Mariano Marcos State University: College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development

MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development
FOR 145
FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCE ACCOUNTING
AND VALUATION
Laboratory Exercises No. 3 and 4

Forest Ecosystem Accounting
Prepared by:
JELICA PASION
MELISA RAVELO
JOAN RIBAC
PETER JOHN PERALTA
KATRINA S. SAPNGAD
ISRAEL SINA
Prepared to:
FOR. SARURNINA C. TANGIDAY
January 9, 2024
16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

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Laboratory Exercise No. 2

FOREST ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION
The complex of living species, their physical environment, and all of their
interrelationships in a certain unit of space is known as an ecosystem. An ecosystem is
divided into two parts: abiotic constituents (minerals, climate, soil, water, sunshine, and all
other nonliving factors) and biotic constituents (all living members). Two fundamental
dynamics connect these constituents: the movement of energy through the ecosystem and the
cycling of nutrients within the ecosystem. Ecosystems range in size from small enough to be
contained inside single water droplets to vast enough to include entire landscapes and regions
(Britannica, n.d.).
Ecosystem accounting is a systematic technique that integrates environmental and
economic data to measure the whole physical and monetary worth of natural capital (Grover
et al., 2023). Forest ecosystems are valuable for a variety of reasons, including accounting for
ecosystem services and resources, monitoring carbon balance, and assessing forest ecosystem
health. Accurate assessment of forest acreage, tree species categorization, and forest resource
estimation are required for forest management actions (Illarionova et al., 2022).
Forest ecosystem service evaluation is critical for comprehending and quantifying the
value of ecosystem services such as groundwater supplies, wood production, global climate
control, local air pollution reduction, recreation, and education and training (Tiemann &
Ring, 2022). Furthermore, analyzing and predicting forest ecosystem integrity is critical for
assessing the success of ecological preservation and restoration, developing positive feedback
mechanisms, and assisting in the development of an ecological civilization (Guo et al., 2023).
Economic evaluation of forest ecosystem services is also crucial for evaluating non-market

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forest products and determining a country's national value (Kitaibekova et al., 2023). Finally,
understanding forest ecosystem components and services using quantitative and systematic
methodologies may assist in recognizing their worth and relevance, boosting the importance
of forest ecosystems (Jo & Lee, 2016).
Accounting for forest ecosystems is crucial for various reasons. For starters, it enables
the calculation of terrestrial carbon balance, which is critical for understanding and predicting
the effects of climate change and devising carbon reduction and adaptation measures
(Illarionova et al., 2022). Second, it serves as a foundation for monitoring and forecasting
forest ecosystem quality, which is critical for determining the efficacy of ecological
preservation and restoration initiatives (Guo et al., 2023). Furthermore, forest ecosystem
accounting aids in accounting for all forest ecosystem services other than wood production
and encourages the use of biophysical indicators to quantify these services (Tiemann & Ring,
2022). Furthermore, it adds to a better understanding of the fundamental characteristics and
dynamics of forest communities, such as density, competition, structure, heterogeneity, and
disturbances (Von Gadow et al., 2021). Finally, forest ecosystem accounting may help
estimate the value of forest ecosystem services, encompassing both market values (such as
timber) and non-market assets (such as scientific, cultural, and heritage values) (Kornatowska
& Sienkiewicz, 2018).
OBJECTIVES
1. To familiarize the students with the proper way of conducting forest resources
accounting.
2. To have developed among the students a love for the environment and appreciation of
the forest ecosystem including the resources.

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3. To have captured the value of standing trees, both monetary and nonmonetary assets
in the selected forest ecosystem.
METHODOLOGY
The students chose a forest stand with planted forest trees which are the Nueva Era
Eco-Cultural Park and Mariano Marcos State University-Forest Reserve. The area was
determined and delineated through maps or Google Earth. Physical details of the area were
included in the map and presented in the report.
Among other things, the student conducted various activities such as:
1. An inventory of the standing trees in the forest was conducted.
2. The students made use of their knowledge and skills in timber inventory to determine
the total height, merchantable height, and diameter, including other calculations for
the total volume of trees.
3. The data obtained from the inventory was used for the computation of monetary
assets. The existing price per board foot or per cubic meter was derived based on
recent data (2022 or 2023) if any existed.
Locale of the Study
The research took two places in the northeastern section of Nueva Era Eco-Cultural
Park located at Barangay 1, Poblacion, Nueva Era, Ilocos Norte, and Mariano Marcos State
University Forest Reserve located at Barangay 21, Quiom, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte.
Nueva Era is a landlocked municipality situated in the coastal province of Ilocos
Norte. Covering an area of 515.02 square kilometers or 198.85 square miles, it comprises
15.06% of the total land area of Ilocos Norte. According to the 2020 Census, Nueva Era had a
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population of 11,968, accounting for 1.96% of Ilocos Norte's total population and 0.23% of
the entire population of the Ilocos Region. With these statistics, the population density is
calculated at 23 individuals per square kilometer or 60 individuals per square mile. Barangay
Poblacion is one of barangay in the municipality of Nueva Era, in the province of Ilocos
Norte. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was 3,206. This represented 26.79%
of the total population of the Nueva Era and is situated at approximately 17.9167, 120.6638,
on the island of Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 123.5 meters or 405.2
feet above mean sea level. Figure 1 shows the location of the study area.
Figure 1. Map of the Study area located at Nueva Era Eco-Cultural Park at Brgy.
Poblacion, Nueva Era, Ilocos Norte

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Batac, nestled within the coastal province of Ilocos Norte, is a landlocked city
covering 161 square kilometers (62 square miles). This makes up about 5% of the province's
total area. In 2020, Batac was home to around 55,000 residents, representing 9% of Ilocos
Norte's population and 1% of the region. This translates to a density of roughly 340 people
per square kilometer. One of Batac's 43 vibrant barangays is Payao, a community of 1,457
people as of 2020. This accounts for about 2.63% of Batac's population, showcasing the
diverse tapestry woven within the city. In 2015, Payao counted 305 households, each
nurturing an average of 4.54 members.
Payao rests gracefully within the embrace of Luzon Island, its coordinates pinpointing
it at 18.0086° N, 120.5757° E. Standing tall at an estimated 80.9 meters above sea level,
Payao enjoys the gentle caress of the Philippine air. Figure 2 shows the location of MMSU-
Forest Reserve.

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Figure 2. Map of the Study area located at Mariano Marcos State University-Forest
Reserve
Research design
The research took place in the northeastern section of Nueva Era Eco-Cultural Park
and Mariano Marcos State University-Forest Reserve. A baseline was set along the road, and
a primary plot measuring 20m x 20m was established, along with a subplot measuring 5m x
5m, positioned 10m away from the adjacent main plot. Notably, the final subplot was situated
at a distance of 15m from the second main plot.
5mx5m
10-15 m

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20 m x 20 m
Baseline
Figure 3. The map shows the established plots located at Mariano Marcos State
University Forest Reserve,

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Figure 4. The map shows the established plots located at Nueva Era Eco-Cultural Park
Material Used:
In conducting a comprehensive tree inventory, a range of specialized materials is essential
for accurate measurements and data collection. Here are the key tools utilized:
 Diameter Tape
 Pegs (1.5 meters in length)
 Straw
 Range Finder
 GPS

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 Meter Tape
 Ballpen
 Data Sheet
Parameters used
Various tree parameters, such as Merchantable Height (MH) and Diameter at Breast
Height (DBH), and Total Height were collected. Additionally, the study involved identifying
each tree species within the plots, recording the coordinates of individual trees, and noting the
corner coordinates of each established plot. Trees with a diameter exceeding 10cm were
specifically examined, and their Merchantable Height (MH) within each plot was
documented.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A detailed analysis of the material and monetary assets obtained from the inventory
data is provided in the Forest Ecosystem Accounting findings and evaluation section, which
is based on the tree inventory carried out at the MMSU Forest Reserve and Nueva Era Eco-
Cultural Park.
Mariano Marcos State University-Forest Reserve

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The graph illustrates the total tree count surveyed within the Forest Reserve in Qiuom.
Three main areas, each measuring 20 meters by 20 meters, were allocated for assessment. In
the initial plot, tree species observed encompassed three (3) Small Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia
mahogany), one (1) Alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica), two (2) Narra (Pterocarpus
indicus), and one (1) Big Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), totaling seven (7)
standing trees.
The second plot contained four (4) Small Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) and
one (1) Teak (Tectona grandis), with a total of five (5) standing trees. Lastly, the third plot
featured eight (8) standing trees, comprising three (3) Narra (Pterocarpus indicus), three (3)
Small Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia mahogany), and two (2) Big Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla)
TOTAL NUMBER OF TREES ASSESSED IN

EVERY PLOT
8.5 8
7.5 7
6.5
5.5 5
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5 Ilocos Norte
16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac,
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20m x 20m 7 5 8
Figure 5. shows the total number of standing trees in each 20m x 20m established plots
NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES PRESENT

IN PLOT 1
3.25 3
2.75
2.25 2
1.75
1.25 1 1
0.75
0.25
Small leaf Mahogany Alibangbang Narra Big leaf Mahogany
Figure 6. shows the tree species present in plot 1. Including, Small leaf Mahogany,
Alibangbang, Narra, and Big leaf Mahogany.

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NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES PRESENT IN

PLOT 2
4.25 4
3.75
3.25
2.75
2.25
1.75
1.25 1
0.75
0.25
Small leaf Mahogany Teak

Figure 7. shows the tree species present in plot 2. Including, Small leaf Mahogany, and Teak.
NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES PRESENT IN

PLOT 3
3.25 3 3
2.75
2.25 2
1.75
1.25
0.75
0.25
Naraa Small leaf Mahogany Big leaf Mahogany
Figure 8. shows the tree species present in plot 3. Including, Narra, Small leaf Mahogany,
and Big leaf Mahogany.
The graphs display the number of young trees within designated plots measuring 5
meters by 5 meters. Plot 1 contains twenty-three (23) Mahogany saplings and one (1)
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Alibangbang sapling. In Plot 2, there are ten (10) Mahogany saplings, three (3) Teak saplings,
two (2) Pagsahingin saplings, one (1) Lubeg sapling, and five (5) Guijo saplings. Plot 3, on
the other hand, holds only a single (1) Mahogany sapling.
NUMBER OF SAPLINGS PRESENT IN PLOT 1

23
22.5
17.5
12.5
7.5
2.5 1
Mahogany Alibangbang
Figure 9. shows the number of saplings present in plot 1 established 5m x 5m quadrant.

11 10
9
7
5
5
3
3 2
1
1
Mahogany Teak Pagsahingin Lubeg Guijo
Figure 10. shows the number of saplings present in plot 2 established 5m x 5m subplots

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1.1
1
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
Mahogany
Figure 11. shows the number of saplings present in plot 1 established 5m x 5m subplot.
NUMBER OF SAPLINGS PRESENT IN EACH PLOT

25 23
20
15
10
10
5
5 3
2
1 1 1
0
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3
Mahogany Alibangbang Teak Pagsahingin Lubeg Guijo
Figure 11. shows the number of saplings present in each 5m x 5m established subplots.

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Figure 12. The map shows the tree species per plot located at Mariano Marcos State
University Forest Reserve. The legend shows the color of the species. The color of red
is mahogany, narra is pink, big-leaf mahogany is green, teak is fuchsia, and the color
of Alibang-bang is blue.

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Measurement of Standing Trees

(Physical Asset)
The dendrometry parameters measured were Diameter at Breast Height (DBH),
Merchantable Height (MH), and Total Height (Ht).
Table 1. Data gathered from Plot 1 (20m x 20m) established plots. Shows the Diameter at
Breast Height (DBH), Merchantable Height (MH), Total Height (Ht), and the total volume of
the standing trees.
PLOT 1
Volume
Tree Diameter/ Merchantabl Total (m3) =
Species Species Diameter
No. 3.1416 e Height (m) Height 0.0000510
Group
9(D2H)
Premium 15.2788388 0.214678
1 Narra 48 18 19
Species 1 774
Small
leaf 0.994297
2 Furniture/ 98 31.1942959 20 21
Mahogan 33
Constructio
y
n Hardwood
Premium 15.9154570 0.245882
3 Narra 50 19 20
Species 9 565
Small
Furniture/
leaf 12.0957473 0.127072
4 Constructio 38 17 19
Mahogan 9 11
n Hardwood
y
The table above presents data collected from established main plots measuring 20m x
20m. The tree species observed include three (2) Small Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia
mahogany), one (1) Alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica), two (2) Narra (Pterocarpus
indicus). This data encompasses measurements of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH),
Merchantable Height (MH), and Total Volume of Standing trees. DBH ranges from 12.0957
centimeters to 31.1942 centimeters, while the Merchantable Height varies between 8 meters
and 20 meters. For Total Height, it ranges from 19 meters to 21 meters. The Total Volume of
Standing trees
spans from 0.1271 m3 to 0.9943 m3.

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standing trees.
PLOT 2
Tr Mercha
Total Volume (m3) =
ee Diameter/ ntable
Species Species Group Diameter 3.1416 Height
Heig 0.00005109(D2
No ht H)
. (m)
Small 0.073283357
leaf 10.5042016
1 33 13 14
Mahog 8
Furniture/
any
Construction
Small 1.455883611
Hardwood
leaf 39.7886427
2 125 18 19
Mahog 3
any
Premium 14.3239113 0.136270706
3 Teak 45 13 15
Species 8
Table 2 shows the data collected from established main plots measuring 20m x 20m.
The tree species observed include four (2) small-leaf mahogany (Swietenia mahogany), and
one (1) Teak (Tectona grandis). DBH ranges from 10.5042 centimeters to
39.7886centimeters, while the Merchantable Height varies between 13 meters and 18 meters.
For the Total Height, it ranges from 9 meters to 19 meters. The Total Volume of Standing
trees spans from 0.0728 m3 to 1.4559 m3.

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the standing trees.
PLOT 3
Volume (m3)
Merchanta Total
Tree Diameter/ =
Species Species Group Diameter ble Height Heig
No. 3.1416 0.00005109(D
(m) ht 2
H)
Premium 42.65342 1.76602693
1 Narra 134 19 21
Species 501 8
Small leaf 11.14081 0.08877654
2 Furniture/ 35 14 16 7
Mahogany 996
Construction
Small leaf 10.50420 0.09019490
3 Hardwood 33 16 17
Mahogany 168 1
The table above presents data collected from established main plots measuring 20m x
20m. The tree species observed include three (1) Narra (Pterocarpus indicus), three (2) Small
Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia mahogany). DBH ranges from 10.50 centimeters to 42.6534
centimeters, while the Merchantable Height varies between 14 meters and 19 meters. For the
Total height, it ranges from 16 meters to 21 meters. The Total Volume of Standing trees spans
from 0.0888 m3 to 1.7660 m3.

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Monetary Asset
Price Per Board Feet of the Standing Tree
The cubic meter measurements were transformed into board feet by multiplying them
by 424 bd ft. (1 m3 = 424 bd ft.). Additionally, the students applied the FOB price specified
in the DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-63.
Table 4. Total volume in cubic meters, board ft., and price per board ft. of the standing trees
in plot 1.
PLOT 1
Tre Species Species Group Volume (m3) = Volume Price per
e 0.00005109(D2H (fob) = Vol. fob (PHP)
No. ) in m3*424 (950.00)
1 Narra Premium Species 0.214678774 91.0238000 644.036321

9 4
2 Small leaf Furniture/ 0.99429733 421.582067 944.582463
Mahogan Construction 9 5
y Hardwood
8 4
4 Small leaf Furniture/ 0.12707211 53.8785745 120.718504
Mahogan Construction 7 3
y Hardwood
TOTAL: 1.581930779 670.738650 2446.98498
3 6
The table illustrates the total volume expressed in cubic meters (m3), board feet (bd
ft.), and the price per board foot of trees in plot 1. The cumulative volume in cubic meters
stands at 1.5819 m3, equivalent to 670.7387 board feet. The total price per board foot
amounts to Php 2,446.99.

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Table 5. Total volume in cubic meter, board ft. and price per board ft. of the standing trees in
plot 2.
PLOT 2
2
e 0.00005109(D H (fbm) = Vol. fbm (PHP)
No. ) in m3*424 (950.00)
1 Small leaf 0.073283357 31.0721435 69.6191895
Mahogan 6 9
Furniture/
y
Construction
2 Small leaf 1.455883611 617.294651 1383.08943
Hardwood
Mahogan 2 1
y
3 Teak Premium Species 0.136270706 57.7787793 408.812118
5 1
TOTAL: 1.665437675 706.145574 1861.52073
1 8
Table 5 illustrates the complete volume in cubic meters, board feet, and the cost per
board foot of the trees standing in plot 2. The overall volume is 1.6654 cubic meters,
equivalent to 706.1456 board feet, with a total price of Php 1,861.52 based on the cost per
board foot.
Table 6. Total volume in cubic meter, board ft. and price per board ft. of the standing trees in
plot 3.
PLOT 3
e 0.00005109(D2H (fbm) = Vol. fbm (PHP)
No. ) in m3*424 (950.00)
8 5
2 Small leaf 0.088776547 37.6412560 84.3377199
Mahogan 6 6
Furniture/
y
Construction
3 Small leaf 0.090194901 38.2426382 85.6851564
Hardwood
Mahogan 3 2
y
TOTAL: 1.944998387 824.679316 5468.10369
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1 1
Table 6 illustrates the complete volume in cubic meters, board feet, and the cost per
board foot of the trees standing in plot 3. The overall volume is 1.9450 cubic meters,
equivalent to 830.8599 board feet, with a total price of Php 5,468.10 based on the cost per
board foot.
Table 7. The combined volume and value of trees across 3 plots.

Plot Total Volume (m3) Board ft. Volume Price per Board ft.
(Php. 950.00)
1 1.581930779 670.7386503 2446.984986
2 1.665437675 706.1455741 1861.520738
3 1.944998387 824.6793161 5468.103691
TOTAL: 5.192366841 2201.563541 9776.609415
Table 7 illustrates the combined volume and value of trees across three plots. The
overall volume amounts to 5.1924 cubic meters or board feet, valued at Php 9776.61 in total.
Nueva Era Eco-Cultural Park
Nueva Era Eco Cultural Park

The graph shows the total number of trees that are assessed in Nueva Era Eco Cultural
Park within 20mx20m and 5mx5 m. In plot 1, there are one hundred three (103) standing
trees including the sapling. In plot 2, there are fifty-four (54) standing trees and saplings, and
there are forty-five (45) standing trees and saplings in plot 3.

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TOTAL NUMBER OF TREES ASSESSED IN EVERY

PLOT
110 103
90
70
54
50 45
30
10

Series 1 103 54 45
Figure 13. Total number of trees assessed in every plot.
Number of Individual trees per Diameter Class
275 263
225
175
125
75
27
25
3 0
Poles and Sapling (below Small Trees (10-30cm) Medium Trees (30-60cm) Large Trees (above 60cm)
10cm)
Series 1 263 27 3 0
Figure 14. Number of individual trees per diameter class in two sites

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According to the diameter, there are about one hundred sixty-seven (167) individual
trees under the poles and saplings with a range of below 10cm. There are also sixteen (16)
individual trees under the range of small trees with 10 – 30cm, while in the range of medium
trees with 30 – 60cm, there are eight (8) individual trees and there are nine (9) individual
trees under the range of large trees which above 60cm in diameter
NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES PRESENT IN PLOT

1
6.5 6
5.5 5
4.5
3.5
2.5 2
1.5
0.5
Small-Leaf Mahogany Palosapis Yemane
Series 1 5 6 2
Figure 15. shows the number of tree species present in plot 1. There are three (3) tree species
present in the plot. There are 5 small-leaf mahogany (Swietenia mahogani), 6
Palosapis, and 2 Yemane.

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NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES PRESENT IN PLOT 2

3.25 3
2.75
2.25 2 2
1.75
1.25 1 1
0.75
0.25
Palosapis Yakal-Saplungan Small Leaf Ma- Narra Panglomboien
hogany
Series 1 3 1 2 2 1
Figure 16. shows the number of tree species present in the plot 2. There also five (5) tree
species present in the plot 2. There are total of 3 Palosapis; same total of tree species
of Narra and Small-leaf mahogany we have a total of 2 ; and also Yakal-saplungan
and panglomboien we have total of 1.
Figure 17. shows the number of tree species present in the plot 3. There are six (6) tree
species present in plot 3. The teak tree species we have total of 2; same total of small-
leaf mahogany and big-leaf mahogany total of 3; and lastly, the same total of Narra,
Anteng, and Akleng parang tree species the total of 1.
Figure 18. The map shows the tree species per plot located at Nueva Era Eco-Cultural Park.
In the legend shows the color of species. The color of teak is yellow, small-leaf

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mahogany is red, narra is big-leaf mahogany is sky blue, anteng is dark blue, akleng
parang is light green, yakal-saplungan is violet, panglomboien is dark orange,
Palosapis is blue, and Yemane is light blue.
Measurement of the Standing Trees

(Physical Asset)
The parameters measured were the circumference and merchantable height; whereas
the circumference was converted into diameter by dividing it into pi and the total height of
the trees was measured by estimation.
Table 8. Data gathered in Plot 1 (20mx20m) shows the diameter at breast height (dbh), the
merchantable height and the total volume of the standing trees.
PLOT 1
Tree Species Species Diameter Diameter Merchanta Total Volume (m³)
No. Group at breast /3.1416 ble Height Height =
Height (0.00005109
(DBH) (D²H)
(0.00005203
(D²H)
1 Small-leaf 62 19.73516 13 15 0.258678812

Mahogan Furniture/ 679
y Construction
2 Small-leaf Hardwood 48 15.27883 15 16 0.178898978
Mahogan 881
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y
3 Small-leaf 80 25.46473 13 15 0.430682725
Mahogan 135
y
4 Palosapis 62 19.73516 15 18 0.303967175
679
5 Palosapis 39 12.41405 14 17 0.112255932
653
6 Palosapis 42 13.36898 14 15 0.130190311
396
Dipterocarp
7 Palosapis 75 23.87318 14 17 0.415147677
564
8 Palosapis 86 27.37458 16 19 0.623833847
62
9 Palosapis 56 17.82531 14 17 0.231449443
194
10 Yemane Pulpwood 45 14.32391 6 9 0.062894172
and 138
11 Yemane Matchwood 48 15.27883 6 8 0.071559591
Species 881
Table 8 shows the gathered data in Plot 1 that are assessed. The majority of the
assessed trees is the Palosapis (Anisoptera thurifera) and Small-leaf Mahogany (Swietenia
mahogani) species. Palosapis has a range of merchantable height of from 14 meters to 16
meters with a DBH of 12.41cm to 27.37cm while Small – leaf Mahogany ranges from 13
meters to 15 meters with a diameter at breast height of 15.28cm to 25.46cm. For the total
volume, it ranges from 0.0716 m³ to 0.6238 m³.
merchantable height and the total volume of the standing trees.
PLOT 2
Tr Specie Species Diam Diameter/ Merchan Tot Volume
ee s Group eter 3.1416 table al (m³) =
No at Height Hei (0.0000510
. breas ght 9(D²H)
t (0.0000520
Heigh 3(D²H)
t
(DBH
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)
1 Small- Furniture/ 68 21.65 8 10 0.19148816
leaf Construction 6
Mahog Hardwood
any
2 Palosa Dipterocarp 80 25.46 14 17 0.47234580
pis 1
The table above shows the data gathered in plot 2 including the diameter at breast
height, merchantable height, and the volume. For the merchantable height of all the trees it
ranges from 8m to 14m with also a diameter at breast height that ranges from 21.65cm to
25.26cm. The volume of these trees ranges from 0.1915 m³ to 0.4723 m³.
merchantable height, and the total volume of the standing trees.
PLOT 3
Tre Species Species Group Diamet Diameter/ Merchanta Total Volume (m³) =
e er at 3.1416 ble Height Heig (0.00005109(D
No. breast ht ²H)
Height (0.00005203(D
(DBH) ²H)
1 Teak Premium Species 55 17.5070028 11 13 0.172247208
2 Small- 70 22.28163993 15 18 0.380470917
leaf
Mahoga
ny
3 Big-leaf Furniture/ 55 17.5070028 15 17 0.234882556
Mahoga Construction
ny Hardwood
4 Small- 62 19.73516679 7 10 0.139288591
leaf
Mahoga
ny

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The table above shows the data gathered in plot 3 including the diameter at breast
height, merchantable height and the volume. For the merchantable height of all the trees it
ranges from 6m to 15m with also a diameter at breast height that ranges from 17.51cm to
22.28cm. The volume of these trees ranges from 0.1393 m³ to 0.38047m³.
Monetary Asset
Price per Board Feet of the Standing Trees
Total volumes in cubic meter were converted in board feet through multiplying them
by 424 bd. ft. (1 m³ = 424 bd ft). Moreover, the students use the DENR Administrative Order
No. 2000-63 FOB price.
Table 11. Total volume in cubic meter, board ft. and price per board ft. of the standing tree
Table 11 shows the total volume in cubic meter, board ft. and price per board ft. of the
standing tree. For the total volume in cubic meter, it has a total of 2.8196m³ and in
board ft, it has a total of 1,195.4929m³ with an equivalent price per board ft of Php
3,381.20.
PLOT 1
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Tr Species Species Computatio bd foot Pricing

ee Group n
No.
1 Small- 0.258678812 109.6798162 245.7448712
leaf
Mahog
any
2 Small- 0.303967175 128.8820822 425.5540451
Furniture/
leaf
Construction
Mahog
Hardwood
any
3 Small- 0.178898978 75.85316674 169.9540293
leaf
Mahog
any
4 Palosap 0.112255932 47.59651508 157.1583045
is
5 Palosap 0.430682725 182.6094755 409.1485889
is
6 Palosap 0.130190311 55.20069204 182.266436
is
Dipterocarp
7 Palosap 0.415147677 176.0226149 581.2067474
is
8 Palosap 0.623833847 264.5055512 873.3673862
is
9 Palosap 0.062894172 26.66712893 5.974946341
is
10 Yeman Pulpwood 0.231449443 98.13456363 324.0292195
e and
Matchwood
11 Yeman Species 0.071559591 30.3412667 6.79816117
e
TOTAL 2.819558663 1195.492873 3381.202736
PLOT 2
Tree Species Species Group Computation Bd Foot Pricing
No.
1 Small-leaf Furniture/Construction 0.191488166 81.19098218 181.9137572
Mahogan Hardwood
y
2 Palosapis Dipterocarp 0.472345801 200.2746197 661.2841215

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TOTAL 0.663833967 281.4656018 843.1978787
The table above shows the total volume cubic meter, board ft. and price per board ft.
of the standing tree in plot 2. For the total volume in cubic meter, it has a total of 0.6638m³
and in board ft, it has a total of 281.2456m³ with an equivalent price per board ft of Php
843.20.
PLOT 3
Tree Species Species Group Computation Bd Foot Pricing
No.
1 Teak Premium Species 0.172247208 73.03281607 516.7416231
2 Small-leaf 0.380470917 161.3196688 361.4473712
Mahogan
y
3 Big-leaf 0.234882556 99.59020373 223.1384282
Furniture/Construction
Mahogan
Hardwood
y
4 Small-leaf 0.139288591 59.05836258 132.3241614
Mahogan
y
TOTAL 0.926889272 393.0010512 1233.651584
Table 13 shows the total volume cubic meter, board ft. and price per board ft. of the
standing tree in plot 3. For the total volume in cubic meter, it has a total of 0.9269m³ and in
board ft, it has a total of 393.0011m³ with an equivalent price per board ft of Php 1,233.65.
Table 14. Total Volume, board ft. volume and price of the trees in three (3) plots.
Plot Total Volume Board ft. Volume Price per board ft. in
pesos
1 2.819558663 1195.492873 3381.202736
2 0.663833967 281.4656018 843.1978787
3 0.926889272 393.0010512 1233.651584
TOTAL 4.410281902 1869.959526 5458.052199

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The table above shows the total volume and price of the standing trees in all plots. For
the total volume, it has 4.4103m³, board ft. volume has a total of 1,869.9595m³ and the total
price per board ft. is equivalent to Php 5,458.05.
SUMMARY OF THE TWO SITES

Table 15. Number of Individual Trees per Diameter Class of the Two Sites
Number of Individual trees per Diameter Class
275 263
225
175
125
75
27
25 3 0
Poles and Sapling (below Small Trees (10-30cm) Medium Trees (30-60cm) Large Trees (above 60cm)
10cm)
Series 1 263 27 3 0
The graph shows the number of individual trees per diameter class in a forest. The
diameter classes are shown on the bottom axis, ranging from 0 to 300 centimeters. The
number of trees in each diameter class is shown on the left axis, ranging from 0 to 300 .
Indicates that there are many more small trees (10-30cm) than in any other size class. There
are also a moderate number of medium trees (30-60cm) and large trees (above 60cm). There
are very few poles and saplings (below 10cm).
Table 16. Comparison of Regenerants of the two sites

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Regenerants
200 190
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
45
40
20
0
MMSU Forest Reserve Nueva Era Eco-Cultural Park
The graph showing the number of regenerated trees in the MMSU Forest Reserve and
the Nueva Era Eco-Cultural Park. The line for the MMSU Forest Reserve is higher than the
line for the Nueva Era Eco-Cultural Park, meaning more regenerated trees are in the MMSU
Forest Reserve.
Table 17. Comparison of Timber Volume of the two sites

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Timber Volume (m³)
5.4
5.1924
5.2
4.8
4.6
4.4103
4.4
4.2
4
The graph shows the amount of timber harvested from the MMSU forest reserve and
the Nueva era eco-cultural park. The blue line represents the amount of timber harvested from
the MMSU forest reserve. In contrast, the yellow line represents the amount of timber
harvested from the Nueva era eco-cultural park. It indicates that the amount of timber
harvested from the MMSU forest reserve has been steadily declining since 2016, while the
amount of timber harvested from the Nueva era eco-cultural park has been increasing.
Table 18. Comparison of Asset Prices of the two sites

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Asset Price (Php)

12,000.00
10,000.00 9,776.61
8,000.00
6,000.00 5,458.05
4,000.00
2,000.00
0.00
The graph shows the average asset price of a forest reserve and a Nueva Era eco-
cultural park. The average asset price of a forest reserve is Php. 9,776.61, while the average
asset price of a Nueva Era eco-cultural park is Php.5,458.05. This suggests that forest
reserves are generally more expensive than Nueva Era eco-cultural parks.
Table 19. Analysis of the Regenerants in the Two Sites

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REGENERANTS SPECIES NO. OF PRICING

INDIVIDUALS
Mahogany Furniture/Construction 163 154,850
Hardwood
Yakal-Saplungan Yakal Group 60 90,000
Guijo Dipterocarp 5 7,000
Teak Premium 3 9,000
Pagsahingin N/A 2 N/A
Lubeg N/A 1 N/A
Panglomboien N/A 1 N/A
TOTAL 235 260,850
Table shows the total regenerants at both sites, with 235 individuals, for a combined
gross economic benefit of PHP 260,850. This computation highlights the economic
importance of regeneration in both areas, providing valuable information for decision-makers
and environmental stakeholders who encounter management and conservation efforts.
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Ecosystem services, the benefits nature provides to humans, are crucial for policy-
making and sustainable development. Research aims to understand the intricate connections
between human well-being and natural systems, ensuring a healthy planet. The table shows
the ecosystem services of the two sites.
PROVISIONING REGULATING CULTURAL SUPPORTING
Fuelwood Regulates disease and pests Spiritual Nutrient Cycling
Wood Fiber Regulate micro-climate Aesthetic Carbon Cycling
Timber Regulate water Tourism Provides Habitat
Carbon Storage Recreation
Regulate the soil properties Education
Erosion Control
CONCLUSION

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In summary, the comprehensive study conducted at the Nueva Era Eco Cultural Park
has yielded significant insights into its tree density and economic dynamics across three
distinct areas. This survey meticulously captured diverse tree species, each with unique
characteristics, allowing for the collection of critical data on tree density, species distribution,
and specific physical traits such as size at breast height (DBH) and marketable height.
The observations made across these plots facilitated the quantification of timber assets
in board feet, shedding light on the park's overall economic value. This information serves as
a pivotal foundation for informed decision-making, guiding stakeholders in resource
management and conservation planning. By integrating economic considerations based on
market value, this study aids in formulating strategies that balance environmental
preservation with sustainable economic growth for the Nueva Era Eco Cultural Park.
Moreover, the research conducted in the Forest Reserve at Brgy. Qiuom, City of Batac,
Ilocos Norte, emphasized the abundance of Mahogany trees alongside various other species
like Narra, Teak, Alibangbang, Guijo, Pagsahingin, and Lubeg. imilarly, in the Nueva Era
Eco Park, we observed predominantly dipterocarp species such as Palosapis, Yakal
Saplungan, and exotic species like Yemane and Mahogany. Our laboratory experience not
only imparted technical knowledge about forest resource accounting but also instilled a deep
sense of responsibility toward environmental conservation. Understanding the diverse values
associated with trees equips us to positively contribute to sustainable forest management and
conservation efforts. Ultimately, this knowledge aims to inspire a generation capable of
informed decision-making and proactive measures to ensure the well-being of forests and the
planet as a whole.

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RECOMMENDATION
To foster the sustainable growth and diversity of tree species within forest plantations,
it is crucial to implement a multifaceted approach that ensures long-term ecological balance
and economic viability:
 Promote the growth of diverse tree species in forest plantations, emphasizing
sustainable practices like cautious harvesting, reforestation, and soil conservation
methods to preserve ecosystem well-being.
 Invest in comprehensive research endeavors to understand the growth patterns,
adaptability, and ecological impacts of various tree species in forest environments.
 Continuously raise awareness and foster a sense of environmental responsibility
among researchers, students, and stakeholders involved in forest ecosystem studies
through educational initiatives and outreach programs.
 Advocate for policies supporting sustainable forest management, prioritizing
biodiversity preservation and the planting of diverse tree species in forest plantations.
 Establish a robust monitoring mechanism to oversee forest plantation health, regularly
assessing tree growth, biodiversity, soil quality, and ecosystem dynamics.
QUESTION TO ANSWER
1. Why there is a need to conduct forest resources accounting?
 Forest resource accounting is crucial for various aspects of sustainable forest
management. It involves assessing the state of forests, understanding resource
availability and distribution, and implementing practices that balance ecological,
social, and economic objectives. This accounting plays a vital role in biodiversity
conservation by monitoring and managing diverse plant and animal species.

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Additionally, it contributes to climate change mitigation by quantifying carbon
stocks and supporting efforts to preserve and manage forests sustainably. In terms
of economic planning and development, forest resource accounting helps in
planning for the sustainable utilization of forest assets, benefiting both local
communities and national economies. It is also crucial for effective land use
planning, identifying suitable areas for various purposes while considering
ecological, social, and economic factors. Accurate information from forest
resource accounting is essential for policymakers to formulate evidence-based
policies related to conservation, land use, and sustainable development.
Furthermore, it aids in preventing deforestation and illegal logging by monitoring
and identifying at-risk areas and promoting responsible forest practices.
Involving local communities in the accounting process fosters a sense of
ownership, promotes sustainable practices, and ensures consideration of
community needs. Forest resource accounting also plays a role in international
reporting and compliance, as many countries are required to report on their forest
resources as part of global agreements. Lastly, it provides a foundation for
research and innovation in forestry, supporting the development of new
technologies and approaches for sustainable forest management.
2. Conducting a physical inventory of forest resources would provide monetary value to
your physical asset. What factor/s should be considered to ensure that the total
economic value of the resource/s is/are fully captured.
 Sustainable forest management entails a thorough assessment of diverse
elements that go beyond merely appraising the market value of timber. This
involves evaluating the economic worth of non-timber forest products,

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acknowledging ecosystem services, examining the economic implications of
recreational activities and tourism, and scrutinizing the forest's roles in
conserving biodiversity, upholding cultural significance, maintaining water
resources, regulating climate, and contributing socially. The evaluation also
encompasses future and option values, in addition to scrutinizing externalities
and indirect impacts on other sectors of the economy. This all-encompassing
approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of the varied contributions
and values linked to forest resources.
3. Based on the data gathered, do you think the value of ecosystem services in the
selected area exceeds the physical asset? Explain why.
 The worth of biological system administrations in chosen regions surpasses
the quantifiable worth of actual resources, essentially because of the presence of
plentiful biodiversity. Biodiversity addresses the variety of life in these biological
systems and assumes a significant part in the manageability of the climate and human
prosperity. The variety of plants and creatures gives significant assets like food, meds,
and natural substances, whereas hereditary variety adds to advances in horticulture,
medication, and item improvement. Notwithstanding this interaction, biodiversity
adds to the ecological utilizations of these environments, like cyclization and
fertilization. It additionally upholds different administrative instruments, like water
treatment. Recognizing and regarding these jobs is fundamental for the proficient use
and preservation of assets, prompting a shift towards feasible practices that focus on
the protection of biodiversity and the security of natural administrations. This all-
encompassing methodology underlines the connections between the climate,
environment, and human prosperity.

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REFERENCES
https://seea.un.org/sites/seea.un.org/files/seea_long-bro-final-small.pdf
Grover, I. S., O’Reilly-Wapstra, J. M., Suitor, S., & MacDonald, D. H. (2023). Not
seeing the accounts for the forest: A systematic literature review of ecosystem
accounting for forest resource management purposes. Ecological Economics, 212,
107922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107922
Illarionova, S., Shadrin, D., Tregubova, P., Ignatiev, V., Efimov, A. R., Oseledets, I., &
Burnaev, E. (2022). A survey of computer vision techniques for forest
characterization and carbon monitoring tasks. Remote Sensing, 14(22), 5861.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225861
Tiemann, A., & Ring, I. (2022). Towards ecosystem service assessment: Developing
biophysical indicators for forest ecosystem services. Ecological Indicators, 137,
108704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108704
Guo, K., Wang, B., & Niu, X. (2023). A review of research on forest ecosystem quality
assessment and prediction methods. Forests, 14(2), 317.
https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020317
Jo, H., & Lee, S. (2016). Quantification of the forest ecosystem components and services.
Su’san Haeyang Gyoyug Yeon’gu, 28(2), 391–400.
https://doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2016.28.2.391
Kitaibekova, S. O., Toktassynov, Z. N., Сарсекова, Д., Limaei, S. M., & Zhilkibayeva,
E. (2023). Assessment of forest ecosystem services in Burabay National Park,
Kazakhstan: a case study. Sustainability, 15(5), 4123.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054123

 cafsd@mmsu.edu.ph  (077) 600-2394
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Von Gadow, K., González, J. G. Á., Zhang, C., Pukkala, T., & Zhao, X. (2021).
Analyzing forest ecosystems. In Managing forest ecosystems (pp. 81–158).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58714-7_3
Kornatowska, B., & Sienkiewicz, J. (2018). Forest ecosystem services – assessment
methods. Folia Forestalia Polonica, 60(4), 248–260. https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-
2018-0026
Britannica (n.d.). https://www.britannica.com/science/ecosystem
Philatlas (n.d.). https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r01/ilocos-norte/nueva-era.html

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APPENDICES

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Nueva Era Eco Cultural Park

PLOT 1
TREE SPECIES DBH MH LONGITUDE LATITUDE
1 Small leaf 62 13 120°40' 16.50" 17°40' 41.10''
Mahogany
2 Palosapis 62 15 120°40' 16.40'' 17°40' 40.60''
3 Small leaf 48 15 120°40' 16.20" 17°40' 40.60''
Mahogany
4 Palosapis 39 14 120°40' 16.60" 17°40' 40.50''
5 Small leaf 80 13 120°40' 16.40" 17°40' 40.40''

Mahogany
6 Palosapis 42 14 120°40' 16.40" 17°40' 40.40''
7 Palosapis 75 14 120°40' 16.30" 17°40' 40.50''
8 Palosapis 86 16 120°40' 16.30" 17°40' 40.50''
9 Small leaf 26 10 120°40' 15.80" 17°40' 40.50''
Mahogany
10 Small leaf 15 8 120°40' 16.80" 17°40' 40.40''
Mahogany
11 Yemane 45 6 120°40' 16.70" 17°40' 40.80''
12 Palosapis 56 14 120°40' 16.70" 17°40' 40.80''
13 Yemane 48 6 120°40' 16.70" 17°40' 40.20''
PLOT 3
1 Teak 55 10.5 120°40' 17.40" 17°54' 42''
2 Small leaf 70 15 120°40' 17.40'' 17°54' 41.90''

Mahogany
3 Teak 27 12 120°40' 17.50" 17°54' 42.10''
4 Big leaf 25 11 120°40' 17.60" 17°54' 42.20''
Mahogany
5 Big leaf 55 15 120°40' 17.70" 17°54'42.20''
Mahogany
6 Big leaf 22 10.5 120°40' 17.60" 17°54' 42.20''
Mahogany
7 Narra 28 8.5 120°40' 17.70" 17°54' 42.40''
8 Small leaf 15 8 120°40' 17.80" 17°54' 41.90''

Mahogany
9 Anteng 30 6 120°40' 17.90" 17°54' 42''
10 Small leaf 62 7 120°40' 1770" 17°54' 41.80''

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Mahogany
11 Akleng 27 2.5 120°40' 17.80" 17°54' 40.80''
parang
PLOT 1 5m X 5m
Sapling Species Species Number
65 Mahogany Mahogany 7
25 Yakal Yakal saplungan 2
saplungan
PLOT 2 5m X 5m
30 Yakal Yakal saplungan
saplungan 3
Paglomboyen 1
PLOT 2 5m X 5m
PLOT AREA DISTANC NUMBER COORDINATES

E
LONGITUDE LATITUDE
20mx20m 10m 1 120°40' 15.60" E 17°54' 41.10'' N
1
2 120°40' 15.60'' E 17°54' 40.70'' N
3 120°40' 16.40" E 17°54' 41.00'' N
4 120°40' 16.70" E 17°54' 40.40'' N
5mx5m 1 120°40' 16.00" E 17°54' 40.60'' N

2 120°40' 16.00'' E 17°54' 40.60'' N
3 120°40' 16.30" E 17°54' 40.80'' N
4 120°40' 16.20" E 17°54' 40.60'' N
2 20mx20m 10m 1 120°40' 16.90" E 17°54' 41.70'' N

2 120°40' 16.50'' E 17°54' 41.50'' N
3 120°40' 16.90" E 17°54' 41.70'' N
4 120°40' 17.40" E 17°54' 41.50'' N
5mx5m 1 120°40' 16.90" E 17°54' 41.40'' N

2 120°40' 16.70'' E 17°54' 41.40'' N
3 120°40' 16.70'' E 17°54' 41.60'' N
4 120°40' 17.00" E 17°54' 41.50'' N
3 20mx20m 15m 1 120°40' 17.40" E 17°54' 42.40'' N

2 120°40' 17.70'' E 17°54' 42.90'' N
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3 120°40' 17.90" E 17°54' 42.50'' N

4 120°40' 17.90" E 17°54' 41.70'' N
5mx5m 1 120°40' 17.60" E 17°54' 42.20'' N

2 120°40' 17.70'' E 17°54' 42.40'' N
3 120°40' 17.90" E 17°54' 41.90'' N
4 120°40' 17.90" E 17°54' 42'' N
PLOT 1
Tree Species Diameter Diameter/3.1416 Merchantable Total Volume (m³) =
No. at breast Height Height (0.00005109(D²
Height H)
(DBH) (0.00005203(D²
H)
1 Small-leaf 62 19.74 13 15 0.26
Mahogany
2 Palosapis 62 19.74 15 18 0.30
3 Small-leaf 48 15.28 15 16 0.18
Mahogany
4 Palosapis 39 12.41 14 17 0.11
5 Small-leaf 80 25.47 13 15 0.43
Mahogany
6 Palosapis 42 13.37 14 15 0.13
7 Palosapis 75 23.87 14 17 0.42
8 Palosapis 86 27.37 16 19 0.62
9 Small-leaf 26 8.28 10 13 0.03
Mahogany
10 Small-leaf 15 4.77 8 10 0.01
Mahogany
11 Yemane 45 14.32 6 9 0.06
12 Palosapis 56 17.83 14 17 0.23
13 Yemane 48 15.28 6 8 0.07
PLOT 2
No. at breast Height Height (0.00005109(D²H)
Height (0.00005203(D²H)
(DBH)
1 Palosapis 23 7.32 10 13 0.03
2 Yakal- 21 6.68 9 11 0.02
Saplungan
3 Palosapis 20 6.37 9 10 0.02
4 Small-leaf 68 21.65 8 10 0.19
Mahogany
5 Narra 26 8.28 10 14 0.03
6 Panglomboie 28 8.91 13 15 0.05
n
7 Narra 29 9.23 11 13 0.05
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8 Palosapis 80 25.46 14 17 0.47

9 Small-leaf 20 6.37 10 14 0.02
Mahogany
PLOT 3
No. at breast Height Height (0.00005109(D²H)
Height (0.00005203(D²H)
(DBH)
1 Teak 55 17.51 10.5 12 0.16
2 Small-leaf 70 22.28 15 18 0.38
Mahogany
3 Teak 27 8.59 12 14 0.05
4 Big-leaf 25 7.96 11 13 0.04
Mahogany
5 Big-leaf 55 17.51 15 17 0.23
Mahogany
6 Big-leaf 22 7.00 10.5 13 0.03
Mahogany
7 Narra 28 8.91 8.5 10 0.03
8 Small-leaf 15 4.77 8 9 0.01
Mahogany
9 Anteng 30 9.55 6 8 0.03
10 Small-leaf 62 19.74 7 10 0.14
Mahogany
11 Akleng 27 8.59 2.5 5 0.01
Parang
Mariano Marcos State University

PLOT 1
1 Small leaf 23 10 120°34' 30.80" 17°59'52.60 ''
Mahogany
2 Alibangbang 35 8 120°34'30.60 '' 17°59' 52.10''
3 Narra 48 32 120°34'30.40 " 17°59' 52.30''
Small leaf
4 Mahogany 98 40 120°34'30.10 " 17°59'52.20 ''
5 Narra 50 25 120°34'30.10 " 17°59'52.50 ''
6 Small leaf 38 17 120°34' 30.20" 17°59'52.20 ''

Mahogany
Big leaf
7 Mahogany 25 15 120°34'30.30 " 17°59'52.60 ''

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PLOT 2
1 Small leaf 33 13 120°34' 29.70" 17°59'51.60 ''
Mahogany
2 Small leaf 16 7 120°34' 29.70" 17°59'51.80 ''
Mahogany
3 Small leaf 26 11 120°34' 29.80" 17°59'59.90 ''
Mahogany
4 Small leaf 125 67 120°34' 29.40" 17°59'51.60 ''
Mahogany
5 Teak 45 21 120°34' 29.60" 17°59'51.70 ''
5mx5m
6 Small leaf 89 35 120°34' 29.60" 17°59'52.60 ''

Mahogany
7 Small leaf 79 30 120°34' 29.30" 17°59'52.60 ''
Mahogany
PLOT 3
1 Narra 134 64 120°34' 28.80" 17°59'51.50''
2 Narra 20 25 120°34' 28.90" 17°59'51.40''
3 Small leaf 35 16 120°34' 28.70" 17°59'51.10''
Mahogany
4 Narra 23 20 120°34' 28.80" 17°59'51.00''
5 Big leaf 18 5 120°34' 28.80" 17°59'51.10''
Mahogany
6 Small leaf 33 25 120°34' 28.70" 17°59'51.00''
Mahogany
7 Big leaf 14 7 120°34' 28.70" 17°59'50.80''
Mahogany
8 Small leaf 16 11 120°34' 29.00" 17°59'51.10''
Mahogany
5mx5m
9 Big leaf 16 7 120°34' 29.20" 17°59'51.20''

Mahogany
10 Small leaf 45 23 120°34' 29.00" 17°59'51.30''
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Mahogany
11 Big leaf 14 5 120°34' 29.10" 17°59'51.00''
Mahogany
Sapling (5mx5m)
Species Number Species Number Species Number
Mahogany 23 Mahogany 10 Mahogany 1
Alibangbang 1 Teak 3
Pagsahingin 2
Lubeg 1
Guijo 5
PLOT AREA DISTANCE NUMBER COORDINATES

LONGITUDE LATITUDE
1 20mx20m 10m 1 120°34'31.00" E 17°59'52.80'' N
2 120°34'30.80" E 17°59'52.30'' N
3 120°34' 30.10" E 17°59' 52.10'' N
4 120°34' 30.10" E 17°59'52.60'' N
5mx5m 1 120°34'30.50" E 17°59'52.30'' N

2 120°34'30.60" E 17°59'52.30'' N
3 120°34'30.80" E 17°59'52.50'' N
4 120°34'30.70" E 17°59'52.30'' N
2 20mx20m 10m 1 120°34'29.90" E 17°59'51.70'' N

2 120°34'29.70" E 17°59'52.50'' N
3 120°34' 28.90" E 17°59'52.10'' N
4 120°34' 29.30" E 17°59'52.90'' N
5mx5m 1 120°34' 29.60" E 17°59'52.90'' N

2 120°34' 29.40" E 17°59'52.90'' N
3 120°34' 29.10" E 17°59'52.90'' N
4 120°34' 29.30" E 17°59'52.90'' N
3 20mx20m 10m 1 120°34' 29.20" E 17°59'51.50'' N

2 120°34' 28.80" E 17°59'51.00'' N
3 120°34' 28.40" E 17°59'51.30'' N
4 120°34' 38.80" E 17°59'52.00'' N
5mx5m 1 120°34' 29.00" E 17°59'51.40'' N
2 120°34' 29.20" E 17°59'51.60'' N

3 120°34' 28.90" E 17°59'51.40'' N
4 120°34' 29.10" E 17°59'51.30'' N

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PLOT 1
Tree Merchantable Total Volume (m3) =
Species Diameter Diameter/3.1416
No. Height (m) Height 0.00005109(D2H)
Small leaf
1 23 7.32 10 12 0.03
Mahogany
2 Alibangbang 35 11.14 8 9 0.05
3 Narra 48 15.28 18 19 0.21
Small leaf
4 98 31.19 20 21 0.99
Mahogany
5 Narra 50 15.92 19 20 0.25
Small leaf
6 38 12.10 17 19 0.13
Mahogany
Big leaf
7 25 7.96 15 16 0.05
Mahogany
PLOT 2
Tree Diameter/ Merchantable Total Volume (m3) =
Species Diameter
No. 3.1416 Height (m) Height 0.00005109(D2H)
Small leaf
1 33 10.50 13 14 0.07
Mahogany
Small leaf
2 16 5.09 7 9 0.01
Mahogany
Small leaf
3 26 8.28 11 12 0.04
Mahogany
Small leaf
4 125 39.79 18 19 1.46
Mahogany
5 Teak 45 14.32 13 15 0.14
Small Leaf 89 28.33 0.53
6 13 16
Mahogany
Small Leaf 89 28.33 0.62
7 15 18
Mahogany
PLOT 3
Tree Merchantable Total Volume (m3) =
Species Diameter Diameter/3.1416
No. Height (m) Height 0.00005109(D2H)
1 Narra 134 42.65 19 21 1.77
2 Narra 20 6.37 8 10 0.02
Small
leaf
3 35 11.14 14 16 0.09
Mahogan
y
4 Narra 23 7.32 15 17 0.04
5 Big leaf 18 5.73 5 6 0.01
Mahogan
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www.mmsu.edu.ph
y
Small
leaf
6 33 10.50 16 17 0.09
Mahogan
y
Big leaf
7 Mahogan 14 4.46 7 9 0.01
y
Small
leaf
8 16 5.09 11 12 0.01
Mahogan
y
9 Big leaf 16 5.09 7 0.01
Mahogan 9
y
10 Small 45 14.32 23 0.15
leaf
25
Mahogan
y
11 Big leaf 14 4.46 5 0.01
Mahogan 8
y

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www.mmsu.edu.ph
DOCUMENTATION
Data Gathering in Nueva Era

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www.mmsu.edu.ph
Data Gathering in Payao

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Mariano Marcos State University: College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development

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Mariano Marcos State University: College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development

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MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development

Laboratory Exercises No. 3 and 4

PETER JOHN PERALTA

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Laboratory Exercise No. 2

interrelationships in a certain unit of space is known as an ecosystem. An ecosystem is

Ecosystem accounting is a systematic technique that integrates environmental and

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

of forest ecosystems (Jo & Lee, 2016).

2022). Furthermore, it adds to a better understanding of the fundamental characteristics and

dynamics of forest communities, such as density, competition, structure, heterogeneity, and

& Sienkiewicz, 2018).

the forest ecosystem including the resources.

in the selected forest ecosystem.

included in the map and presented in the report.

1. An inventory of the standing trees in the forest was conducted.

the total volume of trees.

recent data (2022 or 2023) if any existed.

Locale of the Study

Nueva Era is a landlocked municipality situated in the coastal province of Ilocos

Poblacion, Nueva Era, Ilocos Norte

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

nurturing an average of 4.54 members.

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

at a distance of 15m from the second main plot.

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

In conducting a comprehensive tree inventory, a range of specialized materials is essential

 Pegs (1.5 meters in length)

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mariano Marcos State University-Forest Reserve

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

TOTAL NUMBER OF TREES ASSESSED IN

NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES PRESENT

Small leaf Mahogany Alibangbang Narra Big leaf Mahogany

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES PRESENT IN

Small leaf Mahogany Teak

NUMBER OF TREE SPECIES PRESENT IN

Naraa Small leaf Mahogany Big leaf Mahogany

the other hand, holds only a single (1) Mahogany sapling.

NUMBER OF SAPLINGS PRESENT IN PLOT 1

Figure 9. shows the number of saplings present in plot 1 established 5m x 5m quadrant.

NUMBER OF SAPLINGS PRESENT IN PLOT 2

Mahogany Teak Pagsahingin Lubeg Guijo

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

NUMBER OF SAPLINGS PRESENT IN PLOT 3

NUMBER OF SAPLINGS PRESENT IN EACH PLOT

Mahogany Alibangbang Teak Pagsahingin Lubeg Guijo

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Measurement of Standing Trees

Merchantable Height (MH), and Total Height (Ht).

the standing trees.

indicus). This data encompasses measurements of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH),

spans from 0.1271 m3 to 0.9943 m3.

trees spans from 0.0728 m3 to 1.4559 m3.

16, Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

the standing trees.

from 0.0888 m3 to 1.7660 m3.