Test Bank For Essentials of Sociology 9th Edition Brinkerhoff

Test Bank for Essentials of Sociology, 9th Edition : Brinkerhoff
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CHAPTER SEVEN
STRATIFICATION
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. According to the definition in the text, which of these would be an example of stratification?
a. A curriculum with more physical education courses for boys than for girls
b. A plan that raises the minimum wage
c. Promotion based on more experience and more successful sales
d. The fact that girls generally score better than boys on tests of verbal ability
ANS: a REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1
2. Inequality becomes stratification when it is institutionalized and:

a. involves different abilities.
b. supported by personal qualities.
c. based on membership in a status.
d. involves blue-collar employment.
ANS: c REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1
3. A university professor may receive more social approval and respect than an auto mechanic.
Sociologists would term this a difference in:
a. prestige.
b. power.
c. stratification.
d. caste.
4. Sociologists call the ability to influence or force others to do what one wants them to do, regardless of
their own wishes:
a. prestige.
b. power.
c. stratification.
d. caste.
ANS: b REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1
5. A status that is optional, one that we can reach (or fail to reach) on the basis of our own efforts, is
called:
a. an achieved status.
b. an ascribed status.
c. a flexible status.
d. an active status.
ANS: a REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1
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CHAPTER SEVEN – TEST BANK
6. In the distribution of scarce resources, caste systems rely on __________ statuses and class systems
rely to a greater degree on __________ statuses.
a. achieved; ascribed
b. employment; educational
c. educational; employment
d. ascribed; achieved
ANS: d REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1
7. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

a. parent
b. female
c. friend
d. doctor
8. The primary distinction between a caste system and a class system is that under a caste system:
a. there is more inequality than under a class system.
b. only one type of reward (status) is used.
c. ascribed statuses that are fixed throughout a lifetime are the major criteria used to rank
individuals.
d. occupation is used as the chief criterion for membership.
9. The process of changing one’s social class is called:

a. status climbing.
b. class consciousness.
c. career striving.
d. social mobility.
10. Which of the following is an example of upward social mobility?

a. Your parents are doctors and you become a doctor.
b. Your parents did not go to college, but you graduate with an M.A.
c. You lose your job as an engineer and you start a job in a fast-food restaurant.
d. You want to go to college one day.
11. According to Marx, one’s relationship to the means of production is known as:
a. class.
b. status.
c. social mobility
d. employment.
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STRATIFICATION
12. In Marx’s framework, those who own the tools and materials necessary for their work are the:
a. bourgeoisie.
b. middle class.
c. proletariat.
d. government leaders.
13. Marx’s term for the an awareness of one’s real position in the class structure is:
a. partial consciousness.
b. class consciousness.
c. false consciousness.
d. incomplete consciousness.
ANS: b REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1
14. What did Marx call the class must sell its labor to those who own the means of production?
a. the working class
b. the underclass
c. labor
d. the proletariat
15. According to the definitions given in the text, which of the following workers would be considered to
have developed class consciousness?
a. The maid thinks she is in the same class as the professor.
b. The GM autoworker thinks he is of a higher class than the janitor.
c. The man who owns the service station believes he is of the same class as the nurse.
d. The professor recognizes that like her auto mechanic, she too does not own the means of
production.
ANS: d REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1
16. What did Marx hope would happen when people achieved class consciousness?
a. They would work hard to improve their status.
b. They would accept their position.
c. They would bond with others to combat the class system.
d. They would quit their jobs.
17. How does Weber’s definition of social class differ from that of Marx?
a. Weber’s definition of class is focused on the relationship to the means of production; Marx’s is
not.
b. Marx’s definition of class is focused on the relationship to the means of production; Weber’s is
not.
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c. Marx’s definition is of class; Weber’s is of caste.

d. Marx and Weber use the same dimensions for defining social class.
18. Which of the following is NOT one of Weber’s three dimensions of social class?
a. class
b. power
c. education
d. status
19. The dimension of social class having to do with social honor expressed as sharing the same
community and types of activities is called:
a. power.
b. class.
c. style.
d. status.
20. The Duchess of York has so little money that she works as a spokesperson for Weight Watchers to
make money. She may be said to be:
a. high on status and low on class.
b. high on status and high on class.
c. high on class and low on status.
d. high on power and low on status.
21. According to a 2010 survey, most Americans consider themselves to be either __________ or
__________ class.
a. upper-; lower-
b. middle-; working-
c. middle-; upper-
d. working-; lower-
22. A group of people who have a sense of identification with one another because they are about equal
in class, power, and status are often referred to as sharing:
a. occupations.
b. socioeconomic status.
c. class consciousness.
d. social class.
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STRATIFICATION
23. Which measure of social class ranks people on income, education, occupation, or some combination?
a. status
b. class
c. socioeconomic status
d. prestige indicators
24. Whether one identifies oneself as working- or middle-class has important consequences for all of the
following EXCEPT:
a. how you vote.
b. what church you attend.
c. how much money you make.
d. how you raise your children.
25. The process of increasing the productivity and standard of living of a society is called:
a. Westernization.
b. modernization.
c. industrialization.
d. development.
ANS: d REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2
26. The average life expectancy in the U.S. is almost _______ years; in Sierra Leone, it is ______ years.
a. 75; 50
b. 75; 59
c. 80; 62
d. 80; 48
27. Which of the following is NOT included as a factor necessarily related to development?
a. Westernization
b. increased productivity
c. higher standards of living
d. more education
ANS: a REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2
28. All of the following are intended outcomes of development EXCEPT:

a. longer life expectancy.
b. more consumer goods.
c. a capitalist economy.
d. better education.
ANS: c REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2
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29. Development is a major goal in:

a. all Western societies.
b. almost all societies.
c. almost no societies.
d. few Middle Eastern or Southeast Asian societies.
ANS: b REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2
30. The most-developed countries contain ______ of the world’s population and produce ______ of the
gross world product.
a. 80%; 8%
b. 50%; 50%
c. 20%; 80%
d. 35%; 70%
31. The least-developed countries constitute what percentage of the world’s population?
a. 9%
b. 32%
c. 54%
d. 75%
32. The Human Development Index measures the:

a. average achievements of a country and the basic dimensions of human experience.
b. age at which adolescents in a given country become fully developed.
c. disparity between men’s and women’s quality of life.
d. percentage of children who die before their first birthday.
33. The Human Development Index includes measures of:

a. life expectancy.
b. obesity rates.
c. gender-related development.
d. gross domestic product (GDP).
34. Women in least-developed countries are _____times more likely to die in childbirth than women in
the most-developed countries.
a. 10
b. 25
c. 50
d. 100
ANS: D REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2
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STRATIFICATION
35. Which theory sees development as the natural unfolding of an evolutionary process in which a society
goes from simple to complex institutional structures?
a. world-systems theory
b. evolutionary theory
c. modernization theory
d. expectation states theory
36. Which macrosociological view of social change is based on evolutionary and functional theory?
a. modernization theory
b. world-systems theory
c. industrialization theory
d. resource depletion theory
37. The assumption that developing nations can follow the Western path to wealth through
industrialization is basic to:
a. world-systems theory.
b. conflict theory.
c. third-world development theory.
d. modernization theory.
38. World-systems theory argues that the world economic system is dominated by:
a. capitalism.
b. socialism.
c. the proletariat.
d. the petit bourgeois.
39. In world-systems theory, the chief actors in the global free market system are:
a. capitalism and socialism
b. the first and second worlds.
c. Europe and the U.S.
d. nation-states and transnational corporations.
40. In the terminology of world-systems theory, the rich, powerful, economically diversified, and
relatively autonomous nations comprise the:
a. peripheral societies.
b. core societies.
c. nation-states.
d. capitalist societies.
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41. According to world-systems theory, the prosperity of the _________ is based on the poverty of the
_________.
a. core societies; peripheral societies
b. peripheral societies; core societies
c. first-world countries; second-world countries
d. second-world countries; first-world countries
42. To scholars of global relations, terrorism:

a. refers to foreigners who commit unlawful acts against a democratic population.
b. is always a social construction.
c. is only committed by the poor people within a society.
d. is an Islamic phenomenon only.
43. Which of the following is NOT true about terrorism?

a. The poor are less likely to engage in terrorism than others.
b. The U.S. government generally routinely recognizes domestic terrorism.
c. Terrorism results from a perceived threat to a country’s national or cultural pride.
d. One group’s “terrorist” is another group’s “freedom fighter.”
44. All the money that a person or family receives during a given period is termed:
a. wealth.
b. status.
c. income.
d. dividends.
ANS: c REF: Inequality in the United States DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.5
45. Income inequality in the United States:

a. has declined over the past decade.
b. is less pronounced than in all other industrialized.
c. is similar to that in Sweden.
d. has steadily increased since 1970.
ANS: d REF: Inequality in the United States DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.5
46. The richest 20% of the U.S. population receive approximately what percentage of total income?
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 50%
d. 98%
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STRATIFICATION
47. Which is true about inequality in the distribution of household income in the U.S.?
a. It has declined in recent decades.
b. It has increased in recent decades.
c. It has not changed at all in the last 50 years.
d. It is low compared with that of other industrialized nations.
ANS: b REF: Inequality in the United States DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.5
48. The sum of the money and goods owned by a person at a given point of time is termed:
a. status.
b. assets.
c. wealth.
d. income.
49. Which of the following statements is true about the difference between wealth and income?
a. Wealth measures all that a person and family have accumulated over years; income measures
individual or family earnings.
b. In the U.S., income inequality is greater than inequality in wealth.
c. Inequality in wealth is a relatively new phenomenon in the U.S.
d. While inequality of wealth is high in the U.S., it is not as high as it is in European nations.
ANS: a REF: Inequality in the United States DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.5
50. The richest 20% of the U.S. population hold approximately what percentage of total wealth?
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
51. As a general rule, a person’s social class is related to:

a. their behaviors but not their attitudes.
b. their attitudes but not their behaviors.
c. their life-style but not their values.
d. everything they do all day long.
52. Which of the following is NOT discussed in the text as a consequence of social class difference in the
U.S.?
a. People with incomes below $7,500 per year are four times as likely to be victims of violent crime
as people with incomes higher than $75,000 per year.
b. People from the middle class are much more likely to be overweight than members of the
working class.
c. Students from poor and working-class homes are more likely to drop out of college than middle-
348
class students.
d. Infants born to mothers with college degrees are less than half as likely to die before their first
birthday as those born to high school drop-outs.
ANS: b REF: Inequality in the United States DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
53. “Can money buy happiness?” The evidence in your text suggests that:
a. people with more money have a higher quality of life overall.
b. people with more money have more problems.
c. money has little real impact on one’s quality of life.
d. social class is not very important any more in the United States.
ANS: a REF: Inequality in the United States DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
54. The position that holds that inequality is both justifiable and necessary for society comes from:
a. structural-functional theory.
b. conflict theory.
c. synthetic theory.
d. symbolic interaction theory.
ANS: a REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4
55. In structural-functional theory, rewards for performing essential tasks are increased when:
a. there is a scarcity of the talent and ability necessary to perform the task.
b. the task is pleasant.
c. the task is easy to accomplish.
d. All of these factors increase the rewards for a task.
56. According to structural-functional theory, stratification is necessary because:

a. people would otherwise not be motivated to work.
b. some tasks essential to society’s survival require extra incentives because they are stressful and
demanding.
c. social conflict is necessary in order to produce social change.
d. it provides individuals with a sense of belonging and social integration.
ANS: b REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4
57. Applying Davis and Moore’s structural-functional theory, women do not need to be rewarded for
being mothers because:
a. it is not a very important job.
b. it is a very easy job.
c. there are many women who will do it voluntarily.
d. there are too many mothers already.
ANS: c REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4
58. A major criticism of the structural-functional theory of stratification is that it:

a. overlooks the fact that people are unequal in talent and ability.
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STRATIFICATION
b. overlooks the usefulness of inequality.

c. underestimates the importance of the division of labor.
d. ignores that fact that job importance can be artificially maintained.
ANS: d REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4
59. Which theory of stratification offers a supply-and-demand explanation of occupational rewards?

a. symbolic interactionism
b. differential association
c. conflict theory
d. structural-functionalism
ANS: d REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4
60. Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional theory of stratification?

a. Social class, sex, and race probably have more to do with getting a good job than do scarce talents
and abilities.
b. It does not account for the effect of unequal abilities.
c. It denies the necessity and desirability of authority and ranked statuses.
d. It fails to recognize the need to motivate people to work.
61. According to Karl Marx, inequality is caused by:

a. the need for competition to ensure the best candidates for any particular job.
b. the economic structuring that occurs as society moves from manufacturing to service jobs.
c. private ownership of the means of production.
d. All of these are explanations for inequality offered by Marx.
62. Marxists generally believe that inequality:

a. is a necessary evil within society.
b. is both necessary and desirable.
c. is undesirable, and benefits only the wealthy.
d. will disappear when productivity is increased.
63. Modern conflict theory examines:

a. how ownership of the means of production creates class competition.
b. the impact of false consciousness on social values.
c. the uses of social conflict to ensure the best qualified are motivated for difficult positions.
d. control affects the struggle for scarce resources and the role of class in governmental policies.
64. A major criticism of the conflict perspective on stratification is that it:

a. is an ideology that justifies inequality.
350
b. makes the assumption that unequal financial rewards are needed to motivate people.
c. ignores the fact that people are unequal and that coordination and authority are functional.
d. places too much emphasis on the importance of inequality as a major motivator of human labor.
65. Reproductive labor refers to:

a. traditionally female tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and nurturing.
b. refurbishing old machinery.
c. jobs that enable women to spend more time with their families.
d. flex-jobs.
ANS: a REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
66. The theoretical perspective that asks how inequalities are perpetuated within everyday life is:
a. structural-functionalism.
b. conflict theory.
c. symbolic interactionism.
d. strain theory.
ANS: c REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
67. When something is defined as real and therefore becomes real in its consequences, this is termed:
a. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. structural-strain.
c. reality functioning.
d. critical reality.
ANS: a REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
68. If a teacher believes that a student is less intelligent than other students, that student is likely to
receive less attention and assistance. Therefore, ultimately the student seen as less intelligent will
perform poorly on assignments. This is an example of:
a. relative inequality.
b. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
c. structural-strain.
d. blaming the victim.
ANS: b REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4
69. The theoretical perspective that explains how social interaction reinforces inequality by reminding
each of us of our place in the social order is:
a. structural-functionalism.
b. conflict theory.
c. symbolic interactionism.
d. strain theory.
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STRATIFICATION
70. In a class system, the allocation of statuses and resources in each new generation depends on:
a. personal characteristics such as education and job skills.
b. individual characteristics and labor market characteristics.
c. achievement motivation and intelligence alone.
d. none of the above
ANS: b REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
71. Although the class system of the U.S. permits social mobility, most people attain the same or similar
social class as their parents. This is best described as:
a. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. the indirect inheritance model.
c. survival of the fittest.
d. operant conditioning.
72. The best predictor of your eventual social class is your:

a. intelligence.
b. determination.
c. achievement motivation.
d. parents’ income.
ANS: d REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
73. In the United States, parents provide children with social and economic surroundings that ensure that
the children have about the same social class position as their parents. This is called:
a. achievement motivation.
b. an ascribed class system.
c. the indirect inheritance model.
d. intergenerational mobility.
ANS: c REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
74. Chris is an engineer. Her daughter and son are also engineers. This pattern is probably a result of:
a. direct inheritance.
b. indirect inheritance.
c. genetics.
d. parental determination.
75. Which of the following examples of inequality is best explained on the macro level?
a. Despite his Princeton degree in economics, Miguel is unable to find a job anywhere but
McDonald’s.
b. Jasmina, an African American woman, goes to Yale and becomes a doctor like her father.
c. Yu works hard in school and wins a scholarship to study in the U.S. despite his family’s low
social class in China.
d. Olga has difficulty passing high school courses and, like her parents before her, decides not to
352
attend college.
ANS: a REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4
76. In the last 90 years, the proportion of positions at the top of the U.S. occupational structure has:
a. dramatically decreased.
b. slightly decreased.
c. dramatically increased.
d. slightly decreased.
ANS: c REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
77. The phrase “segmented labor market” refers to a situation in which:

a. there is one labor market for white males and another for women and minorities.
b. jobs are rotated by segments in order to maintain status equality.
c. jobs become more specialized.
d. workers are categorized as being “democratic” or “republican.”
ANS: a REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
78. A set of beliefs that rationalizes current social structures is called:

a. an institution.
b. a culture.
c. a mythology.
d. an ideology.
79. Studies of different stratification systems indicate that:

a. inequality is usually strongly resented.
b. few societies are aware of inequality.
c. inequality usually leads to resentment and revolution.
d. inequality is usually accepted as natural and just.
80. The American Dream is an ideology that justifies inequality by saying that:
a. inequality is necessary to maintain society.
b. people are unequal in natural talent and ability.
c. achievement is possible and we each get what we earn.
d. the United States is a rich country and we are all better off than the poor people in third-world
countries.
ANS: c REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4
81. The major ideology that justifies inequality in the U.S. is termed:
a. liberalism.
b. the American Dream.
c. conservativism.
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STRATIFICATION
d. imperialism.
82. The belief that anyone who works hard will get ahead is stronger in the U.S. than in most comparable
Western nations. Social mobility in the U.S. is _________ in most comparable Western nations.
a. lower than
b. higher than
c. easier than
d. the same as
ANS: a REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.4
83. In the U.S., the cutoff point for the poverty level is established as the:
a. amount earned by an individual working full-time, full-year at minimum wage.
b. average income of workers working full-time, full-year.
c. amount needed to meet the minimum requirements of a decent living standard.
d. amount needed to prevent starvation.
ANS: c REF: Social Class and Social Life DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
84. In 2011, the poverty level for a family of four was:

a. $12,126 per year.
b. $22,113 per year.
c. $35,020 per year.
d. $60,340 per year.
ANS: b REF: Social Class and Social Life DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
85. In 2011, about what percentage of Americans lived in homes that earned below the poverty line?
a. 2.5%
b. 8.2%
c. 15.1%
d. 24.3%
86. Which of these groups is NOT among those most likely to be poor?
a. African Americans and Hispanics
b. single-father households
c. single-mother households
d. children
87. Comprehensive research on poverty shows that the culture of poverty theories are:
a. excellent for explaining poverty in the United States.
b. not testable.
c. not well-supported.
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d. not popular among the masses of Americans.
88. Oscar Lewis coined the term “culture of poverty” to explain why some people stay poor. Which of
the following values is emphasized in the culture of poverty?
a. living for the moment
b. thrift
c. investment in the future
d. hard work
ANS: a REF: Social Class and Social Life DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
89. Theories that suggest that the poor have different values and attitudes toward work than more affluent
Americans are called:
a. conflict theories.
b. differential association.
c. self-fulfilling prophecies.
d. culture of poverty theories.
ANS: d REF: Social Class and Social Life DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
90. Sociological research over the past 30 years has tended to:
a. support culture of poverty explanations for the poor.
b. provide little if any support for culture of poverty theories.
c. ignore questions of what causes poverty to persist.
d. blame the poor for their situation.
91. A macro-level explanation for persistent poverty within the U.S. would be:
a. the lack of interest in work among the multi-generational poor.
b. teenage pregnancies and having children to receive public support.
c. the changing labor market due to deindustrialization.
d. All of these are macro-level explanations for poverty.
ANS: c REF: Social Class and Social Life DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.6
92. People who are employed full-time and earn between about $22,000 to $44,000 annually are termed
the __________ by sociologists.
a. near poor
b. lower-middle class
c. permanently poor
d. working class
ANS: a REF: Social Class and Social Life DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
93. Which of these is NOT a difference between the working class and the middle class, generally?
a. The working class is less likely than the middle class to have a pension or health insurance.
b. Middle-class jobs are more secure than working-class employment.
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STRATIFICATION
c. Members of the working class are more likely to experience promotions and increases in income
over the course of their employment.
d. Much of the working class is employed in blue-collar industries.
94. Compared with members of the working class, the middle class is more likely to:
a. value security.
b. have more job security.
c. work part-time without benefits.
d. decorate their homes with religious icons.
95. Today, most people in the U.S. who are millionaires:

a. went from rags to riches.
b. worked their way up from the lower classes by joining the military.
c. became wealthy because their wealthy families sent them to good schools and helped them
financially.
d. pursued careers in sports.
96. There are about _________ millionaires in the US.

a. 250,000
b. 500,000
c. 750,000
d. 1,000,000
97. Claudia and Marco think that it is only natural that Claudia should stay home with their children
while Marco “goes out with the guys.” They are most likely members of the:
a. middle class.
b. poor.
c. working class.
d. upper class.
ANS: c REF: Social Class and Social Life DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.6
98. The approach to reducing inequality by raising the minimum wage is called:
a. a fair wage movement.
b. unionization.
c. collective bargaining.
d. wage differentials.
ANS: a REF: Social Class and Public Policy DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
99. Research suggests that an important key to reducing inequality is:
356
a. public assistance.
b. collective bargaining.
c. education.
d. improving the culture of the poor.
ANS: c REF: Social Class and Public Policy DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
100. When adjusted for inflation, the value of minimum wage in 2011 is _______ than it was in 1968.
a. 10% more
b. 12% more
c. 6% less
d. 13% less
ANS: d REF: Social Class and Public Policy DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.6
TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS
1. Inequality becomes stratification when it is institutionalized and based upon membership in a

particular status.
ANS: True REF: Structures of Inequality OBJ: 7.1
2. The primary difference between class and caste systems is that caste systems have far more
inequality.
ANS: False REF: Structures of Inequality OBJ: 7.1
3. The U.S. has far more income inequality than most other industrialized nations.
ANS: True REF: Structures of Inequality OBJ: 7.1
4. The U.S. ranks highest on the Human Development Index among industrialized countries.
ANS: False REF: Inequality Internationally OBJ: 7.2
5. Modernization theory assumes that developing nations can follow the Western path to wealth through
industrialization.
ANS: True REF: Inequality Internationally OBJ: 7.2
6. How terrorism is defined depends on the context of the country that is defining it.
ANS: True REF: Inequality Internationally OBJ: 7.3
7. In the United States, when people are asked what social class to which they belong, most people say
they are working- or middle-class.
ANS: True REF: Inequality in the US OBJ: 7.5
357
STRATIFICATION
8. Conflict theory offers a supply-and-demand explanation for occupational rewards.
ANS: False REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality OBJ: 7.4
9. In the U.S., most people belong to a social class that is the same or similar to that of their parents.
ANS: True REF: Social Class and Social Life OBJ: 7.6
10. The best single predictor of one’s social class in the U.S. is ambition and willingness to work.
ANS: False REF: Social Class and Social Life OBJ: 7.6
11. Every social stratification system has an ideology that justifies it and motivates people to accept it.
ANS: True REF: The Determinants of Social Class Position OBJ: 7.5
12. Most millionaires in the U.S. went from rags to riches.
13. Sociologists find that the best explanation for persistent poverty is the different value system and lack
of motivation among the poor.
14. Working-class people in the U.S. are defined primarily their salaries, which are lower than middle-
class people.
15. Many people in the U.S. with the highest incomes would still be considered middle-class.
ANS: True REF: Social Class and Social Life OBJ: 7.6
SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What is stratification?
ANS: Stratification is an institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social statuses are ranked on
the basis of their access to scare resources.
REF: Structures of Inequality OBJ: 7.1
2. What is class consciousness?
ANS: Class consciousness is an awareness of one’s real position in the class structure.
358
3. How does social class differ from class?
ANS: Social class differs from class in two ways. Social class recognizes the importance of status
and power as well as that of class; and it includes the element of self-awareness.
4. What does socioeconomic status include?
ANS: It is a measure that includes income, education, occupation, or some combination of these.
5. What are the basic dimensions of the human development index?
ANS: Longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.
REF: International Inequality OBJ: 7.2
6. What is the basic foundation of modernization theory?
ANS: Modernization theory sees development as the natural unfolding of an evolutionary process in
which societies go from simple to complex institutional structures and from primary to secondary and
tertiary production.
7. What is the difference between core societies and peripheral societies within world-systems theory?
ANS: Core societies are rich, powerful nations that are economically diversified and relatively free
of outside control. Peripheral societies are poor and weak with highly specialized economies over
which they have relatively little control. In world-systems theory, the core societies are said to profit
from the exploitation of the peripheral ones.
8. According to structural-functional theory, a society needs to offer high rewards as an incentive to

make sure that people are willing to perform essential tasks. What three factors drive the size of the
rewards?
ANS: The size of the incentives is related to the importance of the task, the pleasantness of the task,
and the scarcity of the talent and ability necessary to perform the task.
REF: Theoretical Perspectives of Inequality OBJ: 7.4
9. What is meant by the concept of “culture of poverty”?
ANS: Culture of poverty is a set of values that emphasizes living for the moment rather than thrift,
investment in the future, or hard work.
359
STRATIFICATION
REF: Social Class and Social Life OBJ: 7.5
10. Explain why raising the minimum wage is a goal of the fair wage movement.
ANS: After adjusting for inflation, the minimum wage is worth less than it was in the 1960s, and full-
time minimum wage workers cannot support themselves or their families.
REF: Social Class and Public Policy OBJ: 7.6
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Given the extent of social mobility in the U.S., discuss to what extent the social class system might
resemble a caste system.
ANS: Not provided
2. What is modernization theory? What would a conflict theorist say about it?
ANS: Not provided
3. What role do transnational corporations and nation-states play in global inequality?
ANS: Not provided
4. Discuss how water both reflects and reinforces inequality within and between the least- and most-
developed societies.
ANS: Not provided
5. What role did international inequality play in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001?
ANS: Not provided
6. Explain the underlying causes of the rise in Islamic terrorism.
ANS: Not provided
360
Test Bank for Essentials of Sociology, 9th Edition : Brinkerhoff
7. Outline the major assumptions of the structural-functional theory of stratification (Davis and Moore)
and critically evaluate this explanation of structured social inequality.
ANS: Not provided
REF: Theoretical Perspectives of Inequality OBJ: 7.4
8. Describe how the indirect inheritance model of social mobility works, identifying and describing each
of the specific factors.
ANS: Not provided
REF: Determinants of Social-Class Position OBJ: 7.6
9. What is the American Dream? How is it related to social inequality?
ANS: Not provided
10. What are the causes of poverty in America? Why does poverty continue to persist in our society?
ANS: Not provided
361
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ANS: a REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1

2. Inequality becomes stratification when it is institutionalized and:

ANS: c REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: a REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1

ANS: b REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1

ANS: a REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: d REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

7. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

ANS: b REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1

ANS: c REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

9. The process of changing one’s social class is called:

ANS: d REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

10. Which of the following is an example of upward social mobility?

ANS: b REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1

ANS: a REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: a REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: b REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: d REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: d REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1

ANS: c REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

c. Marx’s definition is of class; Weber’s is of caste.

ANS: b REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: c REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: d REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: a REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Applied OBJ: 7.1

ANS: b REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: d REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: c REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: c REF: Structures of Inequality DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.1

ANS: d REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: d REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: a REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

28. All of the following are intended outcomes of development EXCEPT:

ANS: c REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

29. Development is a major goal in:

ANS: b REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: c REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: d REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

32. The Human Development Index measures the:

ANS: a REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

33. The Human Development Index includes measures of:

ANS: a REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: D REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: c REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: a REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: d REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: a REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: d REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: b REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

ANS: a REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.2

42. To scholars of global relations, terrorism:

ANS: b REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.3

43. Which of the following is NOT true about terrorism?

ANS: b REF: Inequality Internationally DIF: Factual OBJ: 7.3

45. Income inequality in the United States:

51. As a general rule, a person’s social class is related to:

ANS: a REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4

ANS: a REF: Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality DIF: Conceptual OBJ: 7.4

56. According to structural-functional theory, stratification is necessary because: