Essentials of Sociology 8Th Edition Brinkerhoff Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Essentials of Sociology 8th Edition
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CHAPTER 7: STRATIFICATION
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. According to the definition in the text, which of these would be an example of stratification?
a. A curriculum with more physical education courses for boys than for girls.
b. A plan that raises the minimum wage.
c. Promotion based on more experience and more successful sales.
d. The fact that girls generally score better than boys on tests of verbal ability.
ANS: A REF: 152 OBJ: 7.1
2. Inequality becomes stratification when it is institutionalized and:

a. involves different abilities. c. based on membership in a status.
b. supported by personal qualities. d. involves blue collar employment.
ANS: C REF: 152 OBJ: 7.1 KEY: WWW
3. A university professor may receive more social approval and respect than an auto mechanic.
Sociologists would term this a difference in:
a. prestige. c. stratification.
b. power. d. caste.
4. Sociologists call the ability to influence or force others to do what one wants them to do,
regardless of their own wishes:
a. prestige. c. stratification.
b. power. d. caste.
ANS: B REF: 152 OBJ: 7.1
5. A status that is optional, one that we can reach (or fail to reach) on the basis of our own efforts is
called:
a. an achieved status. c. a flexible status.
b. an ascribed status. d. an active status.
6. In the distribution of scarce resources, caste systems rely on _____ statuses and class systems rely
to a greater degree on _____ statuses.
a. achieved; ascribed c. educational; employment
b. employment; educational d. ascribed; achieved
ANS: D REF: 152 OBJ: 7.2
7. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

a. parent c. friend
b. female d. doctor
1
8. The primary distinction between a caste system and a class system is that under a caste system:
a. there is more inequality than under a class system.
b. only one type of reward (status) is used.
c. ascribed statuses that are fixed throughout a lifetime are the major criteria used to rank
individuals.
d. occupation is used as the chief criterion for membership.
ANS: C REF: 153 OBJ: 7.2
9. The process of changing one抯 social class is called:

a. status climbing. c. career striving.
b. class consciousness. d. social mobility.
ANS: D REF: 153 OBJ: 7.2 KEY: WWW
10. According to Marx, one抯 relationship to the means of production is known as:
a. class. c. social mobility.
b. status. d. employment.
11. In Marx抯 framework, those who own the tools and materials necessary for their work are the:
a. bourgeoisie. c. proletariat.
b. middle class. d. government leaders.
12. Marx抯 term for the lack of awareness of one抯 real position in the class structure is:
a. partial consciousness. c. false consciousness.
b. selective consciousness. d. incomplete consciousness.
13. What did Marx call the class that does NOT own the means of production and must sell its labor
to those who do?
a. the working class c. labor
b. the underclass d. the proletariat
14. According to the definitions given in the text, which of the following workers would be
considered having developed class consciousness?
a. the maid who works for a company thinks she is in the same class as the professor
b. the GM autoworker who thinks he is of a higher class than the janitor
c. man who owns the service station who believes he is of the same class as the nurse
d. the professor who knows she is of a higher class than her auto mechanic
15. How does Weber抯 definition of social class differ from that of Marx?
a. Weber抯 definition of class is focused on the relationship to the means of production;
Marx抯 definition is not.
b. Marx抯 definition of class is focused on the relationship to the means of production;
Weber抯 is not.
c. Marx抯 definition is of class; Weber was defining caste.
d. Marx and Weber use the same dimensions for defining social class.
2
16. Which of the following is NOT one of Weber抯 three dimensions of social class?
a. class c. education
b. power d. status
17. The dimension of social class having to do with social honor expressed as sharing the same
community and types of activities is called:
a. power. c. style.
b. class. d. status.
18. The Duchess of York has so little money that she works as a spokesperson for Weight Watchers to
make money. She may be said to be:
a. high on status and low on class. c. high on class and low on status.
b. high on status and high on class. d. high on power and low on status.
ANS: A REF: 155 OBJ: 7.3 KEY: WWW
19. In contrast to the Marxian notion of class, the concept of social class includes an element of
self-awareness. This means that people:
a. are aware of and use their social class as a means to map their place in the social world.
b. have true class consciousness.
c. are aware of their own social class but fail to see how they are different from those of
other social classes.
d. are able to determine their class but not their status or power.
20. According to a 2008 survey most Americans consider themselves to be either _____ or _____
class.
a. upper; lower c. middle; upper
b. middle; working d. working; lower
21. A group of people who have a sense of identification with one another because they are about
equal in class, power, and status are often referred to as sharing:
a. occupations. c. class consciousness.
b. socioeconomic status. d. social class.
22. Which measure of social class ranks people on income, education, occupation, or some
combination?
a. status c. socioeconomic status
b. class d. prestige indicators
23. Whether one identifies oneself as working or middle class has important consequences for all of
the following EXCEPT:
a. how you vote. c. how much money you make.
b. to what church you go. d. how you raise your children.
3
24. All the money that a person or family receives during a given period is termed:
a. wealth. c. income.
b. status. d. dividends.
25. Income inequality in the United States:

a. has declined over the past decade.
b. is less pronounced than in all other industrialized.
c. is similar to that in Sweden.
d. has steadily increased since 1970.
26. The richest 20 percent of the U.S. population hold approximately what percent of total income?
a. 20% c. 50%
b. 30% d. 98%
27. Which is true about inequality in the distribution of household income in the U.S.?
a. It has declined in recent decades.
b. It has increased in recent decades.
c. It has not changed at all in the last 50 years.
d. It is low compared with that of other industrialized nations.
28. Your explains that the rise in income inequality in the U.S. over the past several decades is due to:
a. increased employment in service jobs that pay less than manufacturing jobs.
b. an increase in part-time and seasonal employment, as opposed to full-time jobs.
c. government policies making it difficult to unions to recruit members and gain influence.
d. All of these are reasons discussed in the text.
ANS: D REF: 156 OBJ: 7.5 KEY: WWW
29. The sum of the money and goods owned by a person at a given point of time is termed:
a. status. c. wealth.
b. assets. d. income.
30. Which of the following statements is true about the difference between wealth and income?
a. Wealth measures all that a person and family have accumulated over years; income
measures individual or family earnings.
b. In the U.S. income inequality is greater than inequality in wealth.
c. Inequality in wealth is a relatively new phenomenon in the U.S.
d. While inequality of wealth is high in the U.S., it is not as high as it is in European
nations.
31. The richest 20 percent of the U.S. population hold approximately what percent of total wealth?
a. 20% c. 50%
b. 30% d. 69%
4
32. As a general rule, a person抯 social class is related to:
a. their behaviors but not their attitudes. c. their life-style but not their values.
b. their attitudes but not their behaviors. d. everything they do all day long.
33. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the text as a consequence of social class difference in
the U.S.?
a. People with incomes below $7,500 per year are four times as likely to be victims of
violent crime than are people with incomes higher than $75,000 per year.
b. People from the middle class people are much more likely to be overweight than
members of the working class.
c. Students from poor and working class homes are more likely to drop out of college than
middle-class students.
d. Infants born to mothers with college degrees are less than half as likely to die before
their first birthday as those born to high school drop-outs.
34. 揅 an money buy happiness?? The evidence in your text suggests that:
a. people with more money have a higher quality of life overall.
b. people with more money have more problems.
c. money little real impact on one抯 quality of life.
d. social class is not very important any more in the United States.
35. The position that holds that inequality is both justifiable and necessary for society comes from:
a. structural-functional theory. c. synthetic theory.
b. conflict theory. d. symbolic interaction theory.
36. In structural-functional theory, rewards for performing essential tasks are increased when:
a. there is a scarcity of the talent and ability necessary to perform the task.
b. the task is pleasant.
c. the task is easy to accomplish.
d. All of these factors increase the rewards for a task.
37. According to structural-functional theory, stratification is necessary because:

a. people would otherwise not be motivated to work.
b. some tasks essential to society抯 survival require extra incentives because they are
stressful and demanding.
c. social conflict is necessary in order to produce social change.
d. it provides individuals with a sense of belonging and social integration.
ANS: B REF: 158 OBJ: 7.7 KEY: WWW
5
38. Applying Davis and Moore抯 structural-functional theory, women do not need to be rewarded for
being mothers because:
a. it is not a very important job.
b. it is a very easy job.
c. there are many women who will do it voluntarily.
d. there are too many mothers already.
39. A major criticism of the structural-functional theory of stratification is that it:

a. overlooks the fact that people are unequal in talent and ability.
b. overlooks the usefulness of inequality.
c. underestimates the importance of the division of labor.
d. ignores that fact that job importance can be artificially maintained.
40. Which theory of stratification offers a supply-and-demand explanation of occupational rewards?

a. symbolic interactionism c. conflict theory
b. differential association d. structural-functionalism
41. Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional theory of stratification?

a. Social class, sex, and race probably have more to do with getting a good job than do
scarce talents and abilities.
b. It does not account for the effect of unequal abilities.
c. It denies the necessity and desirability of authority and ranked statuses.
d. It fails to recognize the need to motivate people to work.
42. According to Karl Marx, inequality is caused by:

a. the need for competition to ensure the best candidates for any particular job.
b. the economic structuring that occurs as society moves from manufacturing to service
jobs.
c. private ownership of the means of production.
d. All of these are explanations for inequality offered by Marx.
43. Marxists generally believe that inequality:

a. is a necessary evil within society.
b. is both necessary and desirable.
c. is undesirable, and benefits only the wealthy.
d. will disappear when productivity is increased.
6
44. Modern conflict theory examines:
a. how ownership of the means of production creates class competition.
b. the impact of false consciousness on social values.
c. the uses of social conflict to ensure the best qualified are motivated for difficult
positions.
d. control affects the struggle for scarce resources and the role of class in governmental
policies.
45. A major criticism of the conflict perspective on stratification is that it:

a. is an ideology that justifies inequality.
b. makes the assumption that unequal financial rewards are needed to motivate people.
c. ignores the fact that people are unequal and that coordination and authority are
functional.
d. places too much emphasis on the importance of inequality as a major motivator of
human labor.
46. Reproductive labor refers to:

a. traditionally female tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and child-rearing.
b. refurbishing old machinery.
c. jobs that enable women to spend more time with their families.
d. flex-jobs.
47. The theoretical perspective that asks how inequalities are perpetuated within everyday life is:
a. structural-functionalism. c. symbolic interactionism.
b. conflict theory. d. strain theory.
48. When something is defined as real and therefore becomes real in its consequences, this is termed:
a. a self-fulfilling prophecy. c. reality functioning.
b. structural-strain. d. critical reality.
49. If a teacher believes that a student is less intelligent than other students, that student is likely to
receive less attention and assistance. Therefore, ultimately the student seen as less intelligent will
perform poorly on assignments. This is an example of:
a. relative inequality. c. structural-strain.
b. a self-fulfilling prophecy. d. blaming the victim.
50. The theoretical perspective that explains how social interaction reinforces inequality by reminding
each of us of our place in the social order is:
a. structural-functionalism. c. symbolic interactionism.
b. conflict theory. d. strain theory.
7
51. In a class system, the allocation of statuses and resources in each new generation depends on:
a. personal characteristics such as education and job skills.
b. individual characteristics and labor market characteristics.
c. achievement motivation and intelligence alone.
d. none of the above.
52. Although the class system of the U.S. permits social mobility, most people attain the same or
similar social class as their parents. This is best described as:
a. a self-fulfilling prophecy. c. survival of the fittest.
b. the indirect inheritance model. d. operant conditioning.
53. The best predictor of your eventual social class is:

a. your intelligence. c. your achievement motivation.
b. your determination. d. your parents? income.
54. In the United States, parents provide children with social and economic surroundings that ensure
that the children have about the same social class position as their parents. This is called:
a. achievement motivation. c. the indirect inheritance model.
b. an ascribed class system. d. intergenerational mobility.
55. Chris is an engineer. Her daughter and son are also engineers. This pattern is probably a result of:
a. direct inheritance. c. genetics.
b. indirect inheritance. d. parental determination.
56. Values, interests, knowledge, and social behavior patterns that mark you as middle or upper class
are referred to as:
a. high class. c. inheritance.
b. cultural capital. d. achievement expectations.
57. Which of the following examples of inequality is best explained on the MACRO level?
a. Despite his Princeton degree in economics, Miguel is unable to find a job anywhere but
McDonalds.
b. Jasmina, an African American woman, goes to Yale and becomes a doctor like her
father.
c. Yu works hard in school and wins a scholarship to study in the U.S. despite his family抯
low social class in China.
d. Olga has difficulty passing high school courses and, like her parents before her, decides
not to attend college.
58. In the last 90 years, the proportion of positions at the top of the U.S. occupational structure has:
a. dramatically decreased. c. dramatically increased.
b. slightly decreased. d. slightly decreased.
8
59. The phrase 搒 egmented labor market? refers to a situation in which:
a. there is one labor market for white males and one for women and minorities.
b. jobs are rotated by segments in order to maintain status equality.
c. jobs become more specialized.
d. workers are categorized as being 揹 emocratic? or 搑 epublican.?
60. A set of beliefs that rationalizes current social structures is called:

a. an institution. c. a mythology.
b. a culture. d. an ideology.
61. Studies of different stratification systems indicate that:

a. inequality is usually strongly resented.
b. few societies are aware of inequality.
c. inequality usually leads to resentment and revolution.
d. inequality is usually accepted as natural and just.
62. The American Dream is an ideology that justifies inequality by saying that:
a. inequality is necessary to maintain society.
b. people are unequal in natural talent and ability.
c. achievement is possible and we each get what we earn.
d. the United States is a rich country and we are all better off than the poor people in third
world countries.
63. The major ideology that justifies inequality in the U.S. is termed:
a. liberalism. c. conservativism.
b. the American Dream. d. imperialism.
64. The belief that anyone who works hard will get ahead is stronger in the U.S. than in most
comparable Western nations. Social mobility in the U.S. is _____ in most comparable Western
nations.
a. lower than c. easier than
b. higher than d. the same as
65. Sociologist Julie Bettie抯 ethnographic research in a working-class high school found that some
working-class students did experience upward mobility. What were the reasons for their success?
a. Many had middle-class friends or played on athletic teams.
b. Some were from immigrant families and were middle-class prior to arriving in the U.S.
c. Some of the successful students had older siblings who had attended college and could
help them financially and with advice.
d. All of these are reasons that some working-class students were successful.
9
66. In the U.S. the cutoff point for the poverty level is established as the:
a. amount earned by an individual working full year, full time at minimum wage.
b. average income of workers working full time, full year.
c. amount needed to meet the minimum requirements of a decent living standard.
d. amount needed to prevent starvation.
67. In 2009, the poverty level for a family of four was:

a. $12,126 per year c. $35,020 per year
b. $21,834 per year d. $60,340 per year
68. In 2007, about what percentage of Americans lived in homes that earned below the poverty line?
a. 2.5 percent c. 12.5 percent
b. 8.2 percent d. 24.3 percent
69. Which of these groups is NOT among those most likely to be poor?
a. African Americans and Hispanics c. single-mother households
b. single-father households d. children
70. Comprehensive research on poverty shows that the culture of poverty theories are:
a. excellent for explaining poverty in the United States.
b. not testable.
c. not well-supported.
d. not popular among the masses of Americans.
71. Oscar Lewis coined the term 揷 ulture of poverty? to explain why some people stay poor. Which
value is emphasized in the culture of poverty?
a. living for the moment c. investment in the future
b. thrift d. hard work
72. Theories that suggest that the poor have different values and attitudes toward work than more
affluent Americans are called:
a. conflict theories. c. self-fulfilling prophecies.
b. differential association . d. culture of poverty theories.
73. Sociological research over the past 30 years has tended to:
a. support culture of poverty explanations for the poor.
b. provide little if any support for culture of poverty theories.
c. ignore questions of what causes poverty to persist.
d. blame the poor for their situation.
10
74. A macro-level explanation for persistent poverty within the U.S. would be:
a. the lack of interest in work among the multi-generational poor.
b. teenage pregnancies and having children to receive public support.
c. the changing labor market due to deindustrialization.
d. All of these are macro-level explanations for poverty.
75. People who are employed full-time and earn between about $22,000 to $44,000 annually are
termed by sociologists:
a. the near poor. c. the permanently poor.
b. the lower-middle class. d. the working class.
ANS: A REF: 168 OBJ: 7.10 KEY: WWW
76. Which of these is NOT a difference between the working class and the middle class, generally?
a. The working class is less likely than the middle class to have a pension or health
insurance.
b. Middle-class jobs are more secure than working-class employment.
c. Members of the working class are more likely to experience promotions and increases in
income over the course of their employment.
d. Much of the working class is employed in blue-collar industries.
77. Compared with members of the working class, the middle class is more likely to:
a. value security. c. work part-time without benefits.
b. have more job security. d. decorate their homes with religious
icons.
78. In 2007, a family income of approximately _____ would put you in the top 5 percent income
bracket of U.S. families.
a. $58,000 c. $529,000
b. $177,000 d. $1,000,000
79. According to your text, most U.S. families with incomes in the upper five percent:
a. would have a hard time making their mortgage payments if they lost their jobs.
b. would still be considered middle-class.
c. are not truly wealthy.
d. All of these are true about families with incomes in the upper 5 percent.
80. Today, most people in the U.S. who are millionaires:

a. went from rags to riches.
b. worked their way up from the lower classes by joining the military.
c. became wealthy because their wealthy families sent them to good schools and helped
them financially.
d. pursued careers in sports.
11
81. Claudia and Marco think that it is only natural that Claudia should stay home with their children
while Marco 揼 oes out with the guys.? They are most likely members of the:
a. middle class. c. working class.
b. poor. d. upper class.
82. The approach to reducing inequality by raising the minimum wage is called:
a. a fair wage movement. c. collective bargaining.
b. unionization. d. wage differentials.
83. Research suggests that an important key to reducing inequality is:

a. public assistance. c. education.
b. collective bargaining. d. improving the culture of the poor.
84. The process of increasing the productivity and standard of living of a society is called:
a. westernization. c. industrialization.
b. modernization. d. development.
85. Which of the following is NOT included as a factor necessarily related to development?
a. Westernization c. higher standards of living
b. increased productivity d. more education
86. All of the following are intended outcomes of development EXCEPT:

a. longer life expectancy. c. a capitalist economy.
b. more consumer goods. d. better education.
87. Development is a major goal in:

a. all western societies.
b. almost all societies.
c. almost no societies.
d. few Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian societies.
88. The most-developed countries contain _____ of the world抯 population, and produce _____ of the
gross world product.
a. 80%; 8% c. 20%; 80%
b. 50%; 50% d. 35%; 70%
89. The least-developed countries consist of what percent of the world抯 population?
a. 20 percent c. 9 percent
b. 60 percent d. 75 percent
12
90. The Human Development Index measures the:
a. average achievements of a country and the basic dimensions of human experience.
b. age at which adolescents in a given country become fully developed.
c. disparity between men抯 and women抯 quality of life.
d. percentage of children who die before their first birthday.
91. The Human Development Index includes measures of:

a. life expectancy. c. gender-related development.
b. obesity rates. d. gross domestic product (GDP)
92. Which theory sees development as the natural unfolding of an evolutionary process in which a
society goes from simple to complex institutional structures?
a. world system theory c. modernization theory
b. evolutionary theory d. expectation states theory
93. Which macrosociological view of social change is based on evolutionary and functional theory?
a. modernization theory c. industrialization theory
b. world system theory d. resource depletion theory
94. The assumption that developing nations can follow the Western path to wealth through
industrialization is basic to:
a. world system theory. c. third world development theory.
b. conflict theory. d. modernization theory.
95. World-systems theory argues that the world economic system is dominated by:
a. capitalism. c. the proletariat.
b. socialism. d. the petit bourgeois.
96. In world-systems theory, the chief actors in the global free market system are:
a. McDonald抯 and Pepsi.
b. the First and Second Worlds.
c. Europe and the U.S.
d. nation-states and transnational corporations.
97. In the terminology of world-systems theory, the rich, powerful, economically diversified, and
relatively autonomous nations comprise the:
a. peripheral societies. c. nation-states.
b. core societies. d. capitalist societies.
13
98. According to world-systems theory, the prosperity of the _____ is based on the poverty of _____.
a. the core societies / the peripheral societies
b. the peripheral societies / the core societies
c. the First World countries / the Second world countries
d. the Second World countries / the First world countries
99. Sociologists find that war reflects changing relations:

a. between the government, the army, and the public.
b. within a country.
c. between countries.
d. All of these are possible changing conditions reflected in war.
100. To scholars of global relations, terrorism:

a. refers to foreigners who commit unlawful acts against a democratic population.
b. is always a social construction.
c. is only committed by the poor people within a society.
d. is an Islamic phenomenon only.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Inequality becomes stratification when it is institutionalized and based upon membership in a

particular status.
ANS: T REF: 152 OBJ: 7.1
2. The primary difference between class and caste systems is that caste systems have far more
inequality.
ANS: F REF: 153 OBJ: 7.2
3. The U.S. has far more income inequality than most other industrialized nations.
4. In the United States, when people are asked what social class to which they belong, most people
say they are working class or middle class.
ANS: T REF: 155 OBJ: 7.4|7.5
5. Conflict theory offers a supply-and-demand explanation for occupational rewards.
6. In the U.S. most people are a social class that is the same or similar to that of their parents.
ANS: T REF: 161 OBJ: 7.9|7.10
14
7. The best single predictor of one抯 social class in the U.S. is one抯 ambition and willingness to
work.
8. Every social stratification system has an ideology that justifies it and motivates people to accept it.
ANS: T REF: 163 OBJ: 7.1|7.7
9. In the U.S. there is much more downward mobility than upward mobility.
10. Sociologists find that the best explanation for persistent poverty is the different value system and
lack of motivation among the poor.
11. Working-class people in the U.S. are defined by the lower salaries they make than middle-class
people.
12. Many people in the U.S. with the highest incomes would still be considered middle-class.
13. The U.S. ranks highest on the Human Development Index among industrialized countries.
14. Modernization theory assumes that developing nations can follow the Western path to wealth
through industrialization.
15. How terrorism is defined depends on the context of the country that is defining it.
SHORT ANSWER
1. What is stratification?
ANS:
Stratification is an institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social statuses are ranked on the
basis of their access to scare resources.
REF: 152 OBJ: 7.1
15
2. What is false consciousness?
ANS:
False consciousness is a lack of awareness of one抯 real position in the class structure.
REF: 154 OBJ: 7.3
3. How does social class differ from class?
ANS:
Social class differs from class in two ways. Social class recognizes the importance of status and
power as well as that of class and it includes the element of self-awareness.
REF: 155 OBJ: 7.4
4. What does socioeconomic status include?
ANS:
It is a measure that includes income, education, occupation, or some combination of these.
REF: 155 OBJ: 7.4
5. According to structural-functional theory, a society needs to offer high rewards as an incentive to

make sure that people are willing to perform essential tasks. What three factors drive the size of
the rewards?
ANS:
The size of the incentives is related to the importance of the task, the pleasantness of the task, and
the scarcity of the talent and ability necessary to perform the task.
REF: 158 OBJ: 7.7
6. What is meant by the concept of 揷 ulture of poverty?
ANS:
Culture of poverty is a set of values that emphasizes living for the moment rather than thrift,
investment in the future, or hard work.
REF: 166 OBJ: 7.9
7. In the U.S. who are the true upper class?
ANS:
The upper class is composed of two overlapping groups: those whose families have had high
incomes and statuses for more than a generation and those who themselves earn very high
incomes.
REF: 171 OBJ: 7.10
8. What are the basic dimensions of the human development index?
ANS:
Longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.
REF: 174 OBJ: 7.12
16
9. What is the basic foundation of modernization theory?
ANS:
Modernization theory sees development as the natural unfolding of an evolutionary process in
which societies go from simple to complex institutional structures and from primary to secondary
and tertiary production.
REF: 176 OBJ: 7.14
10. What is the difference between core societies and peripheral societies within world-systems
theory?
ANS:
Core societies are rich, powerful nations that are economically diversified and relatively free of
outside control. Peripheral societies are poor and weak with highly specialized economies over
which they have relatively little control. In world systems theory, the core societies are said to
profit from the exploitation of the peripheral ones.
REF: 177 OBJ: 7.14
ESSAY
1. Given the extent of social mobility in the U.S., discuss to what extent the social class system
might resemble a caste system.
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 153|161
2. Outline the major assumptions of the structural-functional theory of stratification (Davis and
Moore) and critically evaluate this explanation of structured social inequality.
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 158
3. Describe how the indirect inheritance model of social mobility works, identifying and describing
each of the specific factors.
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 161-162
4. What is 搕he American Dream?? How is it related to social inequality?
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 163-164
17
5. What are the causes of poverty in America and why does poverty continue to persist in our
society?
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 165-167
6. Explain what the text means by the title of the inset on media and culture, 揔 araoke Class Wars.?
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 170
7. What is modernization theory? What would a conflict theorist say about it?
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 176-177
8. What role do transnational corporations and nation states play in global inequality?
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 177
9. Discuss how water both reflects and reinforces inequality within and between the least and most
developed societies.
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 178
10. What role did international inequality play in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001?
ANS:
Not provided
REF: 180-181
18
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no related content on Scribd:
[133] Two patriarchial rulers of China (b.c. circa 2300) whose
wise principles of government were immortalised by Confucius.
[134] With the Empress Dowager of China (Eveleigh Nash,
1906).
[135] Since the days of the Emperor Ch’ien-Lung, these
expenses have averaged some forty millions of taels per annum.
Vide “The Times,” special article, 7th Dec., 1909.
[136] The nucleus of this hoard was the money confiscated
from the usurping Regent Su Shun in 1861.
[137] An account of his life was given in a memoir published by
The Times on the 6th October, 1909.
[138] Vide supra, Chapter I., page 12.
[139] It has remained thus in many districts until now, vast
solitudes of ruins being the chief characteristic of a region that,
before the rebellion, supported some thirty million inhabitants.
[140] Subsequently Governor of Formosa.
INDEX
Actors, Palace, 86, 87, 492

Admiralty, vide Navy
Adviser to the Government, vide Prince Kung; also Prince Ch’un
Adviser to the Regency, vide Prince Ch’un
Aisin Gioros, 4, 6, 167
A-Lu-Te, Empress, 118-132-162
suicide of, 129, 350
Ancestor worship, 134, 328, 473-4
Ancestral shrines, 167
Ancestral tablet, 470, 473-4
Annals of dynasty, vide Dynastic
Annam, 505
Anti-foreign movement, 230, 305, 334, 336;
also vide Boxer movement
An Wei-chun, 171
Astrologers, 387, 471, 485-6
Audiences, procedure at, 58, 75, 77, 103, 111, 113, 188, 408,
412, 452
Banishment, vide Post-roads

Baron von Ketteler, 271, 273, 278, 288, 305, 316, 330, 332, 384
“Benign Countenance,” 53
Berlin, mission to, 383-386
Big Sword Society, 255
Birthday celebrations, 168, 450-1
Black List, 1900, 104
Blood brotherhood, 206, 361
Board of Punishments, 227
Board of Rites, 190, 192, 197, 207
Bombardment of Peking, 297, 344
Book of Odes, quoted, 265
Boxer chiefs, 281, 323, 331, 363, 369-374
Boxer movement, 82, 100, 180, 195, 228, 243, 246-250, 260 to
303, 311-12, 364, 440, 512
British Minister, 215, 228, 241, 503
British Policy, 214-5, 339
Brooks, Revd., 255
Bruce, Sir F., 24
Burial Ceremonies, 17, 19, 61-2, 136, 149, 465, 470, 475
Burning of Legations, 263, 364
Burying Alive, 147, 472
Caligraphy, Edict re, 195

Cantonese, lampooners, 84, 225, 491
reformers, 100, 185, 219, 220, 225, 418
Capture of Peking, 1860, 17 et seq.
Carl, Miss, 290, 492
Censorate, 86, 88, 122, 147, 163, 172, 195, 305, 488, 492, 494,
501, 512
and eunuchs, 82, 109
Chang Chih-tung, 140, 220, 278, 353, 398, 429, 483, 501-6
Chang Yin-huan, 173, 185, 202, 220-1, 228
Chao, Duke, 6
Chao Erh-hsün, 159
Chao Kuang-yin, Emperor, 133
Chao Shu-ch’iao, 256, 258, 269, 298, 324, 357, 364, 366-9, 370
Cheng, Prince, vide Tuan Hua
Ch’en Lien-fang, Dr., 216-19
Ch’en Pao-chen, 186, 196
Ch’en Tu-en, 53
Chia Ch’ing, Emperor, 247
Chia Hsun, Empress, vide A-Lu-Te
Chief Eunuch, vide Eunuchs
Ch’ien Lung, Emperor, 45, 83, 149, 164, 350, 442, 445
Ch’i Hsiu, 260-1, 264-5, 295, 314, 324, 367, 374
Chi Lu, Chamberlain, 361, 402, 415
China’s Foreign Policy, 338
Chinese Resident in Corea, 171, 201
Ching Hsin, 252
Ch’ing, Prince, 99, 104, 256, 259, 271, 278, 334, 342, 372, 374,
384, 438, 447, 450, 456, 473
Ching Shan, 224, 251-303, 327, 413, 478
death of, 251
Ching Yüan-shan, 219
Chi Shou-ch’eng, 255-6, 260, 272, 286, 291
Ch’i Ying, Envoy, 12, 502
Chou Dynasty, 315
Chou Tsu-p’ei, 41
Christianity, 105, 248, 260, 268, 313, 336, 392, 461, 505
Christians massacred, 282, 286, 292, 331, 415
Chuang, Prince, 270, 273, 282, 286, 357, 365, 370
Chu Hung-teng, 311
Ch’ung Ch’i, 118, 350, 351
Ch’ung Hou, 419, 501-2
Chung Li, 257
Ch’un, House of, 5, 158, 164, 446
Ch’un, Prince (brother of Kuang Hsü), 5, 302, 383, 444, 446,
451, 458, 462
Ch’un, Prince (the first), 5, 99, 121-2, 125, 130, 143, 158-65,
167, 446
adviser to Grand Council, 160
death of, 166
Clan Imperial, vide Imperial
Classical essays, vide Examinations
Coast Defences, 100, 328
“Cobbler’s Wax” Li, vide Li Lien-ying
“Cold Palace,” 32, 149
Colleges, 194, 196, 205, 222, 429, 461, 493
Concubines, Palace, 9, 107, 162, 209, 225, 231, 300, 408, 429
(also vide under “Pearl” and “Lustrous”)
Conferences, Palace, 125-6, 297, 457
Confucian system, 64, 136, 213, 226-7, 236, 245, 307, 328,
363, 488, 512
Confucius, 83, 469, 484-5
quoted, 113, 260, 288, 302, 319, 420
Conger, Mrs., 290, 488
Conservative Party, 194, 197, 201-10, 221, 229, 235
Conspiracy of Regents, vide Tsai Yuan
Constitutional Government, 106, 221, 425, 431, 438, 441, 450,
461, 468, 498
Consular Service, British, 339
Corea, 168, 170, 201, 390
Council, Grand, vide Grand
Coup d’état, 169 et seq., 201-210, 213, 438, 451, 505, 511
Court Ceremonies, 58, 75, 130, 153, 168, 178, 206, 208, 212,
218, 355, 412, 450, 462, 492
Court in exile, 97, 344
Court of Astronomers, 34, 117, 493
Court physicians, 217-8, 448, 457
Court’s return to Peking, 353, 357, 394, 399, 404-11, 486
Criminal Code, 431
Czar’s Coronation, 182
Dalai Lama, 448, 452, 454-5

Decrees:—
1860: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29
1861: 34, 42, 44, 45, 46, 54, 60
1864: 67, 86
1865: 60, 62
1866: 89
1869: 92, 93
1872: (T’ung Chih’s majority), 117
1873: (Foreign Ministers’ audiences), 115
1874: (T’ung Chih’s illness), 120
1884: (Dismissal of Prince Kung), 154
1889: (Position of Emperor’s father), 164
1894: (Tzŭ Hsi’s 60th birthday), 168
(Re Censor An Wei-chun), 175
1898: (Death of Prince Kung), 183
(Chinese versus Manchus), 231
(Coup d’état), 207, 221
(K’ang Yu-wei), 204, 226
(Reform Edicts), 186-7, 196-7, 199
(Re lawsuits), 240
(The Boxers charter), 241, 243
(Tzŭ Hsi’s policy), 237
(Weng T’ung-ho), 188
(Yüan Shih-k’ai), 203
1900: (Heir Apparent), 303
(Boxers Punished), 364, 367
(Disowning Boxers), 331
(Expiatory), 349
(Flight to Hsi-an), 354
(Return to Peking), 357
(Yangtsze Viceroys), 330
1901: (Conversion to Reform), 419-424, 426
(Cancels Boxer Edicts), 375
(Penitential), 376
1902: (Re Jung Lu), 414
(Reforms), 416
1903: (Death of Jung Lu), 437
1905: (Constitutional Government), 431-2
1908: (Death of Kuang Hsü), 460
(Imperial Succession), 462
(Regency), 465
(Tzŭ Hsi’s Valedictory), 467-9
(Valedictory), 461
Déthève, Dr., 217
Diplomatic Body, 241, 265, 335, 401, 412-3, 452, 495
ladies of, 214, 241, 290, 412, 434, 495
District magistrates, 199, 205, 235, 240, 243, 441
“Divine Mother,” 240
Du Chaylard, 268
Dynastic annals, 338, 437, 477
Edicts, vide Decrees

Educational Reform, 430, 505
Elephant, Tzŭ Hsi’s, 454
Elgin, Lord, 12, 24-5
Emperor of Japan, telegram to, 333, 335, 337
Emperor of Russia, telegram to, 333, 335
Emperor’s education, 87, 107, 127, 233
Empress Consort (Tzŭ An), vide Tzŭ An
Empress Dowager, vide Tzŭ Hsi, and Yehonala
Empress Dowager, widow of Kuang Hsü (Lung Yü), 4, 301, 447,
464-5
Empress Grand Dowager (Tzŭ Hsi), 464
Empress Mother, 35, 150, 177
Empress of Kuang Hsü, 163, 177, 209, 301, 346, 447
Empress of the East, vide Tzŭ An
Empress of the West, vide Tzŭ Hsi
En Hai, 271, 288, 305
En Ming, En Ch’u, En Ch’un, En Lin, sons of Ching Shan, 251-
303
Etiquette, vide Audiences, Ceremonies, Court, &c.
Eunuchs, place of origin, 85
all Manchus, 429
Chief Eunuch An Te-hai, 38, 63, 85, 88, 90 et seq., 122,
154, 259
Li Lien-ying, 82, 84-5, 94-5, 97-8, 208, 267, 300, 453,
472
and Dalai Lama, 448
and Pearl Concubine, 300
and the Navy funds, 169, 196
at Hsi-an, 355, 360
collecting tribute, 402
corrupt practices of, 353, 495
denounced by Censor, 174
during flight of Court, 341
hostility to Emperor of, 100, 179, 199
in disgrace, 102
power of, 103, 151, 162, 360, 435
supports Boxers, 258, 263, 279
Wei Chung, 83
Decree against, 89
duties at audiences, 85
Eunuch Sun, 184, 356
evil influences of, 81 et seq., 119, 494
Memorial denouncing, 107
under K’ang Hsi, 83
under Ming dynasty, 81, 152, 466
European morals, &c., 111, 268
Ever-victorious army, 66
Examinations, system of, 180, 187, 190, 192, 235-6, 429, 484
Extra-territoriality, 430
Flight of Court (1860), 18, 27

(1900), 300, 302, 340-62
Foot-binding, Edict re, 428
Foreign Office, vide Waiwupu and Tsungli Yamên
French Cathedral, Peking, destroyed, 276, 293
Funeral of Hsien-Feng, 38, 61
Jung Lu, 437
Tzŭ Hsi, 465, 470-5, 515
T’ung Chih, 501
Gendarmerie, Peking, 150, 276

German Emperor, 384
German Minister, vide Baron von Ketteler
Giers, de, Mr., 336
Ginseng, 441
Goddess of Mercy, Tzŭ Hsi as, 455
Gordon, General, 11, 66, 67, 73
Government Gazette, vide Official
Grand Council, 44, 159, 266, 275, 297, 464
Gros, Baron, 25
Han dynasty, 52, 391

Hanlin academy, 282, 293, 483
Hanlin diarist (1860), 14 et seq.
Hart, Sir R., 510
“Heavenly King,” vide Hung Hsiu-ch’uan
Heir Apparent, 253, 255, 257, 274-8, 281, 289, 303-4, 349, 358-
9, 360, 381, 451, 457, 511
deposed, 382
Hereditary rank, 56
Hillier, Sir W., 171
Hills, Eastern, 471
Honan fu, Court at, 399
Honorific titles, Tzŭ Hsi’s, 55, 469, 490
Household, Imperial, vide Imperial
House laws, dynastic, 90, 119, 122, 128, 133, 143, 159, 174,
381, 444, 462
Hsi-an, Court at, 101, 108, 354-5, 358, 492, 496
Hsien-Feng, Emperor, 2, 8, 11, 467
at Jehol, 23, 24, 30
burial, 61, 472
death of, 35, 85
eunuchs under, 85
heir born to, 12
tomb of, 149
Hsüan-hua fu, Court at, 342, 346
Prefect of, 247
Hsüan-T’ung, Emperor, 444, 459, 462
Hsü Ching-ch’eng, 269, 281, 291-2, 294, 307-26, 377
Hsü Shih-ch’ang, 6-7
Hsü Shih-ch’ing, 221
Hsü T’ung, 180-1, 253, 257, 263, 270, 302, 324, 366, 511
Hsü Ying-ku’ei, 190, 197, 202, 207, 232, 246
Hsü Yung-yi, 296
Huai-lai, Court at, 340-3
Huai Ta Pu, 194, 197, 202, 207
Hui Chang, 230
Hui Cheng (Tzŭ Hsi’s father), 2
Hundred Days, the, 213
Hung Hsiu-ch’uan, 67, 69, 71-3
“I-cheng-wang,” 56, 60
I-Ho Yüan, vide Summer Palace
Ili, Russians at, 112, 181, 501-3
Imperial Clan Court, 32, 44, 48, 213
Imperial Clans, 122, 187, 267, 325, 326, 418, 425, 447, 481
Imperial Clansmen, 40, 47, 54, 60, 91, 123, 158, 212, 326, 429
Imperial Commissioner, 370
Imperial Decrees, vide Decrees
Imperial Guards, 38
Imperial Household, tribute to, 86, 97, 99, 104, 359, 361
accounts of, 87, 103, 495
Comptrollers of, 87-8, 121, 151, 251, 259, 457
eunuchs in, 81 et seq.
Imperial Succession, vide Succession
Imperial Tombs, vide Tombs
Incantations of Boxers, 279, 315
Inspector General of Customs, 170, 510
Intermarriage, Chinese and Manchus, 428, 491
International jealousies, 333, 392
Iron-capped princes, 2, 6, 182
Ito, Prince, 391, 438
Jade, Emperor, 258, 270

Jadot, Monsieur, 407, 410-11
James, Professor, 272
Japan, war with, vide Wars
Jehol, Court at, 14 et seq., 27, 439, 484
Imperial Treasures at, 301
Su Shun’s Palace at, 45
Tsai Yüan conspiracy at, 30-40
Judicial reform, 430, 461
Jung Lu, 121, 124
and Eunuch An Te-hai, 85, 104
and Legations, 224, 266, 285
and Reformers, 221, 223, 231, 440
and Tsai Yüan Conspiracy, 32, 37, 40
and Weng T’ung-ho, 181
at T’ai-Yüan fu, 350, 352
audience with Kuang Hsü, 185
commander-in-chief, 222, 302, 352
death of, 415
his corrupt practices, 352
his daughter, 302, 447, 458
his wives, 274, 352, 458, 493
illness of, 404
in disgrace, 150-1
intimacy with Yehonala, 8, 225
opposes Boxers, 195, 224, 246, 260, 266, 440
relations with Emperor, 295, 352
with foreigners, 334, 413
restored, 168
Tartar General, Hsi-an, 103, 168, 440
telegram to Yangtsze Viceroys, 277
Tzŭ Hsi’s adviser, 224, 246, 297, 354, 387, 413
valedictory memorial, 438-442
Viceroy of Chihli, 188, 440
withholds artillery from Boxers, 284, 291
Kai-Feng, Court at, 104

K’ang-Hsi, Emperor, 37, 48, 74, 146, 190, 268, 346
Kang Yi, 178, 195, 241, 256-300, 354, 365
K’ang Yu-wei, 2, 8, 84, 184
character of, 192
flight from Peking, 204
plot against Tzŭ Hsi, 198, 225, 244, 293, 421, 440, 445, 511
Kansuh soldiery, 251, 262, 271, 276, 316, 360, 509
Kashgar, fall of, 509
Kauffmann, General, 508
Ketteler, vide Baron von
Kiaochao Bay, seizure of, 193, 390
Ko Pao-hua, 365, 370
Kotow, 111
“Kow-hsing,” s.s., 171
Kuang Hsü, Emperor, minority of, 51, 128, 149
and eunuchs, 82, 85, 110
a prisoner, 207, 211
assumes government, 161, 439
at Hsi-an fu, 358
character of, 105, 143
death of, 128, 443, 460
education of, 127, 152
elected by Tzŭ Hsi, 126, 129, 439
foreign sympathy for, 241
funeral of, 471, 473
his brothers, 386, 515
his concubines, 163
his consort, 163, 177, 209, 301, 346
his disposition, 179, 358, 415
his mother, 166
majority of, 164
marriage of, 161
opposed to Boxers, 269
personal appearance of, 218, 359
physical defects, 128
plots against Tzŭ Hsi, 198, 202
relations with Chang Chih-tung, 278
Heir Apparent, 281
Jung Lu, 352
Pearl Concubine, 300
Reformers, 181, 424
proposed deposition of, 252, 257, 274
relations with Tzŭ Hsi, 176, 438, 449
sickness of, 216, 383, 443-4, 448, 459
succession to, 462
Kuanshih, Court at, 340
Kuan Wen, 68
Kuei Ching, 119, 121
Kuei Hsiang, Duke, 6, 161, 209, 415
Kuei Liang, 24-5, 41
Kuei Pao, 120
Kung, Duke, 357
Kung, Prince (candidate for Throne, 1908), 5, 458
Kung, Prince (son of Tao-Kuang), 20, 126, 178
Adviser to the Government, 56, 154
assists Yehonala against Tsai Yuan, 33 et seq.
at Jehol, 32
death of, 183
degraded, 59, 155
his daughter, Princess Imperial, 56, 95
in retirement, 157
plenipotentiary, 27-29
quarrels with Tzŭ Hsi, 95, 149, 488
re-instated, 61, 63
K’un Ming Lake, 178, 204
Lake Palace, 206

Lan-chou fu, 372, 396, 509
Lan, Duke, vide Tsai Lan
Lawsuits, edict re, 239
Legation Guards, 256, 313, 332
Legations at Peking, 110, 214, 263, 271 et seq., 298, 433
Liang Ch’i-ch’ao, 196, 208, 327, 505
Liao Shou-heng, 178, 185
Li Ching-fang, 173
Lien Yuan, 296
Li Hsiu-ch’eng, 69, 71-73
Li Hung-chang, 76-7, 99, 100, 123, 170, 172, 176, 192, 201,
239, 336, 384, 387-9, 434, 501, 505
death of, 399
Li Hung-tsao, 156, 180, 193
Li Lien-ying, vide Eunuchs
Lin Hsü, Reformer, 202, 205
Li Ping-heng, 102, 246, 286, 292, 293-4, 297, 343, 348, 366,
505
Li, Prince, 157, 178, 262, 271, 275, 292
Li Shan, 269, 285, 296
Literati, 213, 235, 398, 418, 425, 492, 502
Li Tuan-fen, 202, 228-9
Liu Kuang-ti, 202
Liu K’un-yi, Viceroy, 220, 233, 274-5, 279, 327, 334, 395
Li Wan-ts’ai, 69
Lu Ch’uan-lin, 354, 358-9, 458
Lü, Empress, 52
Lü Hai-huan, 385
Lung Yü, Empress, 150, 177, 301, 464-5
“Lustrous” Concubine, 163, 408, 452
Magic arts of Boxers, 247, 261, 279

Mahomedan rebellion, 74, 117, 321, 503, 507-509
Ma Hsin-yi, 78
Manchu Field Force, 131, 167, 305
Clansmen, 4, 268
soldiery, 182, 228, 271
Manchurian provinces, 170, 176, 396, 490, 503, 507
Manchus versus Chinese, 166, 230, 270, 421, 427, 477
Masquerades, vide Palace Theatricals
Mausolea, vide Tombs
Ma Yu-k’un, General, 302, 343
Memorials:—
An Wei-chun, 172
Censorate, 271
Hsü Ying-ku’ei, 192
Hui Chang, 230
Jung Lu, 350, 436, 438-42
Li Hung-chang, 389
Li Tuan-fen, 229
Prince Ch’un, 165, 384
Re Eunuchs, 86, 88, 107
Southern Viceroys, 394-5
Tseng Quo-fan, 72, 74
Wu K’o-tu, 110 et seq., 142-7
Yüan Ch’ang and Hsü Ching-ch’eng, 292-3, 307-26
Yü Lu, Viceroy, 264
Mencius, quoted, 111, 163, 187, 273, 284, 287-8, 514
Military reorganisation, 194, 228, 386
Ming dynasty, 144, 186, 246, 253, 312, 428, 431, 466
Mining Bureau, Peking, 196
Ministers, foreign, vide Diplomatic Body
Missionaries, 78, 241, 255, 287, 292, 318, 329, 415, 505, 513
Mission to Berlin, 383-386
abroad (1905), 431
Morrison, Dr., vide “Times”
Muyanga, 2, 9
Nanking re-captured, 48, 66 et seq.

Na T’ung, 31, 264-5, 285, 296
Navy funds, 98
naval reorganisation, 163, 167, 196, 386, 503
Ning Shou Palace, 301, 403, 496
Niuhulu, 7, 10
North and South factions, 180 et seq.
Nurhachu, 1, 4, 5, 371, 429
“Ocean Terrace,” 207, 455, 460

Official Gazettes, 196, 204, 222
Old Buddha, vide Tzŭ Hsi, also Yehonala
Opium smoking (Tzŭ Hsi), 411, 496, 504
abolition of, 430, 497, 509
Palace eunuchs, vide Eunuchs

orgies, 90, 120
politics, 4, 184, 231, 353
Theatricals, 87, 88, 256, 356, 400, 454-5
Palace harem, 9, 162, 408, 429
P’an Tsu-yin, 180
Pao-Ting Fu, Court at, 405
Pao Yun, 147, 156
Parkes (Sir), Harry, 16, 21, 271
Peace negotiations, 342, 356, 381, 400
Peace protocol, 357, 364, 376, 383, 398, 401, 478
Pearl Concubine, 163, 209, 300, 403
Peking, capture of (1860), 14, 22
bombardment (1900), 297
Peking University, 187, 194
P’eng Yu-lin, 68
Penitential Decree, 376
Mission, 384-6
Phœnix flag, 92
“P’i Hsiao,” Li, vide Li Lien-ying (under eunuchs)
Plot against Tzŭ Hsi, 225
Po Ch’un, 31
Police, Peking, 6, 512
Port Arthur, 99
Portrait of Tzŭ Hsi, 290, 483
Portsmouth Treaty, 506
Post-roads, banishment to, 176, 209, 228
Press Bureau, Shanghai, 204, 511
Press, native, 109, 196, 229, 433, 477, 491
foreign, 433, 448
Princess Imperial, 178, 262, 493
Privy Purse, 40, 45, 98, 162, 353, 355, 495
P’u Chün, vide Heir Apparent
P’u Lun, Prince, 5, 122-3, 125, 300, 342, 446-7, 458-9
P’u T’ung, Prince, 361
P’u Yi (Emperor Hsuan T’ung), 444, 459, 462
Railway journey, Court’s, 401, 404-11, 414

Reactionaries, vide Conservatives
Rebellion, vide Taiping, Mahomedan, &c.
Red Girdles, vide Aisin Gioros
Reform Decrees, 185-200
Repeal of, 209, 222
Reform Movement, 108, 169, 190-215, 220, 230, 418, 424, 430,
441, 469
Regency, Joint of Empresses Dowager, 4, 44, 51 et seq., 65, 94,
117, 118, 121, 127, 468
Regency of Tsai Yuan, 30 et seq., 42, 439
Regency of Tzŭ Hsi, 148 et seq., 180
Regent, Prince Ch’un (1908), 5, 447, 458-9, 462, 473
Relief of Legations, 298, 334
Republic, Chinese, 245
Revolutionary Movement, 194, 227, 237, 245, 249, 457
Rewards for killing Europeans, 100, 271, 276, 281, 285, 331,
365
Russian Policy, 23, 82, 171, 176, 181, 336, 396, 434, 502-3
Russians at Ili, 112, 181, 501-3

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Essentials of Sociology 8th Edition

Brinkerhoff Test Bank

2. Inequality becomes stratification when it is institutionalized and:

7. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

9. The process of changing one抯 social class is called:

25. Income inequality in the United States:

37. According to structural-functional theory, stratification is necessary because:

39. A major criticism of the structural-functional theory of stratification is that it:

40. Which theory of stratification offers a supply-and-demand explanation of occupational rewards?

41. Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional theory of stratification?

42. According to Karl Marx, inequality is caused by:

43. Marxists generally believe that inequality:

45. A major criticism of the conflict perspective on stratification is that it:

46. Reproductive labor refers to:

53. The best predictor of your eventual social class is:

60. A set of beliefs that rationalizes current social structures is called:

61. Studies of different stratification systems indicate that:

67. In 2009, the poverty level for a family of four was:

80. Today, most people in the U.S. who are millionaires:

83. Research suggests that an important key to reducing inequality is:

86. All of the following are intended outcomes of development EXCEPT:

87. Development is a major goal in:

91. The Human Development Index includes measures of:

99. Sociologists find that war reflects changing relations:

100. To scholars of global relations, terrorism:

1. Inequality becomes stratification when it is institutionalized and based upon membership in a

ANS: T REF: 152 OBJ: 7.1

ANS: F REF: 153 OBJ: 7.2

ANS: T REF: 155 OBJ: 7.5

ANS: T REF: 155 OBJ: 7.4|7.5

5. Conflict theory offers a supply-and-demand explanation for occupational rewards.

ANS: F REF: 158 OBJ: 7.7

ANS: T REF: 161 OBJ: 7.9|7.10

ANS: F REF: 161 OBJ: 7.9

ANS: T REF: 163 OBJ: 7.1|7.7

ANS: F REF: 163 OBJ: 7.9

ANS: F REF: 167 OBJ: 7.9

ANS: F REF: 169 OBJ: 7.10

ANS: T REF: 170 OBJ: 7.10

ANS: F REF: 175 OBJ: 7.12

ANS: T REF: 176 OBJ: 7.14

ANS: T REF: 179 OBJ: 7.15

REF: 152 OBJ: 7.1

REF: 154 OBJ: 7.3

3. How does social class differ from class?

REF: 155 OBJ: 7.4

4. What does socioeconomic status include?

REF: 155 OBJ: 7.4

5. According to structural-functional theory, a society needs to offer high rewards as an incentive to

REF: 158 OBJ: 7.7

6. What is meant by the concept of 揷 ulture of poverty?

REF: 166 OBJ: 7.9

7. In the U.S. who are the true upper class?

REF: 171 OBJ: 7.10

8. What are the basic dimensions of the human development index?

REF: 174 OBJ: 7.12

REF: 176 OBJ: 7.14

REF: 177 OBJ: 7.14

4. What is 搕he American Dream?? How is it related to social inequality?

Actors, Palace, 86, 87, 492

Banishment, vide Post-roads

Caligraphy, Edict re, 195