UOS IUO077 LT 03

2024. 3. 18

MODERNIZATION &
DEVELOPMENT

MOON, JEONG HO
moonjeongho@gmail.com
 CONTENTS
I. Socio-Cultural Context
II. Modernization
III. Development
IV. Development of My Own

Is this really a/the development?

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Ⅰ. Socio-Cultural Context (Korea, 1)

■ General Features
▪ 100,378 ㎢ (2019) Russia
▪ 51.82 Million People (2020)
▪ 33,790 US$ per capita (2019) China
▪ Single Ethnicity

■ History
North
▪ BC24C Gochosun
Korea
▪ BC1~AD7C Three Kingdoms East Sea

▪ AD7~AD10C Unified Shilla/Balhae

▪ AD10~AD14C Koryo Dynasty
South Dok-Do

▪ AD14~AD19C Chosun Dynasty

▪ 1910~1945 Japanese Ruling
Korea
▪ 1948 Independence (Republic)
- Division ~ North/South
▪ 1950~1953 Korean War
▪ 1996 Joined OECD
Japan
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Ⅰ. Socio-Cultural Context (Korea, 2)

■ Japan treated Korea like rice farms, cheap Railroads during 1900~1945
factories and a stepping stone for
invasion to China and Machuria
▪ Railways & Hydro power-plant
▪ Mining and manufacturing industries in North
▪ Agricultural infra. for rice production
▪ Distorted economic structure and Exploitation
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Ⅰ. Socio-Cultural Context (Korea, 3)

■ South Korea had suffered

between 214,000 to 520,000
deaths (most estimate some
500,000). The total civilian
casualties estimated as 1.5 to 3
million.
Houses 612,000
Truce and Demilitarized School buildings 15,427
Zone (DMZ) Hospitals 1,500
Public buildings 12,100
Ports 100
Factories 43%
Power plants 41% were destroyed.
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Ⅰ. Socio-Cultural Context (Korea, 4)

■ The Korean War left a deep scar among people

▪ Antagonism against the communists (even simple helpers without communist
ideology)
▪ Extreme poverty makes people devastated physically and emotionally
▪ Korea was virtually survived on US aid
■ Vicious circle of poverty and “bad” urbanization
▪ Free aid (agricultural products) from US kept domestic food’s price low
▪ Extreme poverty in rural areas led people to cities where no job and housing
guaranteed
▪ Urbanization without
industrialization
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Ⅱ. Modernization (1)
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Ⅱ. Modernization (2)
While it's true that colonial powers introduced certain aspects of modernization to many third-world
countries, such as infrastructure development, education systems, and administrative structures … Yet!
Colonial modernization was often driven by economic exploitation rather than genuine development.
Colonial powers extracted natural resources, exploited labor, and established export-oriented
economies that served the interests of the colonizers rather than the well-being of local populations.
The benefits of modernization accrued disproportionately to the colonizers and local elites, while the
majority of people experienced impoverishment and dispossession.
Colonial modernization often disrupted existing social and cultural systems, imposing Western values,
norms, and institutions on indigenous populations.
Colonial modernization was frequently accompanied by political repression, authoritarian rule, and the
suppression of indigenous political institutions.
The legacy of colonial modernization continues to shape the socio-economic and political landscapes of
many former colonial countries today. Colonial-era economic structures, social hierarchies, and political
institutions have left enduring patterns of inequality, corruption, and dependency.
It's important to recognize that colonial modernization was not the only path to development for third-
world countries. Many indigenous societies had their own systems of governance, knowledge, and
technology that enabled them to thrive sustainably for centuries before the arrival of colonial powers.
Moreover, there are numerous examples of countries that have achieved significant development
progress through strategies that diverged from the colonial model, emphasizing local ownership,
participatory development, and cultural resilience.
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Ⅱ. Modernization (3)
Modernization is a complex process involving socio-economic, political, cultural, and technological
changes that occur as societies transition from traditional or agrarian forms to more advanced
industrialized and urbanized forms. Philosophically, there are several perspectives:
Enlightenment Rationalism: Philosophers from the Enlightenment period, such as Immanuel Kant and
René Descartes, emphasized reason, science, and progress as central to human development. From
this perspective, modernization can be seen as the culmination of rational thought and scientific inquiry
leading to advancements in various aspects of human life.
Marxist Theory: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that modernization involves the development of
capitalism, leading to the division of society into classes and exploitation of the working class by the
bourgeoisie. According to Marxism, modernization brings about contradictions and conflicts that
ultimately lead to social change.
Functionalism: Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons view modernization as a process of social evolution
towards greater complexity and specialization. From this perspective, modernization is seen as
necessary for societies to adapt to changing environments and meet the needs of their members more
efficiently.
Postmodernism: Postmodern philosophers like Michel Foucault critique the idea of modernization as a
linear progress towards an idealized future. They argue that modernization often involves the imposition
of power structures and dominant narratives that marginalize certain groups and cultures.
Postmodernists emphasize plurality, contingency, and the deconstruction of grand narratives associated
with modernization.
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Ⅱ. Modernization (4)
The idea that modernization represents Western dominance is a contentious topic, with proponents and
critics presenting various arguments:
Proponents argue that modernization, characterized by industrialization and technological advancement,
is largely driven by Western innovations and investments. The dominance of Western corporations,
financial institutions, and technologies in global markets reinforces the perception of Western
dominance in modernization processes.
Western cultural values, norms, and lifestyles often accompany processes of modernization through
media, education, and consumerism. Western cultural products and practices become globally
influential, shaping the aspirations and identities of people in non-Western societies.
Colonization involved the imposition of Western political, economic, and cultural systems on colonized
societies, leading to enduring power differentials and dependencies.
Western dominance overlooks the contributions of non-Western societies to global development.
innovations in mathematics, medicine, and agriculture from ancient civilizations in Africa, Asia, and the
Middle East have played significant roles in shaping modernization processes.
The concept of multiple modernities suggests that modernization can take diverse forms depending on
cultural, historical, and geographical contexts. Non-Western societies may modernize in ways that
reflect their unique histories, values, and priorities, challenging the notion of Western dominance in
defining modernity.
Movements advocating for decolonization, cultural revitalization, and indigenous knowledge systems
highlight efforts to challenge Western dominance and assert alternative visions of modernization.
 11
Ⅱ. Modernization (5)
Industrialization and urbanization are often considered essential components of modernization due to
their transformative effects on societies, economies, and cultures:
Industrialization involves the shift from agrarian-based economies to manufacturing-based economies.
This transition typically leads to increased productivity, technological innovation, and economic growth.
Industrialization creates job opportunities in manufacturing, construction, transportation, and related
sectors. This leads to rural-to-urban migration as people seek employment in burgeoning industrial
cities. Urbanization, in turn, fosters economic specialization, diversification, and the formation of a labor
force with specialized skills, all of which are essential for sustained economic development.
Industrialization drives technological innovation and scientific progress.
Urban areas become centers of cultural exchange, intellectual discourse, and social mobility.
Industrialization often leads to the rise of a middle class, which demands political participation, social
reforms, and improvements in living conditions. Moreover, urbanization facilitates the spread of
education, healthcare, and social services, contributing to human development.
Industrialization and urbanization require extensive infrastructure development, including transportation
networks, communication systems, utilities, and public services.
Industrialized and urbanized societies are better equipped to compete in the global economy.
The impacts of industrialization and urbanization can vary depending on contextual factors such as
governance structures, social norms, and environmental considerations.
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Ⅱ. Modernization (6)
The political aspects of modernization refer to the ways in which political systems, institutions, and
processes are influenced and transformed by the broader processes of modernization:
State Building and Governance: Modernization often involves the consolidation and strengthening of state
institutions. This includes the development of bureaucracies, legal systems, and administrative structures
to manage increasingly complex societies.
Democratization: Modernization theory posits that as societies modernize economically and socially, they
tend to transition towards democratic forms of governance. This is based on the assumption that
modernization fosters the emergence of an educated middle class, which demands political participation,
accountability, and civil liberties.
Political Participation and Civil Society: Modernization often leads to increased political participation and the
formation of vibrant civil societies. Urbanization, education, and access to information contribute to the
mobilization of citizens around social and political issues. Civil society organizations, including non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), advocacy groups, and grassroots movements, play a crucial role in
shaping public discourse, holding governments accountable, and advocating for social change.
Political Ideologies and Movements: Modernization can give rise to diverse political ideologies and
movements as societies grapple with the challenges and opportunities of modernity. This includes
movements advocating for liberalism, socialism, nationalism, feminism, environmentalism, and various
forms of identity politics.
Globalization and Transnational Politics: Modernization is closely linked to processes of globalization, which
involve the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of societies across borders. Globalization
has profound implications for politics, including the rise of transnational issues such as climate change,
migration, terrorism, and human rights. It also facilitates the spread of democratic norms, international
governance mechanisms, and transnational advocacy networks.
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Ⅲ. Development (Korea, 1)

Growth Rate (1954~2016) 31,349

G20 Member

20,759

Per Capita (US$) Joined OECD 16,291

GNI
(1996) 11,432

10,000

Comprehensive
National Territorial Plans
Financial
7,355 Crisis
6 Five-Year-Economic- (1997)
5,000
Liberation Development Plans
from
Colonial Rule 1,000
and 100 Oil (1977)
Korean War (1964) Crisis
87
67
1945 1953 1962 1970 1980 1990 1998 2005 2010 2018

Source: KDI 2005 Updated

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Ⅲ. Development (Korea, 2)

Heavy
Export! Chemical
Export! Industries New
Economy
3 Lows ICT & Still Export
Oil Shock Market- Neo-liberal
Oriented Economic
Policies System
Chronicle & Financial Crisis
Extreme Poverty 2nd Oil Shock &
Spring of Seoul
IMF Bailout
 15
Ⅲ. Development (Korea, 3)

■ Since 1962, Five Year Economic Development

Plans have been geared up.
▪ Export-oriented industrialization
▪ Import raw materials, light manufacturing
▪ Rapid urbanization and cheap labor
▪ Low grain price

■ International market environment in the Source: KDI 2005 Updated

1960s $1,000

▪ Economic recovery of Western countries

$100
▪ Unwilling LACs, sleeping China
$10
▪ Japan shifted to Sony, Nissan, etc. Primary

Industry
▪ Asian dragons rising – Hong Kong, $1
Export
Singapore and Taiwan,
$0
1953 1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013

$0
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Ⅲ. Development (4)

■ After World War 2, East Asian Countries

▪ Rapid economic growth ever
▪ Japan in the 1950s
▪ Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore in the 1960~70s
▪ and China after the 1980s
▪ North Korea (closed economy) is an exception
■ Similar Economic Growth Strategies
▪ State leading : easier control and distribution of national resources
▪ Export-oriented due to the immature domestic consumption (market)
▪ Less consumption, more saving
▪ Cheap high quality labor, sacrificing agriculture and rural areas

■ Similar cultural context

▪ Confucianism, Chinese character (language code)
▪ Enthusiasm in education
▪ Collectivism and authoritarianism
 17
Ⅲ. Development (5)

■ Why have some East Asian countries been more successful in their
economic development than others? three key sets of policy choices:
- land-tenure policies that support smallholder farmers,
- manufacturing policies that subsidize domestic industries,
yet demand internationally competitive results, and
- financial policies that support the above by resisting
deregulation until it can be done safely

■ Countries that have done these things (Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan),
have developed more robustly and consistently than those that have not
(Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia)
- And then there’s China, the big work in progress at the
center of it all

■ Studwell ultimately wants to dispel some pervasive illusions about the

region—that geography is destiny, for example—and to suggest that
developing countries would do well to ignore much of the economic-
development advice they currently receive from the West (Brendan
Driscoll)

https://www.amazon.com/How-Asia-Works-
Joe-Studwell/dp/0802121322
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Ⅲ. Development (6)

※ Export Strategy Compared to LACs

■ LACs compared to East Asian rapid growth in the 1960~70s

▪ More resources and better conditions for export strategy : Mexico, Brazil
▪ Focused on the growth of domestic market and self-sufficiency
▪ Consequently … waste of growth potential ???
■ Then, export-oriented strategy always right for every country?
■ Domestic market strategy of India, Mexico, Brazil looked plausible
considering their national resources and market size
▪ Yet, how come small countries did the same?
■ EACs had NO opponent group
▪ Barely existed powerful opponent
entities in EACs
▪ In LACs, landlords and aboriginal
capitalists (would have) resisted
against export strategy
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Ⅲ. Development (7)
※ The Changes (1965 vs. 2015)

GNP
Population

Export
Import
Balance

GDP/capita
Automobiles

Government Budget
Employees
Currency Foreign
Exchange
Reserve

http://news.joins.com/article/18708813
2015.09.21 04:24
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Ⅲ. Development (8)

Employee Portfolio Electricity Consumption / Capita

90
12000
80
70 10000
60
50 8000
40
6000
30
20
4000
10
0 2000
1963 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016 2020

Primary Manufacturing Service 0

1983 1990 2000 2010 2015 2018

Roads and Deaths

35 1200 Getting Older
30 18 45
1000
16 40
25
800 14 35
20 12 30
600
15 10 25
400 8 20
10
6 15
5 200
4 10
0 0 2 5
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2019 0 0

Deaths by TA / 100 Thousand Persons Length of Roads (100 km) Average Age Age 65+

Source: https://kosis.kr/visual/statisticTimeTour/index/index.do?mb=N
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Ⅲ. Development (9): Dark Side
Environmental Degradation: Rapid industrialization and urbanization often lead to severe environmental
degradation, including pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and depletion of natural resources.
Social Inequality: Economic growth and modernization can exacerbate social inequalities, leading to
disparities in income, wealth, and access to resources..
Labor Exploitation: In the pursuit of economic growth, some countries may prioritize low-cost labor and
deregulated labor markets, leading to exploitation of workers, unsafe working conditions, and violations
of labor rights. (Migrants workers in particular)
Cultural Homogenization: Rapid modernization can erode cultural diversity and traditional values, as
Western consumerism and globalization promote homogenized lifestyles, consumption patterns, and
cultural norms.
Political Repression: Some rapidly modernizing countries may prioritize economic growth and stability
over political freedoms and human rights, leading to authoritarian governance, censorship, and
suppression of dissent.
Urban Problems: Rapid urbanization often leads to a range of urban problems, including overcrowding,
inadequate infrastructure, traffic congestion, and social tensions.
Dependency on Foreign Investment: Some rapidly modernizing countries may become overly reliant on
foreign investment, technology, and expertise, leading to vulnerabilities to external economic shocks
and geopolitical pressures.
Geopolitical Tensions: Rapid modernization and economic growth can sometimes exacerbate
geopolitical tensions, especially in regions with competing territorial claims or historical animosities.
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Ⅵ. Development of My Own (1)

Democratization
Political Correctness
Cultural Maturation

Development

Economic Growth Infrastructure

Industrialization Urbanization
Environmental Soundness
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Ⅵ. Development of My Own (2)
고맙습니다.