faultas quickly as possible. defence to power

Merits isolate
he
Arcing grounds are removed. Q17./What is the
back up difference between
Transient overvoltages are decreascd. protection? primary
Ans:
It has all advantages of ungrounded neutral system.
Demerits A primary is a
Nov./Dec.-16, (R13),
01
protection
senses the fault and protection which
Insulation of the system is overstressed. responds to it. It will take an
immediatelv
action in order to isolate the instantanen
faulty part from the neous
For travelling waves, the earth neutral acts as reflection the power system.Whereas, a healthy part of
back-up protection
point which may result in high voltage build up. which may is a

Q13, Define protected zone.

OR
. April/May-19, (R13), 02 instantaneously.
fails to
sense the

operate.
It
fault
immediately but cannot
only operates operate
when the primary protection
protection

Q18. Enumerate the of

Define protection zone. significance backup
tion. protec
Nov./Dec.-12, (R08),
Q2
April/'May-15, (RO8/10), 01 Ans:
OR Backup protection is important because,
100% accuracy

Ans:
Define

The portion
zone of protection.
(Model Paper-5,

of the power system

Q2 |AprilMay-11,

protected
(RO4),

by a definite
a2)
cannot be assured by the
is associated

and circuit
declines to function
primary protective scheme, and
with current transformers,
Hence,
breakers. if in

then
case
voltage
transformers

the backup protection

it

the primary
protection

protective scheme by employing relays, circuit breakers etc., is clears the

fault.
The backup has long time
knownas zone of protection (or)protection zone.The complete
protection lag in order to provide
time for primary
sufficient to
power system consists of various zones of protection such that protection operate in case of fault.
The back up relay has wide operation zone.It also
each protection zone covers atleast one or two components protects the
elements that are not protected by the The
(generators, transformers, busbars, transmission lines etc.) and primary protection.
operation of back up protection is made independent factors
nopart of the system remains unprotected. which may lead to failure of primary protective scheme.
of
Hence

Q14 What do you mean by dead spot in zones of backup acts as second line of defence for
protection power
protection? system equipments.
Ans: (Model Paper-2, Q2 Nov./Dec.-16, Q2)
(R13), Q19. What is the role of protection relay in a modern
Power sysem consists of number of protective zones power system?
thatare overlapped with cach other such that each zone covers
(R08), Q1
May/June-13,
one or two elements and the entire power is system protected.
The zone that is not overlapped is known as a dead spot OR
Q15. What are the different types of zones of What are the functions of protective relay?
Q4
protection? Ans: April/May-15,
(R08/10),

Ans: are,
The various functions of protective relay
The following are the different of zones of
types
protection. ( To disconnect the faulty part quickly.
section
the faulty
Generator protection zone (ii) To the circuit breaker to isolate
trip

during the abnormal

conditions.
(i) Transformer protection zone
of power syste.
(i) Busbar protection zone (iii) To improve the transient stability

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