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Thomas Calculus 12Th Edition Thomas Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Thomas Calculus 12Th Edition Thomas Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Solutions Manual
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CHAPTER 7 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
3. Not one-to-one since (for example) the horizontal line y œ 2 intersects the graph twice.
7. Not one-to-one since the horizontal line y œ 3 intersects the graph an infinite number of times.
10. Not one-to-one since (for example) the horizontal line y œ 1 intersects the graph twice.
19. Step 1: y œ x# 1 Ê x# œ y 1 Ê x œ Èy 1
Step 2: y œ Èx 1 œ f " (x)
" "
28. Step 1: y œ # x 7
# Ê # xœy 7
# Ê x œ 2y 7
"
Step 2: y œ 2x 7 œ f (x);
Domain and Range of f " : all reals;
f af " (x)b œ "# (2x 7) 7# œ ˆx 7# ‰ 7
# œ x and f " (f(x)) œ 2 ˆ "# x 7# ‰ 7 œ (x 7) 7 œ x
x3 2y 3
31. Step 1: y œ x 2 Ê yax 2b œ x 3 Ê x y 2y œ x 3 Ê x y x œ 2y 3 Ê x œ y1
3 1
Step 2: y œ 2x
x1 œ f axb;
"
Domain of f : x Á 1, Range of f " : y Á 2;
b3‰ 2ˆ xx b
xc1 3 c2‰ 3
ˆ 2x a2x 3b 3ax 1b 3
2 ax 3 b 3 a x 2 b
f af " axbb œ b3‰ œ a2x 3b 2ax 1b œ 5x
œ x and f " afaxbb œ ˆ xx b œ ax 3 b ax 2 b œ 5x
œx
xc1 2 c2‰ 1
ˆ 2x 5 3 5
Èx 2
32. Step 1: y œ Èx 3 Ê yˆÈx 3‰ œ Èx Ê yÈx 3y œ Èx Ê yÈx Èx œ 3y Ê x œ Š y 3y
1‹
2
Step 2: y œ ˆ x 3x
1
‰ œ f 1 a xb ;
Domain of f " : Ð_, 0Ó a1, _b, Range of f " : Ò0, 9Ñ a9, _b;
2 2
Ɉ x 3x
c1‰ Ɉ x 3x
c1‰
3x
xc1
f af " axbb œ ; If x 1 or x Ÿ 0 Ê 3x
x1 0Ê œ œ 3x
3x 3ax 1b œ 3x
œ x and
xc1 3
2 2 3x 3
c1‰ 3
Ɉ x 3x c1‰ 3
Ɉ x 3x
Èx
3Š È x c 3 ‹
2
"
f afaxbb œ Èx œ 9x
œ 9x
œx
Š Èx c 3 ‹ 1 ˆÈ x ˆÈ x 3 ‰‰ 2 9
1 Î5 y5 1 5 1
34. Step 1: y œ a2x3 1b Ê y5 œ 2x3 1 Ê y5 1 œ 2x3 Ê 2 œ x3 Ê x œ É
3 y
2
1
Step 2: y œ É œ f 1 ax b ;
3 x 5
2
Domain of f " : a_, _b, Range of f " : a_, _b;
3 1 Î5 1 Î5
1 1 1 Î5 1 Î5
f af " axbb œ Œ2ŠÉ
5
1 œ Š 2Š x 1‹ œ aax5 1b 1b œ ax5 b œ x and
3 x 5
2 ‹ 2 ‹
5
1Î5
3 ’a2x3 1b “ 1 1 b 1
f " afaxbb œ Ê 3 a2x 3
œÉ œÉ 2 œ x
3 2x 3
2 2
" "
36. (a) y œ 5 x7 Ê 5 xœy7 (b)
"
Ê x œ 5y 35 Ê f (x) œ 5x 35
" df c"
(c) df ¸
dx xœ 1 œ 5 , dx ¹ xœ$%Î& œ5
"
38. (a) y œ 2x# Ê x# œ # y (b)
" "
Ê xœ È2
Èy Ê f (x) œ È x#
(c) df ¸
dx xœ& œ 4xk xœ5 œ 20,
df c" " "
dx ¹ xœ&0 œ #È 2
x"Î# ¹ œ #0
xœ50
" "
45. (a) y œ mx Ê x œ m y Ê f " (x) œ m x
" "
(b) The graph of y œ f (x) is a line through the origin with slope m.
" "
46. y œ mx b Ê x œ y
m b
m Ê f " (x) œ m x b
m; the graph of f " (x) is a line with slope m and y-intercept mb .
49. Let x" Á x# be two numbers in the domain of an increasing function f. Then, either x" x# or
x" x# which implies f(x" ) f(x# ) or f(x" ) f(x# ), since f(x) is increasing. In either case,
f(x" ) Á f(x# ) and f is one-to-one. Similar arguments hold if f is decreasing.
" "
51. f(x) is increasing since x# x" Ê 27x$# 27x"$ ; y œ 27x$ Ê x œ 3 y"Î$ Ê f " (x) œ 3 x"Î$ ;
df " " ¸ " "
df
dx œ 81x# Ê dx œ 81x# 13 x"Î$ œ 9x#Î$
œ 9 x#Î$
" "
52. f(x) is decreasing since x# x" Ê 1 8x$# 1 8x"$ ; y œ 1 8x$ Ê x œ # (1 y)"Î$ Ê f " (x) œ # (1 x)"Î$ ;
df c" " ¸ "
df
dx œ 24x# Ê dx œ 24x# 12 Ð1 xÑ"Î$ œ 6(" x)#Î$
œ "6 (1 x)#Î$
53. f(x) is decreasing since x# x" Ê (1 x# )$ (1 x" )$ ; y œ (1 x)$ Ê x œ 1 y"Î$ Ê f " (x) œ 1 x"Î$ ;
df c" " "
df
dx œ 3(1 x)# Ê dx œ 3(1 x)# ¹ 1cx"Î$ œ 3x#Î$
œ "3 x#Î$
&Î$ &Î$
54. f(x) is increasing since x# x" Ê x# x" ; y œ x&Î$ Ê x œ y$Î& Ê f " (x) œ x$Î& ;
df c" "
df
dx œ 5
3 x#Î$ Ê dx œ 5 ¹
x#Î$ x$Î&
œ 3
5x#Î&
œ 3
5 x#Î&
3
55. The function g(x) is also one-to-one. The reasoning: f(x) is one-to-one means that if x" Á x# then f(x" ) Á f(x# ), so
f(x" ) Á f(x# ) and therefore g(x" ) Á g(x# ). Therefore g(x) is one-to-one as well.
56. The function h(x) is also one-to-one. The reasoning: f(x) is one-to-one means that if x" Á x# then f(x" ) Á f(x# ), so
" "
f(x" ) Á f(x# ) , and therefore h(x" ) Á h(x# ).
57. The composite is one-to-one also. The reasoning: If x" Á x# then g(x" ) Á g(x# ) because g is one-to-one. Since
g(x" ) Á g(x# ), we also have f(g(x" )) Á f(g(x# )) because f is one-to-one. Thus, f ‰ g is one-to-one because
x" Á x# Ê f(g(x" )) Á f(g(x# )).
58. Yes, g must be one-to-one. If g were not one-to-one, there would exist numbers x" Á x# in the domain of g with
g(x" ) œ g(x# ). For these numbers we would also have f(g(x" )) œ f(g(x# )), contradicting the assumption that
f ‰ g is one-to-one.
60. W(a) œ 'f(a) 1 ’af " (y)b a# “ dy œ 0 œ 'a 21x[f(a) f(x)] dx œ S(a); Ww (t) œ 1’af " (f(t))b a# “ f w (t)
f(a) a
# #
œ 1 at# a# b f w (t); also S(t) œ 21f(t)'a x dx 21'a xf(x) dx œ c1f(t)t# 1f(t)a# d 21'a xf(x) dx Ê Sw (t)
t t t
œ 1t# f w (t) 21tf(t) 1a# f w (t) 21tf(t) œ 1 at# a# b f w (t) Ê Ww (t) œ Sw (t). Therefore, W(t) œ S(t) for all t − [aß b].
t2 := g(f(x0)) + m2*(x-f(x0));
y=t2;
domaing := map(f,domain); # (e)
p1 := plot( [f(x),x], x=domain, color=[pink,green], linestyle=[1,9], thickness=[3,0] ):
p2 := plot( g(x), x=domaing, color=cyan, linestyle=3, thickness=4 ):
p3 := plot( t1, x=x0-1..x0+1, color=red, linestyle=4, thickness=0 ):
p4 := plot( t2, x=f(x0)-1..f(x0)+1, color=blue, linestyle=7, thickness=1 ):
p5 := plot( [ [x0,f(x0)], [f(x0),x0] ], color=green ):
display( [p1,p2,p3,p4,p5], scaling=constrained, title="#70(e) (Section 7.1)" );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and x0 may vary)
For problems 69 and 70, the code is just slightly altered. At times, different "parts" of solutions need to be used, as in the
definitions of f[x] and g[y]
Clear[x, y]
{a,b} = {0, 1}; x0 = 1/2 ;
eqn = Cos[y] == x1/5
soly = Solve[eqn, y]
f[x_] = y /. soly[[2]]
Plot[{f[x], f'[x]}, {x, a, b}]
solx = Solve[eqn, x]
g[y_] = x /. solx[[1]]
y0 = f[x0]
ftan[x_] = y0 f'[x0] (x x0)
gtan[y_] = x0 1/ f'[x0] (y y0)
Plot[{f[x], ftan[x], g[x], gtan[x], Identity[x]},{x, a, b},
Epilog Ä Line[{{x0, y0},{y0, x0}}], PlotRange Ä {{a, b}, {a, b}}, AspectRatio Ä Automatic]
1. (a) ln 0.75 œ ln 3
4 œ ln 3 ln 4 œ ln 3 ln 2# œ ln 3 2 ln 2
(b) ln 4
9 œ ln 4 ln 9 œ ln 2# ln 3# œ 2 ln 2 2 ln 3
"
(c) ln œ ln 1 ln 2 œ ln 2
# (d) ln È 3
9 œ "3 ln 9 œ "
3 ln 3# œ 2
3 ln 3
(e) ln 3È2 œ ln 3 ln 2"Î# œ ln 3 "# ln 2
(f) ln È13.5 œ " ln 13.5 œ " ln 27 œ " aln 3$ ln 2b œ " (3 ln 3 ln 2)
# # # # #
"
2. (a) ln 125 œ ln 1 3 ln 5 œ 3 ln 5 (b) ln 9.8 œ ln 49
5 œ ln 7# ln 5 œ 2 ln 7 ln 5
(c) ln 7È7 œ ln 7$Î# œ 3
# ln 7 (d) ln 1225 œ ln 35# œ 2 ln 35 œ 2 ln 5 2 ln 7
"
ln 35 ln ln 5 ln 7 ln 7 "
(e) ln 0.056 œ ln 7
125 œ ln 7 ln 5$ œ ln 7 3 ln 5 (f) ln 25
7
œ # ln 5 œ #
#
3. (a) ln sin ) ln ˆ sin5 ) ‰ œ ln sin )
œ ln 5 " ‰
(b) ln a3x# 9xb ln ˆ 3x œ ln Š 3x 3x 9x ‹ œ ln (x 3)
Š sin5 ) ‹
#
"
(c) # ln a4t% b ln 2 œ ln È4t% ln 2 œ ln 2t# ln 2 œ ln Š 2t# ‹ œ ln at# b
7. y œ ln at# b Ê dy
dt œ ˆ t"# ‰ (2t) œ 2
t 8. y œ ln ˆt$Î# ‰ Ê dy
dt
" ‰ ˆ 3 "Î# ‰
œ ˆ t$Î# # t œ 3
2t
9. y œ ln 3
x œ ln 3x" Ê dy
dx œ ˆ 3x" " ‰ a3x# b œ x"
10. y œ ln 10
x œ ln 10x" Ê dy
dx œ ˆ 10x" " ‰ a10x# b œ x"
11. y œ ln () 1) Ê dy
d) œ ˆ ) " 1 ‰ (1) œ "
)1 12. y œ ln (2) 2) Ê dy
d) œ ˆ #) " 2 ‰ (2) œ "
)1
3(ln x)#
13. y œ ln x$ Ê dy
dx œ ˆ x"$ ‰ a3x# b œ 3
x 14. y œ (ln x)$ Ê dy
dx œ 3(ln x)# † d
dx (ln x) œ x
t(ln t)c"Î#
16. y œ tÈln t œ t(ln t)"Î# Ê dy
dt œ (ln t)"Î# "# t(ln t)"Î# † d
dt (ln t) œ (ln t)"Î# #t
"
œ (ln t)"Î# #(ln t)"Î#
x% x% x% " 4x$
17. y œ 4 ln x 16 Ê dy
dx œ x$ ln x 4 † x 16 œ x$ ln x
4 3
18. y œ ax2 ln xb Ê dy
dx œ 4ax2 ln xb ˆx2 † 1
x 2x ln x‰ œ 4x6 aln xb3 ax 2x ln xb œ 4x7 aln xb3 8x7 aln xb4
"
25. y œ )[sin (ln )) cos (ln ))] Ê dy
d) œ [sin (ln )) cos (ln ))] ) cos (ln )) † ) sin (ln )) † ") ‘
œ sin (ln )) cos (ln )) cos (ln )) sin (ln )) œ 2 cos (ln ))
" " 1) x
27. y œ ln xÈ x 1
œ ln x # ln (x 1) Ê yw œ x" #" ˆ x " 1 ‰ œ 2(x 3x 2
2x(x 1) œ 2x(x 1)
" 1x " " 1 " x ˆ 1 " x ‰ (1)‘ œ " 1x1x "
28. y œ # ln 1x œ # cln (1 x) ln (1 x)d Ê yw œ # # ’ (1 x)(" x) “ œ 1 x#
"Î#
30. y œ Éln Èt œ ˆln t"Î# ‰ Ê dy
œ "
#
ˆln t"Î# ‰"Î# † d ˆln t"Î# ‰ œ "
#
ˆln t"Î# ‰"Î# † "
† d ˆt"Î# ‰
dt dt t"Î# dt
œ "
#
ˆln t"Î# ‰"Î# † "
† #" t"Î# œ "
t"Î# 4tÉln Èt
Èsin ) cos ) 2
" " ) sin ) ‰
32. y œ ln 1 2 ln ) œ # (ln sin ) ln cos )) ln (1 2 ln )) Ê dy
d) œ # sin )
ˆ cos cos ) )
1 # ln )
"
œ # ’cot ) tan ) 4
)(1 2 ln )) “
# &
x 1b " 5†2x
33. y œ ln Š aÈ 1x
‹ œ 5 ln ax# 1b # ln (1 x) Ê yw œ x# 1 #" ˆ 1 " x ‰ (1) œ 10x
x# 1 "
#(1 x)
&
34. y œ ln É (x(x2)1)#! œ "
# [5 ln (x 1) 20 ln (x 2)] Ê yw œ "
#
ˆ x 5 1 20 ‰
x# œ 5
# ’ (x(x2)1)(x
4(x 1)
2) “
2
œ 5# ’ (x 3x1)(x #) “
35. y œ 'x#Î2 ln Èt dt Ê
x# # #
dy
dx œ Šln Èx# ‹ † d
dx ax# b Šln É x# ‹ † d
dx Š x# ‹ œ 2x ln kxk x ln
kx k
È2
36. y œ 'Èx ln t dt Ê
È
3 x
dy
dx œ ˆln È
3
x‰ † d
dx
ˆÈ
3
x‰ ˆln Èx‰ † d
dx
ˆÈx‰ œ ˆln È
3
x‰ ˆ 3" x#Î$ ‰ ˆln Èx‰ ˆ #" x"Î# ‰
ln È3 x ln Èx
œ
3È x2 2È x
3
41. '01 2sincost t dt œ cln k2 cos tkd !1 œ ln 3 ln 1 œ ln 3; or let u œ 2 cos t Ê du œ sin t dt with t œ 0
Ê u œ 1 and t œ 1 Ê u œ 3 Ê '0 2sincost t dt œ '1 u" du œ cln kukd $" œ ln 3 ln 1 œ ln 3
1 3
42. '01Î3 14 4sincos) ) d) œ cln k1 4 cos )kd !1Î$ œ ln k1 2k œ ln 3 œ ln "3 ; or let u œ 1 4 cos ) Ê du œ 4 sin ) d)
c1
with ) œ 0 Ê u œ 3 and ) œ 13 Ê u œ 1 Ê '0 14 4sincos) ) d) œ 'c3 u" du œ cln kukd "
1Î3
"
$ œ ln 3 œ ln 3
"
43. Let u œ ln x Ê du œ x dx; x œ 1 Ê u œ 0 and x œ 2 Ê u œ ln 2;
'12
2 ln x
x dx œ '0
ln 2
2u du œ cu# d 0 œ (ln 2)#
ln 2
"
44. Let u œ ln x Ê du œ x dx; x œ 2 Ê u œ ln 2 and x œ 4 Ê u œ ln 4;
'24
dx
x ln x œ 'ln 2
ln 4
"
u du œ cln ud lnln 42 œ ln (ln 4) ln (ln 2) œ ln ˆ ln
ln 2 œ ln Š ln 2 ‹ œ ln ln 2
4‰ ln 2 ˆ 2 ln 2 ‰ œ ln 2
#
"
46. Let u œ ln x Ê du œ x dx; x œ 2 Ê u œ ln 2 and x œ 16 Ê u œ ln 16;
'2 16
dx
œ "
#
'ln 2
ln 16
u"Î# du œ u"Î# ‘ ln 2 œ Èln 16 Èln 2 œ È4 ln 2 Èln 2 œ 2Èln 2 Èln 2 œ Èln 2
ln 16
2xÈln x
1 " 1
50. Let u œ sin t Ê du œ cos t dt; t œ 4 Ê uœ È2 and t œ # Ê u œ 1;
) " ) ) 1 " È3
51. Let u œ sin 3 Ê du œ 3 cos 3 d) Ê 6 du œ 2 cos 3 d) ; ) œ # Ê uœ # and ) œ 1 Ê u œ # ;
È3Î2 È3Î2
'1Î2 2 cot 3) d) œ '1Î2
1 1 2 cos
sin )
)
3
d) œ 6 '1Î2 du
u œ 6 cln kukd 1Î2 œ 6 Šln
È3
# ln "# ‹ œ 6 ln È3 œ ln 27
3
1 "
52. Let u œ cos 3x Ê du œ 3 sin 3x dx Ê 2 du œ 6 sin 3x dx; x œ 0 Ê u œ 1 and x œ 1# Ê uœ È2 ;
È2 È2
'01Î12 6 tan 3x dx œ '01Î12 6cossin3x3x dx œ 2 '11Î du
u œ 2 cln kukd 11Î œ 2 ln "
È2 ln 1 œ 2 ln È2 œ ln 2
53. ' dx
2Èx 2x
œ' dx
2 È x ˆ1 È x ‰
; let u œ 1 Èx Ê du œ "
#È x
dx; ' 2Èx ˆdx1 Èx‰ œ ' du
u œ ln kuk C
œ ln ¸1 Èx¸ C œ ln ˆ1 Èx‰ C
54. Let u œ sec x tan x Ê du œ asec x tan x sec# xb dx œ (sec x)(tan x sec x) dx Ê sec x dx œ du
u ;
' sec x dx
Èln (sec x tan x) œ' du
uÈln u
œ ' (ln u)"Î# † "
u du œ 2(ln u)"Î# C œ 2Èln (sec x tan x) C
" "
cln ax# 1b 2 ln (x 1)d Ê
w
"
Ê dy
dt œ # É t t 1 ˆ "t " ‰
t1 œ "
# É t t 1 ’ t(t " 1) “ œ "
2Èt (t 1)$Î#
" " dy
58. y œ É t(t 1 1) œ [t(t 1)]"Î# Ê ln y œ # [ln t ln (t 1)] Ê y dt œ #" ˆ "t " ‰
t1
Ê dy
œ "# É t(t 1 1) ’ t(t2t 1)
"
“œ 2t 1
dt 2 at# tb$Î#
Ê dy
d) œ È) 3 (sin )) ’ 2() " 3) cot )“
Ê dy
dt œ t(t 1)(t+2) ˆ "t "
t1 " ‰
t# œ t(t 1)(t 2) ’ (t 1)(t t(t2)1)(t
t(t 2) t(t 1)
2) “ œ 3t# 6t 2
" " dy
62. y œ t(t 1)(t 2) Ê ln y œ ln 1 ln t ln (t 1) ln (t 2) Ê y dt œ "t "
t1 "
t#
Ê dy
dt œ "
t(t 1)(t 2)
"t "
t1 " ‘
t# œ "
t(t 1)(t #) ’ (t 1)(t t(t2)1)(t
t(t 2) t(t 1)
2) “
#
œ at$3t3t#6t2t2b#
xÈ x# 1 yw
65. y œ (x 1)#Î$
Ê ln y œ ln x "# ln ax# 1b 2
3 ln (x 1) Ê y œ "
x x
x# 1 2
3(x 1)
È #
Ê yw œ x(x x1)#Î$1 ’ "x x# x 1 3(x 2 1) “
(x 1) "!
" yw
66. y œ É (2x 1)& Ê ln y œ # [10 ln (x 1) 5 ln (2x 1)] Ê y œ 5
x1 5
2x 1
(x 1) ˆ 5 "!
Ê yw œ É (2x 1)& x1
5 ‰
2x 1
1
69. (a) f(x) œ ln (cos x) Ê f w (x) œ cos w w
x œ tan x œ 0 Ê x œ 0; f (x) 0 for 4 Ÿ x 0 and f (x) 0 for
sin x
70. (a) f(x) œ x ln x Ê f w (x) œ 1 "x ; if x 1, then f w (x) 0 which means that f(x) is increasing
(b) f(1) œ 1 ln 1 œ 1 Ê f(x) œ x ln x 0, if x 1 by part (a) Ê x ln x if x 1
72. A œ 'c01Î4 tan x dx '01Î3 tan x dx œ ' 01Î4 cossinxx dx '01Î3 cossinxx dx œ cln kcos xkd !1Î% cln kcos xkd !1Î$
" "
œ Šln 1 ln È2 ‹ ˆln # ln 1‰ œ ln È2 ln 2 œ 3
# ln 2
75. V œ 21'1Î2 x ˆ x"# ‰ dx œ 21 '1Î2 x" dx œ 21 cln kxkd #"Î# œ 21 ˆln 2 ln #" ‰ œ 21(2 ln 2) œ 1 ln 2% œ 1 ln 16
2 2
76. V œ 1 '0 Š Èx9x ‹ dx œ 271'0 dx œ 271 cln ax$ 9bd ! œ 271(ln 36 ln 9) œ 271(ln 4 ln 9 ln 9)
3 # 3
$
$9
œ 271 ln 4 œ 541 ln 2
78. L œ '1 É1
2
" "
x# dx Ê dy
dx œ x Ê y œ ln kxk C œ ln x C since x 0 Ê 0 œ ln 1 C Ê C œ 0 Ê y œ ln x
80. (a) My œ '1 x Š È"x ‹ dx œ '1 x"Î# dx œ x$Î# ‘ "' œ 42; Mx œ ' Š È '116 x" dx
16 16 16
"
2
3 " 1 2 x
‹ Š È"x ‹ dx œ "
#
œ "
# cln kxkd "' '
" œ ln 4, M œ 1
16
"
Èx
"'
dx œ 2x"Î# ‘ " œ 6 Ê x œ
My
M œ 7 and y œ Mx
M œ ln 4
6
(b) My œ '1 x Š È"x ‹ Š È4x ‹ dx œ 4'1 dx œ 60, Mx œ '1 Š 2È ‹ Š È"x ‹ Š È4x ‹ dx œ #'1 x$Î# dx
16 16 16 16
"
x
2x 1x 2x2 1
82. gaxb œ Èx2 ln x, domain of g: x 0.652919 Ê g w axb œ œ ; g w axb œ 0 Ê 2x2 1 œ 0 Ê no real
2Èx2 ln x 2xÈx2 ln x
"
83. dy
dx œ1 x at ("ß 3) Ê y œ x ln kxk C; y œ 3 at x œ 1 Ê C œ 2 Ê y œ x ln kxk 2
84. d# y
dx# œ sec# x Ê dy
dx œ tan x C and 1 œ tan 0 C Ê dy
dx œ tan x 1 Ê y œ ' (tan x 1) dx
œ ln ksec xk x C" and 0 œ ln ksec 0k 0 C" Ê C" œ 0 Ê y œ ln ksec xk x
" ¸
85. (a) L(x) œ f(0) f w (0) † x, and f(x) œ ln (1 x) Ê f w (x)k xœ0 œ 1x xœ0 œ 1 Ê L(x) œ ln 1 1 † x Ê L(x) œ x
ww "
(b) Let faxb œ lnax "b. Since f axb œ ax" b#
! on Ò!ß !Þ"Ó, the graph of f is concave down on this interval and the
largest error in the linear approximation will occur when x œ !Þ". This error is !Þ" lna"Þ"b ¸ !Þ!!%'* to five
decimal places.
(c) The approximation y œ x for ln (1 x) is best for smaller
positive values of x; in particular for 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 0.1 in the
graph. As x increases, so does the error x ln (1 x).
From the graph an upper bound for the error is
0.5 ln (1 0.5) ¸ 0.095; i.e., kE(x)k Ÿ 0.095 for
0 Ÿ x Ÿ 0.5. Note from the graph that 0.1 ln (1 0.1)
¸ 0.00469 estimates the error in replacing ln (1 x) by
x over 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 0.1. This is consistent with the estimate
given in part (b) above.
the same derivative, then ln xa œ ln a ln x C for some constant C. Since this equation holds for all positve values of x,
it must be true for x œ 1 Ê ln 1x œ ln 1 ln x C œ 0 ln x C Ê ln 1x œ ln x C. By part 3 we know that
ln 1x œ ln x Ê C œ 0 Ê ln xa œ ln a ln x.
" " Èx
(b) y œ Èx ln x Ê yw œ #È x
x Ê yww œ 4x"$Î# "
x# œ "
x# Š 4 1‹ œ 0 Ê Èx œ 4 Ê x œ 16.
Thus, yww 0 if 0 x 16 and yww 0 if x 16 so a point of inflection exists at x œ 16. The graph of
y œ Èx ln x closely resembles a straight line for x 10 and it is impossible to discuss the point of
inflection visually from the graph.
2. (a) e0Þ01t œ 1000 Ê ln e0Þ01t œ ln 1000 Ê (0.01t) ln e œ ln 1000 Ê 0.01t œ ln 1000 Ê t œ 100 ln 1000
"
(b) ekt œ 10 Ê ln ekt œ ln 10" œ kt ln e œ ln 10 Ê kt œ ln 10 Ê t œ lnk10
" t
(c) eÐln 2Ñt œ # Ê ˆeln 2 ‰ œ 2" Ê 2t œ 2" Ê t œ 1
Èt Èt
3. e œ x# Ê ln e œ ln x# Ê Èt œ 2 ln x Ê t œ 4(ln x)#
# # #
4. ex e2x1 œ et Ê ex 2x1 œ et Ê ln ex 2x1 œ ln et Ê t œ x# 2x 1
5. y œ e5x Ê yw œ e5x d
dx (5x) Ê yw œ 5e5x
6. y œ e2xÎ3 Ê yw œ e2xÎ3 d
dx
ˆ 2x
3
‰ Ê yw œ 2
3 e2xÎ3
7. y œ e57x Ê yw œ e57x d
dx (5 7x) Ê yw œ 7e57x
# #
8. y œ eˆ4Èxx ‰ Ê yw œ eˆ4Èxx ‰ d
dx
ˆ4Èx x# ‰ Ê yw œ Š È2 2x‹ eˆ4Èxx# ‰
x
"
14. y œ ln ˆ3)e) ‰ œ ln 3 ln ) ln e) œ ln 3 ln ) ) Ê dy
d) œ ) 1
# # # # # # #
15. y œ cos Še) ‹ Ê dy
d) œ sin Še) ‹ d
d) Še) ‹ œ Š sin Še) ‹‹ Še) ‹ d
d) a)# b œ 2)e) sin Še) ‹
" 1t
17. y œ ln a3tet b œ ln 3 ln t ln et œ ln 3 ln t t Ê dy
dt œ t 1œ t
e) e)
19. y œ ln 1 e)
œ ln e) ln ˆ1 e) ‰ œ ) ln ˆ1+e) ‰ Ê dy
d) œ 1 ˆ 1 " e) ‰ d
d)
ˆ 1 e) ‰ œ 1 1 e)
œ "
1 e)
È)
20. y œ ln œ ln È) ln Š1 È)‹ Ê dy
d) œ Š È" ‹ d
d) ŠÈ)‹ Š 1 "È) ‹ d
d) Š1 È ) ‹
1 È) )
Š1 È)‹ È)
œ Š È" ‹ Š È
"
‹ Š 1 "È) ‹ Š #È
"
‹œ œ "
œ "
#) a1)"Î# b
) # ) ) 2) Š1 È)‹ #) Š1 È)‹
"
26. ln xy œ exy Ê ln x ln y œ exy Ê x Š y" ‹ yw œ a1 yw b exy Ê yw Š y" exy ‹ œ exy "
x
xby
xex b y " y axex b y "b
Ê yw Š 1 ye
y ‹œ x Ê yw œ x a1 yex b y b
31. 'lnln23 ex dx œ cex d lnln 32 œ eln 3 eln 2 œ 3 2 œ 1 32. '0ln 2 ex dx œ cex d 0 ln 2 œ e! eln 2 œ 1 2 œ 1
35. 'lnln49 exÎ2 dx œ 2exÎ2 ‘ lnln 94 œ 2 eÐln 9ÑÎ2 eÐln 4)Î2 ‘ œ 2 ˆeln 3 eln 2 ‰ œ 2(3 2) œ 2
"
40. Let u œ t% Ê du œ 4t$ dt Ê 4 du œ t$ dt;
' %
t$ et dt œ "
4
' eu du œ 4" et% C
"
41. Let u œ x Ê du œ x"# dx Ê du œ "
x# dx;
' ex#1Îx
dx œ ' eu du œ eu C œ e1Îx C
"
42. Let u œ x# Ê du œ 2x$ dx Ê # du œ x$ dx;
' e x$Î #
1 x
dx œ ' ex † x$ dx œ
# "
#
' eu du œ "# eu C œ "# ex # C œ "# e1Îx# C
1
43. Let u œ tan ) Ê du œ sec# ) d); ) œ 0 Ê u œ 0, ) œ 4 Ê u œ 1;
'0 1 Î4
ˆ1 etan ) ‰ sec# ) d) œ '
1Î4
0
sec# ) d) '0 eu du œ ctan )d 0
1 1 Î4
ceu d "! œ tan ˆ 14 ‰ tan (0)‘ ae" e! b
œ (1 0) (e 1) œ e
1 1
44. Let u œ cot ) Ê du œ csc# ) d); ) œ 4 Ê u œ 1, ) œ 2 Ê u œ 0;
'1Î4 ˆ1 ecot ) ‰ csc# ) d) œ '1Î4
1 Î2 1Î2
csc# ) d) '1 eu du œ c cot )d 1Î4 ceu d !" œ cot ˆ 12 ‰ cot ˆ 14 ‰‘ ae! e" b
0 1 Î2
œ (0 1) (1 e) œ e
1
47. Let u œ ev Ê du œ ev dv Ê 2 du œ 2ev dv; v œ ln 6 Ê u œ 16 , v œ ln 1
# Ê u œ 1# ;
'lnlnÐÐ11ÎÎ62ÑÑ 2ev cos ev dv œ 2 '11ÎÎ62 cos u du œ c2 sin ud 11ÎÎ26 œ 2 sin ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 16 ‰‘ œ 2 ˆ1 "# ‰ œ 1
# #
48. Let u œ ex Ê du œ 2xex dx; x œ 0 Ê u œ 1, x œ Èln 1 Ê u œ eln 1 œ 1;
Èln 1
'0 2xex cos Šex ‹ dx œ '1 cos u du œ csin ud 1" œ sin (1) sin (1) œ sin (1) ¸ 0.84147
# # 1
51. dy
dt œ et sin aet 2b Ê y œ ' et sin aet 2b dt;
let u œ et 2 Ê du œ et dt Ê y œ ' sin u du œ cos u C œ cos aet 2b C; y(ln 2) œ 0
Ê cos ˆeln 2 2‰ C œ 0 Ê cos (2 2) C œ 0 Ê C œ cos 0 œ 1; thus, y œ 1 cos aet 2b
52. dy
dt œ et sec# a1et b Ê y œ ' et sec# a1et b dt;
let u œ 1et Ê du œ 1et dt Ê 1" du œ et dt Ê y œ 1" ' sec# u du œ 1" tan u C
œ 1" tan a1et b C; y(ln 4) œ 12 Ê 1" tan ˆ1eln 4 ‰ C œ 12 Ê 1" tan ˆ1 † 4" ‰ C œ 12
Ê 1" (1) C œ 2
1 Ê C œ 13 ; thus, y œ 3
1 "
1 tan a1et b
d# y
53. dx# œ 2ex Ê dy
dx œ 2ex C; x œ 0 and dy
dx œ 0 Ê 0 œ 2e! C Ê C œ 2; thus dy
dx œ 2ex 2
Ê y œ 2ex 2x C" ; x œ 0 and y œ 1 Ê 1 œ 2e! C" Ê C" œ 1 Ê y œ 2e x
2x 1 œ 2 aex xb 1
57. y œ 5Ès Ê dy
ds œ 5Ès (ln 5) ˆ "# s"Î# ‰ œ Š 2lnÈ5s ‹ 5Ès
# # # #
58. y œ 2s Ê dy
ds œ 2s (ln 2)2s œ aln 2# b Šs2s ‹ œ (ln 4)s2s
61. y œ (cos ))
È2 Ê dy
œ È2 (cos ))Š 2c1‹ (sin ))
È
d)
1(ln ))Ð1 1Ñ
62. y œ (ln ))1 Ê dy
d) œ 1(ln ))Ð1 1Ñ ˆ ") ‰ œ )
63. y œ 7sec ) ln 7 Ê dy
d) œ a7sec ) ln 7b(ln 7)(sec ) tan )) œ 7sec ) (ln 7)# (sec ) tan ))
64. y œ 3tan ) ln 3 Ê dy
d) œ a3tan ) ln 3b(ln 3) sec# ) œ 3tan ) (ln 3)# sec# )
65. y œ 2sin 3t Ê dy
dt œ a2sin 3t ln 2b(cos 3t)(3) œ (3 cos 3t) a2sin 3t b (ln 2)
66. y œ 5c cos 2t Ê dy
dt œ a5c cos 2t ln 5b(sin 2t)(2) œ (2 sin 2t) a5c cos 2t b (ln 5)
ln 5)
67. y œ log2 5) œ ln # Ê dy
d) œ ˆ ln"# ‰ ˆ 5") ‰ (5) œ "
) ln #
ln (1 ) ln 3)
68. y œ log3 (1 ) ln 3) œ ln 3 Ê dy
d) œ ˆ ln"3 ‰ ˆ 1 )" ln 3 ‰ (ln 3) œ "
1 ) ln 3
ln x#
69. y œ ln x
ln 4 ln 4 œ ln x
ln 4 2 ln x
ln 4 œ3 ln x
ln 4 Ê yw œ 3
x ln 4
70. y œ x ln e
ln #5 ln x
2 ln 5 œ x
# ln 5 ln x
2 ln 5 œ ˆ # ln" 5 ‰ (x ln x) Ê y w œ ˆ # ln" 5 ‰ ˆ1 "x ‰ œ x1
2x ln 5
ln ˆ xx b
ln 3
(ln 3) ln Š xx b 1
c1‰ c1‹
1
73. y œ log3 Šˆ xx œ ln ˆ xx
ln 3
1
1‰
‹œ ln 3 œ ln 3 1 œ ln (x 1) ln (x 1)
1‰
" " 2
Ê dy
dx œ x1 x1 œ (x 1)(x 1)
Ðln 5ÑÎ2
ln 5 Ðln 5ÑÎ2 ln ˆ 3x7x 2 ‰ ln ˆ 3x7x 2 ‰ "
74. y œ log5 Ɉ 3x7x 2 ‰ œ log5 ˆ 3x7x 2 ‰ œ ln 5 œ ˆ ln#5 ‰ ” ln 5 •œ # ln ˆ 3x7x # ‰
" " (3x 2) 3x "
œ # ln 7x # ln (3x 2) Ê dy
dx œ 7
2†7x 3
2†(3x 2) œ 2x(3x 2) œ x(3x 2)
ln (sin )) ln (cos )) ln e) ln 2)
76. y œ log7 ˆ sin e) #cos
)
)‰
œ
)
ln 7 œ ln (sin )) ln (cos
ln 7
)) ) ) ln 2
"
77. y œ log10 ex œ ln ex
ln 10 œ x
ln 10 Ê yw œ ln 10
ˆ2 ln ) ‰ˆ ) ) ‰ ˆ ) ‰ˆ ) ln1 5 ‰
) †5 ) ) †5 ) ln 5 )†5 ln 5 5 a1b )†5 5) ln 5a2 log5 )ba) ln 5 1b 5)
78. y œ 2 log5 ) œ 2 ln ) Ê yw œ ˆ2 ln ) ‰2
œ ln 5a2 log5 )b2
ln 5 ln 5
3 ln ˆ lnln 2t ‰ "
80. y œ 3 log8 (log2 t) œ 3 ln (log2 t)
ln 8 œ ln 8 Ê dy
dt œ ˆ ln38 ‰ ’ (ln t)/(ln ˆ " ‰
2) “ t ln # œ
3
t(ln t)(ln 8) œ "
t(ln t)(ln #)
sin t
t ln Šˆeln 3 ‰ ‹ t ln ˆ3sin t ‰
82. y œ ln 3 œ ln 3 œ t(sin t)(ln 3)
ln 3 œ t sin t Ê dy
dt œ sin t t cos t
) "
"
85. '01 2c )
d) œ '0 ˆ "# ‰ d) œ –
1 ) Š #‹
— œ
"
#
"
œ
"
#
œ "
2(ln 1 ln 2) œ "
# ln 2
ln Š "# ‹ ln Š "# ‹ ln Š "# ‹ ln Š "# ‹
!
) ! c#
Š "5 ‹ Š 5" ‹
86. 'c2 0
5c) d) œ ' 0
ˆ " ‰) d) œ – œ "
œ "
(1 25) œ 24
œ 24
2 5 ln Š 5" ‹ — ln Š 5" ‹ ln Š 5" ‹ ln Š 5" ‹ ln 1 ln 5 ln 5
#
"
87. Let u œ x# Ê du œ 2x dx Ê # du œ x dx; x œ 1 Ê u œ 1, x œ È2 Ê u œ 2;
È2
'1 x2ax b dx œ '1 ˆ "# ‰ 2u du œ
# 2
"
#
ln2 # ‘ # œ ˆ 2 ln" 2 ‰ a2# 2" b œ
u
"
"
ln #
"
88. Let u œ x"Î# Ê du œ # x"Î# dx Ê 2 du œ dx
Èx ; x œ 1 Ê u œ 1, x œ 4 Ê u œ 2;
1
89. Let u œ cos t Ê du œ sin t dt Ê du œ sin t dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 1, t œ # Ê u œ 0;
'0 1Î2
7cos t sin t dt œ '1 7u du œ
0
7 ‘!u
1
90. Let u œ tan t Ê du œ sec# t dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 0, t œ 4 Ê u œ 1;
u "
Š "3 ‹
'01Î4 ˆ 3" ‰tan t sec# t dt œ '01 ˆ 3" ‰u du œ – " " "
— œ ˆ ln 3 ‰ ’ˆ 3 ‰ ˆ 3 ‰ “ œ
" ! 2
ln Š 3" ‹ 3 ln 3
!
" du
91. Let u œ x2x Ê ln u œ 2x ln x Ê u dx œ 2 ln x (2x) ˆ x" ‰ Ê du
dx œ 2u(ln x 1) Ê "
# du œ x2x (1 ln x) dx;
x œ 2 Ê u œ 2% œ 16, x œ 4 Ê u œ 4) œ 65,536;
'24 x2x (1 ln x) dx œ "# '1665 536 du œ "# cud 6516 536 œ "# (65,536 16) œ 65,520
ß
# œ 32,760
ß
2 2 2
92. Let u œ 1 2x Ê du œ 2x a2xbln 2 dx Ê 1
2 ln 2 du œ 2x x dx
93. ' 3x
È3 dx œ 3xŠ 3b1‹
È
C 94. ' xŠ 2c1‹ dx œ
È È
x 2
C
È 3 1 È2
Ä '1 ˆ ln ' ln 4 ˆ ln"# ‰ u du œ ˆ ln"# ‰ #" u# ‘ ln0 4 œ ˆ ln"# ‰ #" (ln 4)# ‘ œ (ln2 ln4)# œ (lnln4)4 œ ln 4
4 # #
x‰ ˆ"‰
ln # x dx œ 0
101. '02 logx (x # 2) dx œ ln"# '02 cln (x 2)d ˆ x " # ‰ dx œ ˆ ln"# ‰ ’ (ln (x # 2)) “ # œ ˆ ln"# ‰ ’ (ln#4)
2
# #
(ln 2)#
# “
!
#
(ln 2)#
œ ˆ ln"# ‰ ’ 4(ln# 2) # “ œ 3
# ln 2
103. '09 2 logx (x1 1) dx œ ln210 '09 ln (x 1) ˆ x " 1 ‰ dx œ ˆ ln210 ‰ ’ (ln (x# 1)) “ * œ ˆ ln210 ‰ ’ (ln 210)
10
# #
(ln ")#
# “ œ ln 10
!
104. '23 2 logx (x1 1) dx œ ln22 '23 ln (x 1) ˆ x" 1 ‰ dx œ ˆ ln22 ‰ ’ (ln (x#1)) “ $ œ ˆ ln22 ‰ ’ (ln22)
2
# #
(ln ")#
# “ œ ln 2
#
105. ' dx
x log10 x œ ' ˆ lnln10
x
‰ ˆ x" ‰ dx œ (ln 10) ' ˆ ln"x ‰ ˆ x" ‰ dx; u œ ln x Ê du œ "
x dx‘
106. ' dx
x (log8 x)# œ' dx
x ‰#
œ (ln 8)# ' (ln x) #
x dx œ (ln 8)# (ln x) "
1 C œ (lnln 8)x C
#
x ˆ ln
ln 8
109. '11/x "t dt œ cln ktkd 1"Îx œ ln ¸ x" ¸ ln 1 œ aln 1 ln kxkb ln 1 œ ln x, x 0
110. "
ln a
'1x "t dt œ ln"a ln ktk‘ x1 œ lnln xa lnln 1a œ loga x, x 0
"
Ê yw œ (x 1)x x x 1 ln (x 1)‘
w
t
" dy
113. y œ ˆÈt‰ œ ˆt"Î# ‰ œ ttÎ# Ê ln y œ ln ttÎ# œ ˆ #t ‰ ln t Ê œ ˆ #" ‰ (ln t) ˆ #t ‰ ˆ "t ‰ œ "
t
y dt
ln t
# #
t
Ê dy
dt œ ˆÈt‰ ˆ ln# t "# ‰
120. The function f(x) œ 2esin ÐxÎ2Ñ has a maximum whenever sin x
# œ 1 and a minimum whenever sin x
# œ 1. Therefore the
maximums occur at x œ 1 2k(21) and the minimums occur at x œ 31 2k(21), where k is any integer. The maximum
is 2e ¸ 5.43656 and the minimum is 2e ¸ 0.73576.
121. faxb œ x ex Ê f w axb œ x ex a1b ex œ ex x ex Ê f ww axb œ ex ax ex a1b ex b œ x ex 2ex
(a) f w axb œ 0 Ê ex x ex œ ex a1 xb œ 0 Ê ex œ 0 or 1 x œ 0 Ê x œ 1, fa1b œ a1be1 œ 1e ; using second
derivative test, f ww a1b œ a1be1 2e1 œ 1e 0 Ê absolute maximum at ˆ1, 1e ‰
(b) f ww axb œ 0 Ê x ex 2ex œ ex ax 2b œ 0 Ê ex œ 0 or x 2 œ 0 Ê x œ 2, fa2b œ a2be2 œ 2
e2 ; since
f ww a1b 0 and f ww a3b œ e3 a3 2b œ e13 0 Ê point of inflection at ˆ2, e22 ‰
ˆ1 e2x ‰ex ex ˆ2e2x ‰ ex e3x ˆ1 e2x ‰2 ˆex 3e3x ‰ ˆex e3x ‰2ˆ1 e2x ‰ˆ2e2x ‰
122. faxb œ ex
1 e2x Ê f w axb œ a1 e2x b2
œ a1 e2x b2
Ê f ww axb œ 2
2
’a1 e2x b “
ex ˆ1 6e2x e4x ‰
œ a1 e2x b3
lnŠ32È2‹ É 3 2È 2
since f ww a1b 0, f ww a0b 0, and f ww a1b 0 Ê points of inflection at , and
2 4 2È 2
lnŠ32È2‹ É 3 2È 2
2 , 4 2È 2 .
" "
123. f(x) œ x# ln x Ê f w (x) œ 2x ln x x# Š "" ‹ ax# b œ 2x ln "
x x œ x(2 ln x 1); f w (x) œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or ln x œ "# .
x
" " "
Since x œ 0 is not in the domain of f, x œ e"Î# œ Èe . Also, f w (x) 0 for 0 x Èe and f w (x) 0 for x Èe .
126. '02 ln 2 ˆexÎ2 exÎ2 ‰ dx œ 2exÎ2 2exÎ2 ‘ 20 ln 2 œ ˆ2eln 2 2e ln 2 ‰ a2e! 2e! b œ (4 1) (2 2) œ 5 4 œ 1
127. L œ '0 É1
1
exÎ2
ex
4 dx Ê dy
dx œ # Ê y œ exÎ2 C; y(0) œ 0 Ê 0 œ e0 C Ê C œ 1 Ê y œ exÎ2 1
œ 1
#
"# e2y 2y "# e2y ‘ ln 2 œ 1# ˆ "# e2 ln 2 2 ln 2 "# e2 ln 2 ‰ ˆ "# 0 "# ‰‘
0
1 ˆ "# † 4 2 ln 2 "# † 4" ‰ œ 1# ˆ2 8" 2 ln 2‰ œ 1 ˆ 15
œ # 16 ln 2
‰
œ '0 É e4 ec2x
dx œ '0 Ɉ "# aex ex b‰ dx œ '0 "# aex ex b dx œ "# cex ex d 10 œ "# ˆe 1e ‰ 0 œ
1 1 2 1
" e2 1
2x
# 4 2e
œ 'ln 2 e ecx
ln 3 x
œ '0
1Î4 1Î4
sec x dx œ cln lsec x tan xld 0 œ ˆln lsecˆ 14 ‰ tan ˆ 14 ‰l‰ a0b œ lnŠÈ2 1‹
œ '1Î6 csc x dx œ cln lcsc x cot xld 1Î6 œ ˆln lcscˆ 14 ‰ cot ˆ 14 ‰l‰ ˆln lcscˆ 16 ‰ cot ˆ 16 ‰l‰
1 Î4 1 Î4
È
œ lnŠÈ2 1‹ lnŠ2 È3‹ œ lnŠ 2È2 13 ‹
"
133. (a) d
dx (x ln x x C) œ x † x ln x 1 0 œ ln x
(b) average value œ "
e1
'1 e
ln x dx œ "
e1 cx ln x xd e1 œ "
e1 [(e ln e e) (1 ln 1 1)] œ "
e 1 (e e 1) œ "
e1
136. (a) y œ ex Ê yww œ ex 0 for all x Ê the graph of y œ ex is always concave upward
(b) area of the trapezoid ABCD 'ln a ex dx area of the trapezoid AEFD Ê
ln b
"
# (AB CD)(ln b ln a)
'ln a ex dx Š e
ln b ln a
eln b "
# ‹ (ln b ln a). Now # (AB CD) is the height of the midpoint
M œ eÐln a ln bÑÎ2
since the curve containing the points B and C is linear Ê eÐln a ln bÑÎ2
(ln b ln a)
'ln a ex dx Š e
ln b ln a
e ln b
# ‹ (ln b ln a)
(c) 'ln a ex dx œ cex d lnln ba œ eln b eln a œ b a, so part (b) implies that
ln b
Ä A œ 2'1
5
"
u du œ 2 cln kukd &" œ 2(ln 5 ln 1) œ 2 ln 5
x "
"
A œ '1 2Ð1 dx œ 2 '1 ˆ "# ‰ dx œ 2 –
1 1 Š #‹
xÑ
œ ln2# ˆ #" 2‰ œ ˆ ln2# ‰ ˆ 3# ‰ œ
x 3
138. — ln #
ln Š "# ‹
"
"
143. (a) The point of tangency is apß ln pb and mtangent œ p since dy
dx œ x" . The tangent line passes through a!ß !b Ê the
equation of the tangent line is y œ "p x. The tangent line also passes throughapß ln pb Ê ln p œ "p p œ " Ê p œ e, and
the tangent line equation is y œ "e x.
d# y
(b) dx# œ x"# for x Á ! Ê y œ ln x is concave downward over its domain. Therefore, y œ ln x lies below the graph of
y œ "e x for all x !, x Á e, and ln x x
e for x !, x Á e.
(c) Multiplying by e, e ln x x or ln x x. e
e
(d) Exponentiating both sides of ln xe x, we have eln x ex , or xe ex for all positive x Á e.
(e) Let x œ 1 to see that 1e e1 . Therefore, e1 is bigger.
Then, x1 œ 2, x2 œ 2.61370564, x3 œ 2.71624393, and x& œ 2.71828183. Many other methods may be used. For
example, graph y œ ln x " and determine the zero of y.
#
2. (a) y œ "x Ê y w œ "
x# œ ˆ x" ‰ œ y#
#
(b) y œ x " 3 Ê y w œ "
(x 3)# œ ’ (x " 3) “ œ y#
" " #
(c) y œ xC Ê yw œ (x C)# œ x " C ‘ œ y#
3. y œ "
x
'1x et
t dt Ê yw œ x"# '1
x t
e
t dt ˆ x" ‰ ˆ ex ‰ Ê x# y w œ '1
x x t
e
t dt ex œ x Š x" '1x et t
dt‹ ex œ xy ex
Ê x# y w xy œ ex
4. y œ "
È 1 x%
'1x È1 t% dt Ê y w œ #" – 4x$
$ —
'1x È1 t% dt È " ŠÈ 1 x% ‹
ŠÈ1 x% ‹ 1 x%
Ê y w œ Š 12xx% ‹ Š È
$
" '1x È1 t% dt‹ 1 $
Ê y w œ Š 12xx% ‹ y 1 Ê y w 2x$
1 x%
†yœ1
1 x%
5. y œ ecx tan" a2ex b Ê y w œ ecx tan" a2ex b ecx ’ 1 a"2ex b# “ a2ex b œ ecx tan" a2ex b 2
1 4e2x
Ê y w œ y 2
1 4e2x Ê yw y œ 2
1 4e2x ; y( ln 2) œ ecÐ ln 2Ñ
tan" a2e ln 2
b œ 2 tan" 1 œ 2 ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1
#
ln x x Š "x ‹
" " x# x#
8. y œ x
ln x Ê yw œ (ln x)# Ê yw œ ln x (ln x)# Ê x# y w œ ln x (ln x)# Ê x# y w œ xy y# ; y(e) œ e
ln e œ e.
9. 2Èxy dx œ
dy
1 Ê 2x"Î# y"Î# dy œ dx Ê 2y"Î# dy œ x"Î# dx Ê ' 2y"Î# dy œ ' x"Î# dx Ê 2 ˆ 23 y$Î# ‰ œ 2x"Î# C"
$Î# "
Ê 2
3 y x"Î# œ C, where C œ # C"
10. dy
dx œ x# Èy Ê dy œ x# y"Î# dx Ê y"Î# dy œ x# dx Ê ' y"Î# dy œ ' x# dx Ê 2y"Î# œ x$
3 C Ê 2y"Î# "3 x$ œ C
11. dy
dx œ excy Ê dy œ ex ecy dx Ê ey dy œ ex dx Ê ' ey dy œ ' ex dx Ê ey œ ex C Ê ey ex œ C
12. dy
dx œ 3x# ey Ê dy œ 3x# ey dx Ê ey dy œ 3x# dx Ê ' ey dy œ ' 3x# dx Ê ey œ x3 C Ê ey x3 œ C
side, substitute u œ Èy Ê du œ 1
2Èy dy Ê 2 du œ 1
Èy dy, and we have ' sec# u du œ ' dx Ê 2 tan u œ x C
Ê x 2 tan Èy œ C
dx œ 1 Ê dy œ
14. È2xy dy 1
È2xy dx Ê È2Èydy œ 1
Èx dx Ê È2 y1/2 dy œ x1/2 dx Ê È2 ' y1/2 dy œ ' x1/2 dx
y3/2 3
Ê È2 3 dy œ x1/2
" C1 Ê È2 y3/2 œ 3Èx 32 C1 Ê È2 ˆÈy‰ 3Èx œ C, where C œ 32 C1
2 #
ey eÈ x ey eÈ x eÈ x eÈ x
15. Èx dy
dx œ eybÈx Ê dy
dx œ Èx Ê dy œ Èx dx Ê ecy dy œ Èx dx Ê ' ecy dy œ ' Èx dxÞ In the integral on the right-
16. asec xb dy
dx œ eybsin x Ê dy
dx œ eybsin x cos x Ê dy œ aey esin x cos xbdx Ê ecy dy œ esin x cos x dx
Ê ' ecy dy œ ' esin x cos x dx Ê ecy œ esin x C1 Ê ecy esin x œ C, where C œ C1
17. dy
dx œ 2xÈ1 y2 Ê dy œ 2xÈ1 y2 dx Ê dy
È 1 y2 œ 2x dx Ê ' dy
È 1 y2 œ ' 2x dx Ê sin" y œ x# C since kyk "
Ê y œ sinax2 Cb
18. dy
dx œ e2x c y
ex b y Ê dy œ e2x c y
ex b y dx Ê dy œ e2x ecy
ex ey dx œ ex
e2y dx Ê e2y dy œ ex dx Ê ' e2y dy œ ' ex dx Ê e2y
# œ ex C1
Ê e 2ex œ C where C œ 2C1
2y
dx œ 3x y 6x Ê y dy œ 3x ay 2bdx Ê
19. y2 dy 2 3 2 2 2 3 y2
y3 2 dy œ 3x2 dx Ê ' y2
y3 2 dy œ ' 3x2 dx Ê 31 lnly3 2l œ x3 C
20. dy
dx œ x y 3x 2y 6 œ ay 3bax 2b Ê 1
y 3 dy œ ax 2bdx Ê ' 1
y 3 dy œ ' ax 2bdx
Ê lnly 3l œ "# x2 2x C
œ x ex dx Ê ' œ ' x ex dx
2 2 2 2 2
21. 1 dy
x dx œ yex 2Èy ex œ ex ˆy 2Èy‰ Ê 1
y 2Èy dy
1
y 2Èy dy
22. dy
dx œ ex y ex ey 1 œ aey 1baex 1b Ê 1
ecy 1 dy œ aex 1bdx Ê ' 1
ecy 1 dy œ ' aex 1bdx
Ê' ey
1 ey dy œ ' aex 1bdx Ê lnl1 ey l œ ex x C Ê lna1 ey b œ ex x C
ln (90) ln (1013)
24. (a) dp
dh œ kp Ê p œ p! ekh where p! œ 1013; 90 œ 1013e20k Ê k œ 20 ¸ 0.121
6Þ05
(b) p œ 1013e ¸ 2.389 millibars
(c) 900 œ 1013eÐ 0Þ121Ñh Ê 0.121h œ ln ˆ 1013
900 ‰
Ê hœ ln (1013) ln (900)
0.121 ¸ 0.977 km
25. dy
dt œ 0.6y Ê y œ y! e 0Þ6t ; y! œ 100 Ê y œ 100e 0Þ6t Ê y œ 100e 0Þ6 ¸ 54.88 grams when t œ 1 hr
27. L(x) œ L! e kx
Ê L!
# œ L! e 18k
Ê ln "
# œ 18k Ê k œ ln 2
18 ¸ 0.0385 Ê L(x) œ L! e 0Þ0385x ; when the intensity is
one-tenth of the surface value, L!
10 œ L! e 0Þ0385x Ê ln 10 œ 0.0385x Ê x ¸ 59.8 ft
28. V(t) œ V! e tÎ40 Ê 0.1V! œ V! e tÎ40 when the voltage is 10% of its original value Ê t œ 40 ln (0.1) ¸ 92.1 sec
30. y œ y! ekt and y(3) œ 10,000 Ê 10,000 œ y! e3k ; also y(5) œ 40,000 œ y! e5k . Therefore y! e5k œ 4y! e3k
Ê e5k œ 4e3k Ê e2k œ 4 Ê k œ ln 2. Thus, y œ y! eÐln 2Ñt Ê 10,000 œ y! e3 ln 2 œ y! eln 8 Ê 10,000 œ 8y!
Ê y! œ 10,000
8 œ 1250
31. (a) 10,000ekÐ1Ñ œ 7500 Ê ek œ 0.75 Ê k œ ln 0.75 and y œ 10,000eÐln 0Þ75Ñt . Now 1000 œ 10,000eÐln 0Þ75Ñt
Ê ln 0.1 œ (ln 0.75)t Ê t œ lnln0.75
0.1
¸ 8.00 years (to the nearest hundredth of a year)
(b) 1 œ 10,000eÐln 0Þ75Ñt Ê ln 0.0001 œ (ln 0.75)t Ê t œ ln 0.0001
ln 0.75 ¸ 32.02 years (to the nearest hundredth of a year)
32. (a) There are (60)(60)(24)(365) œ 31,536,000 seconds in a year. Thus, assuming exponential growth,
P œ 257,313,431ekt and 257,313,432 œ 257,313,431eÐ14kÎ31ß536ß000Ñ Ê ln Š 257,313,432
257,313,431 ‹ œ
14k
31,536,000 Ê k ¸ 0.0087542
(b) P œ 257,313,431eÐ0.0087542Ña"&b ¸ 293,420,847 (to the nearest integer). Answers will vary considerably with the
number of decimal places retained.
33. 0.9P! œ P! ek Ê k œ ln 0.9; when the well's output falls to one-fifth of its present value P œ 0.2P!
Ê 0.2P! œ P! eÐln 0Þ9Ñt Ê 0.2 œ eÐln 0Þ9Ñt Ê ln (0.2) œ (ln 0.9)t Ê t œ ln
ln 0.9 ¸ 15.28 yr
0.2
34. (a) dp
dx
"
œ 100 p Ê dp
p
"
œ 100 "
dx Ê ln p œ 100 x C Ê p œ eÐ 0Þ01xCÑ œ eC e 0Þ01x œ C" e 0Þ01x ;
p(100) œ 20.09 Ê 20.09 œ C" eÐ 0Þ01ÑÐ100Ñ Ê C" œ 20.09e ¸ 54.61 Ê p(x) œ 54.61e 0Þ01x (in dollars)
(b) p(10) œ 54.61eÐ 0Þ01ÑÐ10Ñ œ $49.41, and p(90) œ 54.61eÐ 0Þ01ÑÐ90Ñ œ $22.20
(c) r(x) œ xp(x) Ê rw (x) œ p(x) xpw (x);
pw (x) œ .5461e 0Þ01x Ê rw (x)
œ (54.61 .5461x)e 0Þ01x . Thus, rw (x) œ 0
Ê 54.61 œ .5461x Ê x œ 100. Since rw 0
for any x 100 and rw 0 for x 100, then
r(x) must be a maximum at x œ 100.
37. y œ y! e kt
œ y! e ÐkÑÐ3ÎkÑ œ y! e 3
œ y!
e$ y!
20 œ (0.05)(y! ) Ê after three mean lifetimes less than 5% remains
ln ˆ 74 ‰
39. T Ts œ (T! Ts ) e kt , T! œ 90°C, Ts œ 20°C, T œ 60°C Ê 60 20 œ 70e 10k
Ê 4
7 œe 10k
Êkœ 10 ¸ 0.05596
(a) 35 20 œ 70ec0Þ05596t Ê t ¸ 27.5 min is the total time Ê it will take 27.5 10 œ 17.5 minutes longer to reach 35°C
(b) T T œ (T T ) e kt , T œ 90°C, T œ 15°C Ê 35 15 œ 105e 0Þ05596t Ê t ¸ 13.26 min
s ! s ! s
40. T 65° œ (T! 65°) e kt Ê 35° 65° œ (T! 65°) e 10k and 50° 65° œ (T! 65°) e 20k . Solving
30° œ (T! 65°) e 10k and 15° œ (T! 65°) e 20k simultaneously Ê (T! 65°) e 10k œ 2(T! 65°) e 20k
Ê e10k œ 2 Ê k œ ln102 and 30° œ T!e10k65° Ê 30° e10 ˆ 10 ‰ ‘ œ T! 65° Ê T! œ 65° 30° ˆeln 2 ‰ œ 65° 60° œ 5°
ln 2
42. Let x represent how far above room temperature the silver will be 15 min from now, y how far above room temperature the
silver will be 120 min from now, and t! the time the silver will be 10°C above room temperature. We then have the
following time-temperature table:
time in min. 0 20 (Now) 35 140 t!
temperature Ts 70° Ts 60° Ts x Ts y Ts 10°
T Ts œ (T! Ts ) eckt Ê (60 Ts ) Ts œ c(70 Ts ) Ts d ec20k Ê 60 œ 70ec20k Ê k œ ˆ 20 " ‰
ln ˆ 67 ‰ ¸ 0.00771
(a) T Ts œ (T! Ts ) ec0Þ00771t Ê (Ts x) Ts œ c(70 Ts ) Ts d e Ð0Þ00771ÑÐ35Ñ Ê x œ 70e 0Þ26985 ¸ 53.44°C
(b) T Ts œ (T! Ts ) e 0Þ00771t Ê (Ts y) Ts œ c(70 Ts ) Ts d e Ð0Þ00771ÑÐ140Ñ Ê y œ 70e 1Þ0794 ¸ 23.79°C
(c) T Ts œ (T! Ts ) e 0Þ00771t Ê (Ts 10) Ts œ c(70 Ts ) Ts d e Ð0Þ00771Ñ t! Ê 10 œ 70e 0Þ00771t!
Ê ln ˆ "7 ‰ œ 0.00771t! Ê t! œ ˆ 0.00771" ‰ ln ˆ "7 ‰ œ 252.39 Ê 252.39 20 ¸ 232 minutes from now the
silver will be 10°C above room temperature
45. From Exercise 43, k ¸ 0.0001216 for carbon-14 Ê y œ y0 e0.0001216t . When t œ 5000
Ê y œ y0 e0.0001216a5000b ¸ 0.5444y0 Ê yy0 ¸ 0.5444 Ê approximately 54.44% remains
46. From Exercise 43, k ¸ 0.0001216 for carbon-14. Thus, c œ c! e 0Þ0001216t Ê (0.995)c! œ c! e 0Þ0001216t
Êtœ ln (0.995)
0.0001216 ¸ 41 years old
^
7.5 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L'HOPITAL'S RULE
^
2. l'Hopital: lim sin 5x
œ 5 cos 5x
¹ œ 5 or lim sin 5x
œ 5 lim sin 5x
œ5†1œ5
xÄ0 x 1 xœ! xÄ0 x
5x Ä 0 5x
3
5x# 3x "0x 3 5x# 3x 5
^
3. l'Hopital: lim
xÄ_ 7x# 1 œ x lim
Ä_ 14x œ x lim
Ä_
10
14 œ 5
7 or x lim
Ä_ 7x# 1 œ x lim
Ä_ 7
x
" œ 5
7
x#
ax # x " b
œ lim 2 œ 3
x Ä 1 a4x + 4x + 3b 11
^
5. l'Hopital: lim 1 cos x
x# œ lim sin x
œ lim cos x
œ "
# or lim 1cos x
x# œ lim ” a" xcos
2
xb ˆ " cos x ‰
" cos x •
xÄ! xÄ! 2x xÄ! 2 xÄ! xÄ!
sin# x
œ lim œ lim ”ˆ sinx x ‰ˆ sinx x ‰ˆ " "cos x ‰• œ "
x Ä ! x a" cos xb #
2
xÄ!
# 3
#x # $ x %x 3 % #x# 3x !
x#
^
6. l'Hopital: lim
xÄ_ x$ x 1 œ x lim
Ä_ $x # " œ x lim
Ä_ 'x œ ! or x lim
Ä_ x$ x 1 œ x lim
Ä_ "
x
"
" œ " œ!
x# x$
t$ 4t 15 3t# 4 3(3)# 4
9. lim # œ lim œ œ 23
t Ä 3 t t 12 t Ä 3 2t 1 2(3) 1 7
t$ 1 3t#
10. lim $ œ lim # œ 3
t Ä 1 4t t 3 t Ä 1 12t 1 11
5x3 2x "5x2 2
11. x lim
Ä_ 7x3 3 œ x lim
Ä_ 21x2 œ x lim
Ä_
30x
42x œ x lim
Ä_
30
42 œ 5
7
8x#
15. lim œ lim 16x
œ lim 16
œ 16
œ 16
x Ä 0 cos x 1 x Ä 0 sin x x Ä 0 cos x 1
2) 1
17. lim œ lim 2
œ 2
sin ˆ 3#1 ‰
œ 2
) Ä 1Î2 cos (21 )) ) Ä 1Î2 sin (21 ))
3) 1
18. lim 1 œ lim 1
3
œ3
) Ä 1Î3 sin ˆ) 3 ‰ ) Ä 1Î3 cos ˆ) 3 ‰
x#
21. lim œ lim sec x tan x
2x
œ lim 2x
œ lim #
2
œ 2
1# œ2
x Ä 0 ln (sec x) x Ä 0 ˆ sec x ‰ x Ä 0 tan x x Ä 0 sec x
ˆ csccsc
x cot x ‰
cot x csc# x 1# "
22. lim ln (csc x)
1 # œ lim x
ˆx ˆ 1# ‰‰ œ lim 1 œ lim # œ # œ #
x Ä 1 Î 2 ˆx ˆ # ‰‰ x Ä 1 Î2 2 x Ä 1 Î 2 2 ˆ x ˆ # ‰‰ x Ä 1 Î2
t(1 cos t) (1 cos t) t(sin t) sin t (sin t t cos t) cos t cos t cos t t sin t 11"0
23. lim t sin t œ lim 1 cos t œ lim œ lim œ œ3
tÄ0 tÄ0 tÄ0 sin t tÄ0 cos t 1
ˆx 1# ‰
25. lim ˆx 1# ‰ sec x œ lim œ lim " ‰
ˆ sin x œ
"
œ 1
x Ä Ð1 Î 2 Ñ c x Ä Ð1 Î 2 Ñ c cos x x Ä Ð1 Î 2 Ñ c 1
ˆ 1# x‰
26. lim ˆ 1 x‰ tan x œ lim œ lim " ‰
ˆ csc œ lim sin# x œ 1
x Ä Ð1 Î 2 Ñ c # x Ä Ð1 Î 2 Ñ c x Ä Ð1 Î 2 Ñ c x Ä Ð1 Î 2Ñ c
cot x #x
3x " 3x ln 3 3! †ln 3
30. lim œ lim œ 2! †ln 2 œ ln 3
x Ä 0 2 1 ln #
x x
x Ä 0 2 ln 2
ˆ ln x‰ ˆ "x ‰ x3
32. x lim
Ä_
log2 x
log3 (x 3) œ x lim
Ä_
ln #
œ ˆ ln 3‰
ln # x lim
Ä_
ln x
ln (x 3) œ ˆ ln
ln 3 ‰
# x lim
Ä_ ˆx " 3‰ œ ˆ llnn 3# ‰ x lim
Ä_ x
Š ln (xln 3 3) ‹
"
œ ˆ ln 3‰
ln # x lim
Ä_ 1 œ ln 3
ln #
Š x2x 2
# 2x# 2x
ln ax# 2xb ‹
4x 2
33. lim b ln x œ lim b ˆ x" ‰
2x
œ lim b x# 2x œ lim b 2x 2 œ lim b 2
# œ1
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
x
ln aex "b Š exec 1 ‹
xex ex xex 10
34. lim b ln x œ lim b ˆ "x ‰ œ lim b ex 1 œ lim b ex œ 1 œ1
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
Èay a# a aay a# b
"Î#
a ˆ "# ‰ aay a# b "Î# (a)
36. lim œ lim œ lim œ lim a
œ "# , a 0
yÄ0 y yÄ0 y yÄ0 1 y Ä 0 2Èay a#
37. x lim
Ä_
[ln 2x ln (x 1)] œ x lim
Ä_ 1 œ ln Šx lim
ln ˆ x 2x ‰
Ä_
2x
x1‹ œ ln Šx lim
Ä_
2
1‹ œ ln 2
"
38. lim (ln x ln sin x) œ lim b ln ˆ sinx x ‰ œ ln Š lim b x
sin x ‹ œ ln Š lim b cos x ‹ œ ln 1 œ 0
x Ä !b xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
2
2aln xbˆ 1x ‰
39. lim b lnaln xb
asin xb œ lim b cos x œ lim b 2alnxxcos
basin xb
x
aln xb
œ lim b ’ 2cos x †
sin x
x “ œ _ † 1 œ _
x Ä0 x Ä0 sin x x Ä0 x Ä0
"
"
41. lim b ˆ x " 1 " ‰
ln x œ lim b Š ln(xx1)(ln
(x 1) x 1x
x) ‹ œ lim b Š (ln x) (x 1) ˆ "x ‰ ‹ œ lim b Š (x ln x) x 1 ‹
xÄ1 xÄ1 xÄ1 xÄ1
" "
œ lim b Š (ln x 1) 1 ‹ œ (0 1) 1 œ #"
xÄ1
et t# et 2t et 2 et
45. lim t œ lim œ lim œ lim œ1
t Ä _ e 1 et et t
tÄ_ tÄ_ tÄ_ e
x#
46. x lim
Ä_
x# ex œ x lim
Ä_ ex œ x lim
Ä_
2x
ex œ x lim
Ä_
2
ex œ0
x sin x 1 cos x
47. lim œ lim œ lim sin x
œ 0
œ0
xÄ0 x sec x tan x xÄ0 2x sec x tan x 2sec x
2 2 2
xÄ0 x tan x 2
51. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1_ . Let faxb œ x1ÎÐ1 xÑ Ê ln faxb œ ln ax1ÎÐ1 xÑ b œ ln x
1x . Now
ˆ "x ‰
lim ln faxb œ lim b ln x
œ lim b œ 1. Therefore lim b x1ÎÐ1 xÑ œ lim b faxb œ lim b eln faxb œ e" œ "
x Ä 1b xÄ1 1x
xÄ1 1
xÄ1 xÄ1 xÄ1 e
52. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1_ . Let faxb œ x1ÎÐx 1Ñ Ê ln faxb œ ln ax1ÎÐx 1Ñ b œ ln x
x1. Now
ˆ "x ‰
lim ln faxb œ lim b ln x
œ lim b œ 1. Therefore lim b x1ÎÐx 1Ñ œ lim b faxb œ lim b eln faxb œ e" œ e
x Ä 1b xÄ1 x1
xÄ1 1
xÄ1 xÄ1 xÄ1
53. The limit leads to the indeterminate form _! . Let faxb œ (ln x)1Îx Ê ln faxb œ ln (ln x)1Îx œ ln (ln x)
x . Now
ˆ x ln" x ‰
lim ln faxb œ
xÄ_
lim ln (ln
xÄ_ x
x)
œ x lim
Ä_ 1 œ 0. Therefore x lim
Ä_
(ln x)1Îx œ x lim
Ä_
faxb œ x lim
Ä_
eln faxb œ e! œ 1
54. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1_ . Let faxb œ (ln x)1ÎÐx eÑ Ê ln faxb œ ln (ln x)
x e œ lim ln faxb
xÄe
ˆ x ln" x ‰
œ lim b ln (ln x)
x e œ lim b 1 œ "e . Therefore (ln x)1ÎÐx eÑ œ lim b faxb œ lim b eln faxb œ e"Îe
xÄe xÄe xÄe xÄe
55. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0! . Let faxb œ xc1Îln x Ê ln faxb œ ln
ln x œ 1. Therefore
x
56. The limit leads to the indeterminate form _! . Let faxb œ x1Îln x Ê ln faxb œ ln x
ln x œ 1. Therefore x lim
Ä_
x1Îln x
œ x lim
Ä_
faxb œ x lim
Ä_
e1n faxb œ e" œ e
ln (1 2x)
57. The limit leads to the indeterminate form _! . Let faxb œ (1 2x)1ÎÐ2 ln xÑ Ê ln faxb œ 2 ln x
ln (1 2x) " "
Ê x lim
Ä_
ln faxb œ x lim
Ä_ 2 ln x œ x lim
Ä_
x
1 2x œ x lim
Ä_ # œ # . Therefore x lim
Ä_
(1 2x)1ÎÐ2 ln xÑ
"Î#
œ x lim
Ä_
faxb œ x lim
Ä_
eln faxb
œe
58. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1_ . Let faxb œ aex xb1Îx Ê ln faxb œ ln aex xb
x
ln aex xb ex 1
Ê lim ln faxb œ lim œ lim œ 2. Therefore lim aex xb1Îx œ lim faxb œ lim eln faxb œ e#
x Ä 0 e x
x
xÄ0 xÄ0 x xÄ0 xÄ0 xÄ0
59. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 0! . Let faxb œ xx Ê ln faxb œ x ln x Ê ln faxb œ ln x
ˆ "x ‰
ˆ "x ‰
œ lim b ln faxb œ lim b ln x
ˆ "x ‰ œ lim b œ lim b (x) œ 0. Therefore lim b xx œ lim b faxb
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! Š x"# ‹ xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
œ lim b eln faxb œ e! œ 1
xÄ!
ln a1xc" b
60. The limit leads to the indeterminate form _! . Let faxb œ ˆ1 "x ‰ Ê ln faxb œ
x
x " Ê lim ln faxb
x Ä !b
c#
Š cx " ‹
"
œ 0. Therefore lim b ˆ1 x" ‰ œ lim b faxb
x
œ lim b 1xx# œ lim b 1 x" œ lim b x
x1
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
œ lim b eln faxb œ e! œ 1
xÄ!
x x
61. The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1_ . Let faxb œ ˆ xx
1
2‰
Ê ln faxb œ ln ˆ xx
1
2‰
œ x ln ˆ xx
1 Ê lim ln faxb
2‰
xÄ_
c3
ln ˆ xx b 2
c1‰ ln ax 2b ln ax 1b 1
1
b 2bax c 1b
œ lim x ln ˆ xx
1 œ lim Š
2‰
1 ‹ œ lim Š 1 ‹œ lim Œ x b 2 1x c 1 œ xlim Œ
ax
x12
xÄ_ xÄ_ x xÄ_ x xÄ_ x2 Ä_
x
lim ˆ x 2 ‰
2
œ lim Š ax 23xbax 1b ‹ œ lim ˆ 2x6x 1 ‰ œ lim ˆ 62 ‰ œ 3. Therefore, œ lim faxb œ lim eln faxb œ e3
xÄ_ xÄ_ xÄ_ xÄ_ x 1 xÄ_ xÄ_
1 Îx 1Îx
62. The limit leads to the indeterminate form _! . Let faxb œ Š xx 21 ‹ Ê ln faxb œ ln Š xx 21 ‹ œ x1 ln Š xx 21 ‹
2 2 2
ln Š xx bb21 ‹
2
ln ˆx2 1‰ ln ax 2b
2x
x2 b 1
x b1 2
Ê lim ln faxb œ lim 1x ln Š xx 21 ‹ œ lim x2 4x 1
2
œ lim œ lim œ lim
xÄ_ ax 1bax 2b
x x 1 2
xÄ_ xÄ_ xÄ_ xÄ_ xÄ_
1 Îx
x2 4x 1 2x 4
lim Š xx 21 ‹
2
œ lim œ lim œ lim 2
œ 0. Therefore, œ lim faxb œ lim eln faxb œ e0 œ 1
xÄ_ x 2x x 2 xÄ_ 3x 4 x 1 xÄ_ 6 x 4
3 2 2
xÄ_ xÄ_ xÄ_
1 3 2
63. lim x2 ln x œ limb Œ ln1 x œ limb Œ x2 œ limb Š 2x
x
‹ œ limb Š 3x2 ‹ œ 0
x Ä0 b x Ä0 2 xx Ä0 3 x Ä0 x Ä0
x
2
2aln xb 1x 2
lim x aln xb2 œ limb Š aln1xb ‹ œ limb Œ
2
64. x12
œ limb Š 2ln1x ‹ œ limb Œ x1 œ limb Š 2xx ‹ œ limb a2xb œ 0
x Ä0 b x Ä0 x x Ä0 x Ä0 x x Ä0 2 x Ä0 x Ä0
x
1 2
x cos x tan x
66. lim sin x † ln x œ limb ˆ csc x œ limb Š csc x cot x ‹ œ limb
ln x ‰ x ˆ sin xxtan x ‰ œ lim Š sin x sec 1 ‹ œ 0
1 œ0
x Ä0 b x Ä0 x Ä0 b x Ä0 x Ä0
È9x 1 9x 1
67. x lim
Ä_ Èx 1 œ Éx lim
Ä_ x1 œ Éx lim
Ä_
9
1 œ È9 œ 3
Èx "
68. lim b Èsin x œÊ sin x œ É 1" œ 1
xÄ! lim
xÄ!b x
ˆ cos x‰
70. lim cot x
œ lim b sin x
œ lim b cos x œ 1
x Ä !b csc x xÄ! ˆ sin" x ‰
xÄ!
2x 3x ˆ 23 ‰x 1
71. x lim
Ä_ 3x 4x œ x lim
Ä_ 1 ˆ 43 ‰
x œ0
x
2x 4x 1 ˆ 42 ‰ 1 2x 10
72. x Ä
lim
_ 5x 2x œxÄ
lim
_ ˆ 52 ‰x 1
œxÄ
lim
_ ˆ 52 ‰x 1
œ 01 œ 1
ex
2
ex c x
2
exax c 1b exax c 1b a2x 1b
73. x lim
Ä_ x ex œ x lim
Ä_ x œ x lim
Ä_ x œ x lim
Ä_ 1 œ_
e1Îx Š x12 ‹
e1Îx
74. lim b ec1Îx
x
œ lim b 1 œ lim b x12
œ lim b e1Îx œ _
xÄ! xÄ! x xÄ! xÄ!
0 _ ^
75. Part (b) is correct because part (a) is neither in the 0 nor _ form and so l'Hopital's rule may not be used.
2x 2 2x 2
76. Part (b) is correct; the step lim œ lim 2
in part (a) is false because lim is not an
x Ä 0 2x cos x x Ä 0 # sin x x Ä 0 2x cos x
indeterminate quotient form.
77. Part (d) is correct, the other parts are indeterminate forms and cannot be calculated by the incorrect arithmetic
9x 3 sin 3x 9 9 cos 3x
79. If f(x) is to be continuous at x œ 0, then lim f(x) œ f(0) Ê c œ f(0) œ lim 5x$ œ lim 15x#
xÄ0 xÄ0 xÄ0
œ lim 27 sin 3x
œ lim 81 cos 3x
œ 27
.
xÄ0 30x xÄ0 30 10
81. (a)
È x2 1 Èx
lim ŠÈx2 1 Èx‹ œ lim xŠ œ lim xŠÉ x x2 1 È xx2 ‹ œ lim xŠÉ1 É 1x ‹ œ _
2 1
82.
xÄ _ xÄ _ x x ‹ xÄ _ xÄ _ x2
83. The graph indicates a limit near 1. The limit leads to the
2x# (3x 1) Èx 2
indeterminate form 00 : lim x 1
xÄ1
# $Î# "Î# 4x 9# x"Î# "
x "Î#
œ lim 2x 3xx 1 x 2 œ lim #
xÄ1 xÄ1 1
4 9# #" 45
œ 1 œ 1 œ 1
x
84. (a) The limit leads to the indeterminate form 1_ . Let f(x) œ ˆ1 "x ‰ Ê ln f(x) œ x ln ˆ1 x" ‰ Ê x lim
Ä_
ln f(x)
#
ln ˆ1 "x ‰ ln a1 x " b Š 1 xx " ‹
" "
œ x lim
Ä_ ˆ "x ‰ œ x lim
Ä_ x " œ x lim
Ä_ x # œ x lim
Ä_ 1 ˆ "x ‰
œ 10 œ1
Ê x lim ˆ1 "x ‰x œ lim f(x) œ lim eln fÐxÑ œ e" œ e
Ä_ xÄ_ xÄ_
(b) x ˆ1 "x ‰x
10 2.5937424601
100 2.70481382942
1000 2.71692393224
10,000 2.71814592683
100,000 2.71826823717
Both functions have limits as x approaches
infinity. The function f has a maximum but
no minimum while g has no extrema. The limit
of f(x) leads to the indeterminate form 1_ .
#
k ln a1 rkc" b ln a1 rk " b Š 1 rkrk " ‹
85. Let f(k) œ ˆ1 kr ‰ Ê ln f(k) œ k " Ê lim
k " œ lim k # œ lim 1 rrk "
kÄ_ kÄ_ kÄ_
r ‰k ln fÐkÑ
œ lim rk
œ lim r
œ r. Therefore lim 1 k œ lim f(k) œ lim e
ˆ œ er .
k Ä _ kr kÄ_ 1 kÄ_ kÄ_ kÄ_
ˆ x" ‰ (x) ln x
Ê yw œ ˆ 1 x#ln x ‰ ax1Îx b . The sign pattern is
w
x%
yw œ ± ± which indicates a maximum of y œ e1Î2e when x œ Èe
! Èe
ˆ "x ‰ axn b (ln x) ˆnxnc1 ‰ xnc1 (1 n ln x)
(c) y œ x1Îx Ê ln y œ † x1Îx . The sign pattern is Ê yw œ
n n
ln x
xn œ x2n x2n
yw œ ± ± which indicates a maximum of y œ e1Îne when x œ È n
e
! Èn
e
ˆeln x ‰1Îx œ lim eÐln xÑÎxn œ exp Š lim
n
(d) x lim x1Îx œ x lim
n ln x
xn ‹ œ exp Šx lim ˆ " ‰‹ œ e! œ 1
Ä_ Ä_ xÄ_ xÄ_ Ä _ nxn
c1Îh2 0 1Îh2 1 1
88. f w a0b œ lim fa0 hhb fa0b œ lim e h œ lim e h œ limŠ e1hÎh2 ‹ œ lim 1Îh2 h2 2 œ limŠ 2e1hÎh2 ‹
h Ä0 h Ä0 h Ä0 h Ä0 h Ä0 e Š 3 ‹ h Ä0 h
œ limŠ h2 e1Îh ‹ œ 0
2
h Ä0
ˆ sin" x ‰ (cos x)
(b) ln f(x) œ x ln (sin x) œ ln (sin x)
Ê lim ln f(x) œ lim b ln (sin x)
œ lim b
ˆ "x ‰
x Ä !b xÄ! ˆ "x ‰
xÄ! Š x"# ‹
#
x 2x
œ lim œ lim # œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ e! œ 1
x Ä 0 tan x x Ä 0 sec x xÄ0
(c) The maximum value of f(x) is close to 1 near the point x ¸ 1.55 (see the graph in part (a)).
90. (a) When sin x 0 there are gaps in the sketch. The width
of each gap is 1.
1
1. (a) 4 (b) 13 (c) 1
6 2. (a) 14 (b) 1
3 (c) 16
3. (a) 16 (b) 1
4 (c) 13 4. (a) 1
6 (b) 14 (c) 1
3
1 31 1 1
5. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 6. (a) 4 (b) 13 (c) 1
6
31 1 21 31 1 21
7. (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3 8. (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3
È2
9. sin Šcos" # ‹ œ sin ˆ 14 ‰ œ "
È2 10. sec ˆcos" #" ‰ œ sec ˆ 13 ‰ œ 2
È3
11. tan ˆsin" ˆ "# ‰‰ œ tan ˆ 16 ‰ œ È"3 12. cot Šsin" Š # ‹‹ œ cot ˆ 13 ‰ œ È"3
1
13. lim sin" x œ 14. lim cos" x œ 1
x Ä 1c #
x Ä 1 b
1
15. x lim
Ä_
tan" x œ # 16. x Ä
lim
_
tan" x œ 1#
1
17. x lim
Ä_
sec" x œ # 18. x Ä
lim
_
sec" x œ x Ä
lim
_
cos" ˆ "x ‰ œ 1
#
19. x lim
Ä_
csc" x œ x lim
Ä_
sin" ˆ "x ‰ œ 0 20. x Ä
lim
_
csc" x œ x Ä
lim
_
sin" ˆ "x ‰ œ 0
È2 È2 " "
23. y œ sin" È2t Ê dy
dt œ #
œ È1 2t# 24. y œ sin" (1 t) Ê dy
dt œ È1 (1 t)# œ È2t t#
Ê1 ŠÈ2t‹
"
25. y œ sec" (2s 1) Ê dy
œ 2
k2s 1k È(2s 1)# 1
œ 2
œ
ds k2s 1k È4s# 4s k2s 1k Ès# s
"
26. y œ sec" 5s Ê dy
œ 5
k5sk È(5s)# 1
œ
ds ksk È25s# 1
2x
27. y œ csc" ax# 1b Ê dy
œ 2x
œ
dx
kx # 1 k É a x # 1 b # 1 ax# 1b Èx% 2x#
Š "# ‹
" 2
28. y œ csc" ˆ x# ‰ Ê dy
œ œ # œ
dx ¸ x# ¸ Ɉ x# ‰# 1 kx k É x 4 kx k È x # 4
4
# ˆ 2t ‰ 2t 6
30. y œ sin" ˆ t3# ‰ œ csc" Š t3 ‹ Ê dy
œ # 3
# #
œ % œ
dt
t# É t 9 9 t Èt% 9
¹ t ¹ ÊŠ t ‹ 1
3 3
Š "# ‹ tc"Î#
"
31. y œ cot" Èt œ cot" t"Î# Ê dy
œ # œ #Èt(1 t)
dt 1 at"Î# b
Š "# ‹ (t 1)c"Î#
" "
32. y œ cot" Èt 1 œ cot" (t 1)"Î# Ê dy
œ # œ 2Èt 1 (1 t 1)
œ 2tÈt 1
dt 1 c(t 1)"Î# d
"
x#
Š ‹
"
33. y œ ln atan" xb Ê dy
dx œ 1
tanc" x œ atan " xb a1x# b
ˆ "x ‰ "
34. y œ tan" (ln x) Ê dy
dx œ 1 (ln x)# œ x c1 (ln x)# d
"
35. y œ csc" aet b Ê dy
dt œ et
œ Èe2t 1
ke t k É a e t b # 1
e t
36. y œ cos" aet b Ê dy
œ œ e t
dt É 1 ae t b # È1 e 2t
"Î# "Î#
38. y œ Ès# 1 sec" s œ as# 1b sec" s Ê dy
œ ˆ "# ‰ as# 1b (2s) "
œ s
"
dx ks k È s # 1 È s# 1 k sk È s # 1
s ks k 1
œ
ks k È s # 1
" "
œ œ 0, for x 1
x È x# 1 kx k È x # 1
xc#
40. y œ cot" ˆ x" ‰ tan" x œ 1
# tan" ax" b tan" x Ê dy
dx œ0 1 ax " b #
"
1 x# œ "
x# 1 "
1 x# œ0
Š "# ‹
42. y œ ln ax# 4b x tan" ˆ x# ‰ Ê dy
œ 2x
x#4 tan" ˆ #x ‰ x – # —œ
2x
x# 4 tan" ˆ #x ‰ 2x
4 x# œ tan" ˆ #x ‰
dx 1 ˆ #x ‰
47. ' dx
œ' du
, where u œ 5x and du œ 5 dx
xÈ25x# 2 uÈ u# 2
" "
œ È2 sec" ¹ Èu2 ¹ C œ È2 sec" ¹ È
5x
2
¹C
48. ' dx
œ' du
, where u œ È5x and du œ È5 dx
xÈ5x# 4 uÈ u# 4
" " È5x
œ # sec" ¸ u# ¸ C œ # sec" ¹ # ¹ C
È2Î4 È2Î4
50. '03 ds
È9 4s# œ "
#
'03 du
È 9 u# , where u œ 2s and du œ 2 ds; s œ 0 Ê u œ 0, s œ 3È 2
4 Ê uœ 3È 2
#
È2Î2 È2
œ "# sin" u3 ‘ 0 "
Šsin" sin" 0‹ œ " ˆ 14 0‰ œ 1
3
œ # # # 8
È2
51. '02 8 dt2t # œ "
È2
'02 du
8 u# , where u œ È2t and du œ È2 dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 0, t œ 2 Ê u œ 2È2
#È #
2È 2
œ ’ È"2 † "
È8 tan" u
È8 “ œ "
4 Štan" È8 tan" 0‹ œ "
4 atan" 1 tan" 0b œ "
4
ˆ 14 0‰ œ 1
16
!
È2Î2 È2
53. 'cc1 dy
yÈ4y# 1
œ 'c2 du
, where u œ 2y and du œ 2 dy; y œ 1 Ê u œ 2, y œ
È2
# Ê u œ È 2
uÈ u# 1
È # 1 1
œ csec" kukd # œ sec" ¹È2¹ sec" k2k œ 4 3 œ 11#
È È2
54. 'c2Î32Î3 yÈ9ydy 1 œ '#
du
, where u œ 3y and du œ 3 dy; y œ 32 Ê u œ 2, y œ
È2
Ê u œ È 2
2 uÈ u# 1 3
È # 1 1
œ csec" kukd # œ sec" ¹È2¹ sec" k2k œ 4 3 œ 11#
1
du
1 u# , where u œ sin ) and du œ cos ) d); ) œ 1# Ê u œ ", ) œ 1
# Êuœ"
"
œ c2 tan" ud " œ 2 atan" 1 tan" (1)b œ 2 14 ˆ 14 ‰‘ œ 1
È3 È3
63. '0ln ex dx
1 e2x œ '1 du
1 u# , where u œ ex and du œ ex dx; x œ 0 Ê u œ 1, x œ ln È3 Ê u œ È3
È$ 1 1 1
œ ctan" ud " œ tan" È3 tan" 1 œ 3 4 œ 1#
'1e œ 4'0
1Î% 1Î4
" 1
64. 4 dt
t a1 ln# tb 1 u# , where u œ ln t and
du
du œ t dt; t œ 1 Ê u œ 0, t œ e1Î4 Ê u œ 4
1Î%
œ c4 tan" ud ! œ 4 ˆtan" 14 tan" 0‰ œ 4 tan" 1
4
67. 'È dx
œ' dx
È1 ax# 4x 4b œ' dx
È1 (x 2)# œ sin" (x 2) C
x# 4x 3
69. '01 6 dt
È3 2t t# œ 6 '1 È4 at#dt 2t 1b œ 6 '1 È2# dt(t 1)# œ 6 sin" ˆ t # 1 ‰‘ "
0 0 !
70. '11Î2 6 dt
È3 4t 4t# œ 3'1Î2 È4 a4t2#dt 4t 1b œ 3 '1Î2 È2# 2 (2t
1
dt
1)#
1
œ 3 sin" ˆ 2t
#
1 ‰‘
"Î#
"
74. '24 2 dx
x# 6x 10 œ 2'2
4
dx
1 ax# 6x 9b œ 2'2
4
dx
1 (x 3)#
%
œ 2 ctan" (x 3)d # œ 2 ctan" 1 tan" (1)d œ 2 14 ˆ 14 ‰‘ œ 1
75. ' xx 44 dx œ ' x x 4 dx ' x 4 4 dx; ' x x 4 dx œ #" ' u1 du where u œ x# 4 Ê du œ 2x dx Ê #" du œ x dx
# # # #
76. ' t t 6t # 10 dt œ ' at t3b # 1 dt ’Let w œ t 3 Ê w 3 œ t Ê dw œ dt“ Ä ' ww 1" dw œ ' w w " dw ' w 1 " dw;
# # # # #
' w w " dw œ #" ' 1u du where u œ w# 1 Ê du œ 2w dw Ê #" du œ w dw Ê ' w w " dw ' w 1 " dw
# # #
# 1 # 1 #
œ 1
2 lnaw 1b tan awb C œ 1 ˆ
2 ln at 3b 1‰ tan at 3b C œ 1
2 lnat 6t 10b tan1 at 3b C
77. ' x x 2x 9 1 dx œ ' a1 2xx 109 bdx œ ' dx ' x 2x 9 dx 10' x 1 9 dx; ' x 2x 9 dx œ ' u1 du where u œ x# 9
#
# # # # #
78. ' t 2tt 13t 4 dt œ ' at 2 2tt 12 bdt œ ' at 2bdt ' t 2t 1 dt 2' t 1 1 dt; ' t 2t 1 dt œ ' u1 du where u œ t# 1
3 2
# # # # #
79. ' dx
œ' dx
œ' dx
(x 1)È(x 1)# 1
œ' du
, where u œ x 1 and du œ dx
(x 1)Èx# 2x (x 1)Èx# 2x 1 1 uÈ u# 1
" "
œ sec kuk C œ sec kx 1k C
80. ' dx
œ' dx
œ' dx
(x 2)È(x 2)# 1
œ' "
du, where u œ x 2 and du œ dx
(x 2)Èx# 4x 3 (x 2)Èx# 4x 4 1 uÈ u# 1
" "
œ sec kuk C œ sec kx 2k C
sinc" x
81. ' Èe dx œ ' eu du, where u œ sin" x and du œ dx
1 x# È 1 x#
"x
œ eu C œ esin C
cosc" x
82. ' Èe dx œ ' eu du, where u œ cos" x and du œ dx
È 1 x#
1 x#
c" x
œ eu C œ ecos C
83. ' aÈsin " xb## dx œ ' u# du, where u œ sin" x and du œ dx
È 1 x#
1x
$
u$ asin " xb
œ 3 Cœ 3 C
84. ' È1tan cx x dx œ ' u"Î# du, where u œ tan" x and du œ 1 dxx
"
# #
$Î# $
œ 2
3 u$Î# C œ 2
3 atan" xb Cœ 2
3
Éatan" xb C
"
œ ln kuk C œ ln ksin" yk C
tanc1 Èx
œ 23 tan1 Š 3 ‹ C
œ "# asin" ex b C
2
ŠÈ 5
sinc" 5x
‹
25x#
91. lim œ lim 1
œ5
xÄ0 x xÄ0 1
#
tanc" a2x " b
2x
Š
1 4x #‹
93. x lim
Ä_
x tan" ˆ 2x ‰ œ x lim
Ä_ x " œ x lim
Ä_ x # œ x lim
Ä_
2
14x # œ2
12x
2 tanc" 3x# 9x%
Š ‹
94. lim 7x# œ lim 1
œ lim %
6
œ 6
xÄ0 xÄ0 14x x Ä 0 7 a1 9x b 7
2Š3x4 1‹
Î Ñ 2 0 1
tanc1 x2
2x 2 a b
x4 ‹
œ lim Œ x 1 sin1 x œ lim Ð Ó
Š1
95. lim x sinc1 x
1 x4
x2 œ c0 2 œ
12 2
œ1
x Ä0 x Ä0 È1 x2 x Ä0
2
3Î2 1 0 3Î2
2
Ï Š1 x2‹ Ò a b
e2x Še2x b 3‹
ex tanc1 ex e2xe b 1 ex tanc1 ex
2x 2e2x
ex tanc1 ex e2xe b 1
2x
e tanc1 ex Še2x b 1‹
2
Še2x b 1‹
2
x
96. lim e2x x œ lim 2e2x 1 œ lim 4e2x œ lim 4e2x
xÄ_ xÄ_ xÄ_ xÄ_
c1 x ˆe2x 3‰ c1 x ˆ1 3ec2x ‰
œ lim – tan4ex e 4ae2x 1b2 —
œ lim – tan4ex e 4aex ecx b2 —
œ00œ0
xÄ_ xÄ_
tanc1 ˆÈx‰
’tanc1 ˆÈx‰“ tanc1 ˆÈx‰ Èxa11 b xb
2
È 2tanc1 ˆÈx‰ È bx
1
xa1 b xb
97. limb xÈ x 1
œ limb x
Èx 1
œ limb 3x b 2 œ limb Š a3x 2b ÈxÈx 1 ‹ œ limb 12x2 xb113x b2
a b
œ lim Š 2 2
‹œ 2
œ1
xÄ0b a12x 13x 2bÈx 1 2
sinc1 ˆx2 ‰ È
2x
È 1 x2 È 1 x2
œ limb Š ‹ œ 1
œ1
x Ä0 1 x2 xÈ1 x2 sinc1 x 1
x
‹ tan " x
tanc" x x#
Š
"
99. If y œ ln x # ln a1 x# b x C, then dy œ – x" x
1 x# 1
x# — dx
100. If y œ x%
cos" 5x 5 'È x%
dx, then dy œ ’x$ cos" 5x Š x4 ‹ Š È
% 5
‹ 45 Š È x%
‹“ dx
4 4 1 25x# 1 25x# 1 25x#
œ ax$ cos" 5xb dx, which verifies the formula
#
101. If y œ x asin" xb 2x 2È1 x# sin" x C, then
# c" #
dy œ ’asin" xb 2x asin xb 2 2x sin" x 2È1 x# Š
È 1 x# È 1 x#
"
È 1 x # ‹“ dx œ asin" xb dx, which verifies
the formula
2x#
102. If y œ x ln aa# x# b 2x 2a tan" ˆ xa ‰ C, then dy œ –ln aa# x# b 2 2
dx
1 Š x# ‹ —
a# x# #
a
# #
œ ’ln aa# x# b 2 Š aa# # #
x# ‹ 2“ dx œ ln aa x b dx, which verifies the formula
x
"
103. dy
dx œ È 1 x# Ê dy œ dx
È 1 x# Ê y œ sin" x C; x œ 0 and y œ 0 Ê 0 œ sin" 0 C Ê C œ 0 Ê y œ sin" x
"
105. dy
œ Ê dy œ Èdx# Ê y œ sec" kxk C; x œ 2 and y œ 1 Ê 1 œ sec" 2 C Ê C œ 1 sec" 2
dx xÈ x# 1 x x 1
œ1 13 œ 231 Ê y œ sec" (x) 231 , x 1
"
106. dy
dx œ 1 x# 2
È 1 x# Ê dy œ Š 1 " x# 2
È 1 x# ‹ dx Ê y œ tan" x 2 sin" x C; x œ 0 and y œ 2
Ê 2 œ tan" 0 2 sin" 0 C Ê C œ 2 Ê y œ tan" x 2 sin" x 2
107. (a) The angle ! is the large angle between the wall and the right end of the blackboard minus the small angle between
the left end of the blackboard and the wall Ê ! œ cot" ˆ 15x ‰
cot" ˆ 3x ‰ .
1 1
d! 540 12x2 d!
(b) dt œ 15
2 3
2 œ 22515 x2 3
9 x2 œ a225 x2 ba9 x2 b ; dt œ 0 Ê 540 12x2 œ 0 Ê x œ „ 3È5
1 ˆ 15
x ‰
1 ˆ 3x ‰
È È
Since x 0, consider only x œ 3È5 Ê !Š3È5‹ œ cot" Š 3155 ‹ cot" Š 3 3 5 ‹ ¸ 0.729728 ¸ 41.8103‰ . Using
d! d! ‰
the first derivative test, dt ¹xœ1 œ 132
565 0 and dt ¹xœ10 œ (!)
132
5 0 Ê local maximum of 41.8103 when
109. V œ ˆ "3 ‰ 1r# h œ ˆ 3" ‰ 1(3 sin ))# (3 cos )) œ 91 acos ) cos$ )b, where 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1
#
"
Ê dV
d) œ 91(sin )) a1 3 cos# )b œ ! Ê sin ) œ 0 or cos ) œ „ È3 Ê the critical points are: 0, cos" Š È"3 ‹ , and
cos" Š È"3 ‹ ; but cos" Š È"3 ‹ is not in the domain. When ) œ 0, we have a minimum and when ) œ cos" Š È"3 ‹
¸ 54.7°, we have a maximum volume.
110. 65° (90° " ) (90° !) œ 180° Ê ! œ 65° " œ 65° tan" ˆ 21
50 ¸ 65° 22.78° ¸ 42.22°
‰
111. Take each square as a unit square. From the diagram we have the following: the smallest angle ! has a
tangent of 1 Ê ! œ tan" 1; the middle angle " has a tangent of 2 Ê " œ tan" 2; and the largest angle #
has a tangent of 3 Ê # œ tan" 3. The sum of these three angles is 1 Ê ! " # œ 1
Ê tan" 1 tan" 2 tan" 3 œ 1.
112. (a) From the symmetry of the diagram, we see that 1 sec" x is the vertical distance from the graph of y œ sec" x to
the line y œ 1 and this distance is the same as the height of y œ sec" x above the x-axis at x;
i.e., 1 sec" x œ sec" (x).
(b) cos" (x) œ 1 cos" x, where 1 Ÿ x Ÿ 1 Ê cos" ˆ "x ‰ œ 1 cos" ˆ "x ‰, where x 1 or x Ÿ 1
Ê sec" (x) œ 1 sec" x
1 1 1 1
113. sin" (1) cos" (1) œ # 0œ # ; sin" (0) cos" (0) œ 0 # œ # ; and sin" (1) cos" (1) œ 1# 1 œ 1# .
If x − ("ß 0) and x œ a, then sin" (x) cos" (x) œ sin" (a) cos" (a) œ sin" a a1 cos" ab
œ 1 asin" a cos" ab œ 1 1# œ 1# from Equations (3) and (4) in the text.
" 1 "
114. Ê tan ! œ x and tan " œ x Ê # œ ! " œ tan" x tan" x .
du du
1 ˆ 1# sec" u‰ œ 0
115. csc" u œ # sec" u Ê d
acsc" ub œ d dx
œ dx
, ku k 1
dx dx ku k È u # 1 ku k È u # 1
" "
Ê asec# yb dy
dx œ1 Ê dy
dx œ sec# y œ È #
Š 1 x# ‹
"
œ 1 x# , as indicated by the triangle
"
Since the slope of sec" x is always positive, we the right sign by writing d
dx sec
"
xœ .
lx l È x # "
du du
1 ˆ 1# tan" u‰ œ 0
118. cot" u œ # tan" u Ê d
dx acot" ub œ d
dx
dx
1 u# œ 1 dxu#
"
119. The functions f and g have the same derivative (for x 0), namely Èx (x 1) . The functions therefore differ
by a constant. To identify the constant we can set x equal to 0 in the equation f(x) œ g(x) C, obtaining
sin" (1) œ 2 tan" (0) C Ê 1# œ 0 C Ê C œ 1# . For x 0, we have sin" ˆ xx 1 œ 2 tan
1‰ " È
x 1
# .
"
120. The functions f and g have the same derivative for x 0, namely 1 x# . The functions therefore differ by a
constant for x 0. To identify the constant we can set x equal to 1 in the equation f(x) œ g(x) C, obtaining
sin" Š È" ‹ œ tan" 1 C Ê 1
4 œ 1
4 C Ê C œ 0. For x 0, we have sin" "
È x# 1 œ tan" "
x .
2
È3 È3 È3
121. V œ 1 'cÈ3Î3 Š È1" x# ‹ dx œ 1 ' È3Î3
# È3
"
1 x# dx œ 1 ctan" xd È3Î3 œ 1 ’tan" È3 tan" Š 3 ‹“
1#
œ 1 13 ˆ 16 ‰‘ œ #
x
122. Consider y œ Èr2 x2 Ê dy
dx œ È r2 x 2 ; Since dy
dx is undefined at x œ r and x œ r, we will find the length from x œ 0
rÎÈ2 rÎÈ2
of a circle) Ê L œ '0 Ê1 Š È 2 x 2 ‹ dx œ '0
2
to x œ r
È# (in other words, the length of 1
8
É1 x2
r2 x2 dx
r x
r ÎÈ 2 rÎÈ2
œ '0 É r2 r x2 dx œ '
r ÎÈ 2 È
œ r sin1 ˆ xr ‰‘ 0 œ r sin1 Š rÎ r 2 ‹ r sin1 a0b
2 r
0 Èr2 x2 dx
œ r sin1 Š È12 ‹ 0 œ rˆ 14 ‰ œ 1r
4 . The total circumference of the circle is C œ 8L œ 8ˆ 14r ‰ œ 21 r.
"
œ 4 ctan" xd " œ 4 ctan" (1) tan" (1)d œ 4 14 ˆ 14 ‰‘ œ 21