Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10.2
(a) 20 log (120)= 41.6 dB | 20 log -60 = 35.6 dB | 20 log (50000)= 94.0 dB
20 log -100000 = 100 dB | 20 log(0.90)= −0.915 dB
(b) 20 log (600)= 55.6 dB | 20 log (3000)= 69.5 dB | 20 log -106 = 120 dB
20 log(200000)= 106 dB | 20 log(0.95)= −0.446 dB
(c) 10 log (2x109 ) = 93.0 dB | 10 log (4x105 ) = 56.0 dB
10 log (6x108 ) = 87.8 dB | 10 log(1010 ) = 100 dB
Ai =
I o 1.71V
Ii
=
32
0.1V
102k
= 5.45x104 ( )
AidB = 20log 5.45x104 = 94.7 dB
Ap =
Po 45.2mW
=
Vi I i 49.0nW
= 9.22x105 ( )
ApdB = 10log 9.22x105 = 59.6 dB
24.8 + 94.7
Checking : dB = 59.8 dB
2
10.4
Av = 20log(Av ) | Using our calulator solver or MATLAB yields Av = 29.353
10.5
(a)
4
vO
2
0
vS
-2
-4 x10 -3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Ap =
30W
.0025V (45.5nA)
( )
= 5.27 x 1011 | 10log 5.27x1011 = 117 dB
2
78.9 + 156
Checking : = 117 dB
2
10.7
2
29.0 + 105
Checking : = 67.0 dB
2
Rth
+
v th
-
10.10
2P
V = 2PR | I=
R
The 32- case represents a good trade off between voltage and current for battery powered
applications.
R () V (V) I (mA)
8 1.27 158
32 2.53 79.1
1000 14.1 14.1
v2 v2 v v
g22 = : i2 = + 2 + 125 2 → g22 = 79.3
i2 v1 =0
220k 10k 10k
10.12
g22 =
v2
i2
: v2 = (i2 − 0.04va )60k + i2 1k 2.5k( )| (
va = −i2 1k 2.5k )
v1 =0
0.0 4 v a
2.5 k
i1 i2
+ - i2 +
va
v2
v1 = 0 1k
-
10.14
i1
g11 = : v1 = 103 i1 → g11 = 1.00 x 10−3 S
v1 i =0
2
i1
g12 = : i1 = −i2 → g12 = −1.00
i2 v1 =0
v2 v2
g22 = : i2 = → g22 = 30 k
i2 v1 =0
30k
(a) Vo = Vi
Rin RL
A | A = 1020 = 501.2
Rin + RI RL + Rout
106
6 (
501.2) = 485.5 | AvdB = 20 log(485.5)= 53.7 dB
16
Av =
10 + 10
3
0.5 + 16
485.5Vi
Io
Ai = =
Ii
16
Vi
( )
= 3.041 x 107 | AidB = 20 log 3.041 x 107 = 150 dB
10 + 106
3
485.5Vi
485.5V
VI
( )
i
Ap = o o = 16 = 485.5 3.041 x 107 = 1.478 x 1010
Vi I i V
Vi 3 i 6
10 + 10
( )
ApdB = 10 log 1.478 x 1010 = 102 dB
2
(b) 1 = 2 16 → V
V 5.657
O
= 5.657 V | Vi = = 11.65 mV
( ) O
485.5
I o2 I2 1
(c) R out and R L see the same current. P =
2
RL → o =
2 16
I o2 1 I i2 0.01165 2 106
PR out = R = 0.5 = 31.25 mW | PR in = Rin = 3 = 67.7 pW
2 16 2 10 + 106 2
P = 31.25mW + 67.7 pW = 31.3 mW
10.18
2(0.1W )
= 91.3 mA | v = io (28 + 24) = 4.75 V
2Po
io = =
RL 24
10.19
2(0.1W )
= 14.1 mA | v = io (28 + 1000) = 14.5 V
2Po
io = =
RL 1000
10.20
Rin RL
Vo = Vi A To maximize the output voltage, Rin = and Rout = 0
Rin + RI RL + Rout
Vo2 202
Vo = AVi = −2000Vi | Vo = 0.01V (−2000)= −20 V | P =
12.5W
= = 12.5 W | AP = =
2RL 2(16) 0
10.21
74
30k 2k
Av = −10 20 = −5010 | − 5010 = A → A = −5440
30k + 1k 2k + 0.1k
AdB = 20log(5440)= 74.7 dB
10.22
RI Rout Rout RI
i1 = ii io = i1 Ai = Rin = 0 Rout = Aimax =
RI + Rin Rout + RL Rout + RL RI + Rin
10.23
10-8 ©R. C. Jaeger & T. N. Blalock
04/3/2010
10 A(4000) 10 = 80.0 mW
2
2 −6
I 80mW
Rin = 0 | Rout = | P = o
RL = 4
| AP = =
2 2 0
10.24
RI Rout 200k 300k
Io = Ii | 150 = → = 182
RI + Rin Rout + RL 200k + 10k 300k + 47k
10.25
RS should be RI.
Vo
Vo
Vo I o RL Vo 2 RI + Rin
AP = = =
Vi I i
Vi
Vi Vi RL
RI + Rin
2 Vo 2
V R + R = 10log + 10log RI + Rin
APdB = 10log o I in
Vi RL Vi RL
V RL RL
APdB = 20log o −10log = AvdB −10log
Vi RI + Rin RI + Rin
Vo I o I o RL I o I o 2 RL
AP = = =
Vi I i I i (RI + Rin )I i I i RI + Rin
2 I o 2 RL
Io RL
AidB = 10log = 10log + 10log
I i RI + Rin Ii RI + Rin
I RL RL
APdB = 20log o + 10log = AidB + 10log
Ii RI + Rin RI + Rin
A + AidB
Note : APdB = vdB
2
(−1200) (−1200)
5000 5000 500
Av = = +5.45 x 105
5000+ 1000 5000+ 500 500 + 500
( )
AvdB = 20log 5.45 x 10 = 115 dB
5
( )
5
I o 5.45x10 Vi 1
Ai = = = +6.54 x 106 | AidB = 20log 6.54 x 106 = 136 dB
Ii 500 Vi
6000
(
5.45x10 Vi +6.54x106 I i
5
)
AP =
Vi I i
= +3.56 x 1012 | APdB = 10log 3.56x1012 = 126 dB( )
10.27
In the dc steady state, the internal circuit voltages cannot exceed the power supply limits.
(a) +15 V (b) -9 V
10.28
dvO 12 − 4
(a) For VB = 0.6V , VO = +8V | Av = = = −40
dvI v I =0.6V
0.5 − 0.7
Av = 32 dB AV = 180 o
| VM 0.100 V for linear operation
(b) vI (t )= (0.6 + 0.1sin1000t ) V vO (t )= (8 − 4sin1000t ) V
10.29
4−2
(a) For V
dvO
= 0.8V , VO = +3V | Av = = = −10
0.7 − 0.9
B
dvI v I =0.8V
(b) For V
dvO
B = 0.2V , VO = +14V | Av = =0
dvI v I =0.2V
vI (t )= (0.8 + 0.2sin1000t ) V The output signal will be distorted for any value of VM .
vO (t )= 14V + Fourier Series for the distorted waveform.
10.31
dvO 12 − 4
(a) For VB = 0.6V , VO = +8V | Av = = = −40
dvI v I =0.6V
0.5 − 0.7
Av = 32 dB AV = 180 o
| VM 0.100 V for linear operation
(b) vI (t )= (0.6 + 0.1sin1000t ) V vO (t )= (8 − 4sin1000t ) V
14
vO
12
10
4
Time
2
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
There are only two spectral components: 8 V at dc and -4 V at 159 Hz
12
10
Time
6
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Using the MATLAB FFT capability with a fundamental frequency of 1000/2 Hz:
t=linspace(0,2*pi/1000,1000);
y=12-4*sin(1000*t).*(sin(1000*t)>=0)-sin(1000*t).*(sin(1000*t)<0);
z=fftshift(fft(y))/1000;
yields the following series:
vO (t) =11.05 − 2.50sin(1000t ) + 0.638cos(2000t) + 0.127cos(4000t ) + 0.0546cos(6000t)Note:
It is worth plotting this function to see if it is correct.
The Fourier coefficients may also be calculated directly using MATLAB. For example, for the
cosine terms:
Define a function:
function y=four(t)
y=cos(fn*1000*t).*(12-4*sin(1000*t).*(sin(1000*t)>=0)-
sin(1000*t).*(sin(1000*t)<0));
global fn
fn=0; quad('four',0,pi/500)*1000/pi
10.34
5V
vI = 0.004sin2000t V | Av = = 1250 | Third and fifth harmonics are present.
0.004V
0.52 + 0.202
THD = 100 % = 10.8 %
5
ans =
Columns 1 through 12
2.4588 0.0038 5.3105 0.0066 1.3341 0.0026 0.4427 0.0028 0.0883 0.0012
0.1863 0.0023
The record length for the fft is 0.002 second so the fft coefficients are at 500 Hz intervals. The
dc and 1st through 5th harmonics are underlined above. Note that these are only half the actual
magnitudes except for the dc component. The other half of the FFT outputs are folded about the
Nyquist frequency. Also note that the phases are not listed above. Some represent sin terms and
some are cosine terms.
10.36
t=linspace(0,0.002,512);
y=max(-1,min(1,1.5*sin(1400*pi*t)));
plot(t,y)
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10 -3
w=1400*pi*linspace(0,0.001428571,512);
y=max(-1,min(1,1.5*sin(w)));
s=fft(y)/512;
ymag=sqrt(s.*conj(s));
y2=ymag.*ymag;
sumy2=sum(y2)-2*y2(1)-2*y2(2);
thd=100*sqrt(sumy2)/(2*y2(2)) thd = 18.3929 %
-2
-4
-6
-8
EDU>> s=fft(v)/2048;
-10
EDU>> smag=sqrt(s.*conj(s));
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-3
EDU>> smag([1:12]) x 10
ans =
Columns 1 through 12
0.0000 0.0034 5.0534 0.0055 0.0025 0.0007 0.6091 0.0033 0.0021 0.0014
0.0940 0.0019
The dc and 1st through 5th harmonics are underlined above. The only significant terms are the
odd order distortion terms (in blue), since tanh is an odd function. Note that these are only half
the actual magnitudes. The other of the FFT outputs are folded about the Nyquist frequency.
0.60912 + 0.09402
THD = 100% = 12.2%
5.0534
Reconstruction of the signal from the three dominant components appears below.
EDU>> vo=2*(5.0534*sin(2000*pi*t)+0.6091*sin(6000*pi*t)+.0940*sin(10000*pi*t));
EDU>> plot(t,vo)
10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
10-16 ©R. C. Jaeger & T. N. Blalock
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
-3
2
04/3/2010
x 10
10-17 ©R. C. Jaeger & T. N. Blalock
04/3/2010
10.38
60
(
1000)
1M 1k V
A = 10 = 1000 | Vo = Vi
20
| Av = o = 883 or 59.7 dB
1M + 5k 1k + 25 Vi
(
1M + 5k)= 8.87x105 or 119 dB
Vi 883Vi I o 883
Ii = and I o = | Ai = =
1M + 5k 1k I i 1000
( )
AP = Av Ai = 883 8.87x105 = 7.83x108 or 88.9 dB | Vi =
Vo 5V
=
Av 883
= 5.66 mV
10.39
30
(31.6)
5k 1k V
A = 20 = 31.6 | Vo = Vi
20
and Av = o = 7.91 or 18.0 dB
5k + 5k 1k + 1k Vi
Vo 7.5V
Vi = = = 0.948 V Since R out has the same value as R L , the power
Av 7.91
dissipated in R out is also 0.5W. The power dissipated in R id will be
Vs 2
Vid2 2 V2
= s where Vs = o and Vo = 2(0.5W )(1000) = 31.6V
V
PI = =
2Rid 2Rid 8Rid 7.91
(31.6V 7.91)
2
10.40
2(100W ) I o2 Rout
Io = = 2 A and 2W or Rout 1.0
50 2
10.41
Rid
0.99mV 1mV → Rid 4.95 M
Rid + 50k
11.42
120
vo 15V
A = 10 20
= 106 | vid = = = 15 V
A 106
15V 15V
10−6V requires A 15x106 or 144 dB | i+ = = 15 pA
A 1M
10.44
(a) A = −46.8 | 20log(46.8)= 33.4 dB | Rin = R1 = 4.7 k | Rout = 0
R2 220k
v =− =−
R1 4.7k
10.45
10.46
= −10.9 | Vo = −10.9(0.05V )= −0.547V | vo (t )= −0.547sin(4638t ) V
R2 8200
Av = − =−
R1 750
= 66.7A | ii (t )= 66.7sin(4638t ) A
Vi 0.05V
Ii = =
R1 750
10.47
0.15V
(e) I
0.22V
I = = 10.0 A | iI = sin2500t = 6.82sin2500t A
22k 22k
iI = (10.0 - 6.82sin2500t ) A
(f ) i o = -ii IO = −10.0 A io = −6.82sin2500t A iO = (-10.0 - 6.82sin2500t ) A
(g ) v - =0
(b) -12 −5.00 −10V sin5000t → V 0.700 V | − 5.00 −10V sin5000t +12 → V 1.70
i i i i
Vi = min(0.700,1.70)= 0.700 V
max
-12 2.50 −10Vi sin2000t → Vi 1.45 V | 2.50 −10Vi sin2000t +12 → Vi 0.480
Vi max = min(0.480,1.45)= 0.480 V
10.49
(a) A = − 7.5k = −20 V = A V = -20(−0.2V )= +4.00 V V = A V = −20V
150k
v O v I o v i i
(b) -10 4.00 − 20V sin2000t → V 0.700 V | 4.00 − 20V sin2000t +10 → V 0.300
i i i i
Vi = min(0.700,0.300)= 0.300 V
max
The - 0.6 V dc input saturates the output against the postive power supply rail.
10.50
(a) A = − 8.2k = −19.5
160k
v
(b) The equivalent input source now has an 1.5 k resistor in the circuit between vI and R1 ,
R2 160k
and the the gain from vI to the output now becomes Av = − =− = −16.5
RI + R1 1.5k + 8.2k
10.51
R2 220k 220k(1.1) 220k(0.9)
Avnom = − =− = −46.8 | Avmax = − = −57.2 | Avmin = − = −38.3
R1 4.7k 4.7k(0.9) 4.7k(1.1)
Rinnom = R1 = 4.70 k | Rinmax = 4.7k(1.1)= 5.17 k | Rinmin = 4.7k(0.9)= 4.23 k
10.53
26
R
Rin = R1 = 30 k | Av = − 2 = −1020 = −20.0 → R2 = 20.0R1 = 600k
R1
Using the closest values from Appendix A, R1 → 30.1 k and R2 → 604 k
604 k
The values for the final design are Av = − = −20.1 and Rin = 30.1 k
30.1 k
10.54
40
R
Rin = R1 = 1.5 k | Av = − 2 = −10 20 = −100 → R2 = 100R1 = 150k
R1
The resistors exist as standard values.
10.55
12
R2
Rin = R1 = 100 k | Av = − = −1020 = −3.98 → R2 = 3.98R1 = 398 k
R1
R1 is a standard value. 402 k represents the closest value to R2 .
402k
The values for the final design are Av = − = −4.02 and Rin = 100 k
100 k
−−−
A closer but less cost effective solution is to use three resistors:
Using the closest 1% values from Appendix A, R1 →100 k and R2 → 301k + 97.6k
398.6k
The values for the final design are Av = − = −3.97 and Rin = 100 k
100k
−−−
If 5% resistors were utilized, the choices would be R1 = 100 k and R2 = 390 k.
vTH = vO
20k
20k + 100k 6
v
(
= O and RTH = 100k + 20k 100k = 117 k )
vo
vI v
= − 6 → Av = O = −70.2 | Rin = 10 k | Rout = 0
10k 117 k vI
10.57
The op amp is ideal, so the non - inverting input is a virtual ground, and
vO
input current iTH must flow out through feedback resistor R2 . iTH = − → vO = −iTH R
R
10.58
vI vI v R
iTH = | RTH = R1 | vO = −iTH R2 = − R2 → Av = O = − 2
R1 R1 vI R1
10.59
vO 5V
R=− →R= = 2 M
iTH 2.5A
10.60
= 83.9 | 20log(83.9)= 38.5 dB | Rin = | Rout = 0
R2 680k
Av = 1+ = 1+
R1 8.2k
10.61
= 10.0 | VO = 10.0(0.04V )= 0.400V | vo (t )= 0.400sin9125t V
R2 8200
Av = 1+ = 1+
R1 910
10.62
(f ) i
vO 5.28V 2.88
=+ IO = = 15.0 A I o = = 8.18A io = 8.18sin3250t A
R1 + R2
O
352k 352k
iO = (15.0 − 8.18sin3250t ) A
(g ) v - = v I = (0.33− 0.18sin3250t ) V
10.64
(a) A = 262 | 20log(262)= 48.4 dB
R2 47k
nom
v = 1+ = 1+
R1 0.18k
Idea op amp : Rin = 10k + = | Rout = 0
47k(1.1) 47k(0.9)
(b) A max
v = 1+
0.18k(0.9)
= 320 | Avmin = 1+
0.18k(1.1)
= 215
(c) Tolerances: (d )
320
+ 22%, −18% = 1.49 :1
215
(e) function count=c;
c=0;
for i=1:500,
r1=180*(1+0.2*(rand-0.5));
r2=47000*(1+0.2*(rand-0.5));
a=1+r2/r1;
anom=1+47000/180;
if (a>=0.95*anom & a<=1.05*anom), c=c+1; end;
end
c
Executing this function twenty times yields 44% .
10.66
6
R
Av = 1+ 2 = 1020 = 2.00 → R2 = R1. Any value could theoretically be used, but
R1
we don' t want a heavy load on a real op amp, so we should choose the resistors to be
at least in the 10 - k range or so. A third 100 - k resistor is added in shunt with the input
as in Fig. P11.23(b). R1 →10.0 k, R2 →10.0 k, and R3 →100 k
10.0 k
The values for the final design are Av = 1+ = 2.00 and Rin = 100 k
10.0 k
10.67
33
R2
Av = 1+ = 1020 = 44.7 → R2 = 43.7R1
R1
There are many possible pairs of values in Appendix A. Two choices are
R1 → 4.99 k and R2 → 215 k or R1 → 2 k and R2 → 86.6 k
86.6 k
The values for the final design are Av = 1+ = 44.3
2.00 k
10.68
(a) A
R2 100k
v = 1+ = 1+ = +6.00 | Rin = 47k = 47 k
R1 20k
(b) Voltage follower : A v = +1 | Rin = 560k = 560 k
11.69
R3 R 47k 47k
vO = − v1 − 3 v2 = − v1 − v2 = −47v1 − 23.5v2
R1 R2 1k 2k
vO (t )= −47(0.01) sin3770t + −23.5(0.04) sin10000t
vO (t )= (−0.470sin3770t − 0.94sin10000t ) V and v- (t ) 0
10-24 ©R. C. Jaeger & T. N. Blalock
04/3/2010
10.70
R R R
(a) v = (0)− 2R v + () v + () v + (0)−
R
1 − 1 − v = −0.3750sin4000t V
4R 8R 16R
O I I I I
R R R
(b) v = () v + (0)− v + () v + ()
R
1 − 1 − 1 − v = −0.6875sin4000t V
2R 4R 8R 16R
O I I I I
10.71
1
Ron = | The worst - case condition for the switches occurs
Kn (VGS − VTN − VDS )
' W
L
for the one with VDS 0 and VSB = 0. If VREF = 3V and Ron = 0.01(10k)= 100,
10k
VD = VREF = 3V and VS = 3V = 2.97V | VDS = 0.03V
10k + 100
(
VTN = 1+ 0.5 2.97 + 0.6 − .6 = 1.56V )
W 1 455
= =
L 5x10−5 (100) (5 − 2.97)−1.56 − 0.03 1
W 1 50
When the grounded transistor is on, VDS = 0 | = =
L 5x10 (100)5 −1− 0 1
−5
10.72
(a ) Using Eq. 10.63, A
R2 10R
v =− =− = −10
R1 R
(b) R
v2 v1
in2 = = 11R = 110 k | Rin1 = = R = 10 k
i2 v1 =0
i1 v
2 =0
V2 3.1V
Checking : I2 = = = 2.82 A which agrees within roundoff error .
R + 10R 110k
Also, IO = I1 within roundoff error.
10.74
10.75
3x109 s2 3x109 s2
(a) Ai (s)= s2 + 51s + 50 s2 + 13000s + 3x107 = s + 1 s + 50 s + 3000 s + 10000
( )( ( )( )( ) )( )
Zeros : s = 0, s = 0 | Poles: s = -1, s = -50, s = -3000, s = -10000
(b) A (s)= s
(
105 s2 + 51s + 50 ) | Zeros : s = -1, s = -50
+ 1000s + 50000s + 20000s + 13000s + 3x107
v 5 4 3 2
20 2 x 104
fL = = 10 Hz | f H = = 10 kHz | BW = 10kHz −10Hz = 9.99 kHz
2 2
Bandpass Amplifier
10.77
104 s
Av = | High - pass Amplifier | A mid = +104 = 80 dB
s + 200
200
fL = = 100 Hz | f H = | BW =
2
10.78
2 x 106 104
Av = = → Low - pass Amplifier | A mid = +104 = 80 dB
s + 200 s
1+
200
200
f L = 0 Hz | f H = = 100 Hz | BW = 100Hz − 0Hz = 100 Hz
2
10.79
o
7 5 s
Av (s)=
10 s 10 s Q
= 102 2 = Amid
s + 10 s + 10
2 5 14
s + 105 s + 1014 o
s2 + s + 2o
Q
107
107
Bandpass Amplifier | Amid = 100 = 40 dB | f o = = 1.592 MHz | Q = o5 = 5 = 100
2 10 10
1.592MHz
BW = = 15.92 kHz | For a high Q circuit :
100
BW
fL fo − = 1.592MHz −15.92kHz = 1.584 MHz
2
BW
fH fo + = 1.592MHz + 15.92kHz = 1.600 MHz
2
10.81
4 2 x 1014 s2
Av (s) =
(s + 20 )(s + 50 )(s + 2 x 105 )(s + 2 x 106 )
103 s2
Av (s) = | Amid = 1000 = 60 dB
s s
(s + 20 )(s + 50 )1+ 5
1+ 6
2 x 10 2 x 10
Zeros: s = 0, s = 0 | Poles: s = -20 , s = -50 , s = -2 x 105, s = -2 x 106
103
For s >> 50 , Av (s)
s s
1+ 5
1+ 6
2 x 10 2 x 10
Since the two high frequency poles are separated in frequency by a decade,
2 x 105
fH = 100 kHz | However, we are not that lucky at low frequencies.
2
103 s2 103 2L 103
For s << 2 x 105 , Av (s) | Av (j L ) = =
(s + 20 )(s + 50 ) 2 2 2
L + (20 ) 2L + (50 ) 2
L4 − (20 ) + (50 ) 2L − (20 ) (50 ) = 0 → L = 178 | f L =
2 2 2 2 178
= 28.3 Hz
2
BW = f H − f L = 100 kHz
60
50
40
Gain dB
30
20
10
0
10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
Frequency (rad/sec)
100
50
0
Phase d eg
-50
-100
-150
-200
10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
Frequency (rad/sec)
10.83
Using MATLAB: n=[1e4 0]; d=[1 200*pi]; bode(n,d)
Bode Diagrams
80
70
60
50
40
100
80
60
40
20
0 1
10 10 2 10 3 10 4
Frequency (rad/sec)
80
75
70
65
60
55
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100 2
10 10 3 10 4
Frequency (rad/sec)
10.85
Using MATLAB: n=[1e7 0]; d=[1 1e5 1e14]; bode(n,d)
100
50
Gain d B
-50
-100
10 6 10 7 10 8
Frequency (rad/sec)
100
50
Phase deg
-50
-100
10 6 10 7 10 8
Frequency (rad/sec)
20
Gain d B
10
0
10 5 10 6 10 7
Frequency (rad/sec)
200
Phase d eg
150
100
10 5 10 6 10 7
Frequency (rad/sec)
10.87
Using MATLAB:
n=[4e14*pi^2 0 0];
p1=[1 20*pi]; p2=[1 50*pi]; p3=[1 2e5*pi]; p4=[1 2e6*pi];
d=conv(conv(p1,p2),conv(p3,p4));
bode(n,d)
60
40
20
Gain d B
-20
-40
-60
10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8
Frequency (rad/sec)
200
100
Phase deg
-100
-200
10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
10 7 10 8
Frequency (rad/sec)
10.89
104 s 104 j 104 jf
Av (s)= | Av (j )= =
s + 200 j + 200 jf + 100
104 f
Av (j ) = | Av (j )= 90o − tan −1
f
f 2 + 1002 100
10.90
Using MATLAB:
n=[2e6*pi]; d=[1 200*pi]; w=2*pi*[2 2000 200000];
a=freqs(n,d,w); am=abs(a); ap=angle(a)*180/pi
Magnitudes: 9998 4472 5.000
Phases: -1.1458 -63.4349 -89.9714
( )
(a) vO = 100sin 4t + 88.9o mV
(b) v = 44.7sin(4000t + 2.86 )mV
O
o
(c) v
O = 1.42sin(10 t + 90.2 ) mV
7 o
10.92
Using MATLAB:
n=[-20 0 -2e13]; d=[1 1e4 1e12];
w=2*pi*[1.59e5 5e4 2e5];
a=freqs(n,d,w);
am=abs(a)
ap=angle(a)*180/pi
Magnitudes: 3.8242 19.9999 19.9953
Phases: 101.0233 179.8003 -178.7570
( )
(a) vO = 0.956sin 3.18x105 t + 101o V
(b) v = 5.00sin(10 t + 180)V
O
5
10.94
2x108
26
(a) A
20 20
= +10 = +20 | Av =
20
= =
s + 107
mid
s s
1+ 1+ 7
(
2 x 5 x 106 ) 10
2x108
(b) Av =−
s + 107
10.95
2 x 107 s
40
2 x 107 s
(b) Av (s)= −
(s + 400 )(s + 2 x 10 ) 5
70
60
50
40
30
20 -60 dB/dec
10
200
150
100
50
-50
-100 4
10 10 5 10 6
Frequency (rad/sec)
-1
-2
-3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10 -3
10.98
Vo R2 1 R2 1.5k
= | Amid = = = 0.600 | Amid-dB = −4.44 dB
Vs R1 + R2 s R1 + R2 1k + 1.5k
1+
H
1 1
fH = = = 26.5 kHz
( ) (
2 R1 R2 C 2 1k 1.5k 0.01F )
10.99
Vo R2 1 R2 100k
= | Amid = = = 0.909 | Amid-dB = −0.828 dB
Vs R1 + R2 s R1 + R2 10k + 100k
1+
H
1 1
fH = = = 1.75 kHz
( ) (
2 R1 R2 C 2 10k 100k 0.01F )
10.100
10-36 ©R. C. Jaeger & T. N. Blalock
04/3/2010
−0.5
(a) A
R2
10 20
= 0.944 | 0.944 → R2 9440 | Choose R2 = 10 k
560 + R2
mid
1 1
C= = = 0.015 F
(
2 R1 R2 f H ) ( )
2 560 10k 20kHz
(b) R 2 = 10 k | C = 15.0 nF
10.101
R2 1
( ) v R s | Av (0)= −
R2 10k 1 1
a A = − =− = −5 | f H = = = 15.9 kHz
1 R1 2k 2R2C 2 (10k)(0.001F )
1+
H
(b) A (0)= − R
R2 56k 1 1
=− = −20.7 | f H = = = 28.4 kHz
2R2C 2 (56k)(100 pF )
v
1 2.7k
10.102
20
10.103
2 x 106 104
Av = = → Low - pass Amplifier | A mid = +104 = 80 dB
s + 200 s
1+
200
200
f L = 0 Hz | f H = = 100 Hz | BW = 100Hz − 0Hz = 100 Hz
2
The circuit is a low - pass amplifier.
10.104
Vo R2 s R2 20k
= | Amid = = = 0.709 | Amid-dB = −2.98 dB
Vs R1 + R2 s + L R1 + R2 8.2k + 20k
1 1
fL = = = 564 Hz
2 (R1 + R2 )C 2 (8.2k + 20k)0.01F
10-37 ©R. C. Jaeger & T. N. Blalock
04/3/2010
10.105
Vo R2 s R2 78k
= | Amid = = = 0.886 | Amid-dB = −1.05 dB
Vs R1 + R2 s + L R1 + R2 10k + 78k
1 1
fL = = = 181 Hz
2 (R1 + R2 )C 2 (10k + 78k)0.01F
10.106
−0.5
(a) A
R2
10 20
= 0.944 | 0.944 → R2 5560 | Choose R 2 = 7.5 k
330 + R2
mid
1 1
C= = = 1.02 nF
2 (R1 + R2 )f L 2 (330 + 7500)20kHz
(b) R 2 = 7.5 k | C = 1.0 nF | Checking : f L = 20.3 kHz
10.107
(a) A
R2 20k 1 1
=− =− = −4.76 | f L = = = 18.9 kHz
2R1C 2 (4.2k)(0.002F )
mid
R1 4.2k
(b) A
R2 56k 1 1
=− =− = −20.7 | f L = = = 105 kHz
2R1C 2 (2.7k)(560 pF )
mid
R1 2.7k
10.108
20
1 1
C= = = 0.0159 F
2R1 f L 2 (10k)(1kHz)
10.110
t t
1 1
vO (t ) = −
RC
vS ( ) d + vC (0 )= − 10k(0.005F ) 0.1sin2000 d + 0 = 0.318cos2000t V
+
0 0
10.111
vO
vS
1 ms 2 ms t
5V
t
-5 V
0 1 ms 2 ms
10.112
Z2 (s)
(a) A (s)= − Z Z1 (s)= R Av (s)= −
1 1
Z2 = , an inverting integrator.
v
1 (s) sC sRC
Vi − V+ Vo − V+
(b)
R1 V
+ = sCV+ and V+ = V− = Vo = o
R KR R1 + KR1 1+ K
10.113
Vo V
sCVi = − | T(s) = o = −sRC
R Vi
10.115
Z2 (s) R2 s
Av (s)= − Z2 (s)= R2 Z1 (s)= Av (s)= −
R1 1
1+ for L =
Z1 (s) sCR1 + 1 R1 L R1C
10.116
(a) A
R2 120k
v =− =− = −6.00 | Rin = R1 = 20 k | Rout = 0
R1 20k
Note that the 100 - k resistor does not affect the circuit because v- = 0.
(Practice by solving problem using a Thevinen equivalent of v i and the 20 k and 100 k resistors.)
(b) A
R2 120k
v = 1+ = 1+ = +9.00 | Rin = 91k = 91 k | Rout = 0
R1 15k
(c) A
R2 0
v =− =− = 0 | Rin = R1 = 160 k | Rout = 0
R1 160k
(This is not a very useful circuit except possibly as an " electronic ground".)
10.117
The inverting terminal of the op amp represents a virtual ground (0 V).
V − (−V ) 0 − (−10)
(a) I = I = I = R = 10 = 1 A
O D S
− EE
2I 2()
1
V −V =
GS TN = =2.83V → V 2.83 V
D
DD
Kn 0.25
(c) P = I 2 R = ()
2
R 1 10 = 10W. So the resistor must dissipate 10 W.
A 15 - W resistor would provide a reasonable safety margin.
10.119
VS = VO
Z1
= VO
R1
= VO
(SCR + 1)R
2 1
| Av (s)= = 1+
( )
VO R2 SC R1 R2 + 1
Z1 + Z2 R2 (SCR + 1)R + R
2 1 2 VS R1 SCR2 + 1
R1 + SC
1
R2 +
SC
10.120
Av (s)= − | Av (0)= − 2 | f H =
R2 1 R 1
R1 sCR2 + 1 R1 2CR2
330k 330k(1.1) 330k(0.9)
Avnom = − = −33 | Avmax = − = −40.3 | Avmin = − = −27.0
10k 10k(0.9) 10k(1.1)
1 1
f Hnom = = 4.82 kHz | f Hmax = = 10.7 kHz
( )
2 10−10 3.3x105 ( )
2 10−10 (0.5)3.3x105 (0.9)
1
f Hmin = = 3.65 kHz
( )
2 10−10
(1.2)3.3x105 (1.1)
Author: W. W. Jacobs
Language: Finnish
Merimiesjutelma
Kirj.
W. W. JACOBS
Suomensi
E. P.
Vasta kun kansi oli pesty ja kuunari taas loisti puhtaana ja sievänä,
ehti perämies ajatella omaakin siivoustaan. Oli kaunis ja lämmin
toukokuun päivä, ja pieni osa lastista oli tarttunut hänenkin hiuksiinsa
ja hikiseen otsaansa. Kajuuttapoika, tietäen tarpeet, oli tuonut
ämpärin puhdasta vettä kajuutan katolle ja ämpärin viereen keltaisen
saippuapalasen ja pyyhinliinan. Perämies hymyili huomattuaan
valmistukset, riisui paidan päältään, kiersi housunkannattimet
vyötäisilleen, kumartui ämpäriin ja alotti pesuhommansa melulla ja
tyytyväisellä mielellä.
"Ei sillä tapaa hieno", sanoi jälellä oleva matruusi, astuen hänkin
lähemmäksi huomatessaan perämiehen hyvän tuulen. "Enpä luule
hänen rahtia etsivän, sillä —, vaan — — —, sementistä saa hyvän
maksun."
"Pötki sinä matkoihisi", sanoi Sam vanhus. "Ei sovi sinun ikäistesi
poikaviikareitten sekaantua vanhempain ihmisten puheisiin! Mitä
sinustakin vielä joskus tullee?
Poika lähestyi.
"Ellet sinä tule, tulen minä", murisi Dick, jolle puhe vääristä
setelirahoista oli arka kohta.
"En ymmärrä mitä hän niillä kirjeillään oikein tekee", jatkoi poika,
ollenkaan välittämättä tulevaisuudestaan. "Sen vaan varmasti tiedän,
että perille ne eivät koskaan mene. Luulen häneltä puuttuvan
rohkeutta. — Puh! — Onpa nyt pakanan lämmin!"
"En", sanoi Henry lyhyesti. "Mitäs minä sitä tilaan, kun te kerran
tilaatte."
"Ei se mitään tee, kunhan eivät vaan punaisiksi muutu", sanoi hän
levollisesti, "ja sitä ei tämä kurja moska suinkaan kykene tekemään."
"Kuka?"
"Ei täällä asu sen nimistä", sanoi vanha rouva. "Oletteko varma,
että etsimänne henkilön nimi on juuri Jackson?" lisäsi hän.
"Tämä herrahan etsii aivan toista henkilöä, äiti", sanoi tyttö. "Sinä
vaan suotta viivyttelet häntä."
"No, jos hän kerran useita vuosia on etsinyt", sanoi vanha rouva
närkästyen, "niin näillä muutamilla minuuteilla ei suinkaan suuria voi
aikaan saada."
"Niin, kuka sen voi tietää", sanoi vanha rouva. "Yksi häntä muuten
jo etsiikin… Herra Glover, tyttäreni tuleva mies."