Microelectronic Circuits Analysis and Design 3Rd Edition Rashid Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Microelectronic Circuits Analysis and
Design 3rd Edition Rashid Solutions

Manual
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Chapter 8
8.1
100 s
(a) A( s ) =
s s
(1 + 2 )(1 + 3 )
10 10
ω1 = 100 rad / s, ω2 = 1000 rad / s .
The corner frequencies are
ω ω
A(ω ) = 20 log100 + 20 log ω − 20 log( 2 ) − 20 log( 3 )
10 10
For ω <<100 rad / s A(ω = 1) = 40 dB
A(ω = 100) = 40 + 40 = 80 dB
A(ω = 1000) = 40 + 60 − 20 = 80 dB
ω ω
∠θ = 900 − tan −1 ( 2 ) − tan −1 ( 3 )
10 10
θ = 90 for ω ≪ 100 rad/s
0
θ = 450 for ω =100 rad/s

θ = 900 − 840 − 450 = −390 for ω =1000 rad/s
dB
MagnitudePlot
100
80
60
40
20
0
10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 ω
291
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θ
Phase Plot
90 0
45 0
10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 ω
45 0
39 0
(b)
GM = ∞
PM = −180 − (−90) = −900
From Magnitude plot gain cross over frequency is 0.01 rad/s
8.2
(a)
1000
A( s ) =
s s s
(1 + )(1 + )(1 + )
2 π x10 2
4 π x10 2
2 π x106
The corner frequencies are f c1 = 100 Hz , f c 2 = 200 Hz and f c 3 = 10 Hz
6
ω
 ω  ω
A(ω ) = 20 log(1000) − 20 log( ) − 20 log   − 20 log( )
2π x 100  2π x 200  2π x106
A(ω ) = 60 dB for f << 100 Hz
A(ω ) = 60 − 20 log(1) = 60 dB for f = 100 Hz
1
A(ω = 100 Hz ) = 60 − 0 − 20 log( ) = 60 − 6 = 54 dB for f = 200 Hz
2
A(ω = 60 − 20 log(10 ) − 20 log(5000) = 60 − 80 − 74 = −94 dB
4
ω ω ω
∠θ = − tan −1 − tan −1 − tan −1
2 π x100 2π x 200 2 π x106
For f = 0 , θ = 0
1 −1 −1
For f = 100 Hz , θ = − tan 1 − tan = −450 − 26.560 = −71.560
2
−1 −1
For f = 200 Hz , θ = − tan 2 − tan 1 = −63.4 − 45 = −108.43
0 0 0
292
dB Magnitude Plot
20 dB / decade
60
40
40 dB / decade
20
0
10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 f
20
40
60
80
94
Phase Plot
θ 2 x10 2
00
10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 f
450
71.56 0
90 0
1350
180 0
2250
(b) Similar to 8.3(b)
8.3
(a)
100 0.1
A( s ) = =
s ( s + 10)( s + 100) s (1 + )(1 + s )
s
10 100
293
ω ω
A( s ) = 20 log 0.1 − 20 log(ω ) − 20 log( ) − 20 log( )
10 100
A(ω = 1) = −20 dB for ω = 1 rad / s
A(ω = 10) = −20 dB − 20 dB = −40 dB for ω = 10 rad / s
A(ω = 100) = −20 dB − 40 dB − 20 dB = −80 dB for ω = 100 rad / s
ω ω
∠θ = −900 − tan −1 − tan −1
10 100
θ = −90 for ω = 0
0
θ = −900 − 450 = −1350 for ω = 10 rad / s

θ = −900 − 900 − 450 = −2250 for ω = 100 rad / s
dB Magnitude Plot
0
10
20
10 1 10 2 10 3 ω
20 dB / decade
40
60 40 dB / decade
80
60 dB / decade
100
Phase Plot
θ
90 0
10 1 10 2 10 3 ω
1350
0 450 / dec
180
0 90 0 / dec
225
294
(b) Gain Margin
Set θ = −180
ω ω
−180 = −900 − tan −1 − tan −1
10 100
ω ω
900 = tan −1 + tan −1
10 100
By iteration
ω p = 32 rad / s
Using the following equation
0.1 0.1
x= = 0.888 x10 −3
ωp ω 32 2 32 2
ωp 1+ ( ) 2 1 + ( p ) 2 32 1 + ( ) 1 + ( )
10 100 10 100
1
GM = 20 log( ) = +61 dB
0.888 x10−3
Phase margin
ω ω
θ = −900 − tan −1 ( ) − tan −1 ( )
10 100
For Phase Margin
Gain cross over frequency
0.1
1=
ω ω 2
ω 1 + ( )2 1 + ( )
10 100
Gain cross over point =0.1 rad/s
ω ω
θ = −900 − tan −1 ( ) − tan −1 ( )
10 100
θ |ω =0.1rad / s = −900 − tan −1 (0.01) − tan −1 (0.001) = −900 − 0.570 − 0.0570 = −900
PM = 1800 − θ = 1800 − 900 = 900
Gain cross over frequency is 0.1 rad/s
8.4
100
(a) f2 = = 15.9 Hz
2π
104
fH = = 1591 Hz
2π
(b) BW = f H – f L = 1591 – 15.9
= 1575 Hz
(c) Av(mid) = 20 log 100 = 40 dB
8.5
200 2 × 104
Av(jω) = =
1 + jω /100 100 + jω
295
2104
| Av(jω) | =
ω 2 + 104
2 × 104
(a) 100 = , ωH = 3 × 104
ω H + 10
2 4
= 173.2 rad/s
173.2
fH = = 27.56 Hz = BW
2π
2 × 104
(b) 50 = , ω2H × 104 = 16 × 104
ω H + 10
2 4
ωH = 387.29 rad/s
387.29
fH = = 61.64 Hz = BW
2π
8.6
 1  − vi g m RL
vo = – gm vi  RL || =
 sCL  1 + sRL C2
− vi g m
= (1)
C2 ( s + 1 RL C2 )
vs Ri vs Ri s
vi = = (2)
Rs + Ri + 1 sCi ( Rs + Ri ) [ s + 1 Ci ( Rs + Ri ) ]
From (1) and (2)
vs g m Ri s
vo = −
C2 ( Rs + Ri ) ( s + 1 RL C2 ) [ s + 1 Ci ( Rs + Ri ) ]
1 1
ωH = = = 107 rad/s
RL C2 10 × 10 × 10 × 10− 12
3
107
or fH = = 1.59 MHz
2π
1 1 100
ωL = = −6
= rad/s
C1 ( Rs + Ri ) 20 × 10 × 1500 3
100
fL = = 5.3 Hz
3 × 2π
For Av(mid)
Rs
+ +
Vs Ri vi g m vi Ro
– –
296
g m Ri · Ro
vo = – g m v i R o = – vs
Rs + Ri
− 15 × 10−3 × 104 × 103

= = – 100
1500
Problem 8.6
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 500
C1 2 3 20UF
RI 3 0 1K
G1 4 0 3 0 15M
RL 4 0 10K
C2 4 0 10PF
. AC DEC 100 1 10 MEG
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
8.7
Rs C1
+ + +
vs vi Ri g m vi Ro RL vo
– – –
Low-frequency equivalent circuit

vo = – gm vi (Ro|| RL) = – 15 × 10–3 × 5 × 103 vi
= – 7.5 vi (i)
Ri vs Ri sC1 vs
vi = =
Rs + Ri + 1 sC1 1 + ( Rs + R1 ) sC1
vs s 25 × 103 × 10 × 10−6 vs s 0.25
= −6
= (ii)
3 3
1 + s (25 × 10 + 1×10 ) 10 × 10 1 + 26 × 10−2 s
From (i) and (ii)
75 × 0.255
vo = (iii)
1 + 26 × 10−2 s
1
fL = = 0.612 Hz
26 × 10−2 × 2π
For high-frequency equivalent circuit
297
Rs
+ + +
vs Ri vi Ci g m vi Ro Co RL vo
– – –
 1 
vo = – gm vi  Ro || RL ||
 sCo 
5 × 103 vi
= – 15 × 103
1 + 5 × 103 × 10 × 10− 12 s
− 75 vi
=
1 + 5 × 10− 8 s
( R1 ||1 sCi ) vs
vi =
Rs + Ri ||1 sCi
Ri vs
=
Ri + Rs + sRi Rs Ci
25 × 103 vs
=
25 × 103 + 103 + s × 25 × 103 × 103 × 20 × 10− 12
25 vs 25 vs
= −9
=
26 + s 500 × 10 26 + s × 5 × 10− 7
vo − 75 25
Av(s) = = ×
vs (1 + 5 × 10 s ) 26 + 5 × 10− 7 s
−8
− 75 × 25
=
26 (1 + 5 × 10 −8
s ) (1 + 5 × 10− 7 s 26)
1
fH = = 3.18 MHz
2π × 5 × 10− 8
− 75 × 25
Av(mid) = = – 72.1
26
Problem 8.7
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 1K
C1 2 3 10UF
RI 3 0 25K
G1 4 0 3 0 15M
RL 4 0 10K
R0 4 0 10K
C0 4 0 10PF
. AC DEC 100 1 10MEG
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
298
8.8
Rs Cgd
G
+ + +
vs RG vi Cgs gm vgs R L vo
– – –
With Cgd open-circuited

4 kΩ × 20 kΩ 20
Rcgs = RS || RG = = kΩ
24 kΩ 6
Rcgd = Rs || RG + [1 + gm (RS || RG)] RL (1)
Note: The equivalent circuit, with Cgs open-circuited, is shown below.
Rs Cgd
+
RG vi gm vgs RL
–
To find the resistance faced by Cgd, Cgd is replaced by a test voltage Vx as shown
vx
Rs ix + –
RG gm vgs RL
ix + gmvgs
Using KVL we have

Vx = ix (Rs || RC) + (gm vgs + ix) RL
= ix (Rs || RG) + [gm ix (Rs || RG) + ix] RL
= ix {(Rs || RG) + RL [gm (Rs || RG) + 1]}
Vx
or = Rcgd = Rs || RG + [1 + gm (Rs || RG] RL
ix
which is Eq. (1).
Using (i)
299
Rcgd =
20
6
× 103 + 1 + 10− 3

20
6 (  )
× 103  10 × 103
= 346.63 × 10 3
Using Eq. (8.21)

1
fH =
2π ( Rcgs Cgs + Rcgd Cgd )
=
1  1 
2π  3.333 × 103 × 10 × 10− 12 + 346.63 × 103 × 20 × 10− 12 
 
= 2.28 × 104 Hz
Gain calculation
Rs
G
+ +
vs RG gm vgs vo RL
– –
RG RL
vo = – gm vgs · RL = – gm ⋅ vs
RG + RS
10 × 10 −3 × 20 × 103 × 10 × 103
=
20 × 103 + 4 × 103
Av = – 83.3
Problem 8.8
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 4K
RG 2 0 20K
CGS 2 0 10PF
CGD 2 4 20PF
G1 4 0 2 0 10M
RL 4 0 10K
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
8.9
With Cgd open-circuited, the circuit is reduced to
300
Rs Vgs gmVgs
Rsr RL
VTh
Thévénin’s equivalent
VTh = gm vgs Rsr
isc = gm vgs
g m vgs Rsr
RTh = = Rsr
g m vgs
Rcgs = Rs + Rsr = 4 k + 2 k = 6 kΩ
With Cgs open-circuited, the circuit is reduced to
Rs Cgd
gmVgs
RL
Rsr
VTh = – gm vgs RL, isc = – gm vgs

∴ RTh = RL
∴ Rcgd = RS + RL = 4 k + 10 k = 14 kΩ
Using Eq. (8.21)
1
fH =
2 π ( Rcgd Cgd + Rcgs Cgs )
1
= − 12
2 π (14 × 10 × 20 × 10
3
+ 6 × 103 × 10 ×10− 12 )
1
= = 0.47 MHz
2 π (2 80 × 10 −9 + 60 ×10− 9 )
For Av(low) the circuit reduces to
301
Rs C
+
+ vgs gm
vgs +
vs vo RL
–
– –
Rgr
vo = – gm vgs RL (i)
vgs = vs – gm vgs Rsr, vgs (1 + gm Rsr) = vs (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
− g m RL 2 × 10 −3 × 10 × 103
| Av(mid) | = = =4
1 + g m Rsr 1 + 2 × 10− 3 × 2 × 103
Problem 8.9
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 4K
CGS 2 3 10PF
CGD 2 4 20PF
RSR 3 0 2K
G1 4 3 2 3 2M
RL 4 0 10K
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
8.10
Rsr = 0
Rs Cgd
+ +
+
vs vgs Cgs gmvgs RL vo
– – –
Rcgs = Rs = 4 k
With Cgs open-circuited
302
Rs Cgd ix –
+
– Vgs +
Vx
+
gmVgs RL Rs gmvgs RL Vo
–
Vx = ix Rs + (ix + gm vgs) RL
= ix Rs + ix RL + gm RL vgs
= ix [Rs + RL + gm RL Rs]
vx
= Rcgd = Rs + RL + gm RL Rs
ix
= Rs + RL (1 + gm Rs)
= 4 k + 10 k (1 + 2 × 10–3 × 4 × 103) = 94 kΩ
From Eq. (8.21)
1
fH = −12
2 π (94 × 10 × 20 × 10
3
+ 4 × 103 × 10 × 10− 12 )
1
= = 82.89 kHz
2 π (1.88 × 10−6 + 4 × 10−8 )
| Av(mid) | = | – gm RL | = 2 × 10–3 × 10 × 103 = 20
Problem 8.10
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 4K
CGS 2 3 10PF
G1 3 0 2 0 2M
RL 3 0 10K
CGD 2 3 20PF
. PRINTVM(3)
. PROBE
. END
8.11
Rs C1
+
rp vbe gm vbe
+ –
vs RB RC RL
–
RE
303
gm vbe = ib βf
gm ib rp = ib βf
βf = 10 × 10–3 × 1.5 × 103 = 15
RE in the base appears as RE (1 + βf). Hence Thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen by C1
RC1 = Rs + RB || [rπ + RE (1 + βf)]
= 4 k + 20 k || [1.5 k + 1 k × 16]
1 1
f C2 = = = 2.39 Hz
2 π RCi ⋅ CCi 2 π × 13.33 k × 5 × 10 −6
RC2 = RC + RL = 15 kΩ
1
f C2 = = 1.06 Hz
2 π × 15 × 103 × 10 × 10 −6
Low 3-dB frequency
fL = f C1 + f C2 = 2.39 + 1.06 = 3.45 Hz
High 3-dB frequency
Rs Cm
rp Cp gm vbe
vs RB Rc || RL
ib RE
RCπ = rπ || [RE (1 + βf) + Rs || RB] = 1.5 k || [1 × 16 k + 4 k || 20 k]

= 1.5 k || 19.33 k = 1392 Ω
1 1
fCπ = = = 11.43 MHz
2 π Cπ RCπ 2 π × 10 × 10− 12 × 1392
ib = (Rs || RB) ix
(Rs || RB) + rπ + RE (1 + βf)
Cm
ix
+ –
vx
Rs || RB rp ib bib RC || RL
RE (1+ b f )
Vx = (Rs || RB) || [rπ + RE (1 + βf)] ix + (RC || RL) [ix + βf ib]

Substituting for ib and rearranging
Vx  βf ( Rs || RB ) 
RCµ = = (Rs || RB) [rπ + RE (1 + βf)] + (RC || RL) 1 + 
ix  ( Rs || RB ) + rπ + RE (1 + βf ) 
304
= (4 k || 20 k) [1.5 k + 1 k × 16] + (5 k || 10 k) ×
 15 × (4 k || 20 k) 
1 + 4 k || 20 k + 1.5 k + 1 k × 16 
 49.95 k 
= 3.33 k × 17.5 k + 3.33 k 1 +
 3.33 k + 17.5 k 
= 58.275 M + 3.33 k × 3.397
= 58.286 MΩ
1
fCµ = = 136.5 Hz
2π × 58.286 M × 20 × 10 −12
1
fH =
2π (Cπ RCπ + Cµ RCµ )
1
= −12
2π (10 × 10 × 1392 + 20 × 10 −12 × 58.286 × 106 )
1
= −8
= 136.52 Hz
2π (1.392 × 10 + 1.165 × 10 −3 )
Amid
Rs vx ib
rp
+
vs RB ib b f Rc || RL vo
RE (1+ b f ) –
vo = – ib βf RC || RL (i)
vx vx vx
ib = = = (ii)
rπ + RE (1 + βf ) 1.5 k + 1 k (16) 17.5 k
Rβ || [ rπ + RE (1 + βf )]vs
vx =
Rs + Rβ || [rπ + RE (1 + βf )]
20 k || [1.5 k + 16 k]vs 9041 vs

vx = = (iii)
4 k + 20 k || [1.5 k + 16 k] 13, 041
9041 vs
ib =
13, 041 × 17.5 k
From (i)
9041 vs
v0 = – × 15 × (5 || 10) × 103 = – 1.98 vs
13, 041 × 17.5 k
∴ | Av | = 1.98
305
Problem 8.11
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 4K
C1 2 3 5UF
RB 3 0 20K
RPI 3 4 1.5K
RE 4 0 1K
CMU 3 5 20PF
CPI 3 4 10PF
G1 5 4 3 4 10M
RC 5 0 5K
C2 5 6 10UF
RL 6 0 10K
. AC DEC 100 1 10 MEG
. PRINT VM(6)
. PROBE
. END
8.12
RE = 0
Rc1 = RS + RB || rπ = 4 k + (20 k || 1.5 k) = 5395 Ω
1 1
fc1 = = = 5.9 Hz
2π Rc1 Cc1 2π × 5395 × 5 × 10− 6
Rc2 = RC + RL = 15 k, fc2 = 1.06 Hz as in Problem 8.11
fL = 5.9 + 1.06 = 6.96 Hz
Rcπ = rπ || Rs || RB = 1.5 || 4 k || 20 k = 1034 Ω
From Problem 8.11
 βf ( Rs || Rβ ) 
Rcµ = (Rs || RB) (rπ) + (RC || RL) 1 + 
 rπ + ( Rs || Rβ ) 
 15(4 k || 20 k) 
= (4 k || 20 k) × 1.5 k + (5 k || 10 k) 1 +
 1.5 k + 4 k || 20 k 
 50 k 
= 5 × 106 × 3333 1 + 5 MΩ
 1.5 k + 3.33k 
1 1
fcµ = = = 15.39 MHz
2π Cπ RCH 2π × 10 ×10 −12 × 1034
1
fH = −12
= 1591 Hz
2π (10 × 10 × 1034 + 20 × 10 −12 × 5 × 106 )
306
vx
Amid v0 = – ib βf (RC || RL) = – βF (RC || RL)
rπ
RC || RL vs Rβ || rπ
= – βf ·
rπ Rs + Rβ || rπ
( RC || RL ) ( Rβ || rπ )
Amid = βf ·
rπ Rs + Rβ || rπ
3333 1395
= 15 15 × × = 8.62
1500 4000 + 1395
Problem 8.12
VS 1 0 AC 10 MV
RS 1 2 4K
C1 2 3 5UF
RB 3 0 20K
RPI 3 0 1.5K
CMU 3 4 20PF
CPI 3 0 10PF
G1 4 0 3 0 10M
RC 4 0 5K
C2 4 5 10UF
RL 5 0 10K
. AC DEC 100 1 10 MEG
. PRINT VM(5)
. PROBE
. END
8.13
Low 3-dB frequency
Rs C1
+
vbe rp gm vbe
+
Vs – C2
– RB
+
RE RL vo
–
βf = 15
With c2 shorted,
Rc1 = RS + RB || [rπ + RE (1 + βf)]
= 2 k + 20 k || [1.5 k + 0.5 k (16)]
= 8440 Ω
307
1
fc1 = = 1.88 Hz
2π × 10 × 10−6 × 8440
With c1 shorted and dividing the resistance in the base by 1 + βf

rπ + RB || RS
Rc2 = RL + RE ||
1+ β
(1500 + 1818)
= 10 k + 500 ||
16
= 10,146 Ω
1
fc2 = = 1.56 Hz
2π × 10,146 × 10 × 10 −6
fL = 1.88 + 1.56 = 3.44 Hz
High 3-dB frequency
Rs Cm
rp Cp gm vbe
RB
+
RE RL vo
–
Rs
ib
rp Cp
bf ib
RB
(RE || RL) (1 + b f)
Rcπ = Rπ || [(RE || RL) (1 + βf) + Rs || RB]

= 1500 || [(500 || 10 k) 16 + 1818] = 1294 Ω
Cm
rp
bi b
(RB || Rs)
(RE || RL) (1 + b f)
Rcµ = [rπ + (RE || RL) (1 + βf)] || (RB || Rs)

= (1500 + 7619) || 1818
|| 1818 = 1561 Ω
= 9119
308
1
fH =
2π (Cπ Rcπ + Rµ Rcµ )
1
= −12
2π (10 × 10 × 1294 + 10 × 10 −12 × 1516)
1
= −8
= 5.66 MHz
2π (1.294 × 10 + 1.516 ×10 −8 )
Amid
Rs Vx
rp
+
vs RB
ib
–
(RE || RL) (1 + b f)
vo = ib (RE || RL) (1 + βf)
vx
= (RE || RL) (1 + βf) ·
rπ + ( RE || RL ) (1 + βf )
( Re || RL ) (1 + βf ) · vs RB || [rπ + ( RE || RL ) (1 + βf )]
=
[ rπ + ( RE || RL ) (1 + βf )] × {Rs + RB || [ rπ + ( RE || RL ) (1 + βf )]}
vo 7619 20 k || [1500 + 7619]

= ×
vs 1500 + 7619 2 k + 20 k || (1500 + 7619)
Av(mid) = 0.63
Problem 8.13
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 4K
C1 2 3 10UF
RB 3 0 20K
RPI 3 4 1.5K
RE 4 0 500
CMV 3 5 10PF
G1 0 4 3 4 10M
C2 4 5 10UF
RL 5 0 10K
. AC DEC 100 1 100MEG
. PRINT VM(5)
. PROBE
. END
309
8.14
Low 3-dB frequency
Rs C1
+
v1 rp gm1 v1
+ – C2
vs RB
– + +
RE v2 gm2 v2 RC RL vo
– –
Low 3-dB circuit
βf = gm rπ = 10–3 × 1.5 × 103 = 1.5
RC1 = Rs + RB || [rπ + RE (1 + βf)] = 103 + 20 × 103 || [1500 + 103 × 2.5]
= 4.333 kΩ
1 1
fC1 = = = 3.67 Hz
2π RC1 ⋅ C1 2π × 4.333 × 103 × 10 × 10 −6
RC2 = RL + RC = 10 k + 10 k = 20 kΩ
1 1
fC2 = =
2π RC2 · C2 2π × 20 × 103 × 10 × 10−6
= 0.79 Hz
fL = fC1 + fC2 = 3.67 + 0.79 = 4.46 Hz
High 3-dB frequency
Rs
+ gm1 v1
v1 rp Cp
+ Cp2 vo
–
vs RB Cm1
– +
RE v2 Cp2 gm2 v2 RC || RL
–
Rcµ1 = RB || Rs || [rπ + RE (1 + βf)]

= 20 k || 1 k || [1.5 k + 1 k (2.5)] = 769 Ω
Rcπ = rπ || [RE (1 + βf) + RB || Rs]
= 1.5 k || [2.5 k + 20 k || 1 k] = 1045 Ω
310
 r R || RB  1500 1 k || 20 k 
Rcπ2 = RE ||  π + s  = 1 k || +
 1 + βf 1 + βf   2.5 2.5 
= 495 Ω
Rcµ2 = Ro || RL + RE (1 + βf) || [rπ + (Rs || RB)]
= 10 k || 10 k + 1 k × 2.5 || [1.5 k + (1 k || 20 k)]
= 6238 Ω
1
fH =
2π ( Rcµi · Cµ + Rcπ · Cπ + Rcπ 2 · Cπ 2 + Rcµ 2 · Cµ 2 )
1
= −12 −12
2π (769 × 10 × 10 + 1045 × 10 × 10 + 495 × 10 × 10 −12 + 6238 × 10 × 10 −12 )
= 1.86 MHz
Amid
Rs vx
ib
rp
+ gm2v2 +
vs RB vo
+ RC || RL
– –
v2 RE (1+ b f)
–
vx RE (1 + βf ) vx 2.5 k 2.5
v2 = = = vx (i)
rπ + RE (1 + βf ) 1.5 k + 2.5 k 4
RB || [rπ + RE (1 + βf )] vs
vx =
RS + RB ||[rπ + RE (1 + βf )]
(20 k ||4 k) vs
= = 0.769 vs (ii)
1k + 20 k || 4 k
From (i) and (ii)

2.5
∴ v2 = × 0.769 vs = 0.480 vs
4
vo = – gm2 · (RC || RL) v2
| Amid | = | – gm2 (RC || RL) × 0.48 |
= 1000 × 5 × 10–3 × 0.48 = 2.4
Problem 8.14
VS 1 0 AC 10MV
RS 1 2 1K
C1 2 3 10UF
RB 3 0 20K
311
CMU1 3 0 10PF
RPI 3 4 1.5K
RE 4 0 1K
CMU2 4 5 10PF
G1 0 4 3 4 1M
G2 5 0 4 0 1M
C2 5 0 10UF
RC 5 0 10K
RL 6 0 10K
. AC DEC 100 1 100 MEG
. PRINT VM(6)
. PROBE
. END
8.15
RTh = 0.1 (1 + βf) RE = 0.1 × 101 × 1000 = 10.1 kΩ
VBB + VBE
ICQ ≃ IEQ = , VBB = 1.1 × 103 × 5 × 10–3 + 0.7 = 6.2 V
1.1 RE
RTH VCC 10.1 × 103 × 15

R1 = = = 24.43 kΩ
VTH 6.2
RTH VCC 25.8mV

R2 = = 17.22 kΩ, rπ = βf = 516 Ω
(VCC − VTH ) IC
Design for the highest gain value because with RL and input resistance, the gain will fall.
From Eq. (5.103)
βf RC || RL
Av = –
rπ + (1 + βf ) RE1
Take RE = 15 Ω. Then
100 × 103 ||10 × 103

Av = = – 44.75
516 + 101 × 15
RE2 = 1000 – 15 = 985 Ω

VCC
For VCE = = 5 V,
3
5V 5 mA
RC = = 1 kΩ, gm = = 193.8 mA/V
5mA 25.8 mV
Low-frequency equivalent
312
+ C2
Rs C1 vbe
gmvbe
+
vS – RB RTh RE1 RC RL vO
RE2 CE
RC1 = Rs + RB || [rπ + (1 + βf) RE1] = 103 + 10.1 × 103 || [516 + 101 × 15]
= 103 + 1691 = 2691 Ω
fL 1000 1
fC1 = = = , C1 = 0.5 µF
10 10 2π RC1 C1
 r + RB || Rs   516 + 104 ||103 

RCE = RE2 ||  RE1 + π = (1000 – 15) || 15 + 
 1 + βf   101 
= 985 || 24 = 23.4 Ω
1 1
fL = fCE = , CE = = 6.8 µF
2π RCE CE 2π × 23.4 × 1000
RC2 = RC + RL = 103 + 10 × 103 = 11 kΩ

fL 20
fC2 = , C2 = ≃ 0.3 µF
20 1000 × 2π × 11 × 103
High-frequency equivalent
Cm
B
+ +
Rs vbe rp cp
gmvbe vO
RB RC||RL
RE1
Rcπ = rπ || [RE1 (1 + βf) + Rs || RB]

= 516 || [15 × 101 + 103 || 10.1 × 103] = 516 || [1515 + 910]
= 425.5 Ω
Cµ from above = 4.17 pF and Cπ = 114.34 pF.
 βf ( Rs || RB ) 
RCµ = (Rs || RB) [rπ + RE1 (1 + βf)] + (RC || RL) 1 + 
 ( Rs || RB ) + rπ + RE1 (1 + βf ) 
= (103 || 10.1 × 103) [516 + 15 × 101] + (1 k || 10 k)

1 + 3
(
100 103 ||10.1 × 103 )

3
 10 ||10.1 × 10 + 516 + 15 × 101 
313
 102 × 910 
= 910 (2031) + 833 1 + = 910 × 2031 + 833 × 32
 910 + 516 + 1515 
= 1.87 mΩ
From Eq. (8.50)
1
50 × 103 = fH =
2π ( RCπ Cπ + RCµ Cµ )
1
=
2π (425 × 114 × 10 –12
+ 1.87 × 106 (Cµ + Cx )
Cµ + Cx = 1.7 pF
Problem 8.15 Amplifier Frequency Response
VS 1 0 AC 10mV
RS 1 2 1000
R1 3 0 24.43K
R2 3 0 17.22K
CPI 3 4 114PF
RPI 3 4 516
C1 2 3 0.5UF
RE1 4 7 15
RE2 7 0 985
CE 4 0 6.8UF
CMU 3 5 4.17PF
C2 5 6 0.3UF
RL 6 0 10K
RC 5 0 1K
G1 5 4 3 4 194M
. AC DEC 100 100 10MEGHz
. PRINT AC VM(6)
. PROBE
. END
8.16
Let Rs = 15 Ω, RL = 10 kΩ, and IC = 10 mA. Then
5V
VCE = VCC/3 = 5 V, RC = = 5/10 mA = 500 Ω
IC
5V
RE = = 500 Ω
10 mA
RTh = R1 || R2 = 0.1 × 101 × 500 = 5.05 kΩ

VBB − VBE
ICQ ≃ IEQ = , VBB = 10 × 10–3 × 1.1 × 500 + 0.7 = 6.2 V
1.1 RE
RTh VCC 5.05 × 103 × 15

R1 = = = 12.22 kΩ
VTh 6.2
314
RTh VCC 5.05 × 103 × 15
R2 = = = 7.73 kΩ
(VCC − VTh ) (15 − 6.2)
IC 10 mA 25.8mV
gm = = = 387.6 mA/V, rπ = βF = = 258 Ω
VT 25.8mV IC
rπ 258 RS gmvbe
Ri = RE || = 500 || E
1 + βf 101 +
vS
= 2.53 Ω + RE rp vO RL||RC
βF ( RC || RL ) 100 × 476
Avo = =
rπ 258
Rin Ri
= 184
Rin = Rs + Ri = 17.5 Ω
vs Ri
vo = – gm vbe (RL || RC) + vbe =
Rs + Ri
βF ( RL || RC ) vs Ri
=–
rπ Rs + Ri
vo 100 × 476 × 2.5
Av = =– = – 26.35
vs 258(15 + 2.5)
Low cutoff frequencies
gmvbe
Rs C1 C2 +
rp
vbe v
vs RC RL o
RE
CB RB
Ri Rt
1 r
Rt = = π = 2.58 Ω
gm βF
Ri = RE || rπ || Rt ≃ 2.5 Ω. Rs is assumed to be 15 Ω. Therefore
RC1 = Rs + Ri = 17.5 Ω
1 1
fL = fC1 = 980 = , C1 = = 9.2 µF
2π RC1 C1 2π × 980 × 17.5
RCB = RB || [rπ + (1 + βf) (Rs + RE) Eq. (8.63)

= 5050 || [258 + 101 (15 + 500)] = 4605 Ω
1 1
CB = = = 0.35 µF
2π RCB × 98 2π × 4605 × 98
315
RC2 = RC + RL = 10,500 Ω
1 20
C2 = = = 3.09 nF
2π RC2 f C2 2π × 10,500 × 980
Rs gmvbe
+
+ vbe
RE C RL||RC
p rp Cm
1
RCπ = Rs || RE || rπ || ≃ 1 g = 2.58 Ω
gm m
RCµ = RC || RL = 476 Ω
1 10−5
fH ≃ , Cµ + Cx = = 33.43 pF
2π RCµ (Cµ + Cx ) 2π × 476
Cx = 33.43 – 4.17 = 29.26 pF

Problem 8.16 Amplifier Frequency Response
VS 1 0 AC 10mV
RS 1 2 15
RPI 3 4 258
C1 2 3 9.2UF
RE 3 0 500
RB 4 0 5050
CB 4 0 0.35UF
CMU 5 0 4.17PF
CX 5 0 29PF
C2 5 6 3NF
RL 6 0 10K
RC 5 0 500
G1 5 3 3 4 387M
. AC DEC 100 100 10MEGHZ
. PRINT AC VM(6)
. PROBE
. END
8.17
15
VCE2 =
3
For IC2 = 5 mA,
5V
RC = = 1 kΩ
5mA
Similarly, RE ≃ 5 V/5 mA = 1 kΩ.
316
IC 5 × 10−3 25.8mV
IB2 = = = 50 µA = IE1, rπ2 = = 516 Ω
βf 100 I B2
50 × 10−6 25.8mV
IB1 ≃ = 0.5 µA, rπ1 = = 51.6 kΩ
100 I B1
VCC − VB1 (15 − 6.4) V

RB = = = 17.2 mΩ
I B1 0.5µA
ie1 = b f ib1
vs ib2
Rs rp1 +
+ 1 + bf 1 + bF
vs RL vo
RB rp2 RC
ib2bf
1 + bf
RB  rπ1 
|| + rπ2  vs
1 + βf 1 + βf 
vs′ = ≃ 0.99 vs
Rs  RB   rπ1 
+ || + rπ2 
1 + βf  1 + βf  1 + βf 
vs × 0.99 vs × 0.99 v × 0.99

ib2 = ; 3
= s
+ rπ2 51.6 × 10 + 516
rπ1 1032
1 + βf 100
0.99 × 100 × 103 ||104

Av = – ib2 βf RC || RL = – = – 87.2
1032
Reduce RL. For RL = 1 kΩ, Av = – 47.96.

Low-frequency equivalent circuit
B1
Rs C1 rp1 ib2bf C2
vs rp2(1 + bf) RL
RB RC
ib2bf
RE CE
RC1 = Rs + RB || [rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + βf)],
= 1000 + 17.2 × 106 || [51.6 × 103 + 516 × 102] = 103,600 Ω
fL 980 1 10
fC1 = = = , C1 = = 15.0 nF
10 10 2π RC1 C1 980 × 2π × 103, 600
317
 r rπ1 R || R 
RCE = RE ||  π2 + + b s2 
1 + βf (1 + β f ) (1 + βf ) 
2
≃ 103 || [5 + 5] ≃ 9.9 Ω
1 1
fL = fCE = , CE = = 16.4 µF
2π RCE CE 980 × 2π × 9.9
RC2 = RC + RL = 103 + 103.
Taking RL = 1000 Ω to keep the gain within the given limits
fL 1
fC2 = =
20 2π RC2 C2
20
C2 = = 1.62 µF
2π × 980 × 2 k
B1
rp2(1 + bf)
Cm1
vbe1
rp1 Cp1 gm1vbe1
RB||Rs B2
Cm2
vbe2 Cp2 RC||RL
rp2 gm2vbe2
RCπ1 = rπ1 || [RB || Rs + rπ2 (1 + βf)]
≃ 51.6 k || [1000 + 516 × 101] = 26,173 Ω
Cπ1 = 114.34 pF
RCµ1 = (Rs || RB) || [rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + βf)] ≃ 103 || (51.6 × 103 + 52,116) ≃ 103 Ω
Cµ1 = 4.17 pF
+ Cm2
vbe2 rp2 RL||RC
gm2vbe2
From Eq. (8.49)
  r + RB || Rs  
RCµ2 = (RC || RL) +  rπ2 ||  π1 [1 + gm2 RC || RL]
  1 + βf  
IC 5mA 194
gm2 = = = 194 mA/V, gm1 = mA/V
VT 25.8mV 100
318
 51.6 × 103 + 17.2 × 106 ||103 
= 103 || 103 + 516 ||  [1 + 194 × 10–3 (103 || 103)]
 101 
= 500 + (516 || 520) 98 = 25,881 Ω
 R || R 
RCπ2 = rπ2 ||  rπ1 + s B  ≃ 516 || (51.6 × 103) ≃ 511 Ω
 1 + βf 
1
Using Eq. (8.50), fH = [RCπ2 Cπ + RCµ2 Cµ2 + RCπ1 Cπ1 + RCµ1 Cµ1]
2π
1
50 × 103 =
2π [26173 × 114.34 p + 10 × 4.17 p + 511 × 114.34 p + 25881 Ceff ]
3
Ceff = 5.1 pF, Cx ≃ 1 pF

Problem 8.17 CE Amplifier
VS 1 0 AC 10mV
RS 1 2 1000
C1 2 3 15NF
RB 3 0 17.2MEG
RPI1 3 4 51.6K
CPI1 3 4 114.3PF
CMU 3 0 4.17PF
RPI2 4 5 516
CPI2 4 5 114.3PF
RE 5 0 500
CE 5 0 16.4UF
CMU2 4 6 4.17PF
CX 4 6 1PF
C2 6 7 1.62UF
RC 6 0 1K
RL 7 0 1K
G1 0 4 3 4 1.94M
G2 6 0 4 5 194M
. AC DEC 100 100 100KHZ
. PRINT AC VM(6)
. PROBE
. END
8.18
IC1 = IC2 = 5 mA, VCE2 = 5 V, RC = 1 k, RE = RE3 + RE2 = 1 kΩ
5.7 V
VB2 = 5.7 V, RE1 = = 1140 Ω
5 mA
RB = R1 || R2 = 0.1 (1 + βf) RE1 = 0.1 × 101 × 1140 = 11,514 Ω

VB1 ≃ 5.7 + 0.7 = 6.4 V = VTh
319
RTh VCC 11,514 × 15
R1 = = = 26,986 Ω
VTh 6.4
RTh VCC 11,514 × 15

R2 = = = 20,082 Ω
VCC − VTh 15 − 6.4
Rs ib1
rp1
vy
vs
ib2 rp2(1 + b 2f)
rE3(1 + b 2f)
RE(1 + bf)
Amid
vo = – ib2 βF (RC || RL)
vy
ib2 =
rπ2 (1 + βf ) + RE3 (1 + βf )
2 2
Let RE3 = 27 Ω. Then

RE (1 + βF) || [rπ2 (1 + βF)2 + RE3 (1 + βf)2]
= 103 × 101 || [516 × 1012 + 10 × 1012]
= 99,134 >> (Rs + rπ1)
Hence vy ≃ vs
ib2 vo +
rp2 RC||RL
ib2b f
vs
RE3(1 + b f)
vo = – ib2 βF(RC || RL)
vS
ib2 =
rπ + RE3 (1 + βf )
βf ( RC || RL )
Av = −
kπ + RE3 (1 + βf )
320
102 × 909
Av = − = – 28
516 + 27 × 101
Low frequency
B1
RS C1 gm2vbe2
rp1
RC||RL
E1
rp2
RB RE3
RE1(1 + bf)
vs
gm1vbe1 RE2
CE
RC1 = Rs || RB + rπ1 + RE1 (1 + βF) || [rπ2 (1 + βF) + RE3 (1 + βF)2]

= 103 || 11514 + 516 + (1140 × 101) || [516 × 101 + 27 × 1012]
= 86,628 Ω
4500 1 1
f C1 = = , C1 = = 4 nF
10 2π RC1C1 2π × 86, 628 × 450
 r  RE1 rπ1 R || R 
RCE = RE2 ||  RE3 + π2 +  || + B s2 
 1 + βf  (1 + βf ) (1 + βf ) 2
(1 + βf ) 
= 973 || 27 +

|| 
101 1012  1012
+ {
516 1140  516 11,514 ||1000  
+
1012   }
≃ 973 || 32 ≃ 31 Ω
4500 1 20
fCE = = , CE = = 22.8 µF
20 2π RCE CE 2π × 31 × 4500
RC2 = RC + RL = 11 kΩ
1 1
fC2 = fL = 4500 = , C2 =
2π RC2C2 2π × 11, 000 × 4500
C2 = 3.2 nF
High frequency
B1 Cm1
C1
Rs rp1
Cp1 gm1vbe1 Cm2
B2
RB rp2 Cp2 gm2vbe2
RC||RL
RE1
RE3
321
RCπ1 = rπ1 || [(Rs || RB) + {RE1 (1 + βf) || rπ2 (1 + βf) + RE3 (1 + βf)2}]
= 516 || [103 || 11514 + {101 × 103 || (516 × 101 + 27 × 1012)}]
= 516 || [920 + 101 × 103 || 154,126] ≃ 516 Ω
RCµ1 = Rs || RB || [rπ1 + RE1 (1 + βF) || (rπ2 + RE3 (1 + βF)]

= 103 || 11514 || [516 + 103 × 101 || (516 + 27 × 101)]
= 103 || 11514 || 3658 = 735 Ω
  r + Rs || RB  
RCπ2 = rπ2 ||  RE2 (1 + βF ) + RE1 ||  π1
  1 + βF  
 516 + 103 ||11514 

= 516 || 973 × 101 + 103 || 
 101
= 516 || [973 × 101 + 103 || 14] = 516 || 98,287 = 513 Ω
 r + Rs || RB  
RCµ2 = RC || RL +  RE1 || π1  ||(rπ 2 + (1 + βF ) RE3 ) 
 1 + β F  
[1 + gm2 (RC || RL)]
 516 + 103 ||11,514  
= 103 || 104 + 103 +  ||(516 + 101 + 27 

 101 
[(1 + 194 × 10–3 (1 k || 10 k)]
= 909 + [(103 + 14) || (3243)] 177 = 137,636 Ω
1
fH =
2π [ RCπ1 Cπ1 + RCπ 2 Cπ 2 + CCµ1 + Cµ1 + RCµ 2 Cµ 2 ]
1
50 k = −12
2π[516 × 114.34 × 10 + 513 × 114.34 × 10−12 + 735 × 4.17 × 10−12 + 137636 Ceff ]
Ceff = 222.42 pF, Cx = 222.42 – 4.17 = 218.25 pF
Problem 8.18 CC-CE Amplifier
VS 1 0 AC 10mV
RS 1 2 1000
C1 2 3 4NF
RB 3 0 11514
RPI1 3 4 516
CPI1 3 4 114.3PF
CMU 3 0 4.17PF
RE1 4 0 1140
RPI2 4 5 516
CPI2 4 5 114.3PF
RE3 5 6 27
RE2 6 0 973
CE 6 0 22.8UF
CMU2 4 7 4.17PF
322
CX 4 7 218.2PF
C2 7 8 3.2NF
RC 7 0 1K
RL 8 0 10K
G1 0 4 3 4 194M
G2 7 5 4 5 194M
. PRINT AC VM (8)
. PROBE
. END
8.19
VCC
IC1 = IC2 = 5 mA, let VCE2 = = 7.5 V
2
7.5V
RE = = 750 Ω, VB2 = 7.5 + 0.7 = 8.2 V
5mA
15 − 8.2
R3 = = 136 kΩ, rπ1 = rπ2 = 516 Ω
5mA /100
As before for Q1, RC = 1 kΩ, RE1 + RE2 = 1 kΩ, R1 = 24.43 kΩ

RB = 10.1 kΩ, R2 = 17.22 kΩ
C2 gm2vbe2
Rs C1
gm1vbe1 rp2 C2
rp1
vs RL
RB RE1 RC R3 RE
CE RE2
From the equivalent circuit

βf RC || R3 || [ rπ 2 + (1 + βf ) ( RE || RL )]
Av =
rπ1 + (1 + βf ) RE1
RC || R3 || [rπ2 + (1 + βf) (RE || RL)] = 1 k || 136 k || [516 + 101 (750 || 10 k)]

≃ 1 kΩ
Hence
102 × 103
Av = − = – 25.98.
516 + 101 × 33
323
Taking RE1 = 33 Ω
 r R || R   516 136 × 103 ||1k 

Zo = RE ||  π 2 + 3 C  = 750 ||  + 
 1 + βf 1 + βf  101 101
= 14.7 Ω
RC1 = Rs + RB || [rπ1 + RE1 (1 + βF)] = 103 + 10.1 × 103 || [516 + 33 × 101]
= 103 + 10.1 × 103 || 3849 = 3787 Ω
fL 980 1 1
fC1 = = = , C1 = = 42.9 nF
10 10 2 π RC1 C1 2 π × 980 × 3787
 r + RB || Rs 
RCE = RE2 ||  RE1 + π1 
 1 + βf 
516 + 10,100 ||1000 
= (1000 – 33) || 33 +
 101 
= 967 || 33 +
1426 
= 976 || 47 ≃ 45 Ω
 101 
1 1
fL = fCE = 980 = , CE = = 3.6 µF
2π RCE CE 2π × 980 × 45
RC2 = RC + R3 || [rπ2 + RE (1 + βf)]

= 103 + 136 k || [516 + 750 × 101] = 103 + 136 k || 76,266
= 49,864 Ω
fL 980 1 20
fC2 = = = , C2 = = 65 nF
20 20 2π RC2 C2 2π × 980 × 49,864
 r R || R 
RC3 = RL + RE ||  π 2 + 3 C 
1 + βf 1 + βf 
 516 103 
≅ 104 + 750 ||  + ≃ 10 kΩ
 101 101 
fL 890 1
fC3 = = =
20 20 2π RC3C3
20
C3 = = 324.8 nF
2π × 980 × 104
324
Cp2
Rs B1 Cm1 C gm2vbe2
1
+ B2 rp2
vbe1
Cp1 gm1vbe1
– rp1
RB RC||R3 RE||RL
RE1
High-Frequency Equivalent
RCπ1 = [Rs || RB + (1 + βf) RE1] || rπ1 = [1 k || 10.1 k + 101 × 33] || 516

= (910 + 3333) || 516 = 460 Ω
1 1 25.8mV
RCπ2 = rπ1 || [RC || R3 + RE || RL] || , = = 5.16 Ω
g m2 g m2 5mA
≃ 5.16 Ω
From Problem 8.15
Cm1 rp1
ix
rp1
Rs||RB
ib RE||RL
bfib
RE1(1 + bf)
ix (i x + b f i b )
 βf ( Rs || RB ) 
RCµ1 = (Rs || RB) [rπ + RE1 (1 + βf)] + (RE || RL) 1 + 
 Rs || RB + rπ + R E1 (1 + β f 
)
= 910 × 3849 + 698 (1 + 19) = 3.516 MΩ
1
fH = 100 × 103 =
2π [ RCπ1Cπ + RCπ2Cπ + RCµ1Cµ ]
1
105 = −12
2π 460 × 114.34 × 10 + 5.16 × 114.34 × 10−12 + 3.516 × 106 Ceff 
Ceff = 0.43 pF
Problem 8.19 CE-CC Amplifier
VS 1 0 AC 10mV
RS 1 2 1000
C1 2 3 42.9NF
RB 3 0 10.1K
RPI1 3 4 516
CPI1 3 4 114.3PF
CMU1 3 6 4.17PF
RE1 4 5 33
325
RE2 5 0 967
CE 5 0 3.6UF
RC 6 0 1K
C2 6 7 65NF
R3 7 0 136K
RPI2 7 8 516
CPI2 7 8 114.3PF
RE 8 0 750
C3 8 9 324.8NF
RL 9 0 10K
G1 6 4 3 4 194M
G2 0 8 7 8 194M
. PRINT AC VM (9)
. PROBE
. END
8.20
25.8 mV 25.8 mV
rπ1 ≃ = 25.8 kΩ, rπ2 ≃ = 12.9 kΩ
100 µA /100 200 µA /100
Zin(mid) = Rs + rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + βf) = 103 + 25.8 × 103 + 12.9 × 101 k = 1.329 MΩ
vo = – ib βf RL
vs
ib =
Rs + rπ1 + rπ 2 (1 + βf )
βf RL 106
Av = = = 0.75
Rs + rπ1 + rπ 2 (1 + βf ) 1.329 × 106
Rs ib
rp1 +
vo
vs
i b bf RL
rp2(1 + bf)
1
RCO = RL = 104 kΩ, fL =
2 π RL Co
326
C1 C2
Rs Cm1 Cm2
rp1
b ib2 RL
Cp1 b ib2
vs
Co
rp2
Cp2
High-Frequency Equivalent
Let Co = 1 µF. Then

1
fL = = 15.9 Hz
2 π × 104 × 10 – 6
From the high-frequency equivalent
RCπ1 = rπ1 || [Rs + rπ2 (1 + βf)] = 25.8 × 103 || [1 k + 12.9 k × 101]
= 25.3 kΩ
RCµ1 = Rs || [rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + βf)] = 103 || [25.8 k + 12.9 × 101 k]
≃ 1 kΩ, RCµ2 = RL = 104 Ω
R +r 
RCπ2 = rπ2 ||  s π1 
 1 + βf 
= 12.9 k || 265 = 259 Ω
Rs Cm1
b f i b1
ib1
rp2(1 + bf)
rp2(1 + bf) b
ib1=0
Rs Cm2
rp1 RL
bi b2
bi b1=0
ib2
rp2
1
fH =
2 π ( RCπ1 Cπ1 + RCπ 2 Cπ 2 + RCµ1 Cµ1 + RCµ 2 Cµ 2 )
327
Using Cπ1 = Cπ2 = 114 pF, Cµ1 = 4 pF = Cµ2
1
fH =
2 π (25.3 × 10 × 114 + 259 × 114 + 103 × 4 + 104 × 4) 10 –12
3
109
= ≃ 10 kHz
2 π (25.3 × 114 + 259 × 114 + 4 + 40)
8.21
RB1 = R11 || R21 = 70 k || 45 k = 27.39 kΩ
RB2 = R12 || R22 = 1 M || 2 M = 666.67 kΩ
gm2vbe2
Rs C1 C2 C2 E2
+ gm1vbe2 +
vbe rp1 vbe2 rp2
+ R B1
vs Re Rsr RD RL
B2
RE CE R B2
Time constant τ1 due to C1 only

τ1 = [Rs + RB1 || rπ1] C1 = [5 k + 27.39 k || 1.4 k] 2 × 10–6
= 12.66 ms
τ2 = (RC + Rsr) C2 = (5 k + 2 k) 5 µF
= 7 k × 5 µF = 35 ms
 r +R 
τ3 =  RL + RD || π2 B2
C3
 β + 1 
0.467 k + 666.67 k
= 10 k + 10 k ||
51
= (10 k + 10 k || 13.1 k) × 10–6 F = 15.67 ms
Time constant τ4 due to CE only
 rπ1 + Rs || RB1 
 RE || 1+ β  CE
 
= 1k||
1.4 k + 5k ||27.39 k 
× 10 µF
 51 
= (1 k || 0.11 k) 10 µF = 0.99 ms
328
From Eq. (8.8)
1  1 1 1 1 
fL = + + +
2π 12.66 ms 35 ms 15.67 ms 0.99 ms 

1
= [79 + 28.57 + 63.82 + 1010]
2π
= 188 Hz
RS B Cm1 C E
rp2
R B1 rp1 gm1vbe1 RC1 RSR Cm2 Cp2 RD RL
Cp1 R B2
High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit
Time constant τπ1 due to Cπ1

Thevenin’s resistance Rπ1 faced by Cπ1 with Cµ1, and Cµ2, Cπ2 open-circuited
Rπ1 = Rs || RB1 || rπ1
τπ1 = Rπ1 Cπ1 = (Rs || RB1 || Rπ1) Cπ1
= (5 k || 27.39 k || 1.4 k) 15 pF
≃ (4.23 k || 1.4 k) 15 pF = 15.75 ns
Time constant τπ2 due to Cπ2

Thevenin’s resistance Rπ2 with Cπ1, Cµ1, and Cµ2 open-circuited
 1 
Rπ2 =  (rπ2 + RB2 )|| RD || RL || 
 g m2 
1
= (0.467 k + 666.67 k) || 10 k || 10 k ||
107.1 × 10−3 ℧
= 9.3 Ω
τπ2 = 9.3 Ω × 15 pF = 0.14 ns
Time constant Cµ1 with Cπ1, Cµ2, and Cπ2 open-circuited.
Input side resistance of Cµ1 is rπ1 || rB1 || Rs.
Rπ eff = (1.4 k || 27.39 k || 5 k) ≅ 1 kΩ
Using Eq. (8.40)
Req = RL + Ri (1 + gm RL)
∴ τµ1 = [RL eff + Rπ eff (1 + gm1 RL eff)] Cµ1
τµ1 = [1.4 k + 1 k (1 + 35.7 × 10–3 ℧ × 1.4 k)] 1 pF
= 5.2 ns
τµ2 = [RC1 || Rsr] Cµ2
= [5 k || 2 k] × 1 pF ≃ 1.4 k × 1 pF
329
= 1.4 ns
1  1 
∴ fH =  
2π  τ π1 + τ π2 + τ µ1 + τ µ2 
1  1 
=
2π 15.75ns + 0.14 ns + 5.2 ns + 1.4 ns 

≃ 7.0 MHz
8.22
B1 C1 C2 C2
RS C1 i b1
rp1 b f1ib1
+
vs RB b f2ib2 RC vo
E1 i b2 RL
rp2
E2
τ1 due to C1 only
τ1 = [Rs + RB + rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + βf2)] C1 = (500 + 47 k + 1400 + 1400 × 151) 10 × 10–6
= 2.6 s
τ2 due to C2 only
τ2 = (RC + RL) C2 = (10 k + 10 k) 10 × 10–6 = 0.2 s
1 1 1 1  1 1 
fL = + =  +  = 0.22 Hz
2π  τ1 τ 2  2π  2.6 0.2 
gm1v be1
gm2v be2
B1 Cm1 C1 C2
RS
rp1 Cp1 ib1b f1 Cm2
vs RB ib2b f2 RC||RL
B2
rp2 Cp2
τ1 due to Cπ1, τ1 = [(Rs || RB) || [rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + βf2)]} Cπ1

τ1 = [(500 || 47 k) || {1400 + 1400 × 151}] 15 pF
= (495 || 212800) 15 pF ≃ 495 × 15 × 10–12 = 7.425 ns
330
Due to Cπ2 only
 r R || R 
τ2 =  rπ2 + π1 + s B  Cπ2
 1 + β f1 1 + β f1 
= 1400 +
1400 495 
+  15 × 10 = 21.18 ns
–12
 151 151 
From Problem 8.15
Cm1
ib
rp1 bfib1
Rs||RB i e1 RC||RL
bfie1
rp2(1+b f) rp2(1+b f)
bf
 βf ( Rs || RB ) 
RCµ1 = (Rs || RB) || [rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + βf)] + (RC || RL) 1 + 
 ( Rs || RB ) + rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + β f ) 
 150 × (0.5||47 k) 
RCµ1 = (0.5 k || 47 k) || [1.4 k + 1.4 k (1 + 150)] + 5 k 1 + 
 0.5 k ||47 k + 1.4 k + 1.4 × 151 
 74.21k 
≅ 494 + 5 k 1 + = 7.234 kΩ
 213.3k 
τ3 = RC4 Cµ1 = 7.234 k × 15 pF = 108.51 ns

150
gm1 = gm2 = βf/rπ1 = = 107 mA/V
1400
O
Rs
rp1 bib Cm2
RB b fi e1 RC||RL
i e1
rp2(1+b f) rp2(1+b f)
RCµ2 = rπ2 (1 + βf) + (1 + β) (RC || RL)

= 1.4 k × 151 + 151 (10 k || 10 k) = 151 (1.4 k + 5 k) = 981.5 kΩ
τ4 = RCµ2 Cµ2 = 981.5 k × 15 pF = 14.723 µs
331
1 1 1 1 1
fH =
2π τ + τ + τ + τ 
 1 2 3 4
1  1 1 1 1 
= + + +
2π  7.25 ns 21.18 ns 108.51ns 14.723µs 

= 30.93 MHz
Problem 8.22
VS 1 0 AC 100MV
RS 1 2 500
C1 2 3 10UF
RB 3 0 47K
RP1 3 4 100
CPI1 3 4 15PF
RP2 4 0 1400
CPI2 4 0 15PF
CMU1 3 5 15PF
CMU2 5 4 15PF
RC 5 0 10K
RL 6 0 10K
C2 5 6 10K
G1 5 4 3 4 107M
G2 5 0 4 0 107M
. PROBE
. END
8.23
Assume IDSS = 12.5 mA, ID = 1 mA, and Vp = – 3.5 V
2
 V 
ID = IDSS 1 − GS 
 Vp 
2
 V 
1 × 10–3 = 12.5 × 10–3 1 + GS  , VGS = – 2.5 V
 3.5 
2 I DSS  VGS  2 × 12.5 × 10 –3  2.5 

gm =  1 –  = 1 – 
|Vp |  Vp  3.5 3.5 
≃ 2.0 mA/V
Assume ro >> RD || RL and RL >> RD. Then

g m RD
| Avo(mid) | = , Take Amid = 24 and RD = 12 kΩ
1 + g m RSR1
332
2 × 10 –3 × 12 k
24 =
1 + 2 × 10 –3 × RSR1
24 + 2 × 10–3 × 24 RSR1 = 24, RSR1 = 0

VRD = 1 mA × 12 kΩ = 12 V, Take VDD = 3 × 12 = 36 V
12 V
VDS = 12 and VSR2 = 12 V, RSR2 = = 12 kΩ
1 mA
VG = VS + VGS = 12 – 2.5 = 9.5 V, RSR = 12 + 0 = 12 kΩ

R2 VDD
= 9.5
R1 + R2
R2
× 36 = 9.5
R1 + R2
R1 36
+1 =
R2 9.5
Let R2 = 500 kΩ; then R1 = 1.394 MΩ.

Let RL = 100 kΩ; then
Av(mid) = – 2 × 10–3 (12 k || 100 k)
= – 21.428 Acceptable
Let Rs = 5 kΩ
Zin = RG = R1 || R2 = 368 kΩ Eq. (8.83)
RC1 = Rs + RG = 5 k + 368 k = 373 kΩ
RC2 = RD + RL = 12 k + 100 k = 112 kΩ Eq. (8.84)
1
RCS = 12 k || = 480 Ω Eq. (8.85)
2m
Let fL = 9.9 kHz. Then

1 1
CS = = = 33.5 nF
2π f CS RCS 2π × 9.9 × 103 × 480
9.9 k
Assume fC2 = fL/10 =
10
Cgd
RS
+ vx – gmvgs
+
RG vi RD||RL
– Rsr1
ix ix + gmvgs
333
1
C2 = = 1.4 nF
2π × 990 × 112 × 103
9900
fC1 = fC2/20 =
20
1 2
Assume C1 = = = 0.8 nF
2π f C1 RC1 2π × 990 × 373 × 103
vi = (Rs || RG) ix
vi = vgs + gm vgs Rsr1 = vgs (1 + gm Rsr1)
vi ( R || R ) i
vgs = = s G x
1 + g m Rsr1 1 + g m Rsr1
vx = (Rs || RG) ix + (ix + gm vgs) (RD || RL)
( Rs || RG ) ix
= (Rs || RG) ix + (RD || RL) ix + gm (RD || RL)
1 + g m Rsr1
vx g ( R || R ) ( R || R )
RCgd = = RG || Rs + RD || RL + m D L s G
ix 1 + g m Rsr1
0.002 (12 k ||100 k ) ( 368 k||5k )

= 368 k || 5 k + 12 k || 100 k +
1 + 0.002 × 0
= 4932 + 10714 + 0.002 × 4932 × 10714 = 121,329 Ω
ix
Rs +
vx
Cgs
– gmvgs RL||RD
RG +
Rsr1
–
gmvgsRsr1
vx + gm Rsr1 vgs = ix (Rs || RG)

(1 + gm Rsr1) vx = (Rs || RG) ix
vx Rs || RG
RCgs = =
ix 1 + g m Rsr1
= Rs || RG = 4932 Ω
1
fH =
2π ( RCgs Cgs + RCgd Cgd )
Cgs0 = 3.49 pF, Cgd0 = 5.85 pF, Vb1 = 0.8
334
From Eq. (7.18)
Cgs0 3.49 pF
Cgs = = = 2.3 pF
(1 + |VGS | Vbi ) 1/ 3
(1 + 2 0.8)1/ 3
VGD =VGS + VSD = VGS – VDS = – 2 – 4 = – 6 V
From Eq. (7.19)
5.85 pF
Cgd = = 2.87 pF
(1 + 6 0.8)1/ 3
Cgs = 2.3 pF
Cgd = 2.87 pF
1
9.9 kHz =
(
2π 4932 × 2.3 × 10 –12 + 121,329 Ceff )
Ceff = 132.59 × 10–12 – 2.87 × 10–12 = 129.72 pF
8.24
Amid
ro >> (RD || RL) and RG is very large; Amid as in the last problem.
RG
G S
+ vgs –
Rs
gmvgs RL
+
~
– vs ro
Rsr1 RD
g m ( RD || RL )
Amid =
1 + g m Rsr1
Taking RD = 10 k, and gm = 4.98 × 10–3
4.98 × 10 –3 (10 k || 20 k)
25 = , Rsr1 ≅ 66 Ω
1 + 4.98 × 10 –3 Rsr1
gmvgs
G S
Rs C1 C2
+ RG Rsr1
vs ~
– Rf1 1–k Rf2 RD RL
Rsr2 CS
RG
1– 1
k
Using Miller’s theorem

335
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Title: The Y. M. C. A. boys on Bass Island

or, The mystery of Russabaga camp
Author: Brooks Henderley
Illustrator: Robert Emmett Owen
Release date: August 28, 2023 [eBook #71506]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: Cupples & Leon Company, 1916
Credits: David Edwards, Debrah Thompson and the Online

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(This book was produced from images made available by
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE Y. M. C.

A. BOYS ON BASS ISLAND ***
The
Y. M. C. A. Boys
on Bass Island
Or
The Mystery of Russabaga Camp
BY
BROOKS HENDERLEY
Author of “The Y. M. C. A. Boys of Cliffwood,” Etc.
ILLUSTRATED
NEW YORK
CUPPLES & LEON COMPANY

“STEADY NOW! KEEP HER HEAD STRAIGHT INTO THE WIND.”
The Y. M. C. A. Boys on Bass Island Page 57
BOOKS FOR BOYS
By
BROOKS HENDERLEY
12mo. Cloth. Illustrated.
Price per volume, 60 cents, postpaid.
THE Y. M. C. A. BOYS SERIES

THE Y. M. C. A. BOYS OF CLIFFWOOD;
or The Struggle for the Holwell Prize
THE Y. M. C. A. BOYS ON BASS ISLAND;
or The Mystery of Russabaga Camp
(Other volumes in preparation)

Publishers New York
COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY
The Y. M. C. A. Boys on Bass Island

CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. THE SCRUB BALL TEAMS 1
II. AN INVASION OF PIGS 10
III. THE BOY WHO HAD PROMISED 19
IV. MR. NOCKER SPRINGS A SURPRISE 32
V. A BRIGHT PROSPECT AHEAD 40
VI. MAKING CAMP ON BASS ISLAND 47
VII. IN THE GRIP OF THE SQUALL 56
VIII. THE FIRST NIGHT OUT 63
IX. THE RULE OF ORDER AND DISCIPLINE 72
X. THINGS BEGIN TO VANISH 79
XI. MR. HOLWELL GETS THE WELCOMING CHEER 86
XII. HAPPENINGS OF THE SECOND NIGHT 96
XIII. THE MYSTERY GROWS DEEPER 103
XIV. TRYING TO FIGURE IT OUT 115
XV. DAN TELLS SOME WHOLESOME TRUTHS 123
XVI. WAS IT A WILD MAN OF THE WOODS? 129
XVII. DICK’S PROMISE 137
XVIII. SETTING THE TRAP 144
XIX. A DAY OF REST 148
XX. A MISSION OF MERCY 155
XXI. THE BROTHERLY SPIRIT 163
XXII. WHAT NAT SAW 169
XXIII. THE TELLTALE FOOTPRINT 178
XXIV. DAN’S NEW IDEA 188
XXV. THE BERRY PICKERS 199
XXVI. POACHING ON STRANGE PRESERVES 206
XXVII. A NEVER-TO-BE-FORGOTTEN CAMPFIRE 214
XXVIII. WHEN THE PIT TRAP WORKED 222
XXIX. CLEARING UP THE MYSTERY 231
XXX. BREAKING CAMP—CONCLUSION 239
THE Y. M. C. A. BOYS
ON BASS ISLAND
CHAPTER I
THE SCRUB BALL TEAMS
“A dandy drive, Peg!”

“Good for a two-bagger, any day!”
“Look at him cover ground, will you?”
“Nobody’d believe Peg limps when he walks, to see him hustle like that
in a game of ball!”
“Look out, Peg, he’s going to get you at second!”
“Slide, Peg! Slide, old scout!”
Amidst a cloud of dust “Peg” Fosdick went down safely to second, the
ball arriving just as he clutched the bag with his outstretched hand. Peg
arose to his feet, brushed himself off, and waved a hand to his cheering
mates on the side that was just then at bat.
Cliffwood boys were having a glorious time on the green devoted to
outdoor sports. Still, after all, these were only two scrub teams; for,
somehow, up to the present time the bustling mill town on the Sweetbriar
river had never mustered up enough energy to put a regular representative
nine worthy of support in the field.
Neighboring places, such as Creston, Emoryville, and Barrtown,
boasted good teams, and the boys of Cliffwood often found themselves
openly taunted on account of their lack of zeal in the matter.
“But things are liable to change from now on!” declared one of the boys
on the bench, when casual mention of this lamentable fact was made. “It’s
time Cliffwood woke up from this Rip Van Winkle sleep, and made its mark
in the world.”
“That time is going to come right away,” asserted the pitcher of his nine,
a vigorous lad, Dick Horner by name, and who seemed to be a leader
among the boys.
“It’s as certain as can be, or my name isn’t Leslie Capes!” declared the
catcher, who was Dick Horner’s most intimate chum.
“Well, Cliffwood,” observed a third youth earnestly, “is a far different
town from what it used to be before Mr. Holwell, the minister, and Harry
Bartlett, leader of our local Y. M. C. A., organized the Boys’ Department.”
“That’s what nearly every one tells us, Elmer,” returned the sanguine
Dick. “And by the coming fall we hope to be able to put a decent football
squad in the field, to stand for our home town.”
“I’m mighty glad to hear that, Dick!” exclaimed still another of the
players, Phil Harkness by name. And then raising his voice to a shout he
went on to say: “Three balls and two strikes, Andy! Make Nat put the ball
over, and meet his fast clipper for a homer!”
Almost immediately following the giving of this advice came the crack
of the bat as it caught one of Nat Silmore’s speediest balls “on the nose.”
The boy on second sprinted for home because he knew that was the play,
there being already two out.
Away out in deep center Alonzo Crane made a vigorous effort to get the
swift liner. He was coming in on a gallop, hoping to take the ball in his
outstretched hands before it could touch the ground.
The onlookers saw Alonzo fairly hurl himself forward in a gallant
attempt to make the spectacular play. Then he fell, rolled over several times,
and arose finally with the ball held triumphantly above his head.
Nat and his side emitted a roar of applause, and with wild whoops
started toward the home plate, as though that play ended the inning.
“Keep on running to second, Andy!” yelled Leslie Capes, excitedly. “He
dropped the ball, and snatched it up again off the ground!”
“Sure he did! I saw him do it!” added Phil Harkness, indignantly, for
there were several players on the opposing side who, like Nat himself, in
times gone by, had been known to attempt just such sly tricks as this; and
Alonzo was one of them.
“Aw! what are you givin’ us?” shouted Nat, with one of his old-time
bullying frowns. “That was the greatest play ever seen on these grounds! He
snatched the ball right out of the air before it ever touched the ground. And
he held tight through all his tumble in the bargain. Your man is out, Dick
Horner, and you know it, too!”
There threatened to be a furious dispute, which would break up the
game; for each side acted as if determined to hold its ground. Fortunately,
just at that critical moment a gentleman came sauntering along and
approached the squabbling ball players, whose voices were mingled in a
warm discussion, while all sorts of accusations were flying broadcast.
“What’s the trouble, boys?” asked the gentleman, who, to judge by the
cut of his coat, was a minister.
The clamor ceased immediately. Even the turbulent Nat shrank back a
little, as though unwilling that the Reverend Thomas Holwell should see
one of his old-time frowns on his face, for Nat was supposed to have broken
away from his former life, and to be marching along the narrow road
nowadays.
“Why, it’s this way, Mr. Holwell,” explained Dick, himself quieting
down considerably, for the minister was known to be the best friend the
boys of Cliffwood had, and his unexpected appearance had cooled their
ardor as nothing else could have done. “We say Alonzo dropped that liner
and snatched it up again, which wouldn’t count for an out. Nat and his side
all say he held it tight. So we’re up against a hard proposition, because
neither side will give in.”
“Oh! I think I can settle that dispute easily enough,” said Mr. Holwell,
with a cheery smile. “You see, I was taking home this pair of opera glasses
for my wife, after having had them repaired. As I came along I chanced to
be testing them, and as luck would have it, I followed Alonzo as he ran
forward to take that liner.”
“Yes, sir!” said Dick, eagerly. “And if anybody could know just what
happened at the time he rolled over you should, I guess.”
“Alonzo did drop the ball, though he snatched it up instantly,” said Mr.
Holwell. “I saw him do it distinctly. Of course he is just trying to have some
fun out of the occurrence. Isn’t that so, Alonzo?”
The boy in question turned fiery red, and his eyes fell under the steady
gaze of the minister.
“That’s what I was doing, Mr. Holwell,” he finally managed to say, with
a nervous little laugh. “I knew there was a fine chance to have some fun
teasing the other side, and I tried it. But I dropped the ball, all right. I did
my best to hold on to the crazy old thing, though.”
Dick and Leslie exchanged glances. They felt pretty certain that only for
the opportune arrival of Mr. Holwell, Alonzo would have stuck to his story
through thick and thin. Nat shrugged his broad shoulders, and looked
disgusted at such signs of what he would call weakness.
“Oh! well, if he owns up, of course the play goes,” he remarked, with a
sneer, and an ugly glance at Alonzo. “Get back in your places, fellers; and
Peg’s run goes. Andy, take second, and count yourself mighty lucky.
Anyhow, the rest of us really believed he held it tight.”
Mr. Holwell presently left the scene of action and walked on, with a
serious expression on his face. Some time before he and the young man
who served as leader to the town Y. M. C. A. had organized a Boys’
Department, which gave promise of doing a vast amount of good among the
younger element in Cliffwood.
There had been more or less trouble with Nat Silmore and several of his
followers, although just at present they seemed to be getting on pretty well.
Mr. Holwell knew boys “like a book,” however, and from the little incident
of the day he feared the “snake was scotched, not killed,” as the saying has
it.
While the boys are continuing their game after the sudden dispute had
been settled by an umpire whose decision none of them ventured to
question, a few words concerning Dick and his comrades may not come in
amiss, especially to such readers as may not have read the preceding
volume of this series, entitled, “The Y. M. C. A. Boys of Cliffwood.”
Dick Horner lived with his mother, grandfather and little sister Sue in a
neat cottage close to the bank of the Sweetbriar river. They had been barely
able to get along on the veteran’s pension and the proceeds from a small
investment. Suddenly bad news reached them to the effect that part of their
little property had been swept away.
As has already been related in the previous story, a splendid thing
happened for the Horners, and they were now comfortably fixed, so that
Dick need not worry concerning his future.
Some of his friends were Leslie Capes, Dan Fenwick, Phil Harkness,
Elmer Jones, Andy Hale, “Peg” Fosdick, “Clint” Babbett and Fred
Bonnicastle.
Among the new members of the Boys’ Club was Asa Gardner, a boy
whose reputation had not been very good in times past, for he had always
been called “light-fingered,” being prone to take things that did not belong
to him. His mother, whom Asa dearly loved, had died not long before, and
the boy was said to have solemnly promised her at the last that he would
never again surrender to his strange weakness that had amounted to what is
called “kleptomania”—an itching to take the property of others when an
opportunity arises.
Some of the boys were doubtful as to Asa’s ability to overcome his
faults; but Mr. Holwell stood by the lad, and stoutly backed him up. Dick,
too, had a certain amount of faith in Asa, for reasons of his own, in spite of
the fact that Dan Fenwick, who was more skeptical, had more than once
urged him to “keep an eye on that Asa.”
Dick had been enabled to do Old Jed Nocker, the richest merchant in
Cliffwood, a great favor, whereby he found happiness in the possession of a
grandchild, little Billy, together with his only son’s widow, Tilly Nocker.
Since that time Mr. Nocker had lost much of his former cynicism regarding
boys in general, and found numerous opportunities to stretch out a helping
hand to the growing Junior Department of the local Y. M. C. A.
It was the unexpected home coming of Silas Langhorne, a brother of
Mrs. Horner, from the Alaska gold fields, that had brought contentment and
peace to Dick’s family. That was a strange and dramatic homecoming, for
an account of which the reader is referred to the previous volume of this
series. These summer days were happy ones in the Horner cottage, and little
seven-year-old Sue, Dick’s sister, went singing about all the time.
The boys had settled down once more to their game, and the greatest
interest was seizing upon them, with the score a tie, when all of a sudden
Phil Harkness, out in center field, was seen to be waving his arms excitedly
as he gave vent to a series of shouts.
“Hey! look yonder!” they plainly heard him calling. “See all that smoke,
would you? It’s Bratton’s barn afire!”
CHAPTER II
AN INVASION OF PIGS
There is nothing under the sun capable of exciting a crowd of lively

boys as much as a fire. Consequently when the ball players saw the smoke
pouring from Bratton’s barn they instantly forgot all about their game, even
with the score a tie, two out, Dick to the bat, a runner on third, and but a
single hit needed to win for his side.
Helter-skelter they ran toward the scene, most of them shouting “Fire!”
as they went, and thus increasing the already growing confusion. The clang
of the suspended locomotive steel rim struck by a hammer added to the din.
People came running from every direction toward the Bratton place, about
which a crowd had already collected.
HELTER-SKELTER THEY RAN TOWARD THE SCENE.
Silas Bratton was a character in Cliffwood. He had always been at odds
with everybody in the town, and seemed to delight in annoying others.
There are just such contrary people in nearly every community.
For one thing the man persisted in keeping a host of small pigs about his
place. The authorities made him confine them, but even at that they were a
constant source of trouble to the neighbors; which was apparently just what
Mr. Bratton wanted. He was always in some sort of lawsuit with people,
but, possessing means, he hired the best lawyers, and usually came out of
the affairs victorious.
“Wonder how it started?” gasped Leslie, as he ran alongside Dick and
Dan.
“Huh!” grunted Dan, always suspicious, “wouldn’t surprise me one
little bit if somebody just set it going. You know how they detest Bratton,
and lots of people will laugh themselves sick if his barn—yes, and house
too—goes up in smoke.”
“Better not say that again, Dan,” cautioned Dick. “It might get you into
a peck of trouble if some friend of Bratton’s chanced to hear you.”
The boys soon reached the scene of excitement. The smoke was pouring
out of the barn worse than ever. Perhaps it was a case of spontaneous
combustion, for oily waste and rags often take fire, especially during the
warm summer months. No one seemed to be bothering his head as to what
had caused the fire; it was enough for all to see that the tongues of flame
had commenced to spit through the billowing smoke, showing that the
conflagration was becoming serious.
When eighteen lively boys are suddenly brought upon the scene,
something is apt to be doing. Nat and a few of the others began immediately
to see a fine chance to have some fun out of the affair.
“Hey! let’s try to throw some water on the fire, fellers!” shouted Nat;
but those who knew him best surmised that it was the hope of finding a
chance for a prank rather than a desire to assist in saving Mr. Bratton’s
property that urged him on.
There was a rush forward, and many of the boys started to scale the
fence. One of the gates was thrown open, and immediately several
squealing pigs commenced to run down the road.
“Hi! shut that gate again, you fools!” shouted the owner of the premises,
who, in his excitement, was running back and forth, starting to do one thing
and then changing to another. “D’ye want to let all my valuable pigs break
away?”
“Here come the firemen on the run!” a voice was heard to call out, one
of the boys perched on top of the high fence being the alert scout to convey
the news.
Cliffwood firemen had made a good reputation for themselves in times
past. It was a volunteer department, but they owned a good engine, as well
as a hose cart and a ladder truck.
Galloping horses brought them quickly to the scene of the fire. When
they learned whose barn was in danger of being burned down, some of the
members of the department may have felt loath to work as hard as usual, for
they detested Mr. Bratton.
The foreman, however, who was the town blacksmith, would not allow
any shirking on the part of his followers. So the hose was run out, the
engine started up, and it was not long before a stream of water began to fall
upon the smouldering hay that had been the main cause of the smoke.
Meanwhile, as seems necessary at all fires in country towns, some of
the men began to chop at the sides of the barn, and smash in the windows
—“to let the smoke out, and give the men who handled the hose nozzle a
chance to play on the seat of the fire,” it was explained. Many who
witnessed these energetic labors, however, could give a good guess that
there were other things back of the professional instinct.
While all this was going on, more and more of the grunting and
squealing pigs managed to get away, despite the apparent frenzied efforts of
the fire fighters to prevent their egress. They were darting this way and that
in every direction. Some ran between the legs of the spectators, and girls
screamed in real or imaginary terror as the agile and alarmed little pigs
appeared in their midst.
As the fire was already diminishing in vigor, and gave promise of
proving a disappointment so far as spectacular effect went, the boys seemed
bent on finding some outlet for their activities in chasing wildly after the
noisy little beasts, that usually eluded capture in a remarkable way.
Many were the loud shrieks of laughter that arose when some one
plunged forward with outstretched hands, only to clutch thin air as the
active pig suddenly doubled, and eluded his grasp.
Dan had taken after an old sow that was giving vent to loud and
ominous grunts while running in a zigzag manner among the crowds. He
must have tripped at a critical second, for suddenly Dan was seen astraddle
of the broad-backed animal, trying to keep from tumbling, and evidently
much surprised at finding himself having a ride.
However, Dan soon tumbled off, selecting a soft spot for the feat, and
arose to his feet not much hurt by his adventurous ride. Boylike, he
immediately decided to stick to it that he had carried the trick through
purposely, to show what a fine rough-rider he would make.
About this time Elmer Jones tugged at the sleeve of Dick’s coat.
“Look at Nat and his bunch, every one of ’em trying to corral a
squealing porker,” he called out. “I wonder what he’s got up his sleeve? I
heard Nat tell Dit Hennesy he wanted every fellow to get a pig apiece.”
“Oh! I shouldn’t be surprised if they expect Bratton’ll be offering a
reward for the safe return of his ugly pets; and it’ll be easy money for their
crowd,” remarked Leslie; and then burst into a roar of laughter when one of
the boys in question stumbled and fell flat, to have a whole drove of the
pigs scamper directly over him.
Dick and his chums would only too gladly have assisted in putting the
blaze out, because it would have been great fun for them. They had done
something of the sort not a great while back, when the house next to that of
Mr. Nocker had caught on fire, and precious lives were placed in peril.
In the present instance it happened that there was really little or no
chance to play the part of heroes. The gallant fire fighters poured enough
water on the already damp hay to smother the last spark, and in order to feel
in part repaid for their lively run in the heat of the afternoon were doing
more or less smashing around. They felt confident that all damages would
be settled by the fire insurance companies with whom so careful a man as
Mr. Bratton undoubtedly held policies.
Mr. Bratton, indeed, seemed to be more concerned about the
disappearance of some two dozen of his pigs than any damage his barn had
sustained. Perhaps this was because the animals were not included in the
insurance; or it might be he suspected the fire to have been part of a plot on
the part of disputing neighbors to rid themselves of a pest.
“Here, bring those pigs back to this other building! Do you hear me?”
he was shouting to some of the people who had managed to secure a few of
the alarmed pigs, though it was all they could do to hold them.
They resented the tone of authority conveyed by his manner and words,
and on that account two men immediately released their prisoners.
“Take them yourself, Silas Bratton!” called out one of these. “Since
when have we been in your employ?”
“Drat the pigs!” said one woman, with an expression of disgust on her
face. “When I first heard it was Bratton’s place that had caught fire I began
to hope I’d smell roast pork. But it seems the whole nest of ’em must have
come through scot-free. They’ll be chasing all over town.”
“Glad of it,” said another neighbor, smiling broadly. “I wish some bad
spirit would enter into the drove, just as it did long years ago in Palestine,
and cause the beasts to run down into the river to be drowned. It’d be a
good riddance of rubbish, say I!”
The excitement was gradually dying out. Some of the escaped pigs had
been recovered, but many of them had vanished. Perhaps strays would be
picked up here and there around Cliffwood for some time to come,
especially if the crusty owner thought fit to offer a reward for their return.
“I guess our game is all knocked to flinders by this riot,” remarked
Leslie, as he stood and watched the firemen finish the last stroke of their
business by turning the stream of water into a hole that had been cut in the
side of the barn.
“Oh! we couldn’t get the boys together again after this!” declared Peg,
who was one of the group. “Three of the other side have disappeared—Nat,
Dit and Alonzo Crane. And say, let me tell you, every one of them had a pig
in his arms the last I saw of them.”
“That’s right,” added Dan; “and running off with the same in the
bargain. I wonder what’s in the wind? If they were meaning to camp out
soon I’d guess you’d get the smell of roast pork if you happened to stroll
near their hideout. But anyway, when it comes to playing all sorts of
practical jokes, Nat takes the cake.”
“There’s something up, you can depend on it,” asserted Leslie, firmly.
“We know Nat too well to believe he just wanted to save those porkers for
Mr. Bratton. Keep your eye on Nat, and you’ll hear something drop before
long.”
“Oh! bother Nat anyway,” said Peg; “he’s always doing something to
keep himself in the limelight. What interests me more than any of his capers
just now is trying to guess where we’ll land about that summer camp we’re
thinking of starting next week.”
“Well, we may have some news at the meeting to-night,” explained
Dick, “because Dr. Madison promised to run over and see about that
Morley Camp Mr. Holwell thought would suit us in every way.”
“I was hugging some hope to my heart we might get a chance to go up
to Lake Russabaga,” grumbled Dan. “Somehow I’ve always hankered after
that place since the time we ran up there on our wheels and stayed one
night, camping under the hemlocks.”
“It is a dandy place, all right,” admitted Dick. “For one, I’d like to
spend a week or so up there on Bass Island. But there isn’t much chance of
our getting there on this trip, I’m afraid.”
The fire being now a thing of the past, the boys started for home. The
last they saw of Mr. Bratton he was counting his pigs, and declaring he
would have the law on any one found guilty of trying to harbor one of the
escaped animals. More or less sly laughter was being indulged in by the
spectators, who seemed rather well pleased at the calamity that had befallen
their quarrelsome neighbor.
“You see none of the other nine has showed up to finish the game,”
remarked Dick, shortly afterwards, as they neared the ball ground; “so we’ll
have to call it a draw. See you this evening at the meeting, fellows. So
long!”
CHAPTER III
THE BOY WHO HAD PROMISED
One night a week the boys comprising the Junior Department of the
local Y. M. C. A. held a meeting in the room in the building Cliffwood’s
citizens had presented to the organization that was doing so much good
work for young men in the community.
On certain afternoons they were also allowed free use of the
gymnasium. A comparatively new swimming pool was enjoyed by many
after they had exercised. Then there was a bowling alley, and some of the
more expert among the boys ran up pretty high scores.
On the night after the ball game on the commons and the fire at the
Bratton barn, the boys commenced gathering before the time appointed for
the special meeting to take place. Little knots talked seriously as they came
together, for it was known that Dick meant to bring with him a report of the
success or failure attending their efforts to secure the camping grounds
owned by a Mr. Marley on the small lake named after him.
“Some of you fellows,” Dan Fenwick was saying to a group around
him, “who didn’t happen to be at the ball game to-day will be interested to
know that Dick says we’re going to have a football eleven this fall, to try to
hold up the honor of Cliffwood with the rest of the towns around this end of
the woods.”
“Glad to hear that, Dan!” exclaimed one lad, warmly.
“Always said we ought to do something to show our colors,” added
another. “And it’s come all because of Mr. Howell and his scheme for
getting up this Boys’ Department of the Y. M. C. A. That’s done the trick!
You don’t run across many fellows loafing on the street corners these
nights. They’d rather be in here reading the magazines, or taking part in
some of the things that are going on every little while.”
“And there’s no reason,” a third went on to say, boldly, “why Cliffwood
shouldn’t have a hockey team, and a cracking good baseball nine next
season, to boot. We’ve got the stuff all right. With good backing we might
even hope to fetch a trophy home with us once in a while.”
“There’s Mr. Bartlett, going to call the meeting to order,” remarked Dan.
At this speech every one of the boys settled down in a seat; for these
meetings were usually conducted with as much decorum and order as those
carried on by the older members of the Y. M. C. A. organization.
Harry Bartlett usually presided at these gatherings of the boys’ club, but
he took pleasure in frequently turning the meeting over to Dick, who had
been duly elected to the office. This evening as soon as the meeting had
been called to order he asked Dick to take the chair.
The secretary was just beginning to call the roll when there came a
series of squeals and grunts. At the same time three small pigs were seen
running wildly about the room, creating much excitement as they darted
back and forth under the chairs and amidst the legs of twenty-odd boys
gathered there.
Every one knew that Nat and his two cronies had liberated the pigs, for
they were standing in the doorway and laughing heartily at the frantic
efforts of the boys to catch the dodging pigs. All thought of business was
suspended until this duty had been accomplished, after which the offending
pigs were summarily ejected from the building.
Nat pretended to feel sorry over it.
“We meant to lug the little critters over to Mr. Bratton’s house,” he went
on to explain, “to find out if he meant to offer a reward for their safe return.
But now they’re loose again, and in the night nobody could ever catch the
slippery imps. We were goin’ to stop in and let you know we’d be back this
way before long, when they broke loose on us. But it’s all right anyway, and
no damage done, I reckon.”
Of course every one knew the incident was intended to be one of Nat’s
famous practical jokes, but since the excitement had now died down, and
Mr. Bartlett said nothing to the contrary, Dick concluded to forget it.
“The meeting will again come to order,” he called out, vigorously
rapping the table with the gavel, borrowed from the seniors. “The secretary
will start over again with roll call.”

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Microelectronic Circuits Analysis and

Design 3rd Edition Rashid Solutions

θ = 450 for ω =100 rad/s

θ = −900 − 450 = −1350 for ω = 10 rad / s

− 15 × 10−3 × 104 × 103

Low-frequency equivalent circuit

With Cgd open-circuited

Using KVL we have

Using Eq. (8.21)

VTh = – gm vgs RL, isc = – gm vgs

| Av(mid) | = | – gm RL | = 2 × 10–3 × 10 × 103 = 20

RCπ = rπ || [RE (1 + βf) + Rs || RB] = 1.5 k || [1 × 16 k + 4 k || 20 k]

Vx = (Rs || RB) || [rπ + RE (1 + βf)] ix + (RC || RL) [ix + βf ib]

20 k || [1.5 k + 16 k]vs 9041 vs

From Problem 8.11

With c1 shorted and dividing the resistance in the base by 1 + βf

Rcπ = Rπ || [(RE || RL) (1 + βf) + Rs || RB]

Rcµ = [rπ + (RE || RL) (1 + βf)] || (RB || Rs)

vo = ib (RE || RL) (1 + βf)

vo 7619 20 k || [1500 + 7619]

Low 3-dB circuit

βf = gm rπ = 10–3 × 1.5 × 103 = 1.5

RC1 = Rs + RB || [rπ + RE (1 + βf)] = 103 + 20 × 103 || [1500 + 103 × 2.5]

fL = fC1 + fC2 = 3.67 + 0.79 = 4.46 Hz

High 3-dB frequency

Rcµ1 = RB || Rs || [rπ + RE (1 + βf)]

From (i) and (ii)

RTH VCC 10.1 × 103 × 15

RTH VCC 25.8mV

100 × 103 ||10 × 103

RE2 = 1000 – 15 = 985 Ω

 r + RB || Rs   516 + 104 ||103 

RC2 = RC + RL = 103 + 10 × 103 = 11 kΩ

Rcπ = rπ || [RE1 (1 + βf) + Rs || RB]

RTh = R1 || R2 = 0.1 × 101 × 500 = 5.05 kΩ

RTh VCC 5.05 × 103 × 15

Ri = RE || rπ || Rt ≃ 2.5 Ω. Rs is assumed to be 15 Ω. Therefore

RCB = RB || [rπ + (1 + βf) (Rs + RE) Eq. (8.63)

Cx = 33.43 – 4.17 = 29.26 pF

VCC − VB1 (15 − 6.4) V

vs × 0.99 vs × 0.99 v × 0.99

0.99 × 100 × 103 ||104

Reduce RL. For RL = 1 kΩ, Av = – 47.96.

RC1 = Rs + RB || [rπ1 + rπ2 (1 + βf)],

= 1000 + 17.2 × 106 || [51.6 × 103 + 516 × 102] = 103,600 Ω

RC2 = RC + RL = 103 + 103.

Taking RL = 1000 Ω to keep the gain within the given limits

RCπ1 = rπ1 || [RB || Rs + rπ2 (1 + βf)]

≃ 51.6 k || [1000 + 516 × 101] = 26,173 Ω

From Eq. (8.49)

= 500 + (516 || 520) 98 = 25,881 Ω

Ceff = 5.1 pF, Cx ≃ 1 pF

RB = R1 || R2 = 0.1 (1 + βf) RE1 = 0.1 × 101 × 1140 = 11,514 Ω

RTh VCC 11,514 × 15

Let RE3 = 27 Ω. Then

vo = – ib2 βF(RC || RL)

RC1 = Rs || RB + rπ1 + RE1 (1 + βF) || [rπ2 (1 + βF) + RE3 (1 + βF)2]

RCµ1 = Rs || RB || [rπ1 + RE1 (1 + βF) || (rπ2 + RE3 (1 + βF)]

 516 + 103 ||11514 

As before for Q1, RC = 1 kΩ, RE1 + RE2 = 1 kΩ, R1 = 24.43 kΩ

From the equivalent circuit

RC || R3 || [rπ2 + (1 + βf) (RE || RL)] = 1 k || 136 k || [516 + 101 (750 || 10 k)]

 r R || R   516 136 × 103 ||1k 