“Confined Space

Safety”

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 Occupational Safety & Health Standards

Rule 1121: Underground Tank and Similar Confined

Space Work Before a worker or group of workers enter any
confined or enclosed space and before any work is
commenced, the following precautions and safety measures
shall be taken:
1. The area shall be checked visually to ensure that the
water level is below 15 cm. (6 in.) and if water is present,
a dry wooden platform shall be available for use;
2. The air in the area shall be checked for:
a.Explosive gases, fumes and vapors;
b.Oxygen content and ;
c.Carbon monoxide, if any burning or products of
burning have been involved.
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 Occupational Safety & Health Standards
3. If any of the above is present over normal levels, the area
shall not be entered until ventilation by blower is effected.
4. Approved types of breathing apparatus and other
personal protective equipment shall be provided and
made available for use by the worker or workers entering
a confined space;
5. No worker or group of workers shall enter a confined
space unless a watcher is available who is familiar with
the job and in contact with the men at regular intervals
and equally provided with breathing apparatus for ready
use in case of emergency;

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 Occupational Safety & Health Standards
6. No smoking or open lights, torches, arcs or flames
shall be permitted in confined spaces until an inspection
has been conducted to ensure that fire or explosion
possibilities have been eliminated;
7. No spraying or painting using volatile solvents of oil
shall be undertaken in confined spaces unless the
necessary respiratory and other adequate protection are
provided;
8. Any manhole, tank opening, or other opening which is left
unattended should be protected during the day by
barricades, and at night by barricades and lanterns,
with appropriate warning signs; and
9. Adequate means of ingress and egress from any
confined or enclosed space shall be provided.
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 Permit-Required Confined Space

Characteristics:
q contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous
atmosphere
q contains a material that has the potential to engulf an
entrant
q has an internal configuration such that an entrant could
be trapped or asphyxiated
q contains any other recognized serious safety and
health hazard

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 Terminal Objectives

At the end of the seminar, the participant shall be able to:

q Identify a confined space
q Enumerate the hazards associated with works inside a
confined space
q Discuss the control measures to prevent potential
accidents while working inside a confined space
q Discuss emergency response procedure in case
accident happen inside the confined space

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 Definitions

Confined Space:
q an enclosed or partially enclosed space
q that is not intended, designed or constructed primarily
as a place of work
q which has or may have restricted entry/exit

and in which by virtue of its design, construction or the

work performed therein, a hazard can arise, namely:

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 Confined Space Hazards
q Fire or explosion;
q Temperature extremes;
q Accumulation of a gas, vapor, mist, fume or ignitable dust;
q Oxygen enrichment or oxygen deficiency;
q Contact with hazardous substances;
q Increase in the level of a liquid; or
q Entrapment by a free-flowing solid (engulfment);
q Lack of lighting
q anyof which could cause death, temporary or permanent
impairment, or interfere with a person’s ability to escape
unaided from the space.
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 What Are the Hazards?
• Oxygen Hazards
– too much or too little
• Toxic Hazards
– gases, vapors or fumes
(examples: hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide)
• Flammable or Explosive
Hazards
– vapors or dusts in
concentrations large enough
to ignite
• Engulfment
– shifting liquid or solid
substance that traps
employee
• Configuration
– Walls or floor which slope
downward or taper in can
trap an employee
• Energy Hazards
– Contact with mechanical or
electrical equipment, steam
or other sources of heat
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 Common Confined Spaces
List of Common Confined Spaces (Note: This is not an exhaustive list)
Admixture Tanks ESP’s Raw Mills
Aggregate Bins Excavations Ready Mix Truck drums
Bins Finish Mills Reclaimers
Boilers Fuel Storage Tanks Screens
Bucket Elevators Heat Exchangers Separators
Central Mixers HMA Drums and Dryers Sewer Tunnels
Clinker Coolers Hoppers Silos
Coal Mills Kilns Stacker Pits
Crushers Mills Tanks (incl. AF)
Cyclones Mixers Tank Cars
Dryers & Plenums Preheater Vaults
Duct Work Process Vessels Vessels / Barges
Dust Collectors Rail Cars
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this is one example of a permit-
required confined space

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TRAINERS AND
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BOILER TANKS…

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PIPE CHASES

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CRAWL SPACES…

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MANHOLES

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PITS

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TRAINERS AND
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TRAINERS AND
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TRAINERS AND
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 Definitions

Competent: means a person who is qualified because of

knowledge, training or experience to organize work and its
performance, who is familiar with the specific legislative
requirements that apply to the work performed, and who has
knowledge of any actual or potential hazards related to the
work performed.

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 Definitions

Entry: The action by which a person enters a Confined

Space. Entry is considered to occur when a person’s
breathing zone (i.e. 25cm or 10inches radius from the nose
and mouth) breaks the plane of the opening into the space.

Fitness to work: All Entrants into a Confined Space must be

certified fit to work as mandated by the Health Assessment
Standard Operating Procedure (HASOP).

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 Definitions
Hot Work: any work that could produces sparks, flame, arcs,
heat or other sources of ignition, and includes but is not
limited to, welding, grinding, soldering, flame cutting and
brazing.

Intrinsically Safe equipment: Electrical equipment in which

any spark or any thermal effect produced under normal
operation and specified fault conditions, is not capable of
causing ignition of a given explosive gas atmosphere

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 Definitions
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH):
Any atmosphere that
q poses an immediate hazard to life or
q may produce an irreversible adverse health effects or
q Interferes with ability to escape unaided from a permit
space

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 Definitions
Oxygen Deficiency: An atmosphere containing less Oxygen
concentration in Ambient Air.

Oxygen Enrichment: An atmosphere containing more

Oxygen concentration in Ambient Air.

Responsible Individual: An appropriately trained and

Competent person who maintains overall responsibility for
any Confined Space entry.

Restricted Entry/Exit: Refers to the physical configuration

of a space in which entry to or exit from the space requires
the use of the hands or contortion of the body.

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 Hierarchy of Control
1. ELIMINATE
2. SUBSTITUTE
3. ENGINEERING
4. ADMINISTRATIVE
5. PPE

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 Engineering Controls
1. Ventilation
2. Safe Illumination

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 Administrative Controls

1. Confined Space Entry Permit

2. Safekeeping / Decontamination
3. Air Quality Monitoring
4. Standard Work Procedures
5. Training of Entrants
6. Training of Attendants
7. Training of Emergency Response Team

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 PPE

1. DEPENDENT ON THE IDENTIFIED HAZARDS

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 General Requirements:
Confined Space Control Procedure (CSCP)
CSCP must contain a description of the potential risks
associated with the Confined Space and the measures to be
taken during entry to control these risks. Each procedure
must also contain provisions for the following

q Roles and Responsibilities of the Responsible

Individual, Attendants and Entrants
q Access & Egress
q Energy Isolation
q Cleaning and Decontamination
q Atmospheric Testing
q Ventilation
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 General Requirements:
Confined Space Control Procedure (CSCP)
q Working in Flammable, Combustible, Explosive or
IDLH environments
q Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
requirements
q Communication
q Emergency Rescue Plans
q Any other task specific equipment required

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 Roles & Responsibilities

Confined Space Team

A Confined Space Team must consist of the following:
q Responsible Individual
q Attendant(s)
q Entrant(s)

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 Roles & Responsibilities

Responsible Individual
q Understands and has knowledge of Confined Space
entry requirements
q Verifies that all entry requirements are met prior to
endorsing the Entry Permit and permitting entry to the
space
q Verifies that emergency rescue plans and resources are
available
q Communicates status of entry whenever the Responsible
Individual changes
q Terminates entry, revokes Entry Permits and/or orders
the evacuation of the space where warranted

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 Definitions

Attendant: A person
assigned to continuously
monitor conditions within or
near a Confined Space and
who is Competent to provide
support or react as required
to provide for the safety of
the Entrants.

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 Attendants
Attendant
q Be stationed immediately outside the primary
access/egress point to the space
q Prevents unauthorized entry to the space
q Keeps track of who is in the Confined Space at all times
q Monitors conditions in/about the space that could
endanger Entrant safety
q Maintains communication with the Entrants until the entry
is terminated or when relieved by a Competent person;
q Initiates evacuation and emergency procedures

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 Attendants
The attendant should order entrants to evacuate the permit
space immediately under the following conditions:
q if the attendant detects a prohibited condition
q if the attendant detects the behavioral effects of hazard
exposure in an authorized entrant
q if the attendant detects a situation outside of the space
that could endanger the authorized entrant
q if the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform all
the duties required.

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 Attendants

Note:
Under no circumstance must the Attendant enter the space
to rescue an Entrant before arrival of the rescue team.

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 Definitions

Entrant: refers to a
Competent person who is
permitted to work in a
Confined Space. All
Entrants must be fit for
work.

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 Roles & Responsibilities

Entrant
q Identifies potential hazards that may be encountered
during Confined Space entry
q Obtains a valid Entry Permit from the Responsible
Individual prior to entering a Confined Space
q Respects the requirements of the Control Procedure and
the Entry Permit
q Informs the Attendant of any potential hazard
encountered in the space
q Exits the space if unacceptable / dangerous conditions
are encountered or when directed by the Attendant or
Responsible Individual

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Signs and Symptoms of an Exposure to a
Hazard
q Dizzy, Faint, Lightheaded
q Suddenly Feel Tired
q Nauseous
q Burning Eyes or Skin
q Itching, Sneezing
q Difficult Breathing
q Cool, Clammy Skin
q Face Suddenly Feels Flush
q Having Difficulty Focusing TRAINERS AND
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 Access & Egress
General Requirements
q Openings must be large enough to permit an Entrant to
safely enter to and exit from the space
q Openings at the top of a space (i.e. silo) should be
avoided due to the recognized difficulty associated with
vertical access and rescue
q Stairs or ladders should be used to provide access
q Openings should be secured to prevent unauthorized
access
q Objects within a space that could entangle an Entrant by
their PPEs must be removed
q Warning systems and barriers (i.e. signage &
guardrails) must be installed to prevent unauthorized
persons or objects from entering or falling
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 Warning Systems

q MUST be in the immediate area

q MUST identify the Confined Space
q Restricts UNAUTHORIZED personnel
q MUST prevent unwanted access to the work area
q MUST ensure clear workspace for attendant and
emergency rescue (if needed)

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Warning Systems

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 Risk specific to Lafarge processes

Engulfment Potential: Where this is a risk to be buried

under in or be immersed by material, which may result in
asphyxiation; the Confined Space has to be entered only
from a level above the material. ALL material build-up or
accumulation on confined space sides must be cleared and
Entrants must be always protected above the highest
material level.

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 Risk specific to Lafarge processes

Electrocution: In certain confined spaces (e.g. inside metal

silos, equipment, tanks …etc.); a suitable precautions to
prevent electric shock include use of extra low voltage
equipment (typically less than 25 V) and, where necessary,
residual current devices must be applied.

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 Multi Gas Meters

q Multi-gas meters for confined space/hazardous space

air monitoring.
q Though similar, each instrument has unique features
and operating characteristics. These devices measure
"real-time" oxygen content, flammability/explosion
potential, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide
(H2S) concentrations.

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 Atmospheric Testing
Acceptable Atmospheric Limits (Entry Allowed)

q Oxygen
Oxygen concentration is the same as in Ambient Air
q Flammability
There are no flammable substances detected
q Toxicity
When less than 50% of the recognized exposure limits
for a substance is detected.

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Contaminants

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Working in Flammable, Combustible, Explosive or
IDLH Atmospheres
i. Extreme caution must be taken where tasks may expose
workers to risks in a flammable, combustible or
explosive atmosphere. Hot work must only be
performed within a Confined Space where;
ii. No flammable substances is detected;
iii. Atmosphere contains no more than Ambient oxygen
concentration;
iv. Atmosphere is continuously monitored;

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Working in Flammable, Combustible, Explosive or
IDLH Atmospheres

iv. Measures have been implemented to control hazards

related to hot work; and
v. A means to alert the workers inside the Confined Space
when atmospheric concentrations exceed those stated in
i) and ii) is used

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 Get Out!!!!

q If a hazardous atmosphere is detected while a worker is

in the confined space
– all activities should stop
– the worker(s) should exit immediately
– the hazard should be evaluated
– protective measures should be taken

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 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

In extreme situation where the atmospheric condition is

unknown or the air quality cannot meet the ambient air
quality then a Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA) or Supplied Air Respirators (SAR) must be worn
prior to entry. Only approved positive pressure SCBA or
SAR can be used.

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 Communication
Communication methods should be selected according to
the conditions of the space and the potential hazards
encountered during entry.

Voice, radio, visual contact, video, hand signals or

universal rope tug signals are examples of acceptable
communication methods.

Entry must not be permitted if two-way communication

cannot be maintained.

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 Emergency Rescue Plans

Space-specific emergency rescue plans must be developed

prior to every Confined Space entry. These plans must be
integrated in the overall site Emergency Response
Procedures as mandated by the Group Emergency
Preparedness Standard and consistent with Group
guidance on the management of Medical Emergencies.
Under no circumstance must entry to a Confined Space
be permitted where a suitable emergency rescue plan
is not developed.

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 Emergency Rescue Plans

Emergency rescue plans should include provisions to:

q Summon emergency assistance
q Initiate the evacuation of Entrants under specific
conditions (i.e. low oxygen levels)
q Retrieve incapacitated Entrants using, either non-entry
or entry methods

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 Training & Qualification
Training must include, but is not limited to the following
topics:
q The Standard and its content
q Risk assessment
q Identification of Confined Spaces
q Entry roles and responsibilities
q Entry permits
q Atmospheric testing and ventilation
q Personal protective equipment (PPE)
q Emergency rescue plans
q Other site-specific program requirements, as necessary.
Training should be adapted based on the needs of the individuals, the task
and the risk(s) involved.

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 Training & Qualification
The competency and proficiency of each participant must
be evaluated and documented through a post-training
assessment (i.e. written examination and/or practical
exercise). Refresher training is required on a periodic
basis to address regulatory requirements, site-specific
program revisions; inclusion of additional Confined Spaces,
and Confined Space related incidents.

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 Contractors
Contractors must provide proof that they possess the
necessary qualifications and competency to safely enter
and work inside a Confined Space to site management
prior to entry.

Contractors must comply with all applicable requirements

outlined in this Standard before entering a Confined Space,
including completion of a Lafarge approved Entry Permit.

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 Contractors
Where employees of two (2) or more contractors or where
both Lafarge and contractor employees are working in /
near the same space, such that the actions of one group
could compromise the safety of the other, a Lafarge
representative must ensure all activities are coordinated
and that entry roles are complementary, in writing, prior to
the entry.

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 Pre-Entry Requirements
PRE-ENTRY REQUIREMENTS: Prior to entry, the specific
CSCP should be reviewed by the entry team through a field
risk assessment (5.1). The entry team is then ready to
complete an entry permit (5.2) for approval. The work in the
Confined Space is allowed to begin only once all required
control measures are in place, the Entry Permit approved and
signed.

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 Field Risk Assessment
1. Pre-entry testing and monitoring of/for:
§ Atmospheric conditions
§ Potential hazards in and around the area
§ Deficient or enriched oxygen
ü Safe level: 19.5% - 23.5%
§ Combustible, flammable, and explosive atmospheres
§ Toxic gases and vapors
§ Corrosive chemicals or biological agents

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Oxygen Level

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 Field Risk Assessment
2. Pre-entry testing and monitoring of/for:
§ Physical hazards
ü Falling, tripping, moving parts engulfment, heat
extremes, etc…
§ Electrical hazards
ü Shock hazard, static electricity, sparks, etc…
§ Rodents, snakes, and insects

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 Field Risk Assessment
3. Written procedures to remove or control hazards including
ventilation, LOTOTO, PPE, Working At Heights and
communication
4. Written emergency response

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 Pre-Entry Requirements
The following table summarizes the entry requirements that
must be met prior to permitting entry into a Confined
Space:

Confined Space
Field Risk Assessment √
Entry Permit √
Task Specific Permits* √
Control Procedure √
Attendant √ √ means the entry requirement
Communication √ applies
Atmospheric Testing √ * Such as WAH, Hot work, etc.
Ventilation √
Energy Isolation √
Emergency Rescue Plan √
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 Entry Permit
q Are written authorization and approval specifying
the location and type of work
q Certify that all existing hazards have been assessed
q Ensure the safety of each worker
q Specify the date & length of time it applies

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 Entry Permit
Entry into a Confined Space must be allowed only with
written approval, in the form of an Entry Permit, issued by
the Responsible Individual. Entry permits must include the
following elements:
a. Date and time of the entry
b. Task(s) to be undertaken
c. Name of the Entrant(s)
d. Name of the Attendant(s)
e. Name of the Responsible Individual
f. Confirmation that a Risk Assessment was completed
g. Measures to isolate hazardous energy sources
h. Atmospheric testing results confirming that the
atmosphere within the space is safe for entry
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 Entry Permit
i. Measures to adequately ventilate the space
j. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) required
k. Communication equipment required
l. Confirmation that an emergency rescue plan was
developed and reviewed
m. Declaration that the Entrant and Attendant are
competent to perform entry and
n. Certification that the Entrant and Attendant are “fit to
work”

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 Entry Permit

NOTE:
PERMITS ARE ALWAYS
POSTED IN THE
WORKPLACE DURING
ENTRY

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this confined space may be oxygen deficient or contain
flammable, combustible, or toxic gases or vapors

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 the atmosphere inside a confined
space may not be suitable for entry

forced-air ventilation may be used, but you are not

TRAINERS AND
permitted to enter until the atmosphere is suitable CONSULTANS INC.
 atmospheric conditions may change
while you are in the confined space

periodically monitor the atmosphere

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within the confined space CONSULTANS INC.
 if a worker must wear a respirator, remember that an air-purifying
respirator will do nothing in an oxygen deficient atmosphere

these workers are wearing air-supplying

respirators due to a lack of oxygen TRAINERS AND
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 adequate illumination should be
provided where lighting is limited

in some cases, explosion-proof

lighting may be necessary TRAINERS AND
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 some confined spaces can contain mixing or crushing mechanisms
or other hazards that can be turned on and injure a worker

use lockout/tagout on all hazardous items TRAINERS AND

CONSULTANS INC.
Thank You…

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