Level Five

Grammar Chapter

Prepared by Ahmad Reza Azad

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 Causative verbs
Using causative verbs in a sentence expresses that the subject does not do the action but
causes another subject to do the action. Our causative verbs are like: make, have/ has, let,
get, help, cause, force, encourage, etc.

1. Make: It means to force somebody to do something.

A: Sub+ make+ sb+ bare infinitive + obj./ com.
Examples:
 I make my brother cook me okra.
 Iran government makes our citizens live their country.
Passive Examples:
 Our president is made to make an announcement about Taliban.
 Ali was made to leave his school.
2. Get: It means to encourage somebody to do something.
A: Sub+ get + sb + full infinitive + obj./ com. (active formula)
Example:
 She gets Ali to bring her a glass of coffee.
 They got him to join their group.
B: Sub + get + sth + 3v. (Passive formula)
Example:
 When I arrived there I got everything done.
 I got my photo taken.

3. Have/ Has: It means request somebody to do something.

A: Sub + have/ has + sb+ bare infinitive + obj./ com.

Example:
 I had the hairdresser cut my hair.
 I have my friends come to my party.
B: Sub + have/has+sth+3v. (Passive formula)
Example:
 I have my car washed.
 I had my hair cut.

4. Let: It means to permit somebody to do something.

A: Sub +l et + sb + bare infinitive.
Example:
 Nowadays, Afghan families let their children get education.
 I let my brother invite his friends
Passive structure: my brother is allowed to invite his friends.
5. Help: It means to assist somebody to do something.
Sub + help + sb + bare / full infinitive + obj./ com.
 I helped Ahmad do/ to do his assignment.
 The government should help people live/ to live safely.
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 Exercises
Exercise 1: Choose the correct answer.
1. She ___________that he wouldn’t tell anyone.
a. Make him promised b. made him promise c. promised to make
2. Does your computer keep crashing? Yes, I have to get a specialist _______soon.
a. Look at it b. to look it at c. to look at it
3. I had __________a couple of days ago.
a. The computer be fixed b. my computer fix c. my computer fixed
4. I will not _________with this!
a. Allow you get away b. let you get away c. to let you get away
5. Don’t ________these things about you.
a. Let him say b. let him to say c. let him said
6. The results of the survey _________about changes.
a. Made us think b. made us to think c. made us thought
7. I get my ____________from my other address.
a. Mail forward b. mail to forward c. mail forwarded
8. Have your assistant ______these letters immediately!
a. To send b. to be sent c. send
9. He had his article ___________yesterday.
a. Translated b. to translate c. to be translated
10. The professor ___________early.
a. To let the students leave b. let the students leave c. let students to leave

Exercise 2: Choose the appropriate options to complete the sentences.

1. Sally made me _________my shoes before I went to her house.
a. Take off b. to take off
2. You had better get somebody ________your house.
a. Cleaned b. to clean
3. You had better get your fire alarm ________that will also make you feel safer.
a. To fix b. fixed
4. She had to have her phone number ____because she was receiving calls from others.
a. Change b. changed
5. Her dress was too long, so she had it ____________.
a. Shorten b. shortened
6. You had better have a plumber ________the leak in the bathroom.
a. Repair b. repaired
7. Instead of buying a new pair of shoes, I had my old ones _________.
a. Repair b. repaired
8. I got everyone in the family ______Mary’s birthday card before I sent it to her.
a. Sign b. to sign
9. I didn’t have any time so I had my sister ______ my paper last night.
a. Type b. to type
10. The teacher got the students _____ a short biography of themselves.
a. Write b. to write
11. Regular repetition makes one _____new words easily.
a. Learn b. to learn
12. She let her son ______ in talent contest.
a. To take part b. take part

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Exercise 3: Change the following active sentences to passive ones.

1. I got someone take my photo.

______________________________________________________________
2. She made her father buy a car.
______________________________________________________________
3. I let them leave the class early.
______________________________________________________________
4. I had my brother drive the car slowly.
______________________________________________________________
5. She gets her brother explain the lesson.
______________________________________________________________
6. They have the mechanic fix their car.
______________________________________________________________
7. We had him do his homework.
______________________________________________________________
8. I got someone repair my computer.
______________________________________________________________
9. The teacher let the student take part in speech contest.
______________________________________________________________
10. The cold weather made us wear warm clothes.
______________________________________________________________
11. I let him use my computer.
______________________________________________________________
12. He made invite his friends.
______________________________________________________________

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 Adverb clauses
An adverb clause is a clause that adds some more information about place, time, degree, manner,
circumstance, etc., of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Adverb clauses are:
1. Purpose 2. Reason 3. opposition 4. Contrast 5. Time 6. Place 7. Condition 8. Manner
9. Comparison 10. Result

1. Adverb clauses of purpose

So that / in order that + will/ my/ can + main verb
So that / in order that + would/ might/ could + main verb
I lit the fire. I wanted the guests to feel warm.
I lit the fire so that the guests would feel warm.

2. Adverb clauses of reason

Sub-ordinate conjunctions to express reason:
because – for – as – as long as – so long as – since – now that – inasmuch as (very formal to
mean because)
He has come here because he wants to teach us French.
There are two ways while making a sentence using adverb clauses of reason
Main clause + adverb clause
Adverb clause + main clause
Note: the conjunction ‘for’ is mostly used second while expressing reason in an adverb clause.
The president couldn’t win the election for his allies didn’t campaign well.

3. Adverb clauses of contrast

Sub-ordinate conjunctions to express contrast:
Though - although – even though
Although he wasn’t very intelligent, he could get the position.
He could get the position though he wasn’t very intelligent.
Note: The conjunctions mentioned above have the same meaning.

4. Adverb clauses of opposition

Sub-ordinate conjunctions to express contrast: Joins two opposite ideas.
But – whereas – while
 Ahmad is poor, while Ali is rich.
 Whereas Ahmad is poor, Ali is rich. Ahmad is poor, but Ali is rich
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 5. Adverb clauses of time

Sub-ordinate conjunctions to show time:

when – while(during the time) – as(during the time) – since(form that time to the present) –
before – after – till – until – as long as(till the end) – so long as(till the end) – by the time(before
the time) – the first/ second/ etc. time -
Some exceptions in adverb clauses of time:
A. by the time:
Adverb clause: simple present
Main clause: future perfect
 By the time he arrives here, we will have done all the necessary things.
 Adverb clause: simple past
Main clause: past perfect
 By the time he brought the assignments, the teacher had left the class.
B. since
Adverb clause: simple past
Main clause: present perfect
 Since he got the class, he has learnt a lot about Algebra problems.
 He has earned a lot of money, since he stated his new job.

6. Adverb clauses of place

Sub-ordinate conjunctions to show place:
Wherever – anywhere – everywhere
Example:
 I will come with you wherever you go.
 I will follow you anywhere you go.

7. Adverb clauses of manner

Sub-ordinate conjunctions to show manner:
as if – as though
Present time – simple past
Past time – past perfect
 He works as if he were an old man.
 He groaned as if he had been seriously injured.
Note: the conjunctions ‘as if’ and ‘as though’ have the same meaning.

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 8. Adverb clauses of condition
Sub-ordinate conjunctions to show condition:
if – unless (if not) – only if (only one condition can change the result) – even if(no condition
change the result) – providing that/provided that(on condition that) – whether or not(no condition
change the result)- in case that/ in the event that = (if by chance it happens)
Examples:
 I will help you providing that you cook for lunch.
 Unless you stop eating, you will get sick.
 Even if you apologize, she will not forgive you.

9. Adverb clauses of comparison

Sub-ordinate conjunctions to show comparison:
as…as (equal comparison)
than (unequal comparison)
 He is as bright as I am.
 She works harder than I do.
 She is as beautiful as she is intelligent.

10. Adverb clauses of result

so + adjective + that + subject + verb
so +adverb + that + subject + verb
so +few/many+ plural noun + that + subject + verb
so + little/much + non-count noun + that + subject + verb
 It was so interesting that he accepted what I said.
 I have so many books that I don’t know which I should study first.

few/little =scarcity
much/much =abundance
such +a/an +adjective + noun (singular) + that + subject + verb
such + adjective + non-count noun/plural noun + that + subject + verb
 He has such a nice behavior that all his friends like him.
 They are such intelligent players that no one can defeat them.
 She is such a clever girl that she always gets first position.

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 Exercises
Exercise 1: Add appropriate completion for the following adverb clauses.
1. Even when I am sick, ________________________________________________
2. When you finish working _____________________________________________
3. Whenever you like __________________________________________________
4. After I graduate from school, _________________________________________
5. Wherever we prefer, ________________________________________________
6. Since I returned from vacation, ________________________________________
7. As she was not there, ________________________________________________
8. Before entering high school, __________________________________________
9. After I return, ______________________________________________________
10. My parents help me so that ___________________________________________
11. They look at me as if ________________________________________________
12. Football is very interesting, while ______________________________________
13. By the time he called me, _____________________________________________
14. Unless you work hard, _______________________________________________
15. She drove so carelessly that ___________________________________________
16. _______________________________________as long as I live.
17. I will be here until I _________________________________________________
18. I was late, by the time I got to the airport _________________________________
19. Shortly before I _____________________________________________________
20. Whether you study hard or not, ________________________________________

Exercise 2: combine the sentences, using the words in parentheses. Add commas where necessary.

Example. We can go swimming every day. The weather is warm. (now that)

We can to swimming every day now that the weather is warm.

1. All the students had done poorly on the test. The teacher decided to give it again. (since)
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Cold air hover near the earth. It is heavier than hot air. (because)
________________________________________________________________________
3. You paid for the theater tickets. Please let me for our dinner. (since)
________________________________________________________________________
4. Larry is finally caught up on his work. He can start his vacation tomorrow. (now that)
________________________________________________________________________
5. Our TV set was broken. We listen to the news on the radio. (because)
________________________________________________________________________
6. My brother got married last night. He’s married now, so he has more responsibilities. (now that)
________________________________________________________________________
7. Do you want to go for a walk? The rain has stopped. (now that)
________________________________________________________________________
8. The civil war has ended. A new government is being formed. (now that)
________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise 3: Complete the sentences by using either even though or because.

1. Larry is in good shape physically _______________he gets a lot of exercise.

2. I put on my sunglasses __________________it was a dark and cloudy day.
3. I put on my sunglasses __________________the sun was bright.
4. _____________Maria has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her children.
5. ____________Anna has a job, she is able to pay her rent and provide food for her family.
6. Susan didn’t learn Spanish _____________she lived in Mexico for a year.
7. Joe speaks Spanish well _______________he lived in Mexico for a year.
8. Jing-Wong jumped into the river to rescue the little girl who was drowning ___________
he wasn’t a good swimmer.
9. A newborn kangaroo can find its mother’s pouch ____________its eyes are not open yet.
10. Tim is in good shape physically _____________he doesn’t get much exercise.

Exercise 4: Choose the correct option.

1. You may get malaria ___________you are bitten by a mosquito.

a. If b. so that c. before
2. ___________Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last for a long time.
a. In order b. because c. although
3. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing __________they won’t get hurt.
a. Because b. so that c. though
4. You should give the iron time to heat up __________you iron your clothes.
a. So that b. before c. because
5. We keep our bread in the fridge __________it won’t go bad.
a. Although b since c. so that
6. ____________the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish – it’s a mammal.
a. So that b. after c. although
7. You shouldn’t drive ____________drinking alcohol.
a. If b. after c. even though
8. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the mountains _____the ground is rough and hard.
a. Even though b. because c. so that
9. The five – cent coin looks very Canadian ________it has a picture of a beaver on it.
a. Since b. before c. though
10. You will have to pay higher insurance ________you buy a sport car.
a. Before b. although c. if

Exercise 5: Combine the sentences by using so …that or such …that.

Example: This tea is good. I think I will have another cup.

This tea is so good that I think I will have another cup.
Example: This is good tea. I think I will have another cup.
This is such good tea that I think I will have another cup.
1. It was an expensive car. We couldn’t afford to buy it.
____________________________________________________________________

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 2. The car was expensive. We couldn’t afford to buy it.
___________________________________________________________________
3. The weather was hot. You could fry an egg on the sidewalk.
___________________________________________________________________
4. I don’t feel like going to work. We are having beautiful weather.
___________________________________________________________________
5. Tommy ate too much candy. He got a stomachache.
___________________________________________________________________
6. It took us only ten minutes to get there. There was little traffic.
___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 6: Correct the errors.

1. Unless I study very hard, I will pass all of my exams.
___________________________________________________________________
2. My shoes and pants got muddy. Even though I walked carefully through the wet street.
____________________________________________________________________
3. The weather was so cold that I don’t like to leave my apartment.
____________________________________________________________________
4. I have to study four hour every day because of my courses are difficult.
____________________________________________________________________
5. On the third day of our voyage, we sailed across a rough sea before to reach the shore.
____________________________________________________________________
6. Because my country it is located in a tropical area, so the weather is hot.
____________________________________________________________________
7. I will stay at the United State for two more year. Because I want finish my degree before
go home.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. I will study my lessons if I had enough time.
_____________________________________________________________________

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 Wish Clause
1. Subject + wish + full infinitive  this formula talks about future wish.
Ex: I wish to talk to my teacher.
2. Subject + wish + S.B. + noun.
Ex: I wish you success.
3. Subject + wish + S.B. + full infinitive  you wish for sb/ one else.
Ex: I wish you to have a good time.
4. Subject + wish + simple past tense  talks about present wish.
Ex: I wish I were you.
5. Subject + wish + past perfect tense  talks about past wishes.
Ex: I wish I had gone to school.
6. Subject + wish + you + would + Verb1  formal request.
Ex: I wish you would help me.
7. Subject + wish + subject + would + verb1 Subject wants an action to happen it may
happen or not.
Ex: I wish I would pass the test.

Tense Formation:

1. Simple Present Tense to Simple Past Tense.

Ex: I don’t have enough money= I wish I had enough money.

2. Present Progressive Tense to Past Progressive Tense.

Ex: I am not doing my homework = I wish I were doing my homework.

3. Present Perfect Tense to Past Perfect Tense.

Ex: I have killed my best friend = I wish I had not killed my friend.

4. Present Perfect Progressive Tense to Past Perfect Progressive Tense.

Ex: She has not been doing her duty= She wishes she had been doing her duty.

5. Simple Past Tense to Past Perfect Tense.

Ex: I did not idolize my children= I wish I had idolized my children.

6. Past Progressive Tense to Past Perfect Progressive Tense.

Ex: He was speaking rudely to his teacher= He wishes he had not been speaking rudely
to his teacher.

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Note:
Will  would Ex: He will not be your teacher = He wishes he would be your teacher.

Can  Could Ex: She cannot teach you English= He wishes he could teach you English.

May  Might Ex: I may be late for the class= I wish I might not be late for the class.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1) (I have a cold so I cannot go out). I wish I ______________a cold.
a. Didn’t have b. had c. could have d. don’t
have
2) (I went to bed really late last night). I wish I _______to bed late last night.
a. Didn’t go b. hadn’t gone c. don’t go d. could go
3) (Mary isn’t here but I need to talk to her.). I wish Mary ____________here.
a. Is b. had been c. were d. has been
4) (I didn’t call my mother last night and she was very worried.). I wish I ____my mother last
night.
a. Called b. has called c. had called d. could
call
5) (Jack spent all his money on books yesterday.). Jack wishes he _________all his money on
books yesterday.
a. Didn’t spend b. doesn’t spend c. wouldn’t spend d. hadn’t
spent
6) (George doesn’t have a good job so he cannot look after his family.) George wishes he
_______a good job.
a. Has b. had c. had had d. does
have
7) ( I forgot to do my homework.) I wish I __________my homework.
a. Did b. do c. had done d. could do
8) (Janet didn’t finish his high school.). Janet wishes she _________high school.
a. Finished b. had finished c. could finish d. finishes
9) (I want to go home but there is a very important meeting I have to attend.) I wish I
_____home.
a. Go b. had gone c. went d. have
gone
10) (I can’t play the piano.) I wish I ___________the piano.
a. Could play b. play c. had played d. can play
11) (I don’t have a car.) I wish I _______a car.
a. Have b. had c. had had d. have had
12) (I didn’t study for the test and I got a low mark.) I wish I ________for the test.
a. Had studied b. study c. have studied d. studied
13) (I ate too much and now am not feeling well.) I wish I _______ too much.
a. Didn’t eat b. don’t eat c. hadn’t eaten d. ate
14) (I don’t know how to dance.) I wish I ___________how to dance.
a. Know b. knew c. had known d. didn’t know
15) ( I am not at home now.) I wish I _________at home now.
a. Am b. were c. had been d. weren’t.
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 16) (I didn’t tell him the truth.) I wish I ________him the truth.
a. Told b. had told c. don’t tell d. could tell
17) (I can’t speak French.) I wish I ____________ French.
a. Speak b. had spoken c. could speak d. have spoken
18) (We don’t have Melissa’s address.) I wish we __________ Melissa’s address.
a. Know b. had known c. knew d. could know
19) (You didn’t explain the situation to me.) I wish you __________the situation to me.
a. Explained b. had explained c. explain d. would
explain
20) (He leaves his clothes lying all over the bathroom floor.) I wish he _______leave his clothes
lying all over the bathroom floor.
a. Couldn’t b. wouldn’t c. hadn’t doesn’t leave

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences using appropriate wish clauses.

Example: It’s a pity I can’t go to the stadium tonight. = I wish I could go to the stadium tonight.
I want to see Sara more often but I can’t. = I wish I could see Sara more often.

1. I live in Malta and I don’t like this. ____________________________________________________

2. It’s a pity Mary is not here. __________________________________________________________
3. My sister doesn’t know how to dance. ____________________________________________________
4. My best friend isn’t here. __________________________________________________________
5. Why can’t you come to my birthday party? _____________________________________________
6. I’m not watching the news. __________________________________________________________
7. She has got a lot of problems with her husband. _____________________________________________
8. Alex can’t speak English fluently. ____________________________________________________
9. Ali speaks English well. _________________________________________________________________
10. The doctor is not happy. __________________________________________________________
11. They will not come tomorrow. __________________________________________________________
12. Ahmad could drive a car. __________________________________________________________
13. Those books are expensive. __________________________________________________________
14. I believe that the exam is hard. __________________________________________________________
15. The doctor wasn’t in his office yesterday. __________________________________________________
16. The children felt sad. _________________________________________________________________
17. Ali was sick yesterday. _________________________________________________________________
18. Mary didn’t live in Kabul. __________________________________________________________
19. I am not in UK. _______________________________________________________________________
20. Tomorrow I will not meet you. __________________________________________________________
21. You don’t know the doctor. __________________________________________________________
22. He didn’t play tennis last night. __________________________________________________________
23. I didn’t live in America. __________________________________________________________
24. He brought some food for us. __________________________________________________________
25. Ali can’t attend the class tomorrow. ____________________________________________________
26. We have a lot of home homework to do. ____________________________________________________
27. Afghans are not united. __________________________________________________________
28. We are not going to meet our friends this week. _____________________________________________
29. They couldn’t play well. __________________________________________________________
30. They will live Afghanistan as soon as possible. _____________________________________________
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 Preference
When prefer something to another thing, we use the structures of preference.
A: Would rather and would sooner:
1. Sub + would rather/ would sooner + bare infinitive.
2. Sub + would rather / would sooner+ bare infinitive+ than+ bare infinitive.
3. Sub+ would rather/ would sooner+ sub+ simple past.

Examples:
 I would rather drive my old car.
 We would sooner work on our old policy.
 Mahdi would rather stay than go to the picnic.
 I would rather he bought a book.
B: Prefer:

1. Sub+ prefer+ noun/ gerund.

2. Sub+ prefer+ full infinitive.
3. Sub+ prefer+ noun/ gerund+ to+ gerund/ noun.
4. Sub+ prefer+ full infinitive+ rather than+ bare infinitive.
Examples:
 We prefer car.
 We prefer buying a car.
 We prefer to buy a car.
 I prefer reading to watching TV.
 They prefer to walk than ride.

C: Would prefer:
We use would prefer with full infinitive and it shows the preferred action and we
cannot use it among two nouns.
1. Sub + would prefer + full infinitive + object/ com.
 Obama would prefer to make the strategy of living our country.
2. Sub + would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive + obj. com
 I would prefer to read a book rather than play a game.

D: like ……..better than.

1- Sub +like+ noun/gerund + better than + noun/gerund.
Example:

 I like hot weather better than cold.

 I like skiing better than skating.
 I like social books better than history books.

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 Exercises
Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.
1. I prefer coffee __________tea.
a. Rather than b. than c. to
2. I don’t fancy the theater again. I’d rather _________to the cinema.
a. To go b. go c. going
3. Although I love relaxing on beaches, I think I prefer ______in the mountains.
a. Walk b. walking c. to walks
4. I’d rather speak to him in person ___________things over the phone.
a. To discussing b. to discuss c. than discuss
5. I prefer trains ________cars.
a. To b. than c. rather than
6. I’m not a big fan of cars; I prefer _________outside in the corner.
a. To travelled b. travel c. travelling
7. Would you __________ to meet at 6 or 7?
a. Prefer b. better c. rather
8. Which do you _________better McDonald’s or Burger King?
a. Rather b. prefer c. like
9. Who does she ___________you or me?
a. Like better b. prefer to c. rather
10. I would rather _________go to the cinema.
a. To b. not c. prefer

Exercise 2: Change to other forms of preference.

1- I prefer studying English to Korean.

 I like …………………… better than…….. …………….

 I would rather ……………………. than …………………………..
 I would prefer ……………………….. rather than ……………………....

2- I prefer reading English books to Korean books.

 I like ……………………….. better than ……………………………….

 I would rather …………………..…… than ……………………….…
 I would prefer ……………………….… rather than …………………..…..

3- I prefer driving a car to riding a motorcycle.

 I like ……………………………….. better than ………………….…………….

 I would rather …………………………..… than ……………………………….…
 I would prefer ……………………………….. rather than ………………………..
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4-I prefer singing English songs to Korean songs.

 I like ……………………………… better than ………………………………….

 I would rather …………………….… than …………………………………..…
 I would prefer ………………..…… rather than ………………………………..

5-I prefer teaching English to Korean.

 I like ………………………. better than ………………………..……….
 I would rather ………………………..…… than ……………………….……
 I would prefer ……………………… rather than ……………………………...
6-I prefer writing to reading.
 I like ……………………..… better than …………………………….……….
 I would rather …………………………… than ……………………………..……
 I would prefer …………………………… rather than …………………………..
7-I prefer swimming to playing tennis.

 I like ………………………..… better than ……………………………….

 I would rather ………………………..……… than …………………….……
 I would prefer ……………………………… rather than …………………………

8-I prefer talking with you to watching TV.

 I like ………………………….…. better than ……………………………………

 I would rather …………………………… than ………………………………….
 I would prefer ………………………… rather than ……………………………...

9-I prefer going to Bali to Korea.

 I like ………………………... better than …………………………….………….

 I would rather ………………………..… than ………………………………….…
 I would prefer ……………………..… rather than ………………………………..

10-I prefer living in Malang to Jakarta.

 I like ………………………..… better than …………………………….……….

 I would rather ………………………….… than …………………………………
 I would prefer …………………………… rather than …………………………...

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11-I prefer sleeping at home to Hotel.

 I like ……………………………….. better than ………………………………….

 I would rather ………………………… than …………………………………….
 I would prefer ………………………… rather than ……………………………...

12-I prefer listening his songs to her songs .

 I like …………………………..…. better than …………………………….…….

 I would rather ………………………… than …………………………………….
 I would prefer ………………………..…… rather than ………………………....

13-I prefer climbing mountain to doing nothing.

 I like ……………………….…. better than ………………………….………….

 I would rather ………………………..… than ………………………………….…
 I would prefer ………………………..… rather than ……………………………

14-I prefer watering the plants to cleaning the floor.

 I like ………………………….. better than ……………………………………….

 I would rather ………………….…… than ……………………………….……
 I would prefer ………………………… rather than ……………………………..

15-I prefer buying computer to guitar.

 I ……………………………….. better than …………………………………….

 I would rather …………………………… than …………………………………
 I would prefer ……………….…… rather than …………………………………..

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