Y2 Haca Notes v3

Chinchilla Notes 2018
Year 2 HACA Notes 2018

FYE EDITION
Content Page No.

Singapore’s Cultural History 2
Immigration 2
Tourism 14
Food 19
Singapore’s Economic History 20
Economic Theories (Free Trade) 20
Four Economic Post-Independent Policies 22
 Labour-Intensive Industries 22
 Capital-Intensive Industries 26
 Service-Oriented Economy 29
 Knowledge-Based Economy 32
Singapore’s Political History 35
Four Stages of Governance 35
 Independence from British 36
 New Government 42
 Merger 47
 Separation and Independence 55
Political Leadership 62
1
Immigration
1. Definitions
Past
1. Immigration Factors
2. The Raffles Town Plan
3. Immigrants’ Contributions
The Modern Day
 Staying Open
 Challenges
 Privileges and Rights
Definitions:
Immigration To enter and settle in a country or region to which one is

not native
Tourist One who travels for pleasure and usually stays
temporarily in a foreign land
Refugee A person who flees for refuge or safety, especially to a
foreign country, in a time of conflict (political upheaval,
war)
*A subset of immigrants, which can be illegal or legal
Immigrant A person who migrates to another country, usually for
permanent residence.
Cultural  A process of integration whereby immigrants or other
Assimilation minority groups are “absorbed” into an established,
generally larger community
 Loss of many characteristics of the minority race
*a phenomenon called melting pot

Pluralism  Small groups within a larger society maintaining
their unique cultural identities, which coexist and
embrace the qualities of other groups as traits worth
having
 Accomplished through protection of cultural
communities by law and the acceptance into the
larger society
2
 Essential for a flourishing and peaceful democratic

society, where there is a need for tolerance and
respect for other cultures and ethnic diversity
Multiculturalism An ideology of equal status for all, with society
including distinct cultural and religious groups
Foreign Talent People born outside of their country of residence who
have skills that can add value to their adopted country
 E.g. Sporting talent, entrepreneurial and
professional knowledge
 E.g. Khaw Boon Tiam, Minister of Transport was
from Penang, Malaysia, Olivia Lum, president of
Hiflux, was from Kampar, Malaysia
There are several policies/permits that are involved in taking in foreign talent:
 Work Permit
o A 2-3-year contract that includes more menial labour like:
 Coffee shop assistant, Construction workers or domestic
helpers
 Employment Pass (Professionals Managers Executives Technical S)
o Involves foreign professionals like:
 Engineers, accountants, doctors, lawyers, venture capitalists
o Also a 2-3-year contract that has higher salary of at least $3600
 Foreign Talent Sports Scheme
o To boost local sporting standards by importing sporting expertise
 Football, tennis, table tennis etc.
 E.g. Daniel Bennett, an English defender brought in to
strengthen national football team (Still better than Arsenal)
Brain Drain An emigration of trained and talented individuals/human
capital to other nations due to factors such as conflicts,
lack of opportunity, health hazards and discrimination
E.g. Brain Drain from Malaysia
 Malaysia has a discrimination policy like bumiputera or “sons of the
Earth” which gives privileges to Malaysians
 They are given preferences for government posts, housing and
education, limiting prospects for talented Chinese and Indians and
causing a massive brain drain to neighbouring countries, especially
Singapore
 1 million people emigrated from Malaysia due to Brain Drain over the
last 40 years
3
Citizenship The political rights of an individual within a society

Political Asylum A judicial notion, of which a person is persecuted for
political opinions or religious beliefs in his country may
be protected by another foreign country
 On a case-by-case basis
 E.g. Karl Marx (Communism, went to Russia),
Albert Einstein (Jew, protected in US)
Immigration Factors
Push Factors Pull Factors

Chinese  Natural disasters (Yangzhe  Job opportunities; due to
river’s frequent flooding or recent industrial revolution
droughts destroyed crops, and inventions like the
by extension a year’s steamship, people could
income, affecting the travel from the West to the
livelihood of farmers) East to sell goods and
 Lack of fertile land obtain raw materials more
(moving was not an option easily  Singapore’s
as ancestral grounds were excellent geographical
not to be vacated) location made it a centre for
 External wars like Opium collection of raw materials
Wars vs British resulted in from the East and selling of
severe loss of money and manufactured goods from
land to opposing country, the West  Singapore’s
which was taken from the position at the midpoint
people between China, India and
 Internal wars like the Britain made it ideal for
toppling of the Qing merchants to replenish food
Dynasty by the supplies and trade goods 
Kuomintang, causing Made Singapore a one-stop
political instability and location  created many
turmoil jobs to serve the large
 Oppressive government influx of traders
caused dissatisfaction and  Free Immigration Policy; In
many rebellions and the early days of Singapore
revolutions as a British port, Sir
 Wars also threatened to William Farquhar had to
destroy farmlands come up with new
 Overpopulation and strategies to appeal to
unemployment foreign traders to come to
4
Singapore. Among these

methods was the Free
Immigration policy, which
made it extremely easy to
enter Singapore, as long as
in good health. The fact
that one could enter and
leave Singapore freely
without paying for
immigration passes and
papers was especially
appealing to poorer
immigrants and traders who
benefitted from this
flexibility and affordability
Indian  Overpopulation leading to  Job opportunities (same as
unemployment above)
 Drought affecting crop  Better work conditions (for
yield and food supply the same amount of work,
they were paid significantly
more in Singapore than in
India and were thus able to
sustain themselves)
 Free Immigration policy
(same as above)
Malay  Internal conflicts like the  Job opportunities (same as
Bugis clan war for kingship above)
 External conflicts such as  Free Immigration policy
power struggle between (same as above)
Dutch and British over the  Missed relatives in
colonisation of some areas Singapore
in Southeast Asia after the
Napoleonic Wars, resulting
in some armed clashes
Europeans  Had to look for new  Trade prospects
markets due to  The prospect of a new,
oversaturation of the same exotic life in Singapore
manufactured goods like (many were convicts
cotton or cans (everyone looking for a fresh start)
was making the same thing
and selling to one another)
5
The Raffles Town Plan
 The new immigrants arrived and congregated at the mouth of the

Singapore River
 Raffles took note of the haphazard organisation of the buildings in the
vicinity and appointed Lieutenant Philip Jackson to draw up a new
arrangement in 1822
 Different races were segregated and run by a “kapitan”
 The Raffles Town plan was put in place for several reasons:
o To prevent conflict between the different races, with each race
having their “own area” such as Chinese in Chinatown and Malays
in Bugis Kampong, misunderstandings between races of each
other’s religions and racial traditions can be kept to a minimum.
o For better land use. The business centre was planned close to the
Singapore River which allowed the business community to be in
close proximity to each other, as well as convenient access to their
warehouses and ships.
o To allow easier administration. Kapitans like Eunos and Aljuneid
spoke the same language and shared the same culture as those who
were under their control, allowing for better communication. These
kapitans would also run internal meetings in community halls.
Immigrants’ Contributions
In the past, immigrants took up a variety of roles and jobs. Some races
had a greater affinity to certain jobs (Just need to know a few for SBQ):
Common Occupations Prominent Citizen

Chinese Mostly unskilled labour Tan Tock Seng contributed a large
 Middlemen (spoke amount of money to Tan Tock Seng
sufficient English, Hospital and underwrote funerals for
Malay and local the poor
dialects to
communicate with
clients, who were
traders around the
Malay Archipelago)
 Coolies
 Servants
 Rickshaw pullers
 Merchants
 Carpenters
6
 Barbers
Malay Mostly engaged in Syed Omar Aljunied founded the
providing basic Masjid Omar Kampong Melaka
necessities, hunting or Mosque for the Muslim community
construction
 Boat builders
 Sailors
 Officers
 Policemen (as
Malay was the most
common language)
 Watchmen
Indian  Milkmen Govindsamy Pillai founded the Indian
 Shopkeepers Chamber of Commerce and founded
 Chettiars the Ramakrishna Mission, a worldwide
 Policemen spiritual and wellbeing organisation
European  Merchants Alexander Guthrie founded Guthrie
 Government and Company, business specialising in
Officials trading British and Straits produce and
 Judges was chairman of the Singapore
Chamber of Commerce
Staying Open
 Singapore has since adopted an open immigration policy, mainly for the
following reasons:
Sporting  To boost local sporting standards by importing sporting

Talent expertise
 By bringing in young talent from neighbouring countries
and grooming them, we develop world-class talents
capable of competing with other nations
 With a much smaller population compared to other
nations, we have a lower chance of having locally-born
talents
 While these sportsmen were not born here, they carry our
nation’s pride and have chosen Singapore as their home
 E.g. Feng Tianwei, who was born in Harbin, China, but
went on to win the World Team Table Tennis
Championships in Moscow against China
Boosting  With a small population, we require reinforcements to
7
Economy grow our economy and create better jobs for

Singaporeans
 With greater foreign manpower, our workforce is
supplemented and enable us to grow successful
companies
 E.g. SembCorp and Keppel are elite and globally
acclaimed companies that are formed through the
partnership between Singaporeans and foreigners
 While the majority of 15000 members are professional
foreign workers, the skills and abilities of 5000
Singaporeans are required to organise a systematic
approach
 The foreigners provide the base and manpower required
to run the large-scale company
 This synergy is the prime example of how important it is
for both foreigners and Singaporeans to work together to
make the economy prosper
Increase  To curb the booming population at the time, in 1965, the
Population Two Child Policy was introduced
 However, this initiative proved too effective  severely
reduced birth rates to this day
 With the initial “baby boomers” aging and the new
generations less incentivized to reproduce (with a TFR of
1.2, much lower than the healthy 2.1), coupled with
increasing life expectancies (82 for men, 84 for women)
due to technology, we face an aging population
 This means that the smaller population of younger
generations have to work to support the larger aging
population – these younger people are the ones being
taxed which goes to eldercare subsidies
 Thus, foreigners have to be brought in to supplement the
young generations and potentially increase the Total
Fertility Rate
8
Challenges
Competition  As numbers of immigrants increase Singaporeans begin to

fear for lowering salaries or being displaced by the new
immigrants
 Insecurity and starts to take hold on the labour pool and
interrelations between Singaporeans and immigrants may
be compromised with direct competition on the job market
 To combat this, the government seeks to regulate the
numbers of incoming foreigners, to prevent an uncontrolled
scenario when Singaporeans are swamped by the influx of
foreigners, through dependency ratios
 When a Singaporean hires a foreigner, the employer pays
the foreign worker a levy to discourage him from hiring
another foreigner
Integration  As foreigners come from different countries, their cultures,
social norms and language is different from Singapore’s
 In addition, as they may have grown up in a background
different to Singapore, they may not identify Singapore as
their homeland but simply a workplace
 Due to these differences, foreigners are prone to
discrimination and misunderstanding among our society
 The government is thus spending USD $7 million to
helping immigrants to integrate, including free English
courses
 Also, by increasing the number of foreigners,
discrimination is reduced as they become a greater presence
in the society, encouraging understanding to live with them
Congestion  In land-scare Singapore, there is a worry that there will not
be sufficient space and facilities for both foreigners and
Singaporeans
Education
 The government aims to ensure that enough of these
institutions and universities are set up and the education
system is upgraded to ensure holistic education for
everyone
Transport
 With a greater population density, Singapore becomes
increasingly prone to congestion – transport infrastructure
has to be improved to accommodate the larger population
9
 The government is investing enormously to expand the rail

network, planning to spend about $60 billion to double the
rail network over the next decade
Housing
 With the demand for houses rising, the prices for housing
has increased drastically
 This reduces the affordability of houses, which in turn is
connected to the risk of reduced salaries due to foreigners,
further increasing tension
National  While national service is in great demand, it is not practical
Service to force foreigners to participate as:
o It will make coming to Singapore extremely
unattractive
o The foreigners will still have loyalties to their
homeland and may not stay to fight for Singapore
when the time comes
o Poor interactions between foreigners and
Singaporeans make for a disjointed military
 This brings across a sense of carrying a heavy burden
among Singaporeans
 However, the government has combatted this to some
extent by forcing second generation PRs to take part in NS,
when they are more likely to be integrated into society
Privileges and Rights (Not so important, just know a few)
Citizens Permanent Foreigners

Residents
Political Can vote and stand for NIL NIL
elections
Family Tax 1. Parenthood tax rebate NIL NIL
Breaks 2. Working mother’s
child relief (WMCR)
3. Handicapped child
10
relief
Housing 1. New HDB flats with 1. Resale HDB NIL
subsidy
2. Resale HDB
3. Rent HDB at
subsidised rates
Grants 1. CPF Housing 1. Mortgage loans 1. Mortgage
2. Main and lift from banks loans from
upgrading programme banks
(MUP/LUP) subsidies
and concessionary
rates
3. Mortgage loans from
banks
Healthcare Subsidies of up to 65% for Subsidies of up to NIL
Class B2 and up to 80% in 40% for Class B2
Class C and up to 55% in
Class C
Subsidies of up to 65% for
Day surgery and 50% for Subsidies of up to
specialist outpatient clinic 40% for Day
surgery and 25%
for specialist
outpatient clinic
Education Primary: Free Primary: $480 Primary: $4k
fees/year Secondary: $60 Secondary: $660 Secondary:
Pre-University: $72 Pre-University: $5.6k
Independent Secondary: $960 Pre-
$2.4-3.6k Independent University:
Independent Pre- Secondary: $2.9k- $9k
University: $3.6-4.8k 5.4k Independent
ITE: $300-536 Independent Pre- Secondary:
Polytechnics: $2250 University: $4.8- Variable
University: $7.5k-22k 5.8k Independent
ITE: $4k-7k Pre-
Edusave Polytechnics: University:
$4.5k Variable
University: $ 10k- ITE: $10k-17k
29k Polytechnics:
$7.5k
No Edusave University:
$14k-40k
No Edusave
11
Tourism
 Definition and History
Tourism in Singapore
 Introduction
 Timeline of Developments
Effects of Development
 Singapore – Real or Fake?
 The Paradox of Tradition vs Profit
Definition and History
 General Definition: Tourism is a social, cultural and economic

phenomenon which involves the movement of people to countries or
paces outside their usual environment
12
 World Tourism Organisation (WTO) Definition: Tourists are people

travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not
more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes
Background (not important but good to know)
 The Grand Tour in the 16th Century was for young English elites, lasting
for 2-4 years for them to learn language, architecture, geography and
culture to assume the responsibilities of an aristocrat. It was ended with
the French Revolution in 1789
 The invention of rail and the rise of the middle class brought about the
idea of “leisure time” and resulted in excursions being organised, most
notably by Thomas Cook in 1841
 What started as a single rail journey from Leicester to a temperance
meeting in Loughborough grew into continental, American and “round-
the-world” tours
Introduction
 Tourism contributes about 4% to Singapore’s GDP (about $27 billion)

 To promote an image of Singapore as a tourist destination, huge investments
in the tourism industry have been made since 1964
 Singapore is an attractive tourist destination due to the following factors:
o Cultural attraction coupled (multicultural society, British colonial
history etc.) with natural and heritage conservation programmes and
eco-tourism (mangroves in Pulau Ubin, nature walks, Botanic
Gardens, Museums etc.)
o Low crime and convenient transport system (Interconnected transport
network and security allows tourists to move around to attractions
safely and easily)
o Common language – English, the lingua franca of the world (easy
communication with locals, business partners and services  makes
Singapore an ideal place for a service centre)
Timeline of Developments
 Prior to tourism development, Singapore’s economy was very dependent on

trade with neighbouring countries and was seeking new ways to diversify
13
 In 1964, the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board (STPB) was established to

promote Singapore as a tourist destination
 Main goal: To coordinate the efforts of hotels, airlines and travel agents in
promoting the overall image of Singapore
 This initiative paid dividends, with tourism arrivals increasing by 500% in
the subsequent 5 years and ultimately rising from 99000 in 1965 to over 15
million in 2015
 The programme was revised in 2003 to have three areas of focus:
o Strengthening Singapore’s position as a leading convention and
exhibition city in Asia with a strong and dynamic business
environment
o Developing Singapore as a leading Asian leisure destination
enriching experience that is uniquely Singaporean (high-class
shopping districts in Orchard)
o Establishing Singapore as the services centre of Asia where visitors
come to enjoy high-end quality services such as healthcare and
education services (Singapore has the highest concentration of
international schools in the world)
 The success of this programme was dependent on the development of the

following aspects:
o Food and Beverage
o Cruise
o Events
o Meetings
o Incentive Travel (cheaper flights out of Singapore to other nations
after staying in Singapore)
o Conventions
o Exhibitions
o Healthcare Services
 Here is a timeline of significant developments in Singapore’s tourism

history
1960s- Investment in infrastructural development like hotels and tourist

1970s attractions like Jurong Bird Park and the resort island of Sentosa
1970s Marketing Singapore as a venue for conventions and organised
events to draw visitors
1980s $1 Billion Tourism Product Development Plan to save historic
districts like Chinatown, Little India, Arab Street and the colonial
hub, as well as the rejuvenation of the Singapore River
1997 STPB remodelled into Singapore Tourism Board (STB) to reflect
14
the expansion of its role beyond simply promoting tourism but

having an active part in it
2003 Review of strategies from the STB (as stated above)
2002- Further development of attractions targeting the global market
Present including:
 Marina Barrage and SG Flyer in 2008
 Casinos in RWS and MBS in 2010
 RWS, MBS and Gardens by the Bay in 2012
Singapore – Real or Fake?
 In efforts to promote Singapore as tourist destination, the STPB created

many images of Singapore, each showcasing the best and perhaps
exaggerated traits of Singapore, including vibrant culture, connection to
greenery and as a bustling business centre
 While these images worked well to attract tourists from across the globe,
it did have some negative effects: (just need to know 2)
o The images reflected some untruth-only highlighting positive
features of the city, and “hiding less desirable” areas of Singapore,
such as strict/draconian laws and regulations that the country has
such as the ban of chewing gum in public transportations and civil
buildings, giving a false impression of Singapore.
o When tourists come to Singapore, they realised that these images
are merely created and not real. For example, he portrayal of
Singapore as a clean and green city is not justified by the litter
found, some tourists may realise that these are usually taken up by
cleaners constantly at work.
o The exhibits tend to be biased and exaggerated. Singapore’s
scenery may not be as good. Negative points are purposely left out
and the positive side of things are portrayed, thus a false
impression of Singapore is spread (E.g. The MBS blocking the
view of the business district was photoshopped to create a more
scenic picture in the “Do more than just business in Singapore”
poster)
15
The Paradox of Tradition vs Profit
 As Singapore’s tourism industry flourished, the STB increasingly

expanded its target to the global market
 By hosting international events that garner a variety of supporters or
tourists (E.g. 2009 World Gourmet Summit, 2010 YOG), Singapore
increased its focus on modernity and commercialism
 Some people came to Singapore just for this showcase
 Singapore’s increasing focus on commercialism is encapsulated in the
return of the casinos in 2010 in MBS and RWS
 This was against traditional Asian values and civic and religious groups
opposed to the project
 This deviates from Singapore’s primary cultural advertising and instead
targets a global audience on the universally-known attraction of gambling
instead of promoting Singapore’s less-known culture
 However, the government did not allow gambling to get out of hand by
taking the following measures:
o Pre-emptively setting up the Casino Regulatory Authority in 2008,
which was responsible for ensuring that the management and
operation of the casinos in Singapore remains free of criminal use
or exploitation
o Establishing the National Council on Problem Gambling in 2005 to
tackle problem gambling (severe addiction)
o A steep entrance fee of $100 per entry or $2000 per year to curb
gambling addiction or regular gambling as one would already be at
a deficit solely by entering the facility
o Exclusion order whereby a family or guardian applies for members
to be denied access to casinos
o Casinos are not allowed to extend credit to the local population
o “Integrated Resorts” were put into place to divert attention away
from the casinos – RWS has USS and other attractions which
makes it more of a family destination rather than a gathering
ground for gamblers/MBS has glamorous hotels, Gardens by the
Bay and high-end leisure facilities to push it a notch up, rather than
a mere gambling facility
 All in all, Singapore has taken the direction of developing attractions
according to the tastes of the tourists which may conversely affect our
traditional values
 This is called the commercialisation of Singapore’s traditional culture
(E.g. The reconstruction of Chinatown and other historical sites to be
more appealing to tourists results in the loss of original character and
authenticity of the place)
16
 As a multicultural society and with such a rich history, yet a globally

competitive nation, we have to strike a balance between traditional values
and commerce
Food
 As a multiracial society, different races share their cultures and traditions,

in particular, food!
 While our colonial masters sought to divide us with methods such as the
Raffles Town Plan which segregated the different races, different factors
like value added through shared sacrifices during the Japanese
Occupation, the trials of National Service or a shared education have
united us as one people
 With our forefathers and even us today hybridising ourselves, we have
forged a combination of all our identities into a shared on as
Singaporeans
 This identity transcends “racializing” by our colonial masters or even by
the STB that different cultures are of different entities (A Chinese person
does not just have to eat Chinese food and Indians don’t just have to
speak Tamil)
 This is best represented by our food, which describes our shared identity
 Our food is classified as Chinese, but often consists of a base from one
culture and is supplemented or garnished by ingredients or condiments
from other cultures and executed using other techniques, forming our
hybrid cuisine
Examples:
Dish Base Condiments Techniques

Hokkien Mee Yellow Noodles Lime and sambal Cooked in a wok
(Chinese) belacan (Malay) (Chinese)
Curry Fishhead Fish Head Curry spice, ladies Cooked in a claypot
fingers (Indian) (Chinese)
Hainanese Chicken Chicken Kechap Manis Poached in Chinese
Rice (Malay) Style
17
Economic Theories (Free Trade)

 Defined as a self-regulating market system that automatically satisfies the
economic needs of the populace (E.g. when the supply goes down, the
demand will proportionally go up)
 The “invisible hand” is a metaphor that maintains equilibrium between
the supply and demand of resources
 This term was given by Adam Smith
Free Trade in Singapore
 No imposition of tariffs on goods bought or sold in Singapore

 No intervention from the government on any goods imported or exported
from Singapore (excluding cigarettes, alcohol and cars, with 100% taxes)
 One lieutenant officer would be appointed by William Farquhar to be
stationed on St. John’s Island to regulated ships moving in and out of the
port
 Some messages sent to Melaka seeking settlers and supplies (due to land
constraints, Singapore could not be self-sustainable in terms of food
supply  good business for hawkers from Melaka, who could sell food at
higher prices as there were no other alternatives)
 Many people were prepared to defy Dutch Law of trading with the Dutch
by trading in Singapore as they H.A.T.E.D the Dutch
 Reasons for hating the Dutch:
o European Traders:
 High port fees for use of port
 Only allowed trade in Batavia
 High taxes on goods sold or bought
o Asian Traders:
 Every Asian trading boat had to purchase and fly the Dutch
flag
 Needed a Dutch permit to pass
 Only allowed to trade at Dutch-controlled ports
 Results of Free Trade by 1821 (within 600 days) (E.X.P.A.T):
o Export and import trade totalled more than $8 Million ($5 million
from Asian traders, $3 million from European traders)
o XXX 3000 vessels came to Singapore (average of 5 a day)
o Population increased from 1000 to 5000 (with greater diversity
compared to Orang laut and Chinese, with people coming from as
far as Arabia)
18
o Attracted traders from beyond the Malay Archipelago

o Took over as headquarters of the Bugis Trade
o Singapore’s success led to the formation of the Straits Settlement
Post-Independence Economic Policies
1. 1st Period: Labour-Intensive Industries (1965-Early 1970s)
19
Problem/  Severe unemployment due to:

Circumstance o Competition in entrepot trade (importing basic
products, modifying and selling again)
o Existing factories only employed 5-20 workers
each
o British withdrawal from Singapore (which
employed 10% of population)
Solution  Set up labour-intensive manufacturing industries (E.g.
assembly plants that employed 100s-1000s)
 Included assembling electronics, textiles, Setron black
and white televisions and Amoy Canning food products
 These jobs required relatively little skill  provided jobs
to a large number of people
Policies  Attracting investments to create jobs
1. Open policy to Multi-national-corporations (MNCs)
o Singapore welcomed foreign investors to set up
factories in Singapore
o Large companies like MNCs were willing to do so
due to cheap labour  created huge employment
for locals
o Labour was cheap as there was a surplus of
workers  high demand for jobs  employers can
afford to pay lower wages
o MNCs are huge foreign companies that do
business in different countries (E.g. Philips)
2. Incentives for foreign investors
o Economic Development Board (EDB) set up in
1961 to attract foreign investors from Japan,
Europe and America to set up companies in
Singapore
o On top of cheap labour, the government included
incentives like Pioneer Certificates for companies
that manufactured new or inadequately produced
products to satisfy demands
o Pioneer Certificates granted the company
exemption from tax of 40% of profits for up to 5
years or more
o E.g. Textile and electronic industries
o Other incentives included training subsidies and
duty-free imports of equipment and raw materials
20
 Other Policies to Make Singapore Attractive (Good to

know)
1. Peaceful Workforce and Industries
o In the 1960s, there were widespread work
stoppages by workers under the communists 
factories and shops unable to operate due to
workers on strike
o Disruption in production of goods and services
o To promote industrial peace and ensure a good
working relationship between workers and
employers, a new labour law was passed in 1968
o National Wage Council (NWC) formed in 1972 to
make recommendations on wages based on
Singapore’s economic needs, fostering good
working relationships between employers and
workers when they agree on wages
2. Skilled Workforce and Industries
o To ensure an adequate supply of relevantly trained
workers to meet rapid industrialisation and to work
in the newly established factories, technical
education was introduced to schools in 1969
o 12 training institutes in metal, woodwork,
electronics, electrical and tourism industries in
1975
o Countries like Japan and Germany sent experts to
train local workforce
3. Providing Locations to Accommodate Factories
o EDB was initially in charge of building industrial
estates
o In 1968, Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) started
to develop these estates and provide basic
infrastructure like roads, drains and sewers
o Greatly reduced time needed for foreign companies
to set up factories with existing basic
infrastructure
o Companies could start production just months after
moving to Singapore  almost immediately
provided jobs for locals
o Light industries like electrical and textile industries
with less pollution and low space occupancy put in
flatted factories to combat land constraints (E.g.
Ayer Rajah and Tiong Bahru Industrial Estates)
21
o Heavy industries like iron and steel making and

shipbuilding occupied large areas of land needed
large amounts of raw materials and were generally
noisy were located near the sea for easy import of
raw materials and export of manufactured products
4. Support Facilities
o Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) appointed in
1964 to control port operations like cargo-handling
services  upgrade shipping services
o Expansion of port facilities to cater to large ships
 Keppel terminal and Tanjong Pagar terminal
able to efficiently handling increasing volumes of
cargo
o Allowed companies to obtain raw materials and
export manufactured products efficiently
o Growth of air traffic lead to expansion of
international airport in Paya Lebar
o Singapore became a major telecommunications
centre
o To provide financial and banking services for
companies, Development Bank of Singapore (DBS)
was founded in 1968 to provide loans for
manufacturing and other industries
5. Two Child Policy
o The end of WWII gave rise to a “Baby Boom” due
to couples holding back on having babies during
the war
o However, Singapore was still in its fledgling years
and could not cope with such a sharp and sudden
population increase
o Two-child policy was put into place to curb this
rise, including no maternity leave, higher hospital
fees, no income tax deductions and low education
priorities for 3rd child or more
o This proved to be too effective, though, and
continued to reduce Singapore’s workforce over
the subsequent years
Effects 1. Better Quality of Life
o With higher incomes, people could afford better
food and medical services  decrease in deaths of
new born babies and higher life expectancies
o More schools set up to educate locals  increase
22
in literacy rate
2. Pollution
o In the 1970s, Singapore’s rivers and sea were
polluted due to careless dumping of industrial
waste
o Air pollution due to release of sulphur dioxide
from major oil refining centres
o Laws were put in place like forcing factories to
install pollution control equipment to reduce air
and water pollution
o Only clean industries like electronics were allowed
to be set up near water catchment areas
2. 2nd period: Capital-Intensive Industries (Late 1970s-1980s)
Problem/  Serious Labour Shortage

Circumstance o In the previous period, Singapore had insufficient
job – now, it had an insufficient workforce
o With a small population, there were insufficient
workers, leading to a labour shortage and low
demand for employment  to entice workers to
join the company, employers had to increase wages
o To combat this, foreigners were allowed to work in
Singapore to make up for our lack of numbers as
early as 1968
o Unskilled foreign workers joined labour-intensive
industries while professionals took up technical
and managerial roles
 External Competition
o In the 1970s, countries like Indonesia and Malaysia
were industrialising as well
23
o With larger populations, they had a surplus of

workers, allowing them to maintain low labour
costs
o High labour costs in Singapore discouraged further
investing in Singapore
o Singapore’s productivity was markedly lower than
competitors like Taiwan and South Korea 
workers could outmatch Singapore’s in quality and
quantity
Solution  Movement from labour-intensive to capital-intensive
industries  more machinery and skilled labour and less
labour to make up for lack of numbers
 Shift from low to high value-added industries (E.g.
Aerospace and petrochemical [processing fuel sources]
industries) (ST Aerospace)
Policies 1. Higher Wages
 To encourage employers to move towards high-
technology industries and machinery, the NWC
recommended higher wages between 1979 and
1981
 This would put pressure on companies to use
machines to manage labour more efficiently (so
that they would either have a higher productivity
rate or reduce number of workers for other
companies to employ)
 Employers would find it more worthwhile to
mechanise, automate and computerise as they
would be more cost effective and productive than
the workers with increased wage
 In the 1980s, the government encouraged workers
to take pride in their work and be more productive
in form of newsletters and advertisements
2. Focus in Education and Skills Training
 From 1979 onwards, there was great development
in training institutes to upgrade the abilities of the
workforce
 Such institutions included the National University
of Singapore (NUS) which expanded in 1979 and
the Nanyang Technological Institute which was set
up in 1982
 These institutions concentrated on engineering to
allow students to operate machinery or create new
24
machinery in the future for the industries

 The government set up a fund to upgrade workers’
skills and retrain workers who had lost their jobs
and provided financial assistance like subsidising
worker’s training and interest-free loans to
companies to purchase new machinery
3. Emphasis on Research and Development (R&D)
 To remain competitive, Singapore’s manufacturing
industry had to be capable of improving existing
products and developing new ones
 Areas of focus included electronics, computer
hardware and chemicals
 To promote R&D and high-technology industries,
the JTC developed the Singapore Science Park
next to the National University of Singapore
 This close proximity encouraged collaboration
between the industry and university and imparting
students with knowledge from progressive firms
 To encourage R&D, tax incentives were given to
involved companies and funds to local companies
that carried out R&D
4. New and Improved Industrial Facilities

 To encourage investments in high-technology
industries, the JTC built special industrial
buildings and facilities (E.g. Loyang Industrial
park which was used for aerospace and mineral
exploration industries)
 Upgrades to factories in Tiong Bahru and Redhill
included high-technology industrial parks with
industrial, commercial and office facilities
 This allowed companies to manufacture, sell and
distribute goods in the same area, increasing
efficiency and decreasing transportation costs
 Wafer fabrication parks were built in places like
Pasir Ris, which encouraged the high-technology
and clean industry
 As there was a growing demand for land for the
petrochemical industry, a cluster of islands were
reclaimed to form Jurong Island, where these
industries were relocated
25
5. Better Support Services

 The government sought to develop the service
industry in transport, telecommunications and
banking to support manufacturing industries and
make Singapore a business centre for Southeast
Asia
 Changi Airport opened in 1981 to cater for air
travel, with a huge air cargo complex which
allowed handling of increased volumes of high-
value exports
 Transport system within Singapore consisting
buses, taxis and MRT were constantly being
developed to support other industries
 Upgrading of telecommunications annually
allowed travel reservations and arrangements to be
made easily by businessmen
 Banking, accounting and advertising continued to
be expanded
In short, everything improved lah 😊
3. 3rd Period: Service-Oriented Economy (1980s to 21st Century)
Problem/  Continued Labour Shortage

Circumstance o Resulted in increasingly high pressures on
workers’ wages
o Led to Singapore losing competitiveness in the
manufacturing sector to neighbouring countries
due to the lower wages there.
o Singapore was forced to shift its focus to higher
value-added industries.
o Workforce had to upgrade its employment skill
level  those who failed acquire skills needed in
the new industries were structurally unemployed.
 Post-Asian Financial Crisis
o Economic recession hit Singapore which saw its
GDP contract by 1.4% in 1998.
o Led to rising unemployment and falling wages due
to companies closing down or retrenching staff.
Solution Shift from having productions that need abundance in low-
26
skilled labour to one that requires more skilled labour in

high-tech industries.
Policies 1. Manufacturing and Services as Twin Engines
 Diversification to focus on manufacturing and
service industries  reduce vulnerability to a
single industry  broader economic base.
 Manufacturing remained integral; Singapore is
positioned as a base to manufacture high value-
added products and provide manufacturing related
services (e.g. HQ services) to companies locally
and in the region.
 Services industry (e.g. financial services,
international trading, transport and logistics,
exhibition management and tourism) was
strengthened and expanded to include new growth
areas in healthcare, education, media,
communications and information technology
services, e-commerce and direct marketing.
2. Human and Intellectual Capital as Key Competitive
Edge
 Need to develop human and intellectual capital to
maintain global competitiveness.
 Creation of a national framework and system for
continuing education and training (CET) to
promote life-long employability through life-long
learning.
 Refinement of education system to cater for
knowledge-based economy. Multi-faceted ranking
system comprised both academic and non-
academic (e.g. science, sports, arts, humanities)
criteria. Encouraged creative thinking and
entrepreneurial spirit among students.
3. Leveraging on Science, Technology and Innovation
 National Computer Board established in 1981 to
promote good knowledge and training of workers
in IT-related industries and oversaw the
development of IT as part of the growing
infostructure in Singapore.
 Development of Science Hub allowed Singapore to
upgrade existing industries and business clusters
and shift activities towards higher innovation and
technology content.
27
 Launch of Masterplan to position Singapore as a

global IT hub in the Asia-Pacific region.
4. Role of the Government as Business Facilitator
(Economic Development Board, EDB)
 EDB extended pioneer status beyond
manufacturing firms to include financial service
providers; also provided schemes for benefits and
tax incentives for MNCs who wished to set up HQ
in Singapore.
 High government spending  S$2billion from
1991 to 1995 and S$4billion from 1996 to 2000 to
develop high-technology plans.
 Clustering of high technology institutions through
high technology parks (e.g. NUS, NTU, Institute of
Systems Science and other tertiary institutions).
 Deepened level of technological research through
NUS global cooperation programmes with
institutions in the US, Australia and Europe.
 Economic integration with the formation of the
Singapore-Johor-Riau (SIJORI) triangle to relocate
Singapore investments in manufacturing to nearb
areas of Johor and Bintan and Batam islands in
Riau to leverage on the cheaper labour there.
Singapore acted as the main financial centre while
Johor and Riau provided labour force for
manufacturing.
4. 4th Period: Knowledge-Based Economy (21st Century)
28
 An economy in which activities are driven by information and knowledge

rather than by material resources.
 Offers sustainable growth  growth that does not deplete or waste
resources which the country’s present and future growth depends on.
 Characteristics:
o More emphasis on quality rather than quantity
o Workers usually highly educated; jobs involve critical thinking and
expertise
o Heavy emphasis on IT and knowledge infrastructure
o Products and services more technology and knowledge intensive
Problem/  Internal constraints and vulnerabilities

Circumstance o Small and open economy  limited resources such
as land and skilled labour (due to smallness) and
dependent on imported material and technology
(due to openness).
o Racial vulnerability (e.g. riots etc.)
o Environmental pollution
o Shortage of water
 External factors
o Competition from other countries (diversion of
foreign investments to low-wage neighbouring
countries)
o Slowdown in other countries  buy less of
Singapore exports  slowdown in Singapore
growth and rise in unemployment.
o Unrest in other countries  terror attack in US
affect airlines and travel industries.
o Regional environmental issues  oil spill affecting
fishing industry, haze from Indonesia affecting
tourism and disrupted daily activities.
Solution Shift to knowledge-based industries.
Policies 1. Nurture local entrepreneurship and technopreneurship
 Provide grants to budding entrepreneurs and assist
in business networking etc.
 Introduced courses to teach technopreneurship
skills
2. Ordered the building of an IT infrastructure
 Master Plan 1: Building the foundation (i.e. ICT
infrastructure and support for all schools, teacher
29
training in ICT, using internet for teaching

curriculum and acquire development of digital
learning resources)
 Master Plan 2: Seeding the innovation (i.e. ICT
funds for schools; baseline ICT standards for
students)
 Master Plan 3: Strengthening and scaling (i.e.
teachers have capacity to plan and deliver ICT
lessons, ICT infrastructure, students as effective
ICT users).
3. Worldwide investments (regionally and globally)
 $1.3billin investment in a liquified natural gas
block in Tanzania in 2014.
 $7.3 billion investment for 25% of Watsons in
2014.
 Ranked as the 2nd largest foreign investor in
Vietnam with investments of US$28.3 billion in
1164 projects in 2013.
4. Lure foreign talents
 Target foreigners with experience (e.g.
industrialists, entrepreneurs, bankers, scientists,
engineers, academics, artists)
 Long term: create business opportunities, establish
overseas connections, raise standards of goods and
services.
 Short term: fill immediate needs in high-tech
industries.
 Also target foreign students: offered places in local
education institutions to raise competitive levels of
local students and contribute to national talent
pool.
5. Elevate worker skills
 Funding for various skills courses through
Singapore Workforce Development Agency
(WDA)
 Continuing Education and Training (CET)
masterplan.
6. Develop into a regional service centre
 Companies whose HQ is in Singapore: P&G, Rolls
Royce etc.
7. Grow technological-intensive, higher value-added
manufacturing sector
30
 Reduce dependence on single industry or market

8. Encourage research & development
 Reduce reliance on imported technology or talent
 Local partnerships between firms with universities
and research institutions
 International partnerships between local firms and
other foreign countries like China, Germany and
India.
Governance
 Definitions
 4 Stages
o Independence from British
o New Government
o Merger
o Separation and Independence
31
Definitions
Term Definition
Democracy A political system governed by the people or their
representatives
 The government is elected and voted by popular
representation
Common features:
 Elections, Rallies and Election Campaigns
 Political Parties
 Freedom of Speech and Press
 Freedom Choosing One’s Government
Legislative
Council A group of people who makes or creates the law of a country
(requires the executive council to approve)
Executive A group of people who has the power to enforce the law and
Council holds supreme political power
Self- The local people being able to control the governing of their
Government own country
Limited Self- The local people being to control some areas of government in
Government their own country
Common Features
Market  Goods that can be bought and sold freely between
countries
 No tax placed on goods  increased trade  greater
employment
 No import or export tariffs across borders
Constitution A set of laws the government follows
Referendum A vote in which people in a particular country are all asked to
say whether they agree over a particular policy
Stage 1: Independence from British
 The failure of the British to protect Singapore during WW2 destroyed its
credibility as an infallible ruler to the local people
o The local people were outraged as they felt the British had abandoned
Singapore, and felt that by enduring the war, they deserved to run the
country independently
o The people also wanted more influence to manage key areas, like
external relations with other countries and be direct representatives
for their nation, because:
32
 Even in international relations, the British represented

Singapore
o This desire was epitomised by the slogan “Merdeka”, which
symbolised the local people’s desire for freedom
 However, the British had their reservations:

o The looming communist threat caused the British to doubt
Singapore’s ability to defend itself from external parties or even
internal communists that were part of the Malaya Communist Party,
which even had an army
o Singapore was still an important asset to the British, as an important
military base as a means to control the region and its trade, and as an
important trading port for British goods
o The British did not believe that the people were loyal or united to
Singapore, as many were immigrants who only saw Singapore as a
workplace to earn money, viewing their birthplace as their homeland
and not Singapore
 Thus, the British were reluctant to give Singapore full self-government but
decided to slowly include limited self-government over time, as they were
open to letting their colonies gradually gain local participation in the
government
Road to Self-Government
1. Before 1948
 The British government in Singapore only nominated members who

were:
o Businessmen
o English-speaking
o Pro-British
o Traders
33
 The British governor headed two councils – the Legislative and

Executive Councils
2. 1948 (Singapore’s First Election)
 Only those born in Singapore allowed to vote

 Voting was not compulsory, and 13800 people voted
o Result: Singapore Progressive Party (SPP) won 3 out of 6
elective seats in Legislative Council
 The SPP was made up of English-educated members who worked

closely with British as the only party in the council
 Introduced CPF to provide security for unfit or retired workers
 Believed in gradual local participation in the government
 Did not think that Singapore was ready for self-government due to:
o Insufficient educated people
o Many problems only solvable by British
3. 1953 (The Rendel Commission)
 Led by George Rendel in 1953 to:

o Review Constitution
o Increase local participation in the government
 Pushed and recommended Singapore be given limited self-government
 Introduced in 1955 which made the following changes:
o Some areas of the government were now controlled by locals, such as:
 Trade and Industry
 Housing
 Health
 Education
o The government would now have:
34
 1 Chief Minister
 3 British Ministers
 6 Local Ministers
 Legislative Assembly
o The whole government would still be headed by the governor, who
could veto (reject) from the Legislative Assembly
*While the areas the British took charge of were still more significant than
those controlled by the locals, it was a big step towards self-government. This
also showed the British’s unwillingness to give up power
4. 1955 (1955 Elections)
 An exponential increase in number of voters from 13800 to 160000

 New main competitors:
Labour Front (LF) People’s Action Party (PAP)

Led by David Marshall Led by Lee Kuan Yew
Both led by lawyers
Both criticised the SPP due to the lacking of the British
Both Anti-Colonialist
 Both sides campaigned fiercely with house-to-house visits, distributing

newspapers and pamphlets and organising rallies and speeches
 On 2nd April 1955, 5000 people gathered at Empress Place

 Result: LF won SPP by a small margin, shocking the SPP and the British
Government that endorsed them
First Chief Minister: David Marshall
 Not given respect as he was seen as only a figurehead and was disliked by
the British Government because:
o His party was not the one that they had supported to win the elections
o His party had only won the 1955 elections by a small margin
35
o Suspected David Marshall and his government harboured a pro

communist stance
 David Marshall had failed to deal with the Hock Lee Bus riots
effectively and seemed reluctant to arrest and imprison the
communist offenders
 This was because David cared for the people and did not
want to resort to violence by calling the internal police,
instead trying to reason with the communists (quite
obviously a bad move)
 Despite this, David Marshall and the LF continued to push for more self-
government
5. 1956 (First Merdeka Talks)
 David Marshall went to London to demand full self-government

o He wanted local ministers to control all matters concerning
Singapore, including defence and external affairs (key areas)
 However, talks failed due to the reasons above, especially due to David’s
inability to deal with the Hock Lee Bus riots
 David Marshall resigned and was succeeded by Lim Yew Hock
Second Chief Minister
 Lim Yew Hock was much more orienteered towards effectiveness

 This pleased the British as they saw how he swiftly dealt with communist
riots and strikes by force and imprisoned them quickly
6. 1957 (Second Merdeka Talks)
 When Lim Yew Hock led Singapore in the Merdeka Talks for the second
time, the British were very pleased with his success in dealing with the
communist threat
 As such, they granted Singapore full self-government, which would first
take effect in the 1959 elections
7. 1959 (Singapore’s first fully democratic election)
 The May 1959 elections saw the all-time highest number of voters in
520000, because:
o The Citizenship Ordinance in 1957 enabled the immigration
population to become citizens easily
o Voting was made compulsory for citizens aged 21 and above
 In total, 13 parties and 194 candidates participated
36
 Result: PAP won 43 of 51 seats in the Legislative Assembly, making

LKY Prime Minister at 36 and Yusof Bin Ishak “dipteran Nigara” (Head
of State)
 In 3 June 1959, Singapore gained full internal self-government
 PAP won due to:
Vision  Vision for Singapore was clear and seemed to be

concerned about the people’s lives
 Brought up vital issues like housing and education
Incorruptible and  The PAP members presented themselves as honest and
Honest incorruptible
 They symbolised this by wearing “pristine” white attire
and their rallying cry for a “corrupt-free”, democratic
government
United Compared  Compared to other parties, the PAP had significantly
to Other Parties less in-fighting due to personal agendas
 This gave the impression of solidarity and that its
members were working toward a common goal
Tremendous  Large support from student and worker unions
Support  Primarily due to offices in every constituency, showing
their commitment and ambition to run the country as a
whole
37
 Also gave them a platform to rally on all fronts

Offices in Every  Linked to “Tremendous Support”
Constituency
Raised Important  Linked to “Vision”
Issues
Summary of Key Events:
 1st Election (1948)

o SPP Win
 Rendel Constitution
o Big step towards greater self-government
 2 Election (1955)
nd
o First time Rendel Constitution was in effect

o Shock Win by LF  David Marshall as first Chief Minister
 1st Merdeka Talks (1956)
o Failure resulted in David Marshall’s resignation
o Replaced by Lim Yew Hock
 2 Merdeka Talks (1957)
nd
o Lim Yew Hock’s success in gaining full self-government

 3 Election (1959)
rd
o First fully democratic election

o PAP Win  LKY as PM, Yusof bin Ishak as Head of State
Stage 2: New Government
Problems for PAP Government to Resolve
 While Singapore had achieved self-government, they were still a British

colony and had not been granted independence like Malaya because:
Communist  Without British protection, Singapore would be prone to

Threat communist threat
o Demonstrations, strikes and riots by Chinese workers
and students, with leaders linked to communists
 The British were highly anti-communist and did not want any
of their colonies to fall to communists
 Believed that Singapore did not have enough civil or military
defence to combat threat
o Especially with threats like the Malayan Communist
Party, which had armed forces
Defence of  Singapore was still a vital military base and trading port for
38
British British goods due to its ideal location

Interests o British naval presence in Singapore ensured control in
the region and protected their trading interests
o With Singapore’s self-government, the British were
concerned that they might not be allowed to use the
naval base
 The British were also worried that an anti-British party would
gain power in Singapore
Economy  The British doubted Singapore’s ability to survive
economically as:
o Singapore had no large-scale industries or a strong
agriculture industry
o Unlike Malaya which had an abundance of natural
resources to support their industries
o Singapore would have no economic support
 The British did not believe that the local population were loyal
Loyalty of to united to Singapore
Locals o Many were immigrants who came to Singapore only to
find jobs and return to their home-country once they
earned enough money
o The British thought that these immigrants saw Singapore
as a workplace but not a home (regarded China, Malaya
etc as homeland instead of Singapore)
 In addition, there were some internal issues:

o Due to couples holding back on babies during the war, there was now
a post-war population explosion, resulting in a lack of:
 Schools (Young generation more of a liability due to their
inability to contribute to the economy immediately – extra cost
to invest in their future)
 Houses (Houses had to be built quickly to accommodate
growing population)
 Jobs (Increased population  greater demand for jobs)
Pushing for Merger
 In an effort to solve some of these problems, the PAP wanted to merge

with Malaya, for the following reasons: (MERG + ER)
39
Common  Merger would allow selling of Singapore’s goods and

Market services to Malaya without being taxed
 Singapore would benefit economically as the common
market would allow businesses to save on tax
 These businesses would then channel these savings into
expanding their businesses in Singapore
Employment  The common market would allow Singapore businessmen
to have access to a larger market
o All this would lead to increased trade and sales,
increasing profits and causing businesses to expand
o With this expansion, more workers will be needed,
creating jobs
Raw  Merger would allow Singapore to gain access to Malaya’s
Materials rich natural resources which Singapore lacked to sustain
expanding businesses
 The high supply of these raw materials in Malaya resulted
in lower cost for these goods
 This would lead to lower production cost of goods and
higher profit, further promoting business growth and
attracting new businesses
 Such materials include:
o Tap rubber
o Palm oil (used in machinery and chemicals)
o Tin (used in cans)
 Finally, due to the lack of tariffs and taxes, Singapore
businesses would not only be able to get these materials
more cheaply, but also more easily
Government  While Singapore’s leaders and the locals wanted
independence from the British since WW2, wanting to run
their own country…….
 Singapore’s independence would never have been granted
by the British, and even the citizens doubted the nation’s
ability to stand on its own politically or economically, or
its ability to withstand communist influence
 However, by merging with anti-communist Malaya and
gaining defence, economic and political stability, the
British would allow Singapore to gain independence
*Features of the common market listed in definition
40
 In addition, Malaya also had their own reasons for merging……
Enemy  Like the British, Malaya doubted Singapore’s ability to

contain the communist threat by itself
 Malaya, which was strongly anti-communist, was
concerned that if Singapore fell to the communists, they
would have an enemy neighbour at their doorstep
 By having control over Singapore, Malaya would also
have full control over the communist threat
Revenue  With Singapore under their control, Singapore could
depend on Singapore as a source of revenue through added
trade and taxation, outside the common market
 This revenue could be used to build better infrastructure on
less developed parts of the Malayan Federation like Sabah
and Sarawak, which had:
o No electricity
o Improper roads
o No lampposts (pitch black at night)
o No hospitals
1. 1961 (Tunku’s Proposal)
 On 27 May 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Malayan PM, made a proposal
to allow Singapore to join Malaya because: (CCC)
Chinese  Prior to the proposal, Tunku had been reluctant to merge with
Problem Singapore due to the Chinese Majority there
 With the delicate balance of races in Malaya, Singapore would
have this balanced tipped, and Tunku did not want to disrupt
the Malay demographic
 A Malay minority would also reduce the political power and
41
position of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO)

in Malaya
 Tunku had just succeeded in including Sabah, Sarawak and
Brunei (did not join eventually), which would help to maintain
the Malay’s majority population
 By the time these other arrangements were made, there would
be about 4 million Malays compared to 3.7 million Chinese in
the possible Federation
Communist  Tunku saw Singapore at its most vulnerable to
Problem communism, with popular figure Ong Eng Guan
resigning from the PAP, causing public unrest
 The communists had seen an opportunity to fault the PAP
and LKY in the process and the citizens of Singapore
would be more easily swayed than before
 The PAP was especially weak due to radicals in the party
leaving and forming the Barisan Socialis party (BS) to
prevent merger and allow for Communism to take over
o This was compounded by shock losses to Ong Eng
Guan and David Marshall’s Workers Party (WP) in
two separate by-election just 3 months apart
 Tunku decided it was better to keep Singapore under
Malaysian control than let it fall to communism, as:
o If Singapore became a communist state, Malaya
would face the threat of the communists in
Singapore using it as a base to overthrow the
Malayan government
Chinese  Many Chinese in Singapore were still loyal to the
Loyalty People’s Republic of China, a communist country
o In Tunku’s words, the “predominantly Chinese
population in Singapore almost made the island a
little China” and thus some sections would be
inclined toward their “political thinking”
 Taking control of Singapore would grant Malaya the
ability to control possible communist activities by:
o Imposing laws and civil and military defences
against communist activities
42
Stage 3: Merger
Negotiating Merger
Brief Outline (Just for understanding)

 After Tunku’s Proposal, many parties came into play:
o British (in favour)
 Viewed the Federation as strong and stable
o Singapore (Undecided, then in favour)
 Internal opposing campaigns between PAP and BS on
whether to merge  referendum
 Eventually decided to merge
o Sarawak and Sabah (In favour)
 In favour of joining Malaya
o Brunei (In favour, then in opposition)
 Also in favour of joining Malaya, but pulled out later
o UN (Neutral, then in favour)
 Evaluating Sarawak and Sabah’s willingness to merge
 Endorsed the results
o Philippines and Indonesia (In opposition)
 Objected the merging of Sabah and Sarawak to Malaysia due
to territorial claims
British
 Considered the proposal attractive as by joining the Federation of

Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak would form a strong
and stable Federation
 This would allow these colonies to stand independently economically,
politically and against the communism threat with their collective force
and resources
o By this point, the British had lost their ambition to colonise due to
losses and depleted resources suffered during WW2
 As such, the British would be able to end colonial rule in these territories
without fearing these former colonies being controlled by another power
43
Singapore
 After receiving Tunku’s proposal, there was a huge split within the PAP,
resulting in the communist radicals forming the Barisan Socialis Party on 13
August 1961:
PAP BS
Made up of PAP moderates Made up of expelled PAP pro-
communist radicals
PAP only had a one-seat majority in the Legislative Assembly by 16 August
1961
Supported Merger  Opposed Merger 
Welcomed Tunku’s proposal Objected Tunku’s Proposal
 Would provide Singapore’s  Supported communism and
industries with raw materials knew that joining Malaya would
and market for manufactured greatly weaken communist
goods influence in Singapore
 Protection from communist  Diminished chance for
forces as Malaya would not Communist Singapore
tolerate communist activities
 Independence and economic
growth
 Conducted rallies, radio talks  Organised Labour strikes and
and held discussions about student demonstrations
merger  Appealed to labour and student
 Printed booklets on benefits of unions to protest
merger  Conducted rallies to spread
 Exhibition on merger in communist propaganda
Malaysia
 Created banners to combat BS
propaganda
 LKY in particular was fluent in
many languages
Terms Agreed in 1961 (Constitutional Matters)
 Singapore would have its own self-government

 Singapore could hold elections to elect its own state government
 Singapore would have control over education and labour
44
 Singapore would leave control over armed forces, police and dealings with
foreign governments to the Central Government in Kuala Lumpur
1. 1962 (Referendum)
 After garnering support from the citizens, the PAP decided to hold a
referendum on 1 September 1962
o They were extremely forceful about merger, giving three options all
resulting in merger and only allowing citizens to choose what type of
merger they wanted (only way to say no was to blank)
o The options were (in descending order regarding control over
Singapore)
 Option A
 Autonomy in Labour and Education
 Own State flag (meritocracy, the opposite of the
bumiputera policy)
 Option B
 Merge as one of the 11 other states of the Federation of
Malaya
 Singapore would have a state government but not full
control
 First language would be Bahasa Melayu
 Option C
 Merge with the same conditions given to Sabah and
Sarawak
 First language would be Bahasa Melayu
 Least control
o Result: 71% voted from option A, 0.9% for option B, 25% for option
C and 1.4% blank
 With the citizens clearly supporting merger, it was now down to the PAP
government to negotiate the best possible terms for merger with Malaysia
45
Negotiations for Merger
 Negotiations for Merger were long and arduous, with both parties having
conflicting views on economic and political terms. These were the final
points of agreement (5 Cs)
Point Perspectives Explanation

Common Market
SG  Wanted the common market to be  Singapore saw the
included in the merger agreement establishment of the
 Would promote industry growth, common market as
trading and employment, making it extremely beneficial to
very important to Singapore’s the economy
economy  This would help to solve
Malaya Wanted the common market to be set up the job crisis, boost the
only after the merger economy and attract
 Reluctant as this would cause businesses
Malayan industries to face  Considering Malaya’s
competition and Malaya wanted to reservations, a 40% share
protect their companies of revenue would help
Agreement  Malaya would set up common build up the
market gradually competitiveness of
 Singapore to give 40% of earnings Malaya’s businesses so
to the central government in Kuala that they would not be
Lumpur greatly affected by
 Pioneer certificates issued by KL competition from
would grant new industries Singapore’s businesses
privileges like not being taxed for but instead promote
5-10 years mutual development
Cash (Borneo Loan)
SG  Was willing to help develop Sabah  As relatively undeveloped
and Sarawak areas, Malaya wanted to
 Could not grant $50 million as an develop Sabah and
outright gift as it required funds for Sarawak
its own development  This loan would mean
 Proposed a $150 million loan that they would not need
Malaya  Wanted to develop Sabah and to spend additional funds
Sarawak due to the lower for this development
developments there  The interest on the last
 Wanted Singapore to provide $50 $50 million, though,
million as a gift allowed Singapore’s firms
Agreement  Singapore to lend $150 million to to benefit partially from
46
be repaid over 15 years, with no these funds

interest charged for the first $100  By providing 50% of
million labour, Singapore would
 Singapore to provide 50% of labour secure a substantial
used for this development number of jobs for its
citizens
Cash (Revenue for Singapore)
SG  Wanted to collect its own revenue  By keeping a fixed sum,
and then send an agreed sum of Singapore would be able
money each year to Kuala Lumpur to grow economically
as taxes rather than simply
 Singapore wanted this so that it receiving funds just to
could achieve economic growth and survive
just not receive funds to survive  By collecting such a large
Malaya  To collect revenue in Singapore and amount from Singapore,
then give it what it needed to run Malaya would be able to
the state maintain the army, among
 This would allow for a more other areas, which would
flexible agreement than leaving a in turn protect Singapore
fixed sum from communist threats
Agreement  Singapore would collect its own
revenue and pay KL an agreed sum
of money of 40% as taxes
Constitution (Malay Rights and Seats in Parliament)
SG  Wanted equal rights for all citizens  Singapore strongly
in Singapore (meritocracy) believed in meritocracy
 Entitled to 24 seats in the and wanted equality for
Malaysian Federal Parliament based all races
on population  However, this was not
 Wanted to control labour and possible due to the
education policies due to influence Malaya would
contrasting views to Malaya have over this ideology
(Bumiputera)  As such, a compromise
 Also needed to control these areas was made due to
due to strong communist influence Singapore’s Chinese
there, as shown by the student and majority, with the
labour unions Malayans being given
 The Singapore government would limited privileges
be better equipped to control these  For example, free
areas simply due to the close education up to university
geographical distance level would improve the
 Adopting bumiputera policy would Malay economic and
also upset the Chinese majority, social position
47
who might protest against merger  Singapore also wanted to

Malaya  Wanted special privileges to be control its labour and
enjoyed by Malays in Singapore education, not only to
 Special privileges include special defend against
business licenses, reserved lands communism influence but
and jobs also to prevent special
 Wanted Singapore to adopt privileges for the Malays
Malaya’s labour and education and following the
policies Malayan policies
Agreement  Limited privileges would be given  This would result in
to Malays Chinese unhappiness,
 Malays would be recognised as especially if Bahasa
indigenous people of Singapore Melayu was adopted as
 Free education for Malays up to the common language
university  Thus, another
 In exchange for control over labour compromise was made,
and education policies, Singapore with Singapore retaining
would only be given 15 seats in the control over labour and
Malaysian Federal Parliament education polices while
sacrificing 9 seats in
parliament
Citizenship
SG  Wanted locals to retain citizenship  Locals were not to take
while become nationals of Malaya part in Malaysia’s Federal
 Could not vote in Malaysia’s elections so as not to
Federal elections allow the large number of
Malaya  Could not vote in Malaysia’s Chinese voters in
Federal elections Singapore to interfere
Agreement  While citizens could not vote in with the Malays’ political
Malaysia’s Federal elections, control in Malaysia
political parties could continue to  However, the agreement
take part in election within both on Political Parties was
sides, provided candidates were unclear as there was no
citizens of the respective territories rule saying that one could
(E.g. to run for Singapore not speak on behalf of the
government, you must be Singapore local candidates (E.g.
Citizen) Malaysian Parties talking
about Singapore Parties)
 Also, for example,
Singapore citizens could
be used to by Malaya to
run for Singapore
elections with Malayan
ideals (E.g. SAP)
48
 This turned out to be a

main source of dispute
later on
Philippines and Indonesia
 However, strong objection came from the Philippines and Indonesia over
Sabah and Sarawak joining Malaya because:
The Philippines Indonesia

 Claimed that Sabah rightfully  Claimed Sabah and Sarawak
belonged to Philippines due to rightfully belonged to Indonesia due
strong Filipino tradition there to sharing of borders with
 Broke off relations with Malaysia Kalimantan
in 1963  Broke off trade and diplomatic trade
o Cut ties with ambassadors relations with Malaysia in 1963
o Cut ties with ambassadors
 Saw the merger as a British attempt
to maintain control over SEA as
British bases would remain in
Singapore even after Malaysia was
formed
 Spearheaded by President Sukarno

o Losing power as he could not
solve housing, poverty and
economic development, and
wanted to blame it on the
merger
 Launched policy of konfrontasi on
20 January 1963
 Conducted armed raids in Sabah and
Sarawak to disrupt utilities and water
supplies
 Indonesian agents set off bombs
around Singapore
 When Tunku met with the Presidents of both the Philippines and Indonesia,
both countries agreed to let the UN conduct the Cobbold Commission (next
section)
 However, Indonesia rejected the results and konfrontasi turned violent and
continued until 1966, when Sukarno was removed from power, allowing ties
to be restored
49
Sabah, Sarawak and the UN
 To find if the people of Sabah and Sarawak wanted to join Malaysia, the
Malayan and British governments conducted the Cobbold Commission
 It was found that 2/3 or 70% of the people in Sarawak and Sabah wanted to
join Malaya, which the UN endorsed
 Malaysia was to be formed on 31 August 1963
Brunei
 Brunei did not join the merger in the end as it was unable to agree on
economic terms with Malaysia
Finally, Merger!
 Despite the delay to 16 September 1963, 14 States including Sarawak,

Sabah and Singapore joined to become Malaysia
 Singapore was no longer a colony of Britain
 This day would be marked as Malaysia Day
Stage 4: Separation and Independence
 Despite having achieved merger, the relations between Malaya and

Singapore were not the best
 Due to Singapore’s many demands during the Malaysia Agreement,
Malaya had seen Singapore as a “rebel” state that would not easily
comply with their wishes, in particular the bumiputera policy
o The Central Government, or The Alliance, wanted to preserve the
old order, old traditions and old class privileges
o The Singapore State Government, or the PAP, however, wanted to
social reforms to create a more just and equal society
 This resulted in tension between the two territories, which only got
worse……
Rising Tensions: Reasons for Separation z
Malaysian Solidarity Convention (Political)

Cause  The PAP aimed to build a society based on equality, in contrast to
the UMNO’s view that the Malays should be favoured (UMNO was
the main political party in Malaya and member of the Alliance)
 To fight for equal treatment of all races, the PAP united opposition
50
parties in Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah to form the Malayan

Solidarity Convention in May 1965
o Had the slogan “democratic Malaysian Malaysia”
o Aimed to end communal politics and win political affiliation
Effect  The Alliance leaders were incensed by PAP’s conflicting stand and
saw the convention as an indirect attack on their party and their
government methods
 Extremely unhappy with LKY
 Extremists even demanded LKY’s arrest and accused him of being
communist
o Wanted Central Government to take over radio and television
services in Singapore
Elections – 1963 SGE and 1964 MFE(Political)

Cause 1963 Singapore General Elections
 The Alliance leaders wanted Malays in Singapore to gain more
seats in the Singapore Legislative Assembly
 Set up the Singapore Alliance Party (SAP), a well-financed party
that was supported by the Alliance, to contest the 1963 Singapore
General Elections
 Primarily to push for special rights for Malays in Singapore and
give KL a say in governing of Singapore with SAP government
 Before the elections in September, Tunku called upon Singapore
Malays to vote for SAP
 Result: PAP won all 37 seats contested, with SAP winning none
and even losing seats formerly held by the UMNO
o This shows that the PAP was gaining support in largely
Malay areas and the Malays in Singapore were no longer
interested in communal politics
o The UMNO was afraid that this would spread to Malaysia
 The Alliance leaders were bitter about the defeat, with Tunku even
visiting Singapore again to express his disappointment and accusing
the Malays of being traitors
1964 Malaysian Federal Elections

 The PAP, believing that it could have a role to help build a
prosperous and peaceful Malaysia, announced that it would be
taking part in the MFE in March 1964
51
 Assured Malaysian government that PAP did not aim to oppose

Tunku or take control, but only desired a larger role in building
Malaysia, deciding to contest 17 seats
 On 15 March 1964, LKY offered to be UMNO’s partner in winning
the support of the Chinese, infuriating the Malaysian Chinese
Association (MCA)
 To pacify MCA, the UMNO pledged to continue partnership with
the MCA and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
 Tunku also accused the PAP of not keeping its promise to keep out
of the federal elections
 However, this did not stop the PAP from garnering large support
from Malays and Chinese during rallies, promoting a just and equal
society
 Result: PAP won the singular important seat of Bangsar (where
many people of influence lived)
Effect  The Alliance’s and PAP’s intrusion in each other’s election caused
further strained tension between both sides, as they had renegaded
on a promise not to contest each other’s elections
 PAP’s ability to not only deny the UMNO of support from Malays
from Singapore, but also gain support in Malaysia itself represented
a threat to Malay supremacy and political dominance
 This caused the PAP to not only become a political enemy, but also
a threat to the position of the Malays
Pioneer Certificates (Economic)
Cause  Pioneer Certificates that were part of the Malaysia Agreement were
only given out sparingly to Singapore firms as:
o Kuala Lumpur wanted to protect the industries and economic
interests in Malaysia, with Singapore firms seen as rivals
 Only 2 out of 69 applications approved, compared to 92% of Malay
companies approved
Effect  Hampered Singapore’s industrialization programme
 Gave Singapore firms the image of rivals
 Caused Singapore to lose attractiveness to businesses due to the low
chance of receiving Pioneer Certificates, causing businesses to
instead go to Malaysia, affecting Singapore’s economic progress
Anti-PAP Campaigns (Political)
Cause  After the 1964 MFE, the UMNO leaders criticized the PAP for not
looking after the interests of Malays
 Launched an anti-PAP campaign through the Malay Press,
especially through the Utusan Melayu, which:
o Criticized PAP’s decision to redevelop the Crawford,
52
Kampong Glam and Rochor areas

o Claimed that Malays were badly affected by the resettlement
(when only 200 of 2500 families were Malays)
o Made fiery speeches with UMNO Secretary-General Syed
Ja’afar Albar, criticizing PAP’s lack of concern for the
Malays
 While Lee Kuan Yew met Malay representatives on 19 July 1964,
promising to help the Malays in education, employment and
housing, the Utusan Melayu continued to spread misleading articles
on how the PAP was ill-treating the Malays
Effect  PAP’s responses criticising the KL government for giving special
rights to Malays further enforced the divide in ideologies between
the two sides
 Resulted in further tension, coupled with fiery arguments between
the governments
 Within Singapore, many Malays were becoming increasingly anti-
PAP, creating racial tension and unrest
o This was one factor that resulted in the Racial Riots
Racial Riots (Social)
Cause  To further spout anti-PAP sentiments, anti-PAP radicals planned a
riot on Prophet Mohammed’s birthday, an important occasion for
Malays
 The riot, on 21 July 1964, served to release the pent-up tension and
dissent among races, especially the Malays
o The Chinese were upset that the Malays were still receiving
several privileges in education and other areas
o The Malays harboured tension toward the PAP, with the anti-
PAP campaigns and having been denied special privileges
like preferential quotas in employment opportunities
 Over 23 dead and 454 injured, with a curfew established until 2nd
August 1964
 A second riot occurred in September, showing the persistent tension
among races
Effect  Further turmoil engulfed Singapore, exposing the PAP’s inability to
uphold its own ideology of racial equality
 This cast doubt into the local people and supporters of the PAP, as
well as the whole idea of meritocracy
 The fact that Singapore did not have the means to crush the riot but
had to wait for the Federal government’s security forces to
intervene placed further questions over the competence of the PAP
Taxes (Economic)
53
Cause  The Federal government had imposed several taxes on certain

goods produced by Singapore industries that had not been
previously discussed before merger
o Imposition of duty on imports of light bulbs
 This occurred just before an electric light bulb factory
was about to start production in Singapore, making
cost production higher and profits lower, affecting this
particular industry
 This came as the Central Government’s bid to protect
Malaysian industries, in this case the light bulb
industry
o Quotas on Textiles
 Lower quota granted to Singapore for textile goods
exported to Britain compared to the rest of Malaysia
 This disrupted and ended the prospects of 50 more
factories that could have been set up in Singapore,
denying 10000 potential jobs
 Goh Keng Swee threatened to boycott all British
products in protest, but this upset the Central
Government
 The Federal government also wanted Singapore to impose other
taxes ranging from corporate to personal income taxes to boost
revenue, of which 40% would be contributed to the Federal
government
Effect  The Central Government’s ire showed that Singapore could not
decide directions for its economy within the merger, where the
Federal government held all the power
 This would stunt Singapore’s future economic prospects, as such
policies would not only affect existing industries, but also deter
other companies from setting up in Singapore
Increase in Revenue Contribution (Economic)
Cause  In December 1964, the Federal Minister of Finance called for
Singapore’s contributions to the Central Government to rise from
40% to 60%, diverting from what was agreed before merger
 He also threatened to divert new industries from Singapore to
Malaysia and hinted that a delay in the Common Market would
follow if Singapore did not comply
 However, the PAP also refused to agree as they felt Singapore was
bearing its fair share
Effect  This was on the back of tension due to the Borneo loan, with
Malaysia again pressurising Singapore to contribute funds for the
running of the federation
54
 Caused more tension as UMNO was frustrated with Singapore’s

stubbornness while the PAP was upset that the UMNO was
demanding an unfair share of funds
Order to Close Bank of China (Economic)
Cause  With doubts over the Bank of China’s (BOC) communist dealings,
such as channelling funds to communist activities in the region,
Tunku ordered the closure of the bank
 However, the PAP refused, as it saw the BOC as an important
avenue to trade with China, which would severely affect the nation,
especially with the large number of Chinese people there
Effect  Singapore’s stubbornness once again angered Tunku and caused
further tension
No Common Market (Economic)
Cause  The Common Market held great prospects for Singapore and would
have boosted the economy
 However, contrary to what had been agreed during the Malaysia
Agreement, the Common Market was never set up
 This was because the Central Government was convinced of the
benefits of such a market and did not want to allow Singapore to
prosper, seeing it as an economic rival
 Instead, the Federal government tried to lure foreign investors to
Malaysia with attractive financial packages
Effect  The PAP was left incensed by Malaysia breaking their promise in
failing to set up one of the brightest prospects that came from
merger
 This event also showed Malaysia’s apparent unwillingness to
cooperate with Singapore for economic progress, instead opting to
compete with Singapore
 In summary, this separation occurred due to these main factors:

o Contrasting ideologies between the Central Government and PAP
o The Central Government placing Singapore in tight spots by limiting
economic growth only to be frustrated by the PAP’s stubbornness
1. 1965 (Separation)
 After all the conflicts, war of words and quarrels, Tunku decided that the
only solution was to separate Singapore from Malaysia
 Lee Kuan Yew reluctantly agreed on this and signed the Separation
Agreement on 7 August 1965
 On 9 August 1965, Singapore became an independent country
A New Chapter
55
 21 September 1965: Singapore becomes 117th member of UN

 October 1965: Singapore becomes 22nd member of the Commonwealth
 22 December 1965: The Constitution Amendment Bill and Republic of
Singapore Independence Bill were passed  Singapore became a fully
independent nation
 8 August 1967: Singapore becomes founding member of ASEAN
56
Political Leadership
 Styles of Leadership
 Examples
Styles of Leadership
 Leadership styles refer the method or direction in the implementation or

ideas or programs to influence people to meet a certain objective
 Great leaders, while with a dominant style, should be able to call upon
different styles of leadership to adapt to different situations
o There are three styles, Autocratic, Democratic and Delegative, in
decreasing order of the leader’s decision-making power
Autocratic/ Democratic/ Delegative/

Authoritarian Participative Laissez-faire
Features  Leader is only  Leader shares  Leader leaves
decision-maker decision-making decision-making
(clear line between process with process to
leader and subordinates but has subordinates but still
subordinate) final say on decision assumes
 No input from (less defined line responsibility for
subordinate drawn between leader decisions made
members and subordinate)  More creative input
 Highly-controlled  Creative input from from subordinate
environment subordinate members members
 Assessment of  Less-controlled  Much less-controlled
progress is based on environment environment
individual  Assessment of  Assessment based of
contributions progress is based on progress is based on
group contribution group contribution
 Less defined line
drawn between
subordinates and
leader in terms of
organizational
ability, not hierarchy
Advantages  Focused  Motivated, creative  Motivated, creative

 Task-oriented and engaged members and engaged
 Highly-productive  Contributions are members
appreciated  Highly engaging
57
 More ownership and environment

loyalty  Contributions are
 Higher-quality product valued
 Most ownership
 Higher-quality
product
Disadvantages  Little cohesion,  More time is spent on  Less productive,
morale and loyalty the decision-making especially when all
(due to members process (unsuitable for members are
being disgruntled short-term projects) perfectionists and
just following  Less productive take more time to
orders)  May lead to decide on matters
 Low-quality counterproductive  May lead to
product competitive pressure counterproductive
 May lead to abuse among subordinates competitive pressure
of power due to among subordinates
leader’s dominance  Little cooperation
 No creative input among subordinates
from subordinates as all are for their
own ideas
 Poorly defined roles
 lack of
motivation
Ideal Situations  Motivated workers  When no single person  When subordinates
 Expert leader has access to all are highly
 Short-term projects knowledge or knowledgeable and
 Critical situations information experts in field
that require  When mutual sharing  Prioritise
immediate action is not seen as a sign of organization’s goals
(E.g. firemen, weakness over self
soldiers, football  When the time factor is  Mature workforce
captain) not crucial mutually helping one
 When the process is as another to achieve
important as the objectives
product  E.g. Artists, Doctors,
 E.g. Democratic Musicians
Government
Examples
LKY
Autocratic 1962 Referendum

 Extremely authoritarian over merger of Singapore and
Malaysia
58
 Only gave citizens the choice of what terms of merger

they wanted, with no choice against merger
 The PAP government justified the three options by
declaring that all of Singapore's political parties
supported merger despite Barisan Socialis Party denying
it
 Did everything possible to promote merger, from slogans
to street signs and songs
 Warned the public against casting blank votes as they
would tip the referendum in favour of Option B, which
would cause 400,000 citizens to lose citizenship
Democratic Changi Airport
 Many experts and conservative reactions within the
government against the construction of Changi Airport
 They preferred Paya Lebar instead over cost and scale
and feasibility to complete it by 1982, expanding PLA
by building another runway
 LKY wanted to shift to the 5 times larger land for
Changi Airport despite PLA already one of the most
highly regarded airports at the time
 LKY had a long-term visionary plan in mind to create a
world-class facility with $1.5 billion dollars over 6 years
of intense commitment and work, the most ambitious
project at the time
 LKY made the final decision with the construction of
Changi Airport after considering both sides and expert
opinions
Delegative  LKY entrusted the construction and development of the

HDB to Lim Kim San
 In the first two year of Lim’s ‘crash’ programme, over
2000 units were built, more than what was built in the
previous decade
 During the Bukit Ho Swee Fire in 1961, 16000 people
became homeless.
 Under Lim's guidance, the relocation and reconstruction
of the lost housing was completed in just over four years,
and 1200 housing flats were made available to those who
lost their homes in the fire.
 By entrusting this project to a person known for his
organizing and planning abilities, LKY was able to solve
the large-scale housing problem at the time by simply
59
stepping back and allowing someone more suitable to

take the lead
Main Contributions:
Political Development: CPIB, Hard Stance against Communist-Related Strikes
Economic Development: Securing Air-Routes for SIA
Environment: Cleaning of Singapore River, Greening of Singapore
GKS
Autocratic  If a person wanted to obtain Permanent Residency in

Singapore and deposited a million dollars or more with
the government, they would be granted immediately this
status.
 He simply ordered his secretary and Civil Service
veteran Ngiam Tong Dow to give him a list of all the
applicants without having to write any analysis.
 Goh Keng Swee’s decision was to approve all the names
that Ngiam sent. Even though he protested, Goh Keng
Swee still went with his decision, even providing the
explanation that once Singapore joined Malaysia, the
Malaysian government would be immediately notified
of the scheme, and they would definitely disapprove
everyone
 By being firm in his approach, Goh was able to take the
most direct method to dealing with the Malay
government’s attempts to complicate the matter
Democratic  The Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee was tasked
to lead a study team to investigate the problems of the
education system at that time and then come up with
solutions for a reform.
 Goh Keng Swee and his team had found out various
problems in the system such as the high dropout rates,
he introduced the streaming system in 1979 to allow
students to learn at their own pace and within their own
capabilities
 Through this, we can see that Goh Keng Swee used a
democratic style of leadership as he let his team have a
say in the report, but he still had the final decision in
writing of the report
 As Goh did not have much experience on the first-hand
running of the education system, he opted to consult his
team on what to do, making for a more balanced and
60
informed decision
Delegative  Goh brought together a team of newly graduated
engineers, seized upon their return from scholarships
and First-Class Honours from the world’s best
universities. A young university lecturer called Dr Tay
Eng Soon led their research.
 Called the Electronic Warfare (EW) Study Group, they
were to plot an approach towards secret-edge
technology.
 This was Project Magpie. It was to lay the foundations
for defence science in Singapore: developing the skills
of its engineers, acquiring the tools and setting up
laboratories.
 ETC was the vital first step in the creation of a new
generation of defence R&D professionals and an ideal
environment for R&D.
 Since Goh had very little knowledge in this area, he
entrusted the project to Dr Tay and his engineers.
Main Contributions:
Defence: NS, EWS (above)
Economic Development: Jurong Industrial Estate, EDB
Tourism: Hotel Expansion, Jurong Bird Park
Aesthetics: Founding Patron of Singapore Symphonic Orchestra
Education: Streaming and GEP (above)
Skills
Visual Inference Skills
Firstly, Source X suggests

that…………………………………………………………………as depicted
by…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
Secondly, Source X suggests

that…………………………………………………………………as depicted
by…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
Thirdly, Source X suggests

that…………………………………………………………………as depicted
by…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………
61
Written Inference Skills
Firstly, Source X suggests that………………(copy paste, paraphrase slightly if

needed)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..
Secondly, Source X suggests that………………(copy paste, paraphrase slightly

if needed)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..
Thirdly, Source X suggests that………………(copy paste, paraphrase slightly if

needed)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..
Fourthly, Source X suggests that………………(copy paste, paraphrase slightly

if needed)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..
Comparison
Firstly, Source X and Source Y are different in…………(BOC)…….. Source X

states that “………………………………” while Source Y says that
“………………………”
Secondly, Source X and Source Y are similar in that both sources agree
on…………(BOC)…….. Source X states that “………………………………”
and Source Y says that “………………………”
Hypothesis Based Questions
I agree to a larger/smaller extent to the statement.
Firstly (PEEL) [Point in Favour]
62
Secondly (PEEL) [Point in Favour]
However, to a smaller extent (PEEL) [Point in Opposition]
In conclusion (weighed conclusion) [If you do not know how to do a
weighed conclusion, find me 😊]
63

Y2 Haca Notes v3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Y2 Haca Notes v3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chinchilla Notes 2018

Year 2 HACA Notes 2018

Content Page No.

Immigration To enter and settle in a country or region to which one is

*a phenomenon called melting pot

 Essential for a flourishing and peaceful democratic

Citizenship The political rights of an individual within a society

Push Factors Pull Factors

Singapore. Among these

The Raffles Town Plan

 The new immigrants arrived and congregated at the mouth of the

Common Occupations Prominent Citizen

Sporting  To boost local sporting standards by importing sporting

Economy grow our economy and create better jobs for

Competition  As numbers of immigrants increase Singaporeans begin to

 The government is investing enormously to expand the rail

Privileges and Rights (Not so important, just know a few)

Citizens Permanent Foreigners

 Definition and History

Definition and History

 General Definition: Tourism is a social, cultural and economic

 World Tourism Organisation (WTO) Definition: Tourists are people

Background (not important but good to know)

 Tourism contributes about 4% to Singapore’s GDP (about $27 billion)

 Prior to tourism development, Singapore’s economy was very dependent on

 In 1964, the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board (STPB) was established to

 The success of this programme was dependent on the development of the

 Here is a timeline of significant developments in Singapore’s tourism

1960s- Investment in infrastructural development like hotels and tourist

the expansion of its role beyond simply promoting tourism but

Singapore – Real or Fake?

 In efforts to promote Singapore as tourist destination, the STPB created

The Paradox of Tradition vs Profit

 As Singapore’s tourism industry flourished, the STB increasingly

 As a multicultural society and with such a rich history, yet a globally

 As a multiracial society, different races share their cultures and traditions,

Dish Base Condiments Techniques

Economic Theories (Free Trade)

Free Trade in Singapore

 No imposition of tariffs on goods bought or sold in Singapore

o Attracted traders from beyond the Malay Archipelago

Post-Independence Economic Policies

1. 1st Period: Labour-Intensive Industries (1965-Early 1970s)

Problem/  Severe unemployment due to:

 Other Policies to Make Singapore Attractive (Good to

o Heavy industries like iron and steel making and

2. 2nd period: Capital-Intensive Industries (Late 1970s-1980s)

Problem/  Serious Labour Shortage

o With larger populations, they had a surplus of

machinery in the future for the industries

4. New and Improved Industrial Facilities

5. Better Support Services

In short, everything improved lah 😊

3. 3rd Period: Service-Oriented Economy (1980s to 21st Century)

Problem/  Continued Labour Shortage

skilled labour to one that requires more skilled labour in

 Launch of Masterplan to position Singapore as a

4. 4th Period: Knowledge-Based Economy (21st Century)

 An economy in which activities are driven by information and knowledge

Problem/  Internal constraints and vulnerabilities

training in ICT, using internet for teaching

 Reduce dependence on single industry or market

 Even in international relations, the British represented