CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON (mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ lí do)

I. Clauses of reason:
Mệnh đề chỉ lí do là mệnh đề phụ chỉ lí do hoặc nguyên nhân của hành động được nêu trong mệnh
đề chính.
Mệnh đề chỉ lí do thường được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các liên từ (conjunction) như: Because,
Since, As ( Since và As thường được đặt ở đầu câu)
Cấu trúc:
Because/ since/ as + S + V
Ex:
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because she was seriously ill.
- Since / As she was seriously ill, she didn’t go to class yesterday
II. Phrases of reason:
Cấu trúc:
Because of
Due to + N / Noun phrase / Gerund phrase
Owning to
- The class was not in order because of the teacher’s absence.
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because of her serious illness.
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because of being seriously ill.
III. Các cách dùng khác:
1. Sử dụng liên từ độc lập : FOR (vì), SO (vì thế)
Chú ý: FOR, SO được dùng giống như BUT, YET.
Ex: - She didn’t go to class yesterday, for she was seriously ill.
- She was seriously ill, so she didn’t go to class yesterday
2. Sử dụng từ nối (transition words): therefore, consequently.
Therefore được dùng giống như however. Consequently thường được đặt ở đầu mệnh đề chỉ kết
quả.
- She was seriously ill. Therefore, she didn’t go to class yesterday.
- She was seriously ill. She, therefore, didn’t go to class yesterday.
- She was seriously ill. She didn’t go to class yesterday, therefore
EXERCISES
I. Combine each pair of sentences, using “Because, Since, As”
1. Mary looks happy. She has just got good marks.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. A computer can be used for various purpose. It becomes very popular today.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. The burglars were able to break into his house. He has forgot to lock one of the windows.
________________________________________________________________________
4. The exercise is not easy. I shall have to consult my teacher.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. I didn’t come in time. There was a traffic jam.
_______________________________________________________________________
6. The teacher is sick. We’ll have no class tomorrow.
_______________________________________________________________________

1
7. He studies maths very hard. He wants to become a teacher of maths.
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Peter was worried. Mary was late.
_______________________________________________________________________
9. The T.V program was uninteresting. They went to bed early.
_______________________________________________________________________
10. I couldn’t answer all the oral questions well. I felt too nervous.
_______________________________________________________________________
A. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF PURPOSE: ( Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích)
I. Phrases of purpose:
Nếu trong câu chỉ có 1 chủ ngữ, ta có thể dùng một cụm từ bắt đầu bằng:
- to
- in order to + infinitive phrase (V phrase)
- so as to

Ex: She studies English. She wants to talk to foreigners.

She studies English to talk to foreigners.
in order to talk to foreigners.
so as to talk to foreigners.
+ Nếu phủ định mục đích thì dùng cụm từ:
In order not to + V _phrase
So as not to
Ex: He got up early. He didn’t want to miss the train.
He got up early in order not to miss the train.
so as not to miss the train.

II. Clauses of purpose:

+ Nếu trong câu có 2 chủ ngữ khác nhau, ta phải dùng mệnh đề chỉ mục đích bắt đầu bằng: so
that, in order that, Lest (kẻo), For fear that (sợ rằng)
+ Cấu trúc:
So that + S + V (can/ could) + (not) + V
In order that
Ex:
I try my best to study English. I want to find a better job.
 I try my best to study English so that I can find a better job.
She hurried. She didn’t want to miss the bus.
 She hurried so that She wouldn’t miss the bus.
He spoke loudly. He wanted everybody to hear him.
 He spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him.
+ mệnh đề chỉ mục đích đi sau Lest/ for fear that thì có nghĩa phủ định ta dùng:
Lest / for fear that + should + V
- She hides the novel under her pillow lest (for fear that) her father should see it.
+ Thay vì nói: The robber changes his address all the time so that the police can’t find him.
+ Ta có thể nói: The robber changes his address all the time lest the police should find him.

2
 EXERCISES
I. Use phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of the following sentences:
1. She went to the bookshop. She want to buy a dictionary.
 She went to the bookshop in order to buy a dictionary
2. My brother is learning English . He can get a good job.
 My brother is learning English in order to get a good job.
3. My parents sent me to the USA. They wanted me to study computer there.
 My parents sent me to the USA so that I could study computer there
4. The teacher spoke very slowly. He wanted his pupils to understand what he said.
 The teacher spoke very slowly so that his pupils to understand what he said
5. Miss Hoa locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed.
 Miss Hoa locked the door so as not to be disturbed
6. We turned out the lights. We didn’t want to waste electricity.
 We turned out the lights so as not to to waste electricity
7. They tried to do their job well. They wanted the boss to increase their salary.
 They tried to do their job well so that the boss could increase their salary
8. I’m learning English. I want to read books in English.
 I’m learning English in order to read books in English
9. My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accidents.
 My father drove carefully so as not to cause accidents
10. Please close the windows. I don’t want anybody to look at my house.
 Please close the window so that anybody doesn’t look at my room.

CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
1. The schoolboys are in a hurry ______ they will not be late for school.
A. so as to B. to C. for D. in order that
2. I gave him my e-mail address ______ he could keep in touch with me.
A. that B. so that C. such that D. so as to
3. We decided to join the English speaking club ______ improve our English.
A. so that B. so to C. in order D. to
4. ______ learn how to use a computer, he decides to take lessons.
A. To B. In order to C. So as D. A & B are
correct
5. He walked silently ______ wake the other people.
A. to not B. to avoid C. so as to not D. in order not to
6. She wore glasses and a wig ______ we couldn’t recognise her.
A. so that B. so as to C. in order to D. B & C are
correct
7. He locked the door ______ be disturbed.
A. in order not B. in order not to C. in order to not D. in order that he
not
8.______ English fluently, we should practise speaking it whenever possible.
A. In order to speak B. To speaking C. In order speak D. In order for
speaking
9. The boy always does his homework before class ______ be punished by his teacher.
A. so as not to B. so as to C. so that not to D. in order that not
to
10. Seat belt laws were introduced ______ traffic fatalities would be reduced.
A. in order that B. so as to C. such that D. provided that

3
11. She phoned me ______.
A. so that she invites me to her party C. to invite me to her party
B. that she invited me to her party D. for she wanted to invite me to her party
12. Mary took a taxi ______ she could arrive at the conference on time.
A. in order B. that C. so that D. A & B are
correct
13. Mary put on her scarf ______ she ______ not get cold.
A. so that / will B. to / would C. so as to / will D. so that / would
14. I’ll give you my telephone number ______ phone me.
A. so that you can B. to C. want to D. A & B are
correct
15. She worked hard ______ everything would be ready by 6 o’clock.
A. that B. for C. in order that D. so as to
16. I’m going to make an early start ______ get stuck in the traffic.
A. so that not B. not to C. so as to not D. in order not
17. I work hard ______ help my family.
A. so as to B. in order to C. in order that D. A & B are
correct
18. My parents got up early this morning ______ park the car for our journey.
A. so that B. in order to C. because D. in case
19. They got up ______ early in the morning that no one saw them leave the house.
A. too B. so C. in order to D. such
20. She employed a secretary ______ type her letters and answer the phone.
A. in order that B. so that C. to D. for
21. He gave me his address __________me to visit.
A. so that B. in order for C. in order to D. in case
22. They whispered __________ no one to hear their conversation.
A. so that B. in order to C. because D. in order for

23.The piano was too heavy ______.

A. for nobody to move B. for nobody to moving C. for anyone to move D. for anyone to
moving
24. _______ to go to the cinema.
A. it was late so that B. that it was late C. it was too late D. such too late
25. It is such an important matter _______ I can’t decide anything about it myself.
A. so B. because C. that D. so that to
26. Mary jogs everyday ______ lose weight.
A. so she can B. so that she can C. because she can D. so that to
27. She got up early _________ miss the bus.
A. in order that B. so that C. not to D. for
28. Mr. Thompson is learning Vietnamese __________ to read Kim Van Kieu.
A. so that not B. so as to C. in order not to D. so as not to
29. They hurried _______ catch the train.
A. to not B. as not to C. in order that not D. to
30. Tom is saving up __________ he can buy a new car.
A. so that B. as not to C. in order that not D. so as that

Rewrite the following sentences :

1.He hurried to the station so as not to miss the train
 He hurried to the station in oeder that he wouldn’t miss the train
2.Leave early so that you may get home before dark
 In order to get home before dark, you should Leave early
3.We should do morning exercises regularly to improve our health

4
 We should do morning exercise regularly so that we will improve our health
4.Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe
 To keep people’s money safe, Banks are developed
5.I wrote the sentence on the blackboard for them not to mishear
 I wrote the sentence on the blackboard so as not to mishear
6.Mary went to the library in order that she could borrow some books
 Mary Mary went to the library so as to borrow some books
7.She put on warm clothes so that she wouldn’t catch cold
 In order not to get cold, She put on warm
8.Please shut the door in order that the dog won’t go out of the house

Please………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
9.The police stopped the traffic every few minutes for the pedestrians to cross the road
 The police
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
10.I went to see him so as to find out what had happened
 I went
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
11.He sent a telegram for his mother to learn the good news
 He sent
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
12.The farmer built a high wall around the garden in order that the fruits would not be stolen
 In order ……………………………………………….................................................................
13.My father drove carefully in order not to cause accidents
 My father
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
14.He moved to the front row so that he could hear the speaker better
 To
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…
15.You should get up early so as to have time to review your lesson
 You
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…