Thomas Calculus Early Transcendentals 13Th Edition Thomas Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Thomas Calculus Early
Transcendentals 13th Edition Thomas

Solutions Manual
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CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
6.1 VOLUMES USING CROSS-SECTIONS
 x   x  
2
(diagonal)2 b 4 4
1. A( x)    2 x; a  0, b  4; V   A( x) dx   2 x dx   x 2   16
2 2 a 0  0
   
2 2
  2 x 2  x2    2 1 x 2 
2. A( x) 
 (diameter)2
4
 
4

 
4 
  1  2 x 2  x 4 ; a  1, b  1; 
 
1
b 1
V   A( x) dx    1  2 x 2  x 4 dx    x  23 x3  x5   2 1  23  51  16  
5

a 1   1 15
2 2
3.

  

A( x)  (edge)2   1  x 2    1  x 2     2 1  x 2   4 1  x 2 ; a  1, b  1;
 
 
 
1
b 1
V   A( x) dx   4 1  x 2 dx  4  x  x3   8 1  13  16  
3
a 1   1 3
   2 1 x 
2 2
 1 x 2   1 x 2  2
4. A( x) 
(diagonal)2
2


2

2 2 
 2 1  x 2 ; a  1, b  1;
1 
1  x 2  dx  2  x  x3   4 1  13   83
b 1 3 1
V   A( x) dx  2
a   1

5. (a) STEP 1) A( x)  12 (side)  (side)  sin 3  12  2 sin x  2 sin x sin 3  3 sin x     
STEP 2) a  0, b  
b  
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  3  sin x dx    3 cos x   3(1  1)  2 3
a 0 0
(b) STEP 1) A( x)  (side)2  2 sin x   2 sin x  4 sin x 
STEP 2) a  0, b  
b  
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx   4 sin x dx   4 cos x 0  8
a 0
6. (a) STEP 1) A( x) 
 (diameter)2
4
 4 (sec x  tan x)2  4 sec2 x  tan 2 x  2sec x tan x  

 4 sec2 x  sec 2 x  1  2 sin2x 
 cos x 

STEP 2) a   3 , b  3
 
 /3
b
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  
a
 /3 
 /3 4
2 sec2 x  1  2 sin2 x dx  4  2 tan x  x  2  cos1 x 
cos x    /3  
      
 4  2 3  3  2   11    2 3  3  2   11     4 4 3  23  
 2     2    
  
Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 431

432 Chapter 6 Applications of Definite Integrals
(b) STEP 1) A( x)  (edge) 2  (sec x  tan x)2  2sec 2 x  1  2 sin2x  cos x


STEP 2) a   3 , b  3
b
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  
a
 /3
 /3  2sec 2
 
x  1  2sin2 x dx  2 2 3  3  4 3  23
cos x

7. (a) STEP 1) A( x)  (length)  (height)  (6  3 x)  (10)  60  30 x
STEP 2) a  0, b  2
b 2 2
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx   (60  30 x) dx   60 x  15 x 2   (120  60)  0  60
a 0  0
(b) STEP 1) A( x)  (length)  (height)  (6  3x )   20 2(63 x )
2   (6  3x)(4  3x)  24  6x  9x 2
STEP 2) a  0, b  2
 24  6 x  9 x2  dx  24 x  3x2  3x3 0  (48  12  24)  0  36

b 2 2
STEP 3) V   A( x)dx  
a 0
8. (a) STEP 1) A( x)  12 (base)  (height)   

x  2x  (6)  6 x  3 x
STEP 2) a  0, b  4
0
6 x1/2  3x  dx   4 x3/2  32 x 2   (32  24)  0  8
b 4 4
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  
a  0
2
 diameter   
 
3/ 2 1 2
2 x  2x   x  x  4 x   x  x3/2  1 x 2
(b) STEP 1) A( x)  12   2
 12    2   2 4 8 4
 
STEP 2) a  0, b  4
0
x  x3/2  14 x 2  dx   12 x 2  25 x5/2  12
0 8  3 8
b 4 4
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  8  1 x3    8  64  16   (0)  
a  5 15
 
2
9. A( y )  4 (diameter)2  4 5 y2  0  54 y 4 ;
d
c  0, d  2; V   A( y ) dy
c
2

2 5
0 4

   y5  

y 4 dy   54  5    4 25  0  8
   0

2 2
10.
  

A( y )  12 (leg)(leg)  12  1  y 2    1  y 2    12  2 1  y 2   2 1  y 2 ; c  1, d  1;
 
 
1
d
c
1
 

V   A( y ) dy   2 1  y 2 dy  2  y 
1 
y3 
3 
1

 4 1  13  83
Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1 Volumes Using Cross-Sections 433
11. The slices perpendicular to the edge labeled 5 are triangles, and by similar triangles we have b  4  h  34 b.
h 3
The equation of the line through (5, 0) and (0, 4) is y   54 x  4, thus the length of the base   45 x  4 and
the height  3
4   54 x  4   53 x  3. Thus A( x)  12 (base)  (height)  12   54 x  4    53 x  3
 
b 5 6 2 5
 6 x2  12 x  6 and V   A( x) dx   x  12 x  6 dx   25
2 x3  6 x 2  6 x   (10  30  30)  0  10
25 5 a 0 25 5  5 0
12. The slices parallel to the base are squares. The cross section of the pyramid is a triangle, and by similar
 53 y 
2 d 5 9 2
triangles we have b
h
 35  b  35 h. Thus A( y )  (base)2   9 y2
25
 V   A( y ) dy   y dy
c 0 25
5
  25
3 y 3   15  0  15
 0
13. (a) It follows from Cavalieri’s Principle that the volume of a column is the same as the volume of a right
prism with a square base of side length s and altitude h. Thus,
STEP 1) A( x)  (sidelength)2  s 2 ;
STEP 2) a  0, b  h;
b h
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx   s 2 dx  s 2 h
a 0
(b) From Cavalieri’s Principle we conclude that the volume of the column is the same as the volume of the
prism described above, regardless of the number of turns  V  s 2 h
14. 1) The solid and the cone have the same altitude
of 12.
2) The cross sections of the solid are disks of
diameter x   2x   2x . If we place the vertex of
the cone at the origin of the coordinate system
and make its axis or symmetry coincide with
the x-axis then the cone’s cross sections will
be circular disks of diameter 4x   4x  2x  
(see accompanying figure).
3) The solid and the cone have equal altitudes and
identical parallel cross sections. From
Cavalier’s Principle we conclude that the solid
and the cone have the same volume.
 
2
 
2 2 2 2
R( x)  y  1  2x  V     R ( x) dx    1  2x dx    1  x  x4 dx    x  x2  12
x3 
2 2 2
15.
0 0 0   0
 8  2
  2  42  12 3 
  dy   
2 3y 2
2 29 2
R( y )  x  2  V     R( y ) dy    2
3y 2
16. y 2 dy    43 y3     43  8  6
0 0 0 4  0
 
17. R( y )  tan 4 y ; u  4 y  du  4 dy  4 du   dy; y  0  u  0, y  1  u  4 ;
 
2
1
0
2 1
V     R( y )  dy     tan 4 y  dy  4
0   
0
 /4
tan 2 u du  4 
0
 /4  /4
1  sec2 u du  4  u  tan u 0

 4  4  1  0  4  
18. R( x)  sin x cos x; R ( x)  0  a  0 and b  2 are the limits of integration;

 /2  /2  /2 (sin 2 x )2
  R( x)  dx   
2
V  (sin x cos x)2 dx    4
dx; u  2 x  du  2 dx  du
8
 dx
4
;
0 0 0
 
  2
x  0  u  0, x  2  u     V    18 sin 2 u du  8  u2  14 sin 2u   8  2  0  0  16
0 0  
2
19. R( x)  x 2  V     R ( x ) dx
2
0
 x2 
2 2 2 2
dx    x 4 dx    x5   325
5
 
0 0   0
2
20. R( x)  x3  V     R( x)  dx
2
0
0 
2 2 2 2
dx    x 6 dx    x7   128
7
  x3 
0   0 7
3
21. R( x)  9  x 2  V     R ( x)  dx
2
3
3  9  x  dx   9 x  x3  3

3 3 3
2

 2 9(3)  27   2  π 18  36π

3 
1
22. R( x)  x  x 2  V     R ( x ) dx
2
0
0   
1 2 1
   x  x 2 dx    x 2  2 x3  x 4 dx
0
1
   x3  24x  x5    13  12  15  
3 4 5
  0
 (10  15  6)  
 30 30
 /2
  R( x)  dx
2
23. R( x)  cos x  V  
0
 /2  /2
  cos x dx   sin x 0   (1  0)  
0

 /4
  R ( x ) dx
2
24. R( x)  sec x  V  
 /4
 /4  /4
 sec2 x dx    tan x  /4   [1  (1)]  2
 /4
1 1
25. R( x)  e x  V    [ R ( x)]2 dx    (e x )2 dx
0 0
1 2 x 1
 e dx   2 e 2 x   2 (e 2
 1)
0 0
 
 2 1  12 
 (e2 1)
e 2
2e
 /6  
 /2  /2 2  /2  /2 cos x
26. R( x)  cot x  V    [ R( x)]2 dx    cot x dx    cot x dx    dx   [ln(sin x)] /2
/6
 /6  /6  /6 sin x

  ln1  ln 12   ln 2 
  dx 
2
27. R( x) 
2 x
1 V  
4
1/4
 [ R( x)]2 dx   
4
1/4 2 x
1  4 1
4 1/4 x 
dx  4 [ln x]1/4
4
 
 4 ln 4  ln 14  2 ln 4
3 3 3
28. R( x)  e x 1  V    [ R( x)]2 dx    (e x 1 )2 dx    e 2 x 2 dx  2 [e2 x  2 ]13  2 (e4  1)  84.19
1 1 1
 /4
  R( x) dx
2
29. R( x)  2  sec x tan x  V  
0
 /4
 
2
 2  sec x tan x dx
0

0
 /4
2  2 2 sec x tan x  sec2 x tan 2 x dx 
 /4  /4
    2 dx  2 2  sec x tan x dx
 0 0
 /4
  (tan x)2 sec2 x dx 
0 
  /4 
 /4  /4
    2 x 0  2 2 sec x 0   tan3 x 
3
  0 
 

   2  0  2 2
   
2  1  13 (13  0) 


  2  2 2  11
3 

 /2
  R ( x) dx
2
30. R( x)  2  2sin x  2(1  sin x)  V  
0

 /2
0
4(1  sin x)2 dx  4 
 /2
0 1  sin 2 x  2sin x  dx
 /2
 4  1  1 (1  cos 2 x)  2sin x  dx
 2 
0
 4 
0
 2
 /2 3 cos 2 x
 2sin x
2 
 /2
 4  32 x  sin42 x  2 cos x 
0
 4 
  3
4 
 0  0  (0  0  2)    (3  8)

1 1
31. R( y )  5 y 2  V     R ( y ) dy  
2 4
1 15 y dy
1
   y5    [1  (1)]  2
  1
2 2
32. R( y )  y 3/2  V     R( y )  dy    y 3 dy
2
0 0
2
 y4 
   4   4
 0
 /2
  R( y )  dy
2
33. R( y )  2sin 2 y  V  
0
 /2  /2
 2sin 2 y dy     cos 2 y 0
0
  [1  (1)]  2
y 0
 V     R ( y ) dy
2
34. R( y )  cos 4 2
0
   cos
2   dy  4 sin
y
4
 y 0
4  2
 4[0  (1)]  4
3 3 1
    R( y ) dy  4 
2 V 2
35. R( y )  y 1
dy
0 0 ( y 1) 2
3
 4   y11   4   14  (1)   3
 0

1
 V     R ( y ) dy
2y 2
36. R( y )  2
y 1 0
 
1 2
   2 y y2 1 dy; [u  y 2  1  du  2 y dy;
0
y  0  u  1, y  1  u  2]
2 2
 V    u 2 du     u1      12  (1)   2
1 1
37. For the sketch given, a   2 , b  2 ; R ( x)  1, r ( x)  cos x; V   

a
b
 R ( x ) 2
  r ( x)
2
 dx

 /2
 /2
 (1  cos x) dx  2 
 /2
0
(1  cos x) dx  2  x  sin x 0
 /2
 
 2 2  1   2  2
38. For the sketch given, c  0, d  4 ; R ( y )  1, r ( y )  tan y; V   

d
c  R( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy

 /4
0 1  tan 2 y  dy   0 /4  2  sec2 y  dy   2 y  tan y 0 /4    2  1  2   2
39. r ( x)  x and R( x)  1  V   
1
0  R ( x)  2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx
 
1
0
1
   1  x 2 dx    x 

x3 
3  0  
   1  13  0   23
 
40. r ( x)  2 x and R( x)  2  V   
0
1
 R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
1
1
   (4  4 x) dx  4  x  x2   4 1  12  2  
2
0   0
41. r ( x)  x 2  1 and R( x)  x  3
V   
2
1  R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
2 
 
2
    ( x  3) 2  x 2  1  dx
1  
2
  
    x 2  6 x  9  x 4  2 x 2  1  dx
1   
1 
 x 4  x 2  6 x  8  dx     x5  x3  6 2x
2 2
 8x
5 3 2

  1

    32
 5 3 2
 8  24  16   15  13  62  8
    33
5
 3  28  3  8     530533   1175 

42. r ( x)  2  x and R( x)  4  x 2
V   
2
1  R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
2 
   (2  x)2  dx
2
    4  x2
1 
   16  8 x 2  x 4    4  4 x  x 2   dx
2
1  
   12  4 x  9 x 2  x 4  dx   12 x  2 x 2  3 x3  x5 
2 2 5
1   1
 
   24  8  24  32
5  
 12  2  3  15    15  33
 5
 1085    
43. r ( x)  sec x and R( x)  2
V  
 /4
 /4 
  R ( x)   r ( x) 
2 2
 dx

 /4
 /4  2  sec2 x  dx   2x  tan x/4/4
  
   2  1   2  1    (  2)
  
44. R( x)  sec x and r ( x)  tan x  V   

1
0  R ( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
1
 
   sec2 x  tan 2 x dx    1 dx    x 0  
0
1
0
1
45. r ( y )  1 and R( y )  1  y  V   
1
0  R ( y ) 2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
1 1

   (1  y )2  1 dy    1  2 y  y 2  1 dy
0  0 
1
1
 

   2 y  y 2 dy    y 2 
0 
y3 
3 
0

  1  13  43 
46. R( y )  1 and r ( y )  1  y  V   
1
0  R( y ) 2
 r ( y)
2
 dy
1
0  
1
0  
   1  (1  y ) 2  dy    1  1  2 y  y 2  dy 
1
1
 

   2 y  y 2 dy    y 2 
0 
y3 
3 
0

  1  13  23 

47. R( y )  2 and r ( y )  y V   
0
4
 R( y )  2
  r ( y )
2
 dy
4
4  y2 
   (4  y ) dy    4 y  2 
  (16  8)  8
0  0
48. R( y )  3 and r ( y )  3  y 2
V  
0
3
   R( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
3
 
3  3  y 2  dy   3 y 2 dy    y    3
3 3
  
0   0  3  0
49. R( y )  2 and r ( y )  1  y  V   
1
0   R( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
1
   
2 
   4  1  y  dy      1  2 y  y dy
0
1
1
 
   3  2 y  y dy   3 y  43 y 3/2 
0 
y2 
2 
0
   3  43  12     18683   76
50. R( y )  2  y1/3 and r ( y )  1  V   

1
0  R ( y ) 2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
1
  
 
2 1
    2  y1/3  1 dy    4  4 y1/3  y 2/3  1 dy
0  0
1
1
  3 y 5/3 
   3  4 y1/3  y 2/3 dy   3 y  3 y 4/3  5 
0 

0

  3  3  35  35 
51. (a) r ( x)  x and R ( x )  2
V   
4
0  R ( x) 2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
4 4
   (4  x) dx    4 x  x2    (16  8)  8
2
0   0
 
2
2 2  y5 
(b) r ( y )  0 and R( y )  y 2  V     R( y)2   r ( y )2 dy    y 4 dy    5   325
0 0  0
(c) r ( x)  0 and R( x)  2  x  V   
0
4
 R( x) 2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx     2  x  dx
4
0
2
4
4
4  4 
x  x dx    4 x  8 x3  x 
 
3/ 2 2
   16  64  16  83
0  2  0 3 2

 R ( y )  dy    2
   dy
2 2
  r ( y)
2 2
(d) r ( y )  4  y 2 and R ( y )  4  V    16  4  y
2
0 0 
2
2
0  2 

   16  16  8 y 2  y 4 dy    8 y 2  y 4 dy    83 y3 
0 
  y5 
5 
0
  643  325   22415
y
52. (a) r ( y )  0 and R( y )  1  2
 2
 dy
 V     R ( y )   r ( y )
0
2 2
   1   dy    1  y   dy
2 y 2
  2 y2
0 2
  0 4
2

  y 

y2
2
y3 
 12    2  42  12
0

8  2
3 
y
(b) r ( y )  1 and R ( y )  2  2
V   
2
0  R( y )  2
  r ( y )
2
 dy     2  
0
2 y 2
2
 2
 1 dy     4  2 y 
 0
y2
4

 1 dy

2
2 y2   2 y 
   
3
   3  2y  8 2 8
0 4  dy   3 y  y  12    6  4  12   2  3  3
  0
53. (a) r ( x)  0 and R( x)  1  x 2  V   

1
1  R( x) 2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx
1 
1  x 2  dx    1  2 x 2  x 4  dx
1 1 2

1
1
   x  23x  x5 
   1515103   1615
3
 2 1  32  51  2
 5  1
(b) r ( x)  1 and R ( x)  2  x 2  V   
1
1  R ( x) 2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx     2  x 
1
1
2 2 
 1 dx

 4  4 x 2  x 4  1 dx     3  4 x 2  x 4  dx   3x  43 x3  x5   2  3  43  15 
1 1 5 1

1 1   1
 215 (45  20  3)  56
15
 R( x)  dx    
   dx
1 1 2
  r ( x) 
2 2
(c) r ( x)  1  x 2 and R( x)  2  V    4  1  x2
1 1 
1 
4  1  2 x 2  x 4  dx     3  2 x 2  x 4  dx   3x  23 x3  x5   2  3  23  15 
1 1 5 1

1   1
 215 (45  10  3)  64
15
54. (a) r ( x)  0 and R( x)   bh x  h
V   
b
0  R ( x) 2
  r ( x)
2
 dx

0
b
  bh x  h 
2
dx    
b h2
0 b2
2
x 2  2bh x  h 2 dx 
b
  h2  x 2   x    h2  b3  b  b    h3 b
3
x2 2
 3b b  0

 
(b) r ( y )  0 and R( y )  b 1  h  V   
y h
0  R( y )  2
  r ( y )
2
 dy   b  1  
2 h
0
y 2
h
dy
h
h
0
2 y y2 
h 

  b 2   1  h  2  dy   b2  y 

y2
h

y3
3h 2

0
2
h  b2h
   b h  h  3  3 
55. R( y )  b  a 2  y 2 and r ( y )  b  a 2  y 2
V   
a
a   R( y ) 
2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
 2 2
b  a 2  y 2    b  a 2  y 2   dy
a
  
a     

a a
 4b a 2  y 2 dy  4b  a 2  y 2 dy
a a
2
 4b  area of semicircle of radius a  4b   2a  2a 2 b 2
5 2 5
56. (a) A cross section has radius r  2 y and area  r 2  2 y. The volume is 0 2 ydy    y 0
 25 .
(b) V (h)   A(h)dh, so dV

dh
 A(h). Therefore dV
dt
 dV  dh  A(h)  dh
dh dt dt
, so dh
dt
 A(1h)  dV
dt
.
3 3
For h  4, the area is 2 (4)  8 , so dh  81  3 units  83  units .
dt sec sec
 
ha
57. (a) R( y )  a 2  y 2  V   
h a
a   
a 2  y 2 dy    a 2 y 

y3 
3 
a
 ( h  a )3 3 
   a 2 h  a3  3  a3  a3 
 
 
   a 2 h  13 h3  3h 2 a  3ha 2  a3  a3    a 2 h  h3  h 2 a  ha 2 

3

3

 h2 (3a  h)
3 
 h 2 (15 h ) 3
(b) Given dV
dt
 0.2 m3 /sec and a  5 m, find dh
dt h 4
. From part (a), V (h)  3
 5 h2   3h
 dV
dh
 10 h   h 2  dV
dt
 dV  dh   h(10  h) dh
dh dt dt
 dh
dt h  4
0.2
 4 (10  4)
 1
(20 )(6)
 1201  m/sec.
58. Suppose the solid is produced by revolving

y  2  x about the y -axis. Cast a shadow of
the solid on a plane parallel to the xy -plane.
Use an approximation such as the Trapezoid Rule,
n 2
b  d kˆ  y.
a   R( y) dy     2 
2
to estimate
k 1
59. The cross section of a solid right circular cylinder with a cone removed is a disk with radius R from which a
disk of radius h has been removed. Thus its area is A1   R 2   h 2   ( R 2  h2 ). The cross section of the
2
hemisphere is a disk of radius R 2  h2 . Therefore its area is A2    R 2  h 2    R 2  h 2 .
 
 
We can see that A1  A2 . The altitudes of both solids are R. Applying Cavalieri’s Principle we find
Volume of Hemisphere  (Volume of Cylinder)  (Volume of Cone)   R 2 R  13  R 2 R  32  R3 .    
60. x 36  x 2  V  6  R ( x ) 2 dx   6 x 2 36  x 2 dx   6 36 x 2  x 4 dx
R( x)  12     144
0 144  0   0  
 
6
 12 x3  x5    12  63  65   63 12  36 
 144
 5  0 144 5 144 5    196
144   5 
 6036  36 cm3 .
5
The plumb bob will weigh about W  (8.5)  365   192 gm, to the nearest gram.
7
16 
256  y 2  dy    256 y  3 
7 7  y  3
  R( y ) dy   
2
61. R( y )  256  y 2  V  
16   16
 
   (256)(7)  73  (256)(16)  163   
3 3
   73
3
 256(16  7)  163
3
  1053 cm 3
 3308 cm3
 R( x)2 dx   0 (c  sin x)2 dx   0  c 2  2c sin x  sin 2 x  dx

  
62. (a) R( x) | c  sin x |, so V   
0

  c2  2c sin x  1cos2 2 x  dx   0  c2  12  2c sin x  cos22 x  dx    c2  12  x  2c cos x  sin42 x 0
0

   c 2  2  2c  0   (0  2c  0)     c 2  2  4c  . Let V (c)    c 2  2  4c  . We find the

 
extreme values of V (c) : dV
dc
  (2c  4)  0  c  2 is a critical point, and V 2   4  2  8    
  and V (1)    32   4   2  (4   ) .
2 2 2
  2  4  2  4; Evaluate V at the endpoints: V (0)  2
2
Now we see that the function’s absolute minimum value is 2  4, taken on at the critical point c  2 .
(See also the accompanying graph.)
2
(b) From the discussion in part (a) we conclude that the function’s absolute maximum value is 2 , taken on
at the endpoint c  0.
(c) The graph of the solid’s volume as a function
of c for 0  c  1 is given at the right. As c
moves away from [0, 1] the volume of the solid
increases without bound. If we approximate the
solid as a set of solid disks, we can see that the
radius of a typical disk increases without
bounds as c moves away from [0, 1].
63. Volume of the solid generated by rotating the region bounded by the x-axis and y  f ( x ) from x  a to
b
x  b about the x-axis is V    [ f ( x)]2 dx  4 , and the volume of the solid generated by rotating the same
a
b b b
a   f ( x)  1 dx     f ( x) dx  8  4
2 2
region about the line y  1 is V    [ f ( x)  1]2 dx  8 . Thus
a a

b
a  f ( x) 
2
 2 f ( x)  1   f ( x)
2
 dx  4   (2 f ( x)  1) dx  4  2
a
b b
a
f ( x) dx   dx  4
b
a
b b 4b  a
  f ( x) dx  12 (b  a)  2   f ( x) dx  2
a a
64. Volume of the solid generated by rotating the region bounded by the x-axis and y  f ( x ) from x  a to x  b
b
about the x-axis is V     f ( x) dx  6 , and the volume of the solid generated by rotating the same
2
a
b
region about the line y  2 is V     f ( x)  2 dx  10 . Thus
2
a

Section 6.2 Volumes Using Cylindrical Shells 443
b
a   f ( x)  2
2 b
dx     f ( x) dx  10  6   
a
2 b
a  f ( x)  2
 4 f ( x)  4   f ( x) 
2
 dx  4
b b b b b
  (4 f ( x)  4) dx  4  4 f ( x) dx  4 dx  4   f ( x) dx  (b  a )  1   f ( x) dx  1  b  a
a a a a a
6.2 VOLUMES USING CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
1. For the sketch given, a  0, b  2;
   dx      
2
b 2 2
2 x 1  x4 dx  2  x  x4 dx  2  x2  16
x 4   2
 24  1616 
shell shell 2 3 2
V   2
a radius height 0 0   0
 2  3  6
   dx      
b 2 2 2
2 x 2  x4 dx  2  2 x  x4 dx  2  x 2  16
x 4   2 4  1  6
2 3
V   2
a
shell
radius
shell
height 0 0   0
 
3. For the sketch given, c  0, d  2;

2
V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   0
2
 
2 y  y 2 dy  2 
0
2 3  y4 
y dy  2  4   2
 0
4. For the sketch given, c  0, d  3;

3
V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
3
    0
3  y4 
2 y  3  3  y 2  dy  2  y 3 dy  2  4   92
 0
V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   0
3
2 x   x 2  1  dx;
 
u  x 2  1  du  2 x dx; x  0  u  1, x  3  u  4 
 
   23  (8  1)  143
4 4
 V    u1/2 du    23 u 3/2   23 43/2  1 
1  1
V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 x 
0
3 9x
x3  9

 dx;

[u  x3  9  du  3x 2 dx  3 du  9 x 2 dx; x  0  u  9, x  3  u  36]
 
36 36
 V  2  3u 1/2 du  6  2u1/2   12 36  9  36
9  9
7. a  0, b  2;
V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
2
  
2 x  x   2x  dx

2 2 2
  2 x 2  32 dx    3 x 2 dx    x3   8
0 0  0

8. a  0, b  1;
b
V   2
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 x  2 x   dx
0
1 x
2
 2
1
0   dx    3x dx    x 
3 x2
2
1
0
2 3 1
0

9. a  0, b  1;
b
V   2
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 x (2  x)  x  dx
0
1 2
 
1 1
 2  2 x  x 2  x3 dx  2  x 2  x3  x4 
3 4
0   0

 2 1  13  14  2   121243   1012  56
10. a  0, b  1;
b
V   2
a 
  dx   2 x  2  x   x  dx
shell
radius
shell
height
1
0
2 2
 2  x  2  2 x  dx  4   x  x  dx
1 2 1 3
0 0
1
 4  x2  x4   4  12  14   
2 4
  0
11. a  0, b  1;
b
V   2
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 x 
0
1
x  (2 x  1)  dx
 
1 1
 2  x3/2  2 x 2  x dx  2  25 x5/2  23 x3  12 x 2 
0  0
 2  25  23  12   2  12302015   715
12. a  1, b  4;
b
V   2
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx  
 32 x1/2  dx 1
4
2 x
 3  x1/2 dx  3  23 x3/2   2  43/2  1

4 4
1  1
 2 (8  1)  14
 x  sin x , 0  x   sin x, 0  x  
13. (a) x f ( x)   x  x f ( x)   ; since sin 0  0 we have
 x, x0  0, x0
sin x, 0  x  
x f ( x)    x f ( x)  sin x, 0  x  
sin x, x0

(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx    2 x  f ( x) dx and x  f ( x)  sin x, 0  x   by part (a)
0
 
 V  2  sin x dx  2   cos x 0  2 ( cos   cos 0)  4
0
 x  tan 2 x , 0  x    tan 2 x, 0  x   /4
14. (a) x g ( x)   x 4  x g ( x)   ; since tan 0  0 we have
 x  0, x0  0, x0
 tan 2 x, 0  x   /4
x g ( x)    x g ( x)  tan 2 x, 0  x   /4
2
 tan x, x0
(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx    0
/4
2 x  g ( x) dx and x  g ( x)  tan 2 x, 0  x   /4 by part (a)
 V  2 
 /4
0
tan 2 x dx  2 
 /4
0 sec2 x  1 dx  2  tan x  x0 /4  2 1  4   4 2 2
15. c  0, d  2;
V   2
c
d
   dy  
shell
radius
shell
height 0
2
2 y  y  ( y )  dy
2
 2 
0
2
 y  y  dy  2 
3/2 2 2 y 5/ 2
5

y3 
3 
0

 2  52

 2
5  3
 23   2

 8 2
5 
 83  16  5
2
 13 
 16 
 3 2 5
15 
16. c  0, d  2;
V   2
c
d
 shell
radius   dy  
shell
height 0
2
2 y  y 2  ( y )  dy
 
2
0  dy  2  
 2 
2
y3  y 2
y4
4
y3 
3 
0
 16  24  13 
 16  56   403
17. c  0, d  2;
V   2
c
d
    dy   2 y  2 y  y  dy
shell
radius
shell
height 0
2 2
2
 2 
0
2
 2 y  y  dy  2     2   
2 3 2 y3
3
y4
4
0
16
3
16
4
 32  13  14   3212  83

18. c  0, d  1;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius   dy   2 y  2 y  y
shell
height
1
0
2

 y dy
1
 2  y y  y 2
0   dy  2   y  y  dy
1
0
2 3
1
 y3
 2  3 

y4 
4 
0
 2  13  14   6
19. c  0, d  1;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy  2  y  y  ( y) dy
1
0
1 1
 2  2 y 2 dy  4  y 3   43
0 3  0
20. c  0, d  2;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
0
2 y y  2 dy  y

2 y2 2
 2  dy  3  y 3   83
0 2  0
21. c  0, d  2;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
0
2 y (2  y )  y 2  dy
 
2
0
2 y  y 2  y 3  dy  2  y 2  3  4 
2  y y  3 4
 2 
 0

 2 4  83  16
4 
 6 (48  32  48)  163
22. c  0, d  1;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y (2  y)  y  dy
0
1 2
1
1
0  
 2  2 y  y 2  y 3 dy  2  y 2 

 y3
3

y4 
4 
0
 
 2 1  13  14  6 (12  4  3)  56
   dx  
b 2 2 2
23. (a) V   2 shell shell
2 x (3x)dx  6  x 2 dx  2  x3   16
a radius height 0 0  0
2    dx   0
4 x  x 2  dx  6  2 x 2  13 x3 
b shell shell 2 2 2
(b) V   2 (4  x) (3x)dx  6 
a radius height 0  0
 6  8  83   32

   dx    x2  x  dx  6  13 x3  12 x2 0
b shell shell 2 2 2
(c) V   2 radius height 2 ( x  1) (3 x)dx  6 
a 0 0
 6  83  2  28
   dy      2 y  13 y 2  dy  2  y 2  19 y3 0
d shell shell 6 6 6
(d) V   2 radius height 2 y 2  13 y dy  2 
c 0 0
 2 (36  24)  24
(e) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
0

2 (7  y ) 2  13 y dy  2  14  13
3 
y  13 y 2 dy
6
0  
6
 2 14 y  13 y2  1 y3   2 (84  78  24)  60
 6 9 0
d
(f ) V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
0

2 ( y  2) 2  13 y dy  2   0
6
 4  34 y  13 y 2  dy
6
 2  4 y  23 y 2  19 y 3   2 (24  24  24)  48
 0
   dx      
b 2 2 2
24. (a) V   2 shell shell
2 x 8  x3 dx  2  8 x  x 4 dx  2  4 x 2  15 x5 
a radius height 0 0  0

 2 16  32
5
 965 
(b) V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
2

2 (3  x) 8  x3 dx  2   0
2
 24  8x  3x3  x4  dx
 
2
 2  24 x  4 x 2  34 x 4  15 x5   2 48  16  12  32  264
 0 5 5
(c) V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
2
 
2 ( x  2) 8  x3 dx  2  16  8 x  2 x3  x 4 dx
2
0  
 
2
 2 16 x  4 x 2  12 x 4  15 x5   2 32  16  8  32  336 
 0 5 5
   dy   2 y  y dy  2  y dy 
d 8 8 4/3 8
(d) V   2 shell shell 1/3 6  y 7/3   6 (128)  768
c radius height 0 0 7  0 7 7
2    dy   2 (8  y) y dy  2  8 y 
d 8 8 8
(e) V   shell shell 1/3 1/3
 y 4/3 dy  2 6 y 4/3  73 y 7/3 
c radius height 0 0  0
 2  96  384
7  576
7
   dy   2 ( y  1) y 0
y 4/3  y1/3  dy  2  73 y 7/3  34 y 4/3 
d shell shell 8 1/3 8 8
(f ) V   2 dx  2 
c radius height 0  0
 2π  384
7
 12   936π
7
25. (a) V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
1 
2 (2  x) x  2  x 2 dx  2   2
1  4  3x2  x3  dx
 
2
 2  4 x  x3  14 x 4   2 (8  8  4)  2 4  1  14  27
  1 2
(b) V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
1 
2 ( x  1) x  2  x 2 dx  2   2
1  2  3x  x3  dx
 
2
 2  2 x  32 x 2  14 x 4   2 (4  6  4)  2 2  32  14  27
  1 2

(c) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y  y    y  dy   2 y 
1
0
4
1
y  ( y  2) dy 
 y  y  2 y  dy    y   2  y 5/2 1
1 4 4
 4  y 3/2 dy  2  3/2 2 8 2 5/2  13 y 3  y 2 
0 1 5 0 5 1
 85 (1)  2  645  643  16  2  52  13  1  725
(d) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height dy   2 (4  y)  y    y  dy  
1
0 1
4
2 (4  y )  y  ( y  2) dy 
1

 4  4 y  y 3/2
0  dy  2   y  y  6 y  4 y  8 dy
4
1
2 3/2
1 4
 4  83 y 3/2  52 y5/2   2  13 y 3  52 y 5/2  3 y 2  83 y 3/2  8 y 
 0  1
 4  83  52   2  643  645  48  643  32  2  13  25  3  83  8  1085  .
26. (a) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
1 
2 (1  x) 4  3 x 2  x 4 dx  2   1
1  x5  x4  3x3  3x2  4 x  4 dx
 16  15  34  1  2  4  2  16  15  34  1  2  4  565
1
 2  16 x 6  51 x5  34 x 4  x3  2 x 2  4 x   2
  1
(b) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y 
1
0
4 y  4 y   dy  14 2 y  4 y
3



4 y
3

  dy

1 4
 4  y 5/4 dy  4  y 4  ydy [u  4  y  y  4  u  du   du; y  1  u  3, y  4  u  0]
0 3 1
 
0 1 3 3
 169  y 9/4   4  (4  u ) u du  169 (1)  4  4 u  u 3/2 du  169  4  83 u 3/2  52 u 5/2 
 0 3 3 3 0 3 0
 169  4 8 3  18
5 3

3  169  885  872
45


1
27. (a) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  1
 1
  y 4 y5 
dy   2 y 12 y 2  y 3 dy  24  y 3  y 4 dy  24  4  5 
0 0  0
 
 24  14  15   2420  65
(b) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 (1  y) 12  y
1
0
2
  1
 y 3  dy  24  (1  y ) y 2  y 3 dy
0  
1
1
  y3
 24  y 2  2 y 3  y 4 dy  24  3 
0 
 y4
2

y5 
5 
0
 24  13  12  15   24  301   45
(c) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2   y  12  y
1
0
8
5
2
 
 y 3  dy  24 
0
1
 85  y   y 2  y3  dy
1
 24 
1 8
0 5  y 2  13
5
y3  y  dy  24  y  y
4 

8 3
15
13
20
4

y5 
5 
0
 24  158  1320  51 
 24 (32  39  12)  24  2
60 12
(d) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2  y   12  y  y  dy  24   y    y
1
0
2
5
2 3 1
0
2
5
2

 y 3 dy
1
1
0 
 24  y 3  y 4  25 y 2  y  dy  24   y  y  y  dy  24  y 
2 3
5
1 2
0 5
2

3 3
5
4 2 3
15
3
20
y4 
y5 
5 
0
 24  152  203  51   2460 (8  9  12)  2412  2

28. (a) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
0
 y2  y4 y2 
  
2
0


y4 

2
0 
y5 
2 y  2   4  2   dy   2 y  y 2  4  dy  2   y 3  4  dy

 
2
 y4 y6  24
 14  244   32  14  61   32  242   83
6
 2  4  24   2 2  32
 24
 0 4
(b) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
0
 y2  y4 y2  2  y4 
2 (2  y )  2   4  2   dy   2 (2  y )  y 2  4  dy
   0  
2
2
 2   2 y 2 
0
y4
2
 y3 
y5
4
  2 y3 y5
 dy  2  3  10 
 
y4
4
y6 
 24   2
0
 163  1032  164  6424   85
(c) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
0
 y2  y4 y2  2  y4 
2 (5  y )  2   4  2   dy   2 (5  y )  y 2  4  dy
   0  
2
2
 2   5 y 2  54 y 4  y 3 
0
y5
4
  5 y3 5 y5
 dy  2  3  20 
 
y4
4
y6 
 24   2
0
 403  160
20
 16
4
 24 
64  8
(d) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2  y    2
0
5
8
y2
2
 y4
 4 

y2
2
 2 5  2

  dy  0 2 y  8  y 
 
 y4
4

 dy

2
2 3 y5 5 y 4  dy  2  y  y  5 y  5 y   2
 164  6424  4024  160
160 
4 6 3 5
 2  y   58 y 2  32  4
0  4 
 
 4 24 24 160 
0
29. (a) About x-axis: V   2

d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy
1
  2 y
0
 
y  y dy  2  y 3/2  y 2 dy
1
0  
 52  13   215
1
 2  52 y 5/2  13 y3   2
 0
About y -axis: V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
height  dx
1
 
  2 x x  x 2 dx  2  x 2  x3 dx
0 0
1
 
1
 2  x3  x4   2  13  14   6
3 4
  0
(b) About x-axis: R( x)  x and r ( x)  x 2  V   

b
a  R ( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx     x
0
1 2

 x 4 dx
1
   x3  x5     13  15   215
3 5
  0
About y -axis: R( y )  y and r ( y )  y  V   

d
c  R( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy     y  y  dy
1
0
2
1
 y2
  2 

y3 
3 
0
  12  13   6
30. (a) V   
a
b
 R ( x)  2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx      2 4
0
x
2
2 
 x 2  dx

0 4
 3 x 2  2 x  4  dx     x4  x 2  4 x 
4 3 4

  0
  16  16  16   16

(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
0
 4
 0
4 2

2 x 2x  2  x dx   2 x 2  2x dx  2  2 x  x2 dx  0  
4
 2  x 2  x6   2 16  64  
3
 323
  0 6
(c) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
0
 4
 0
4 2
2 (4  x) 2x  2  x dx   2 (4  x) 2  2x dx  2  8  4 x  x2 dx   0  
4
 2 8 x  2 x 2 

x3 
6  0 
 2 32  32  64
6
  64
3
(d) V   
b
a   R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx    0
4 2 x
(8  x )  6  2  
2 4
 2
 dx   0  64  16 x  x  36  6 x    x2
4  dx
 
4 3 2 4
 10 x  28 dx    x4  5 x 2  28 x    [16  (5) (16)  (7) (16)]   (3) (16)  48
3
 x
0 4   0
31. (a) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
2
2 y ( y  1) dy
2
 2 
1
2
   y3 y 2 
y 2  y dy  2  3  2 
 1
 2 
  83  42    13  12 
 2  73  2  12   3 (14  12  3)  53
   dx    2 x  x2  dx  2  x2  x3 1
b 2 2 3 2
shell shell
(b) V   2 radius height 2 x(2  x) dx  2 
a 1 1

 2  4  83  1  13   2 
     
 1238    331   2  34  32   43
V   2  radius  height  dx  12 2  103  x  (2  x) dx  2 12  203  163 x  x2  dx
b shell shell
(c)
a
x  83 x 2  13 x3   2  40
 3 3 3   3 3 3 
 32  8  20  8  1   2  33   2
2
 2  20
3 1
2
(d) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
2
1
2  ( y 1)3 
2 ( y  1)( y  1) dy  2  ( y  1)2  2  3   23
 1
32. (a) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
2

2 y y 2  0 dy 
   8
2
2  y4  24
 2  y 3 dy  2  4   2 4
0  0
(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx
4
  2 x 2  x dx  2 
0
  4
0  2 x  x3/2  dx
 
4 5
 2  x 2  52 x5/2   2 16  252
 0
 2 16  64
5 
 25 (80  64)   32
5
(c) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx  
0
4
 
2 (4  x) 2  x dx  2  8  4 x1/2  2 x  x3/2 dx
0
4
 
 
4
 2 8 x  83 x3/2  x 2  2 x 5/2   2 32  64  16  64  215 (240  320  192)  215 (112)  224
 5 0 3 5 15

2
   dy     0
2 y 2  y3  dy  2  23 y 3  4 
 y 
d 2 2 4
shell shell
(d) V   2 radius height 2 (2  y ) y 2 dy  2 
c 0  0
 2  163  164   3212 (4  3)  83
33. (a) V   2
d
c 
  dy   2 y  y  y  dy
shell
radius
shell
height
1
0
3
1
  2  y  y  dy  2     2     
1 2 4 y3 y5 1 1 4
0   3 5 3 5 15
0
V   2    dy   2 (1  y)  y  y  dy
d shell shell 1 3
(b) radius height
c 0
1
 2   y  y  y  y  dy  2     
1 2  3  4 y2 y3 y4 y5
0   2 3 4 5
0
 2  1
2
 13  14  1
5  2
60
(30  20  15  12)  7
30
34. (a) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y 1   y  y  dy
1
0
3
1
1
  y2
 2  y  y 2  y 4 dy  2  2 
0 
 y3
3

y5 
5 
0
 2  12  13  15   230 (15  10  6)  1115
(b) Use the washer method:
V  
d
c  R ( y )  2
 r ( y)
2
 dy    1   y  y   dy    1  y
1
0
2 3 2 1
0
2

 y 6  2 y 4 dy
1
 y3 y7 2 y5 
   y  3  7  5    1  13  17  52  105
 0

 (105  35  15  42)  97
105 
(c) Use the washer method:
 1  
        dy
d 2 1 2
V     R( y )    r ( y ) dy     1  y  y 3   0  dy    1  2 y  y 3  y  y 3
2 2
c 0
    0
1
1
0  
   1  y 2  y 6  2 y  2 y3  2 y 4 dy    y 

 y3
3

y7
7
 y2 
y4
2

2 y5 
5 
0
 
 (70  30  105  2  42)  121
  1  13  17  1  12  52  210 210
(d) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height dy   2 (1  y) 1   y  y  dy  2  (1  y) 1  y  y  dy
1
0
3 1
0
3
0
 y  y  y  dy  2  1  2 y  y  y  y  dy  2  y  y  
1 1  y3 y4 y5 
 2  1  y  y3 2 4 2 3 4 2
3 4
 5 
0  0

 2 1  1  13  14  15  260 (20  15  12)   23
30

35. (a) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y  1
0
8 y  y 2 dy 
2
0 
2  y4 
 2  2 2 y 3/2  y 3 dy  2  4 5 2 y 5/2  4 
 0
4  2 
5
 2 

2
5
4
 24   2
  423
5
 444 
 
 2  4  85  1  85 (8  5)  245
   dx     x 
b 4 4 4
 x8 dx  2  25 x5/2  32
x4 
shell shell 2 3/2 3
(b) V   2 2 x x  x8 dx  2 
a radius height 0 0   0
 2  22
5
5 4
4  2
 32   2
5
6
 32 160
8
 160 5
7
2   2 (32  20)   2 3   2 3  9 4
48
5
36. (a) V   2
b
a 
  dx   2 x  2 x  x   x  dx
shell
radius
shell
height
1
0
2
 2  x  x  x  dx  2   x  x  dx
1 2 1 2 3
0 0
1
 2  x3  x4   2  13  14   6
3 4
  0
(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 1  x   2 x  x   x dx  2  1  x   x  x  dx
1
0
2 1
0
2
 
1
1
 2  x  2 x 2  x3 dx  2  x2  23 x3  x4   2  12  23  14   212 (6  8  3)  6
2 4
0   0
37. (a) V   
b
a   R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx     x 1
1/16
1/2
 1 dx 
 
1
   2 x1/2  x    (2  1)  2  14  16
1 
 1/16  
 7  9
  1  16 16 
(b) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y  1
0
1
y4
1  dy
 16 

 
2
2  y2 
y 3  16 dy  2   12 y 2  32 
y
 2 
1  1

 2     18   12  32
  
1   2
     321 
 2 (8  1)  9
38. (a) V   
d
c  R ( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy     1
2 1
y4
1  dy
 16 

2
    13 y 3  16      24

y
1 
1 1  1  1 
8 3 16     
 ( 2  6  16  3)  11
 48 48

   dx      x1/2  x  dx  2  23 x3/2  x2 1/4

b 1 1 2 1
shell shell
(b) V   2 radius height 2 1  1 dx  2 
a 1/4 x 1/4
 2 
  23  12    23  18  321     34  1  61  161   48 (4 16  48  8  3)  1148
39. (a) Disk: V  V1  V2
b b
V1   1   R1 ( x) dx and V2   2   R2 ( x)  dx with R1 ( x) 
2 2 x 2
3
and R2 ( x)  x ,
a1 a2
a1  2, b1  1; a2  0, b2  1  two integrals are required
(b) Washer: V  V1  V2
V1   1 
a1
b
 R ( x)  r ( x)  dx with R ( x) 
1
2
1
2
1
x 2
3
and r1 ( x )  0; a1  2 and b1  0;
  R ( x)    r ( x)  dx with R ( x) 
b2 2 2 x 2
V2   2 2 2 3
and r2 ( x)  x ; a2  0 and b2  1
a2
 two integrals are required
d shell
(c) Shell: V   2 radius
c   shell
height  dy   c
d

shell
2 y height 
dy where shell height  y 2  3 y 2  2  2  2 y 2 ;  
c  0 and d  1. Only one integral is required. It is, therefore preferable to use the shell method.
However, whichever method you use, you will get V   .
40. (a) Disk: V  V1  V2  V3

d
Vi   i   Ri ( y ) dy, i  1, 2, 3 with R1 ( y )  1 and c1  1, d1  1; R2 ( y ) 
2
y and c2  0 and d 2  1;
c i
R3 ( y )  ( y )1/4 and c3  1, d3  0  three integrals are required

(b) Washer: V  V1  V2
Vi   i 
ci
d
 R ( y ) 
i
2
  ri ( y ) 
2
 dy, i  1, 2 with R ( y)  1, r ( y)  1 1 y , c1  0 and d1  1;
R2 ( y )  1, r2 ( y )  ( y )1/4 , c2  1 and d 2  0  two integrals are required

b shell
(c) Shell: V   2 radius
a   shell
height  dx   b
a 
shell
2 x height 
dx , where shell height  x 2   x 4  x 2  x 4 , a  0 
and b  1  only one integral is required. It is, therefore preferable to use the shell method.
However, whichever method you use, you will get V  56 .
  R( x)   dx  
 2 
41. (a) V   
b
a
2
  r ( x)
2 4
4
   
4
4
4
4 
  25  x 2   (3) 2  dx    25  x 2  9 dx    16  x 2 dx   
   
4
  16 x  13 x3    64  64   64  64  256
  4 3 3 3
(b) Volume of sphere  43  (5)3  500   Volume of portion removed  500  256  244
3 3 3 3
b

shell
42. V   2 radius
a  shell
1
 
2 x sin x 2  1 dx; [u  x 2  1  du  2 x dx;
 
x  1  u  0, x  1    u   ]    sin u du    cos u 0   (1  1)  2
0

   dx      
b r r r
shell
43. V   2 radius shell
2 x  hr x  h dx  2   hr x 2  h x dx  2   3hr x3  h2 x 2 
a height 0 0  0
 2
 2  r 3h  r 2h  13  r 2 h
2

d shell
44. V   2 radius
c   shell
height  dy   r
0

  

2 y  r 2  y 2    r 2  y 2   dy  4  y r 2  y 2 dy
r
0
0 r 2 1/2 r2
2 2
[u  r  y  du  2 y dy; y  0  u  r , y  r  u  0]  2  2
u du  2  u du  4 u 3 2 
r2 0 3  0
 43 r 3
f (a) a
45. W (a)    [( f 1 ( y ))2  a 2 ]dy  0   2 x[ f (a)  f ( x)]dx  S (a);
f ( a) a
W (t )   [ f 1 ( f (t )))2  a 2 ] f (t )   (t 2  a 2 ) f (t ); also

t t t
S (t )  2 f (t )  x dx  2  xf ( x) dx  [ f (t )t 2   f (t )a 2 ]  2  xf ( x)dx
a a a
 S (t )   t 2 f (t )  2 tf (t )   a 2 f (t )  2 tf (t )   (t 2  a 2 ) f (t )  W (t )  S (t ). Therefore, W(t) = S(t)
for all t  [a, b].
46. V   
0
 /3
[22  (sec y )2 ]dy   [4 y  tan y ]0 /3    43  3 
 shell  shell  1
b 1
 
2 2
47. V   2   dx   2 xe x dx   e x   (e1  e0 )   1  1e
a  radius  height  0 0
48. Use washer cross sections. A washer has inner radius

r = 1, outer radius R  e x /2 , and area
 ( R 2  r 2 )   (e x  1). The volume is
ln 3 ln 3
V   (e x  1)dx   [e x  x]
0 0
  (3  ln 3  1)   (2  ln 3)
6.3 ARC LENGTH
   x2  2  x
dy 1/2
1. dx
 13  32 x 2  2  2x 
L
3
0  
1  x 2  2 x 2 dx  
0
3
1  2 x 2  x 4 dx
1  x2  dx  03 1  x2  dx   x  x3 0

3 2 3 3

0
 3  27
3
 12

Section 6.3 Arc Length 455
dy 4
2. dx
 3
2
xL 1  94 x dx;
0
u  1  9 x  du  9 dx  4 du  dx;
 4 4 9
x  0  u  1; x  4  u  10]
 94 du   94  23 u3/2 1 10 

10 10
 L   u1/2  8
27
10  1
1
 
2
3. dx
dy
 y2  1  dx
dy
 y 4  12  1
4 y2 16 y 4
3 3
L 1  y 4  12  1 4 dy   y 4  12  1 4 dy
1 16 y 1 16 y
2
3  2  3 
 y  1 2  dy    y 2  1 2  dy
1  4y  1 4y 
3
 y 3 y 1 
  3  4   27
 1

 1  13  14  9  12
3 12
1 11
3 4   
( 1 4 3) ( 2)
9 12
 9  12  53
6
   y2 
2
4. dx
dy
 12 y1/2  12 y 1/2  dy
dx 1
4
1
y
L
1
9
1  14  y  2   dy    y  2   dy
1
y 1
9 1
4
1
y
2
9   9
  12  y  1  dy  12  y1/2  y 1/2 dy
1  y  1  
9  y 3/ 2 9

 12  23 y 3/2  2 y1/2    3  y1/2 
 1  1
3
 
 33  3  13  1  11  13  32
3 
 
2
5. dx
dy
 y 3  1 3  dx
dy
 y 6  12  1 6
4y 16 y
2 2
L 1  y 6  12  1 6 dy   y 6  12  1 6 dy
1 16 y 1 16 y
2 2
2  3 y 3  2  3 y 3   y 4 y 2 
  y  4  dy  1  y  4  dy   4  8 
1      1

 16  1
4 (16)(2)  
 14  81  4  32
1 11
4 8
 12832
18 4  123
32

   
y2 2
6. dx
dy
 2  1 2  dx
dy
 14 y 4  2  y 4
2y
L
3
2 
1  14 y 4  2  y 4 dy 

3
2
1
4  y 4  2  y 4  dy
 y 2  y2  dy  12 23  y2  y 2  dy
3 2
 12 
2
3
 y3 
 12  3  y 1   12  27
 2  3 3 
 1  83  12 
   

 12 26
3  
 83  12  12 6  12  13
4 
7.
dy
dx
 x1/3  14 x 1/3  dx   dy 2 2/3
 x 2/3  12  x16
8 2/3
L 1  x 2/3  12  x16 dx
1
 x1/3  14 x1/3  dx
8 2/3 8 2
 x 2/3  12  x16 dx  
1 1
1
x1/3  14 x 1/3  dx   34 x 4/3  83 x 2/3 
8 8

 1
 83  2 x 4/3  x 2/3   83  2  24  22   (2  1) 

8
 1  
 83 (32  4  3)  99
8
dy
8. dx
 x2  2 x  1  4  x 2  2 x  1  14 1
(4 x  4) 2 (1 x )2
 (1  x)2  14 1
(1 x ) 2
 dx  
dy 2
 (1  x)4  12  1
16(1 x )4
2 (1 x )4
L 1  (1  x) 4  12  16
dx
0
2 (1 x )4
 (1  x)4  12  16
dx
0
2
2  (1 x )2 
  (1  x)2  4  dx
0  
2
0
(1 x )2 
 1
3
  (1  x) 2  4  dx; [u  1  x  du  dx; x  0  u  1, x  2  u  3]  L   u 2  14 u 2 du  
3
  u3  14 u 1   9  12    
3
1  1  1  1081 4 3  106  53
 1 3 4 12 12 6

  
2 y

dx 2 2
9. dy
 1x  4x  dx
dy
1
x
 4x  12  1  x
x 2 16 0.5
2 2 x2
L 1 1   1 x2 dx   1  1 2
 x dx  y  ln x 
1 x2 2 16 1 x2 2 16 8
2 x
1  1x  4x   
2 2 2 1
dx    4x dx  ln x  x2   0 1 2
1 x  8 
1
 ln 2  48    ln1  18   ln 2  83 0.5
 
y
dy 2
 
dy 2
10. dx
 x  41x  dx  x  41x  x 2  21  1 2
16 x 5
3 2 x 2 ln x
L 1 x  1
2
 12 dx  4 y
2

4
1 16 x 3
x  
3 3 1 2 2
 x 2  12  1 2 dx   4x
dx 
1 16 x 1 1
3 x
1  
3
x  41x dx   x2  14 ln x  
2 0 1 2 3
  1
 92  14 ln 3   12  14 ln1  4  14 ln 3
   x 
2 y
dy dy 2
11. dx
 x2  1  dx
2
 1  x 4  12  1
4 x2 4 x2 16 x 4 10
3 4
L 1 x  1
2
 14 dx  8
y
x3 1

1 16 x 6 3 4x
x 
3 3 2 4
1 x 4  12  1 dx   2
 1 dx  2
16 x 4 1 4 x2
x
1  
3
 9  121    13  13   536
3 0 1 2 3
dx   x3  41x  
3
x2  1
4 x2   1
   x 
2
dy dy 2
12. dx
 x4  1  dx
4
 1  x8  12  1
4 x4 4 x4 16 x8 y
1
L 1  x8  12  1 dx  1
1/2 16 x8 x5 1
y 
x 
1 1 2 5 12 x 3
1/2 x8  12  1 dx   4
 1 dx  0.5
16 x8 1/2 4 x4
1/2  x  dx  
1 1
4
 1 x5  1  
3
4 x4 5 12 x  1/2 x
0 0.5 1 1.5
 15  121    1601  23   373
480
 
2
13. dx
dy
 sec 4 y  1  dx
dy
 sec4 y  1
L
 /4
 /4 
1  sec4 y  1 dy     /4
 /4
sec 2 y dy
 /4
  tan y  /4  1  (1)  2

14.
dy
dx
 3x4  1   
dy 2
dx
 3x4  1
L
1
2 
1  3x 4  1 dx    1
2
3 x 2 dx
1
 3  x3  
3 3  1  (2)3   3
(1  8)  7 3
  2 3   3 3
   4x
dy dy 2 2
(b)
15. (a) dx
 2x  dx
1    dx
2 dy 2
L dx
1
2
 1  4x 2 dx
1
(c) L  6.13
16. (a)
dy
dx
 sec2 x   
dy 2
dx
 sec4 x (b)
0
L 1  sec4 x dx
 /3
(c) L  2.06
 
2 (b)
17. (a) dx
dy
 cos y  dx
dy
 cos 2 y

L 1  cos 2 y dy
0
(c) L  3.82
 
y 2 y2 (b)
18. (a) dx   dx 
dy 1 y 2 dy 1 y 2
1/2 2 1/2
y
L 1 dy   1 dy
1/2 1 y 2 1/2 1 y 2
1  y 2 
1/2 1/2
 dy
1/2
(c) L  1.05

 
2 (b)
19. (a) 2 y  2  2 dx
dy
 dx
dy
 ( y  1)2
3
L 1  ( y  1)2 dy
1
(c) L  9.29
 
dy dy 2 (b)
20. (a) dx
 cos x  cos x  x sin x  dx
 x 2 sin 2 x

L 1  x 2 sin 2 x dx
0
(c) L  4.70
 
dy dy 2 (b)
21. (a) dx
 tan x  dx
 tan 2 x
 /6  /6 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
L 1  tan 2 x dx   dx
0 0 cos 2 x
 /6 dx  /6
 
cos x 0
sec x dx
0
(c) L  0.55
 
2
22. (a) dx  sec2 y  1  dx  sec2 y  1 (b)
dy dy
L
 /4
 /3 
1  sec 2 y  1 dy     /4
 /3
| sec y | dy
 /4
 sec y dy
 /3
(c) L  2.20
23. (a)  
dy 2
dx
corresponds to 1
4x
here, so take
dy
dx
as 1 .
2 x
Then y  x  C and since (1, 1) lies on the curve,
C  0. So y  x from (1, 1) to (4, 2).

(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x.
 
2 dy
24. (a) dx corresponds to 14 here, so take dx as 12 . Then x   1y  C and, since (0, 1) lies on the curve,
dy y y
C  1. So y  1 .
1 x
(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x.

x dy  /4 2  /4  /4
25. y cos 2t dt  dx
 cos 2 x  L   1   cos 2 x  dx   1  cos 2 x dx   2 cos 2 x dx
0 0 0 0

 /4
0
2 cos x dx  2 sin x 0
 /4
 
 2 sin 4  2 sin(0)  1
2
1 x  2/3 1/ 2  1 x 2/3 1/ 2 
26. 
y  1 x 
2/3 3/2
, 4
2
 x 1
dy
dx
 3
2 1  x  
2/3 1/2
 23 x 1/3  
x1/3
L
1
2 /4
1  
 x1/3
 dx

 
1 1 1

2/3
1  1 x2/3 dx   1  1 dx  1 1 1
x 1/3 dx  32  x 2/3 
2 /4 x 2 /4
1  2/3
x  2 /4 x
1
2/3
dx   1
2 /4 x1/3
dx  
2 /4   2 /4
 
2/3
 32 (1)2/3  32 42 
 32  32 12  43  total length  8 34  6 
dy 2 2 2
27. y  3  2 x, 0  x  2  dx  2  L   1  (2)2 dx   5 dx   5 x   2 5.
0 0 0
d  (2  0)2  (3  (1))2  2 5
28. Consider the circle x 2  y 2  r 2 , we will find the length of the portion in the first quadrant, and multiply our
result by 4.
2
dy r   r 2 r r 2 dx
y  r 2  x 2 , 0  x  r  dx  2 x 2  L  4 1   2 x 2  dx  4 1  2x 2 dx  4 
r x 0  r x  0 r x 0 r  x2
2
r r
 4 r dx  4r  dx
0 r 2  x2 0 r 2  x2
29. 9 x 2  y ( y  3)2  d 9 x 2   d  y ( y  3)2   18 x dx  2 y ( y  3)  ( y  3)2  3( y  3)( y  1)

dy   dy   dy
( y 3)( y 1) ( y 3)( y 1) ( y 3)( y 1) 2 ( y 3)2 ( y 1)2

 dx   dx  dy; ds 2  dx 2  dy 2   dy   dy 2  dy 2  dy 2
dy 6x 6x  6x  36 x 2
( y 3)2 ( y 1)2  ( y 1)2  y 2  2 y 1 4 y ( y 1) 2
 2
dy 2  dy 2   4 y  1 dy 2  4y
dy 2  4y
dy 2
4 y ( y 3)  
30. 4 x 2  y 2  64  d
dx
4 x 2  y 2  
 
d
dx  64  8x  2 y dy
dx
dy
 0  dx  4yx  dy  4yx dx;
2
 2  y 2 16 x 2
ds 2  dx 2  dy 2  dx 2   4yx dx   dx 2  16 x2 dx 2   1  16 x2  dx 2 
2
dx 2  4 x 2  6416 x 2 dx 2
  y  y  y2 y2
 20 x 2 64 dx 2  4 (5 x 2  16) dx 2
y2 y2
31. 2x
0
x
1  
dy 2
dt
dt , x  0  2  1    dy 2
dx

dy
dx
 1  y  f ( x)   x  C where C is any real
number.

32. (a) From the accompanying figure and definition of the

differential (change along the tangent line) we see
that dy  f ( xk 1 ) xk  length of kth tangent fin is
  xk 2  (dy)2    xk 2   f ( xk 1 ) xk 2 .
n n
 (length of kth tangent fin)  nlim    xk    f ( xk 1 ) xk 
2 2
(b) Length of curve  lim
n  k 1  k 1
n b
 1   f ( xk 1 )  xk   1   f ( x)  dx
2 2
 lim
n  k 1 a
4
33. x 2  y 2  1  y  1  x 2 ; P  0, 14 , 12 , 43 , 1  L      xi  xi 1    yi  yi 1 
2 2
k 1
       
2 2 2 2
 14  0   12  14   34  12  1  34 
2 15 2 3 15 2 7 3 2 7
  4
1   2
 4
  4
 2
  0 4
 1.55225
y2  y1 dy
34. Let ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ), with x2  x1 , lie on y  mx  b, where m  x2  x1
, then dx
m
L
x2
x1
1  m 2 dx  1  m2  x x2  1  m 2  x2  x1   1 
x
1
 y2  y1 2
x2  x1   x2  x1 
 x2  x1 2  y2  y1 2  x2  x1 2  y2  y1 2
  x2  x1  
 x2  x1 
 x2  x1    x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2 .
 x2  x1 2
  dt  0x
dy x 2
35. y  2 x3/2  dx
 3x1/2 ; L( x)   1  3t1/2 1  9t dt ;
0
19 x 1 9 x
[u  1  9t  du  9dt ; t  0  u  1, t  x  u  1  9 x]  19  u du  2  u 3/2   2 (1  9 x)3/2 2 ;
 27
1 27  1 27
2 (10)3 2 2  2(10 10 1)

L(1)  27
 27 27
36. y x3  x 2  x  4 x1 4 
dy
 x2  2 x  1  1  ( x  1)2  1 ;
3 dx 4( x 1)2 4( x 1)2
2 2
x   x  4(t 1)4 1  x [4(t 1)4 1]2
L( x)   1  (t  1) 2  1 2  dt   1   dt  0 1  dt
 4(t 1) 
2
0  4(t 1)  0 16(t 1) 4
x 16(t 1) 4 16(t 1)8 8(t 1)4 1 x 16(t 1)8 8(t 1)4 1 x [4(t 1)4 1]2 x 4(t 1) 4 1
 4
dt   4
dt   4
dt   dt
0 16(t 1) 0 16(t 1) 0 16(t 1) 0 4(t 1)2
x  x 1
  (t  1) 2  1 2  dt ; [u  t  1  du  dt ; t  0  u  1, t  x  u  x  1]   u 2  14 u 2  du
0  4(t 1)  1  
    
x 1
  13 u 3  14 u 1   1 ( x  1)3  4( x11)  1 1 1 ( x  1)3  4( x11)  12
1 ; L(1)  8  1  1  59
 1 3 3 4 3 3 8 12 24

37-42. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( plots );
with( Student[Calculus1] );
with( student );
f : x - sqrt(1-x^2);a : -1;
b : 1;
N : [2, 4, 8];
for n in N do
xx : [seq( a  i*(b-a)/n, i  0..n )];
pts : [seq([x, f (x)], x  xx)];
L : simplify(add( distance(pts[i 1], pts[i]), i 1..n )); # (b)
T : sprintf("#37(a) (Section 6.3)\nn  %3d L  %8.5f \n", n, L );
P[n] : plot( [f (x), pts], x  a..b, title  T ): # (a)
end do:
display( [seq(P[n], n  N)], insequence  true, scaling  constrained );
L : ArcLength( f(x), x  a..b, output integral ):
L  evalf ( L ); # (c)
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and n may vary)

Clear[x, f ]
{a, b}  {1, 1}; f[x_ ]  Sqrt[1  x 2 ]
p1  Plot[f[x], {x, a, b}]
n  8;
pts  Table[{xn, f[xn]}, {xn, a, b, (b  a)/n}]/ / N
Show[p1,Graphics[{Line[pts]}]}]
Sum[ Sqrt[ (pts[[i 1, 1]]  pts[[i, 1]])2  (pts[[i  1, 2]]  pts[[i, 2]])2 ], {i, 1, n}]
NIntegrate[Sqrt[ 1  f '[ x]2 ], {x, a, b}]
6.4 AREAS OF SURFACES OF REVOLUTION
1. (a)
dy
dx
 sec2 x  dx  
dy 2
 sec4 x (b)
 /4
 S  2  (tan x) 1  sec4 x dx
0
(c) S  3.84

Section 6.4 Areas of Surfaces of Revolution 463
2. (a)
dy
dx
 2 x  dx   dy 2
 4x2 (b)
2
 S  2  x 2 1  4 x 2 dx
0
(c) S  53.23
 
2
3. (a) xy  1  x  1 dx   1  dx
 dy  14 (b)
y y2 dy y
2
 S  2  1y 1  y 4 dy
1
(c) S  5.02
 
2
4. (a) dx  cos y  dx  cos 2 y (b)
dy dy

 S  2  (sin y ) 1  cos 2 y dy
0
(c) S  14.42
 
2 (b)
5. (a) x1/2  y1/2  3  y  3  x1/2
dy

 dx  2 3  x1/2   12 x1/2 
  dx   1  3x 1/2 
dy 2 2
 S  2   3  x1/2  1  1  3x 1/2  dx
4 2 2
1
(c) S  63.37
   1  y 
2
1/2 2
(b)
6. (a) dx
dy
 1  y 1/2  dx
dy
y2 y   dx
2 2
 S  2  1  1  y 1/2
1
(c) S  51.33

 
2 (b)
7. (a) dx
dy
 tan y  dx
dy
 tan 2 y y
 /3  y
 2
 S  2  0 tan t dt  1  tan y dy 1
 0  y
x   tan t dt
 /3 y
 2    tan t dt  sec y dy
0
0.5
0  0 
(c) S  2.08 x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
 
dy dy 2 (b)
8. (a) dx
 x 2  1  dx  x2  1 y
 S  2 
1
5 x
 1
 

t 2  1 dt  1  x 2  1 dx  3
y
x
t 2  1 dt
1
2
5 x
 2  t 2  1 dt  x dx
1  1

 1
(c) S  8.55 x
0 1 2 3
  dx  S   2  
4
b dy 2 4 4
1  14 dx   2 5  x dx   2 5  x2   4 5;
dy 2
9. y x  dx  12 ; S   2 y 1  dx x
2 a 0 2 0   0
Geometry formula: base circumference  2 (2), slant height  42  22  2 5
 
 Lateral surface area  12 (4 ) 2 5  4 5 in agreement with the integral value
  dy  
d 2 2 2 2
10. y x  x  2y  dx  2; S   2 x 1  dx 2  2 y 1  22 dy  4 5  y dy  2 5  y 2 
2 dy c dy 0 0  0
 2 5  4  8 5; Geometry formula: base circumference  2 (4), slant height  42  22  2 5
 
 Lateral surface area  12 (8 ) 2 5  8 5 in agreement with the integral value
  dx   2
3
dy 2

b 3 2 3
1  12 dx   2 5  ( x  1) dx   2 5  x2  x 
( x 1) 2
11. dx  12 ; S   2 y 1 
dy a dx 1 2 1 
 
1
  25 
  92  3   12  1   2 5 (4  2)  3 5; Geometry formula: r1  12  12  1, r2  32  12  2, slant height
 (2  1)2  (3  1)2  5  Frustum surface area    r1  r2   slant height   (1  2) 5  3 5 in

agreement with the integral value
  dy  
d 2 2 2
12. y x
2
 12  x  2 y  1  dx
dy
 2; S   2 x 1  dx
dy
2 (2 y  1) 1  4 dy  2 5  (2 y  1) dy
c 1 1
2
 2 5  y 2  y   2 5  (4  2)  (1  1)   4 5; Geometry formula: r1  1, r2  3,
 1
slant height  (2  1)2  (3  1)2  5  Frustum surface area   (1  3) 5  4 5 in agreement with
the integral value

13.
dy
dx
 x2
3
   dy 2
dx
 x4
9
S
0
2 2 x3
9
4
1  x9 dx;
u  1  x4  du  94 x3 dx  1 du  x3 dx;
 9 4 9
25  25/9 1/2 1
x  0  u  1, x  2  u  9 
 S  2  u 4 du
1
 125  1  3  12527 27   98
25/9
 2  23 u 3/2   3 
 1 27 81
14.
dy
dx
 12 x 1/2    dy 2
dx
 1
4x
15/4 15/4
S  2 x 1  41x dx  2  x  14 dx
3/4 3/4
3/2 15/4
  
 154  14   34  14 
 3/2 3/2 
 2  23 x  14   43   
 3/4 

 24  
3
 43   1  43 (8  1)  28
3
 
15.
dy
dx
 1 (2 2 x )
2 2 x x2
 1 x
2xx 2
  
dy 2
dx

(1 x )2
2 x x2
1.5 (1 x )2
S  2 2 x  x 2 1  dx
0.5 2 x  x2
1.5 2 2
 2  2 x  x 2 2 x  x 122 x  x dx
0.5 2xx
1.5
dx  2  x 0.5  2
1.5
 2 
0.5
16.
dy
dx
 1
2 x 1
  
dy 2
dx
 1
4( x 1)
5 5
 S   2 x  1 1  4( x11) dx  2  ( x  1)  14 dx
1 1
3/2 5
 2 
1
5 
x  54 dx  2  32 x  54

  
1

     254   94 
3/2 3/2   3/2 3/2 
 43  5  54  1  54  
4
3   

 43  53
23
3

 33  6 (125  27)  986 
2
49
3
 
2 1 2 y 3
17. dx
dy
 y2  dx
dy
 y4  S   1  y 4 dy;
0 3
u  1  y 4  du  4 y3 dy  1 du  y3 dy;
 4
y  0  u  1, y  1  u  2  S   2
1
2
 13  u1/2  14 du 
2 2
 6  u1 2 du  6  32 u 3/2   9 ( 8  1)
1  1

18. x  13 y3/2  y1/2   0, when 1  y  3. To get positive

area, we take x    13 y 3/2  y1/2 
  12  y1/2  y 1/2    dy   14  y  2  y1 

2
 dxdy
dx
 S    2  13 y 3/2  y1/2  1  14  y  2  y 1  dy
3
1
 2   13 y3/2  y1/2  14  y  2  y 1  dy

3
1
y 
2
1/ 2
 y 1/ 2
 2 
1 3 
3 1 3/2
y y 1/2
 2
3


  3
dy    y1/2 13 y  1  y1/2  1/1 2  dy    13 y  1 ( y  1) dy
1  y  1
 
3
   
3 1 2
1 3
y  y3 y3 
 32 y  1 dy    9  3  y     27
 1  9 3 
 9  3  19  13  1    3  19  13  1
     
  9 (18  1  3)  169
 
2 15/4 15/4
19. dx
dy
 1  dy
dx  4 1 y  S   2  2 4  y 1  41 y dy  4  (4  y )  1 dy
4 y 0 0
  
15/4 15/4  3/2   3/2 3/2 
 4  5  y dy  4  23 (5  y )3/2    83  5  15  53/2    83  54 5 
0  0  4
  
  
 83 5 5  5 8 5  83 40 585 5  353 5 
 
2 1 1 1
20. dx
dy
 1 dx
 dy  2 y11  S   2 2 y  1 1  2 y11 dy  2  (2 y  1)  1 dy  2  2 y1/2 dy
2 y 1 5/8 5/8 5/8
1 
 2 2  23 y 3/2   43 2 13/2  85
  5/8 
3/2  4 2 5 5 4 2 82 2 5 5
  3 1  8 8  3 82 2

 16 2  5 5
 12      
  1    dy  2    1  (e  2  e
ln 2 e y  e y 2 ln 2 e y  e  y
21. S  2  e y e  y 1 2y 2 y
) dy
0 2 2 0 2 4
    dy  2    dy   (e  2  e
ln 2 e y  e  y 2 ln 2 e y  e  y 2 ln 2
 2  e y  e y  2y 2 y
)dy
0 2 2 0 2 2 0
   
ln 2
 2  12 e2 y  2 y  12 e 2 y   2  12 e 2 ln 2  2 ln 2  12 e2 ln 2  12  0  12 
 0  
 
 2 12  4  2 ln 2  12  14  2 2  18  2 ln 2   16 
15  ln 2
  
   
3/2 2
22. y  13 x 2  2  dy  x x 2  2 dx  ds  1  2 x 2  x 4 dx  S  2  x 1  2 x 2  x 4 dx
0
 x2  1 dx  2 0 2 x  x2  1 dx  2 0 2  x3  x  dx  2  x4  x2 0
2
 
2 2 4 2
 2  x  2 44  22  4
0

2
     
23. ds  dx 2  dy 2   y3  1 3   1 dy   y 6  12  1 6   1 dy   y 6  12  1 6  dy
 4y   16 y   16 y 
2

 4 y



 4 y

 1
2
1
2 
 4 y

 1
2
  y 3  1 3  dy   y 3  1 3  dy; S   2 y ds  2  y  y 3  1 3  dy  2π  y 4  14 y 2 dy  
2
 y5


 2  5  14 y 1   2  32
1  5 8 
 1  15  14   2 31
 5 8   
 1  240 (8  31  5)  253
20

 
24.
dy
y  cos x  dx   sin x  dx  
dy 2
 sin 2 x  S  2 
 /2
 /2
(cos x) 1  sin 2 x dx
   
1/2 dy 2
25.
dy
y  a 2  x 2  dx  12 a 2  x 2 ( 2 x )  x  dx  x2
a2  x2 a2  x2
 S  2 
a
a
a 2  x 2 1  2x
2
a x 2
dx  2 
a
a  a2  x2   x2 dx  2 aa a dx  2 a  xa a
2
 2 a [a  (a)]  (2 a)(2a)  4 a
26.
dy dy 2 2
  h 2 h 2 2
y  hr x  dx  hr  dx  r 2  S  2  hr x 1  r 2 dx  2  hr x h 2r dx  2h r
h 0 h 0 h
h2 r 2 h x
h2 
0
dx
 
h
 22r h2  r 2  x2   22r h2  r 2 h2   r h2  r 2
2 2
h 
 0  h
  dy. Now, x
d 2
2
27. The area of the surface of one work is S   2 x 1  dx
dy
 y 2  162  x  162  y 2
c
  162  y 2   y 2 dy
y 2 y2 7 y2 7
 dx
dy
  dx
dy
 2 2
; S 2 162  y 2 1  2 2
dy   2
2
16  y 2 16  y 16 16  y 16
7
 2  16 dy  32  9  288  904.78 cm 2 . The enamel needed to cover one surface of one wok is
16
V  S  0.5 mm  S  0.05 cm  (904.78)(0.05) cm3  45.24 cm3 . For 5000 woks, we need
5000  V  5000  45.24 cm3  (5)(45.24) L  226.2 L  226.2 liters of each color are needed.
 
dy 2 2 a h 2
28. y  r 2  x 2  dx   12 22 x 2  2 x 2  dy
dx  2x 2 ; S  2  r 2  x 2 1  2x dx
r x r x r x a r  x2
 2 
a
ah
 r 2  x2   x2 dx  2 r aah dx  2 rh, which is independent of a.
 
2 a h
29.
dy
y  R 2  x 2  dx   12 22 x 2  2 x 2  dy
dx  x2 ; S  2   R2  x2 1  x2 dx
R x R x R  x2
2 a R  x2
2
 2 
a
ah
 R2  x2   x2 dx  2 R aah dx  2 Rh

 
y 2 y2
30. (a) x 2  y 2  452  x  452  y 2  dx
dy
  dx
dy
 ;
452  y 2 45  y 2
2
S
45
22.5
2 452  y 2 1 
y2
452  y 2
dy  2 
45
22.5  452  y 2   y 2 dy  2  454522.5 dy
 (2 )(45)(67.5)  6075 square feet
(b) 19,085 square feet
31. (a) An equation of the tangent line segment is

(see figure) y  f (mk )  f (mk )  x  mk  . When
x  xk 1 we have
r1  f (mk )  f (mk )( xk 1  mk )
  x
 f (mk )  f (mk )  2k  f (mk )  f (mk ) 2k ;
x
when x  xk we have
r2  f (mk )  f (mk )  xk  mk 
x
 f (mk )  f (mk ) 2k ;
 
2
(b) L2k   xk    r2  r1    xk    f (mk ) 2k   f (mk ) 2k    xk    f (mk )xk 
2 2 2 x x 2 2
 
 Lk   xk 2   f (mk )xk 2 , as claimed

(c) From geometry it is a fact that the lateral surface area of the frustum obtained by revolving the tangent line
segment about the x-axis is given by Sk    r1  r2  Lk    2 f (mk )  xk 2   f (mk )xk 2 using
parts (a) and (b) above. Thus, Sk  2 f (mk ) 1   f (mk ) xk .
2
n n b
 Sk  nlim  2 f (mk ) 1   f (mk )  xk   2 f ( x) 1   f ( x)  dx
2 2
(d) S  lim
n  a
k 1 k 1
1 x 
1/ 2
  1  x     
2/3
2/3 3/2 dy 2/3 1/2 1/3 dy 2 2/3
32. y  1 x  dx
 3
2
 23 x  1/3
 dx  1 x2/3  2/3
1 1
x x x
 
2/3 3/2
   
2/3 3/2
 
1 1 1 3/2 1/3
 S  2 2 1  x 1 1  1 dx  4  1  x x 2/3 dx  4  1  x 2/3 x dx;
0 x 2/3 0 0
u 1  x 2/3  du   23 x 1/3dx   32 du  x1/3 dx; x  0  u  1, x  1  u  0
   
0 0
 S  4  u 3/2  32 du  6  25 u 5/2   6 0  25  125
1  1
6.5 WORK AND FLUID FORCES
1. The force required to stretch the spring from its natural length of 2 m to a length of 5 m is F ( x )  kx.
3 3 3
The work done by F is W   F ( x) dx  k  x dx  k2  x 2   92k . This work is equal to 1800 J
0 0   0
 92 k  1800  k  400 N/m

Section 6.5 Work and Fluid Forces 469
2. (a) We find the force constant from Hooke’s Law: F  kx  k  Fx  k  800

4
 200 lb/in.
2 2
(b) The work done to stretch the spring 2 inches beyond its natural length is W   kx dx  200 x dx
0 0
2
 200  x2   200(2  0)  400 in-lb  33.3 ft-lb
2
 0
(c) We substitute F  1600 into the equation F  200 x to find 1600  200 x  x  8 in.
3. We find the force constant from Hooke’s law: F  kx. A force of 2 N stretches the spring to 0.02 m
N . The force of 4 N will stretch the rubber band y m, where F  ky  y  F
 2  k  (0.02)  k  100 m k
4N 0.04
y N
 y  0.04 m  4 cm. The work done to stretch the rubber band 0.04 m is W   kx dx
100 m 0
0.04
0.04 (100)(0.04)2
x dx  100  x2 
2
 100    0.08 J
0   0 2
4. We find the force constant from Hooke’s law: F  kx  k  Fx  k  90

1
N . The work done to
 k  90 m
5
5 5
stretch the spring 5 m beyond its natural length is W   kx dx  90 x dx  90  x2   (90) 25  
2
 1125 J
0 0   0 2
21,714 21,714 lb
5. (a) We find the spring’s constant from Hooke’s law: F  kx  k  Fx  85  3
 k  7238 in
0.5 0.5
(b) The work done to compress the assembly the first half inch is W   kx dx  7238 x dx
0 0
0.5
(0.5)2
 7238  x2   (7238) 2
2 (7238)(0.25)
  905 in-lb. The work done to compress the assembly the
  0 2
second half inch is:
1.0 1.0 2 1.0
W  kx dx  7238 x dx  7238  x2   7238 1  (0.5)2   (7238)(0.75)  2714 in-lb
0.5 0.5 
 0.5 2   2
6. First, we find the force constant from Hooke’s law: F  kx  k  Fx  150 lb . If someone
 16 150  2, 400 in
1 16
compresses the scale x  1

8
in, he/she must weigh F  kx  2, 400    300 lb. The work done to compress the
1
8
1/8 1/8
kx dx  2400  x2   2400
2
scale this far is W    18.75 lb  in.  2.5 ft-lb
0  0 264 16
7. The force required to haul up the rope is equal to the rope’s weight, which varies steadily and is proportional
50 50
to x, the length of the rope still hanging: F ( x )  0.624 x. The work done is: W   F ( x) dx   0.624x dx
0 0
50
 0.624  x2   780 J
2
  0
8. The weight of sand decreases steadily by 72 lb over the 18 ft, at 4 lb/ft. So the weight of sand when the
b 18
bag is x ft off the ground is F ( x)  144  4 x. The work done is: W   F ( x)dx   (144  4 x) dx
a 0
18
 144 x  2 x 2   1944 ft-lb
 0

9. The force required to lift the cable is equal to the weight of the cable paid out: F ( x )  (4.5)(180  x )
180 180
where x is the position of the car off the first floor. The work done is: W   F ( x) dx  4.5 (180  x ) dx
0 0
 
180
 4.5 180 x  x2 
2 2
 4.5 1802  180  2
4.5180  72,900 ft-lb
 0 2 2
10. Since the force is acting toward the origin, it acts opposite to the positive x-direction. Thus F ( x)   k2 .
x
 
b b b k ( a b )
The work done is W    k2 dx  k   12 dx  k  1x   k 1b  1a  ab
a k a x a
11. Let r  the constant rate of leakage. Since the bucket is leaking at a constant rate and the bucket is rising at a
constant rate, the amount of water in the bucket is proportional to (20  x), the distance the bucket is being
raised. The leakage rate of the water is 0.8 lb/ft raised and the weight of the water in the bucket is
20 20
0.8 (20  x )dx  0.8  20 x  x2   160 ft-lb.
2
F  0.8(20  x). So: W  
0 
 0
12. Let r  the constant rate of leakage. Since the bucket is leaking at a constant rate and the bucket is rising at a
constant rate, the amount of water in the bucket is proportional to (20  x), the distance the bucket is being
raised. The leakage rate of the water is 2 lb/ft raised and the weight of the water in the bucket is F  2(20  x ).
20 20
2(20  x ) dx  2  20 x  x2   400 ft-lb.
2
So: W  
0  0
Note that since the force in Exercise 12 is 2.5 times the force in Exercise 11 at each elevation, the total work is
also 2.5 times as great.
13. We will use the coordinate system given.

(a) The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y
has a volume of V  (10)(12)y  120y ft3. The
force F required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:
F  62.4 V  62.4 120y lb. The distance through
which F must act is about y ft, so the work done
lifting the slab is about W  force  distance
 62.4  120  y  y ft-lb The work it takes to lift all
the water is approximately
20 20
W   W   62.4  120 y  y ft-lb.
0 0
This is a Riemann sum for the function 62.4 120 y over the interval 0  y  20. The work of pumping the
tank empty is the limit of these sums:
20
62.4  120 y dy  (62.4)(120)  2   (62.4)(120) 400  
20 y2
W  2
 (62.4)(120)(200)  1,497,600 ft-lb
0  0
(b) The time t it takes to empty the full tank with 11  
5  hp motor is t  W
250 ft-lb
sec

1,497,600 ftlb
250 ft-lb
sec
 5990.4 sec
 1.664 hr  t  1 hr and 40 min

(c) Following all the steps of part (a), we find that the work it takes to lower the water level 10 ft is
10
W   62.4  120 y dy  (62.4)(120)  2   (62.4)(120) 100  
10 y2
2
 374,400 ft-lb and the time is t  Wft-lb
0  0 250 sec
 1497.6 sec  0.416 hr  25 min

(d) In a location where water weighs 62.26 lb3 :

ft
a) W  (62.26)(24,000)  1,494,240 ft-lb .
1,494,240
b) t  250
 5976.96 sec  1.660 hr  t  1 hr and 40 min
In a location where water weighs 62.59 lb3
ft
a) W  (62.59)(24,000)  1,502,160  ft-lb
1,502,160
b) t  250
 6008.64 sec  1.669 hr  t  1 hr and 40.1 min
14. We will use the coordinate system given.

(a) The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has
a volume of V  (20)(12) y  240y ft 3 . The force F
required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:
F  62.4V  62.4  240y lb. The distance through
which F must act is about y ft, so the work done lifting
the slab is about W  force  distance
20
 62.4  240  y  y ft-lb. The work it takes to lift all the water is approximately W   W
10
20
  62.4  240 y  y ft-lb. This is a Riemann sum for the function 62.4  240 y over the interval
10
10  y  20. The work it takes to empty the cistern is the limit of these sums:
20
20  y2 
W  62.4  240 y dy  (62.4)(240)  2   (62.4)(240)(200  50)  (62.4)(240)(150)  2,246,400 ft-lb
10  10
W 2,246,400 ft-lb
(b) t   275
 8168.73 sec  2.27 hours  2 hr and 16.1 min
275 ft-lb
sec
(c) Following all the steps of part (a), we find that the work it takes to empty the tank halfway is
15
15
10
 y2 
W   62.4  240 y dy  (62.4)(240)  2   (62.4)(240) 225
 10 2
 100
2  
 (62.4)(240) 125
2  
 936, 000 ft.
Then the time is t  W  936,000

275
 3403.64 sec  56.7 min
275 ft-lb
sec
(d) In a location where water weighs 62.26 lb3 :

ft
a) W  (62.26)(240)(150)  2, 241,360 ft-lb.
2,241,360
b) t  275
 8150.40 sec  2.264 hours  2 hr and 15.8 min
c) W  (62.26)(240) 125
2   933,900
 933,900 ft-lb; t  275  3396 sec  0.94 hours  56.6 min
In a location where water weighs 62.59 lb3 :

ft
a) W  (62.59)(240)(150)  2,253, 240 ft-lb.
2,253,240
b) t  275
 8193.60 sec  2.276 hours  2 hr and 16.56 min
c) W  (62.59)(240) 125
2   938,850
 938,850 ft-lb; t  275  3414 sec  0.95 hours  56.9 min

  , thickness y, and height below the top of the tank (10  y). So the
15. The slab is a disk of area  x 2   2
y 2
work to pump the oil in this slab, W , is 57 (10  y ) π   . The work to pump all the oil to top of the tank is
y 2
2
10
10 57
10 y 2  y3  dy  57π4 103y  4   11,875 ft  lb  37,306 ft-lb
3
y4
W 
0 4 0
16. Each slab of oil is to be pumped to a height of 14 ft. So the work to pump a slab is (14  y )( ) 2 y 2
and since
the tank is half full and the volume of the original cone is V  13  r 2 h  13  52 (10)  250
3
 ft 3 , half the
 
2
volume  250π ft 3 , and with half the volume the cone is filled to a height y, 250   1  y y  y  3 500 ft.
6 6 3 4
3
500
 
3
500 57 57π  14 y y4 
3
2 3
So W   4
14 y  y dy  4  3
 4 
 60,042 ft-lb.
0 0
17. The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has a volume of V   (radius)2 (thickness)
 
2
  20
2
y   100 y ft 3 . The force F required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:
F  51.2V  51.2 100 y lb  F  5120 y lb The distance through which F must act is about
30 30
(30  y ) ft. The work it takes to lift all the kerosene is approximately W   W   5120 (30  y )y ft-lb
0 0
which is a Riemann sum. The work to pump the tank dry is the limit of these sums:
30
W   5120 (30  y ) dy  5120 30 y  2   5120 900  
30 y2
2
 (5120)(450 )  7,238,229.48 ft-lb
0  0
18. (a) Follow all the steps of Example 5 but make the substitution of 64.5 lb3 for 57 lb3 . Then,
ft ft
 
8
  10 y  y   64.5 108  8  64.5
  83   103  2  64.53 8
8 64.5 3 4 3 4 3
W  (10  y ) y 2 dy  64.5
4  3 4 
0 4 4 3 4 4
0
 21.5  83  34,582.65 ft-lb
(b) Exactly as done in Example 5 but change the distance through which F acts to distance  (13  y ) ft.
 
8
8  13 y3 y 4 
  83   133  2  57384 7
3 4 3
Then W   574 (13  y ) y 2 dy  574  3  4   574 1338  84  574
0  0
 (19 )(82 )(7)(2)  53,482.5 ft-lb
19. The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has a volume of about V   (radius) 2 (thickness)
 y  y ft3. The force F ( y) required to lift this slab is equal to its weight: F ( y )  73  V
2

 73  y  y  73 y y lb. The distance through which F ( y ) must act to lift the slab to the top of the
2
reservoir is about (4  y ) ft, so the work done is approximately W  73 y (4  y ) y ft-lb. The work done
n
lifting all the slabs from y  0 ft to y  4 ft is approximately W   73 yk  4  yk  y ft-lb. Taking the limit
k 0

0  4 y  y  dy
4 4 2
of these Riemann sums as n  , we get W   73 y (4  y ) dy  73
0
 
4
 73  2 y 2  13 y 3   73 32  64  2336 ft-lb  2446.25 ft-lb.
 0 3 3
20. The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has volume of about V  (length)(width)(thickness)
  2 25  y 2  (10)y ft 3 . The force F ( y ) required to lift this slab is equal to its weight:
 
F ( y )  53  V  53  2 25  y 2  (10) y  1060 25  y 2 y lb. The distance through which F ( y ) must act to
 
lift the slab to the level of 15 m above the top of the reservoir is about (20  y ) ft, so the work done is
approximately W  1060 25  y 2 (20  y ) y ft-lb. The work done lifting all the slabs from y  5 ft to
n
y  5 ft is approximately W   1060 25  yk2  20  yk  y ft-lb. Taking the limit of these Riemann sums as
k 0
5 5
n  , we get W   1060 25  y 2 (20  y )dy  1060 (20  y ) 25  y 2 dy
5 5
 1060   20 25  y 2 dy   y 25  y 2 dy  . To evaluate the first integral, we use we can interpret

5 5
 5 5 
5 5 5
5 25  y 2 dy as the area of the semicircle whose radius is 5, thus 5 20 25  y 2 dy  20 25  y 2 dy
5
 20  12  (5)2   250 . To evaluate the second integral let u  25  y 2  du  2 y dy; y  5  u  0,

 
y  5  u  0, thus  y 25  y 2 dy   12  u du  0. Thus, 1060   20 25  y 2 dy 
5 0 5
5 0  5

1060   20 25  y 2 dy   y 25  y 2 dy   1060(250  0)  265000  832522 ft-lb
5 5
 5 5 
2
   25  y 2  y m3 . The force F ( y ) required to lift this slab is equal to its weight:
 
2
 
F ( y )  9800  V  9800  25  y 2  y  9800 25  y 2 y N. The distance through which F ( y ) must
 
act to lift the slab to the level of 4 m above the top of the reservoir is about (4  y ) m, so the work done is
 
approximately W  9800 25  y 2 (4  y )y N  m. The work done lifting all the slabs from y  5 m to
0
 
y  0 m is approximately W   9800 25  y 2 (4  y )y N  m. Taking the limit of these Riemann sums,
5
0
 
we get W   9800 25  y 2 (4  y ) dy  9800 
5
0
5 100  25 y  4 y2  y3  dy
0

 9800 100 y  25
 2
y4 
 5

y 2  43 y 3  4   9800 500  25225  34 125  625
4
 15, 073, 099.75 J  
2
 
   100  y 2  y   100  y 2 y ft 3 . The force is F ( y )  3  V  56 100  y 2 y lb. The
 
56 lb
ft
 
distance through which F ( y ) must act to lift the slab to the level of 2 ft above the top of the tank is about
 
(12  y ) ft, so the work done is W  56 100  y 2 (12  y ) y lb  ft. The work done lifting all the slabs from
10
 
y  0 ft to y  10 ft is approximately W   56 100  y 2 (12  y )y lb  ft. Taking the limit of these
0
10

Riemann sums, we get W   56 100  y 2 (12  y ) dy  56 
0  10
0 100  y2  (12  y) dy
10
0 
1200  100 y  12 y 2  y 3  dy  56 1200 y  2  3  4 
10  100 y 12 y y  2 3 4
 56 
 0
 56 12,000  2  4 1000  4   (56 ) 12  5  4  2  (1000)  967,611 ft-lb. It would cost
10,000 10,000 5
(0.5)(967, 611)  483,805¢= $4838.05. Yes, you can afford to hire the firm.
 v dvdx  dx  m  12 v2 ( x) x
x2 x2 x2
23. F  m dv
dt
 mv dv
dx
by the chain rule  W   mv dv
dx
dx  m 
x1 x1 1
 12 m  v ( x2 )  v ( x1 )  
2 2 1 mv 2
2  1 mv 2 ,
1 as claimed.
  2 2
   2561 slugs  (160 ft / sec)2  50 ft-lb

1
2 lb; mass  weight 1 slugs; W  1
24. weight  2 oz  16 32
 32
8
 256 2
90 mi 1 hr 1 min 5280 ft 0.3125 lb

25. 90 mph    
1 hr 60 min 60 sec 1 mi
 132 ft/sec; m   0.3125
32
slugs;
32 ft/ sec2
W  12   320.3125
2
lb 
ft/sec 
2
 (132ft/sec)  85.1 ft-lb
26. weight  1.6 oz  0.1 lb  m 

0.1 lb
32 ft/ sec2
1 slugs; W  1
 320 2    3201 slugs  (280ft/ sec)2  122.5ft-lb
ft , v  153 mph  224.4 ft ; 2 oz  0.125 lb  m  0.125 lb 1 slugs;
27. v1  0 mph  0 sec 2 sec
 256
32 ft/ sec 2
  (224.4)2  12  2561  (0)2  98.35 ft-lb

x2
W  F ( x ) dx  1
2
mv22  21 mv12  1 1
2 256
x1
28. weight  6.5 oz  6.5 lb 

16
m 6.5
(16)(32)
slugs; W   12   (16)(32) 
6.5 slugs (132ft/sec) 2  110.6ft-lb
29. We imagine the milkshake divided into thin slabs by planes perpendicular to the y -axis at the points of a
partition of the interval [0, 7]. The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has a volume of about
V   (radius) 2 (thickness)    y 17.5 2

14  y in 3 . The force F ( y ) required to lift this slab is equal to its
weight: F ( y )  4
9
V  49  y 17.5 2
14  y oz. The distance through which F ( y ) must act to lift this slab
to the level of 1 inch above the top is about (8  y ) in. The work done lifting the slab is about
  ( y 1417.5)
2
W  49 2
(8  y )y in  oz. The work done lifting all the slabs from y  0 to y  7 is approximately

7
W   4 2 ( y  17.5)2 (8  y )y in  oz which is a Riemann sum. The work is the limit of these sums as the
9.14
0
norm of the partition goes to zero:
W 
7 4
0 9142
( y  17.5)2 (8  y ) dy  4π 7
9142 0  2450  26.25 y  27 y2  y3  dy
7
 4 2   4  9 y 3  26.25
y4
y 2  2450 y   4 2   74  9  73  26.25
4
 72  2450  7   91.32 in-oz
914  2 0 914  2 
30. We fill the pipe and the tank. To find the work required to fill the tank note that radius = 10 ft, then
V   100y ft 3 . The force required will be F = 62.4  V = 62.4  100 y = 6240 y lb. The distance
through which F must act is y so the work done lifting the slab is about W1  6240  y  y lb  ft. The work it
385 385
takes to lift all the water into the tank is: W1   W1   6240  y  y lb  ft. Taking the limit we end up
360 360
385
6240 y dy  6240  2 
385 y2 6240
with W1    2
[3852  3602 ]  182,557,949 ft-lb
360  360
To find the work required to fill the pipe, do as above, but take the radius to be 4 in.  1 ft. Then
2 6
1 y ft 3 and F  62.4  V  62.4 y. Also take different limits of summation and integration:
V    36 36
  3602   352,864 ft-lb

360 360
 y2 

360 62.4
W2   W2  W2  
2
 y dy  62.4  62.4
0 36 36  2  36
0 0
The total work is W  W1  W2  182,557,949  352,864  182,910,813 ft-lb. The time it takes to fill the tank
W  182,910,813
and the pipe is Time  1650 1650
 110,855 sec  31 hr
35,780,000 1000 MG 35,780,000 dr 35,780,000

31. Work   2
dr  1000 MG   1000 MG   1r 
6,370,000 r 6,370,000 r 2 6,370,000

 (1000) 5.975  10 4
 6.672 10   11 1
6,370,000
1
 35,780,000   5.144 1010
J
32. (a) Let  be the x-coordinate of the second electron. Then r 2  (   1) 2

0
0 0 (231029 )
   2310  
  (23  1029 ) 1  1  11.5  1029
29
 W   F ( ) d    d
1 1 (  1)2  1  1 2
(b) W  W1  W2 where W1 is the work done against the field of the first electron and W2 is the work done
against the field of the second electron. Let  be the x-coordinate of the third electron. Then r12  (   1) 2
and r22  (   1)2
5
5 5
 
29 29
 W1   23102 d    2310 2 d   23  1029  11   (23 1029 ) 14  12  23  1029 , and
3 r1 3 (  1)  3 4
 61  14   231210
5 231029 5 231029 5 29
W2   d   d   23  1029  11   (23 1029 ) (3  2)
3 r22 3 (  1) 2
 3
23  1029.
 12
Therefore W  W1  W2   234 1029    1223 1029   233 1029  7.67 1029 J

Another random document with
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and subsequently enlarges it by additions from its own body. The
beautiful Insects of the genus Cryptocephalus, which is fairly well
represented in Britain, belong to this division. The exotic group
Megalopodes is incorrectly placed in Camptosomes; the side pieces
of the prothorax meet in it behind the middle coxae, as they do in
Rhynchophora. The species of Megalopodes stridulate by means of
an area on the base of the meso-scutellum rubbed by a ridge inside
the pronotum, as in the Cerambycidæ.
iii. The division Cyclica includes the great majority of Chryomelidae;

we have not less than 170 species in Britain. The larvae live, like
those of Lepidoptera, at the expense of foliage, and the species
frequently multiply to such an extent as to be injurious. Some of
them are destroyed in great numbers by Hymenopterous parasites,
the Braconid genus Perilitus being one of the best known of these; in
some cases the parasite deposits its eggs in either the larva or
perfect Insect of the beetle, and the metamorphoses of the parasites
in the latter case are sometimes, if not usually, completed, the larvae
emerging from the living beetles for pupation.
iv. The Cryptostomes, though comparatively few in number of

species, include some very remarkable beetles. There are two
groups, Hispides and Cassidides. The former are almost peculiar to
the tropics and are not represented by any species in the British
fauna. The head in this group is not concealed; but in the Cassidides
the margins of the upper surface are more or less expanded, so that
the head is usually completely hidden by the expansion of the
pronotum. Both the groups are characterised by the antennae being
inserted very near together, and by the short claw-joint of the feet.
Hispa is one of the most extensive of the numerous genera of
Hispides, and is remarkable from the imago being covered on the
surface with long, sharp spines. But little is known as to the
metamorphosis, beyond the fact already alluded to, that the larvae of
several species mine the interior of leaves. The larva of Hispa
testacea, according to Perris,[147] makes use of the leaves of Cistus
salvifolius in Southern Europe; it is broad and flat, and possessed of
six short legs. The eggs are not deposited by the parents inside the
leaves, but are probably attached to various parts of the plant. After
hatching, the young larva enters a leaf, and feeds on the
parenchyma without rupturing the epidermis; but when it has
consumed about three-fourths of the soft interior of the leaf it
ruptures the epidermis of the upper surface, and seeks another leaf;
this found, it places itself on the midrib, tears the upper epidermis,
and lodges itself in the leaf. In the case of this second leaf it attacks
the parenchyma in the neighbourhood of the petiole, and so forms
an irregular tube which has an open mouth, the point of entry. In this
tube it undergoes its metamorphosis. Each larva, it is said, always
makes use of two leaves, and of two opposed leaves. A knowledge
of the habits of some of the larger of the exotic Hispides would be of
much interest.
Fig. 144—Pupa of Cassidid beetle (? Aspidomorpha sp.). A, With

appendage extended; B, with the appendage reposing on the
back. New Britain.
The Cassidides, in addition to the curious marginal expansion of

their upper surface, have the power of withdrawing the head into the
thorax, and hence they are often called shield or tortoise-beetles.
They exhibit considerable variety in form and colour, and some of
them display a peculiar metallic reflection of great delicacy and
beauty; this disappears entirely after death, but it may be restored by
thoroughly moistening the dead Insect. The colour, therefore,
probably depends on the presence of water in the integument. The
larvae of Cassidides are notorious on account of their habit of
covering their bodies with dried excrement, for which purpose they
are provided with a forked process at the posterior extremity; this
serves to place the protecting matter in a proper position and to
retain it there. The excrement assumes in various species forms so
peculiar that they cannot be considered merely incidental. In several
species this covering-matter is like lichen. This is the case with
Dolichotoma palmarum, the larva of which has, in place of the usual
fork, a more complex appendage on the back for the purpose of
preparing and retaining its peculiar costume. The pupae, too,
sometimes retain the larval skin. An extremely remarkable pupa of a
Cassidid—possibly of the genus Aspidomorpha—was recently found
by Dr. Arthur Willey in New Britain (Fig. 144). The back of the pupa is
covered with a complex appendage, so that the creature has no
resemblance to an Insect; this appendage is perhaps capable of
being moved, or even extended (Fig. 144, A), during life. Whether it
may be formed by the retention of portions of the moulted skins of
the larva we cannot say with certainty.
Fig. 145—Nest of intestinally-made filaments under which the larva of

Porphyraspis tristis lives.
The most remarkable of the Cassidid coverings yet discovered are

those formed by certain small beetles of the tropical American genus
Porphyraspis. P. tristis is apparently a common Insect at Bahia,
where it lives on a cocoa-palm. The larva is short and broad, and
completely covers itself with a very dense coat of fibres, each many
times the length of the body, and elaborately curved so as to form a
round nest under which the larva lives. On examination it is found
that these long threads are all attached to the anal extremity of the
Insect, and there seems no alternative to believing that each thread
is formed by small pieces of fibre that have passed through the
alimentary canal, and are subsequently stuck together, end to end.
The process of forming these long fibres, each one from scores of
pieces of excrement, and giving them the appropriate curve, is truly
remarkable. The fibres nearest to the body of the larva are abruptly
curled so as to fit exactly, and make an even surface; but the outside
fibres stand out in a somewhat bushy fashion. The construction is
much like that of a tiny bird's nest. Señor Lacerda informed the writer
that the larva makes a nest as soon as it is hatched. Another
Porphyraspis—P. palmarum—has been recorded as forming similar
nests on a species of Thrinax in St. Domingo. Candèze says[148]
that when it has completed its growth the larva ejects on to the leaf a
quantity of semi-liquid matter, and this, on drying, sticks the nest to
the leaf, so that the metamorphosis is effected under shelter.
Fam. 79. Cerambycidae (Longicorns).—Form usually oblong, not

much curved in outline at the sides; surface very frequently rendered
dull by a very minute hairiness, which often forms a pattern;
antennae usually long, and their insertion much embraced by the
eyes. This great family of beetles includes some 12,000 or 13,000
known species. The elegance and variety of their forms and the
charm of their colours have caused them to attract much attention,
so that it is probable that a larger proportion of the existing species
have been obtained than is the case in any other of the great
families of Coleoptera. Still it is not likely that one-half of the living
forms are known. It is not possible at present to point out any one
character of importance to distinguish Cerambycidae from
Chrysomelidae, though the members of the two families have, as a
rule, but little resemblance in external appearance. Most of them live
on, or in, wood, though many are nourished in the stems of
herbaceous plants. The larvae live a life of concealment, and are
soft, whitish grubs with powerful mandibles, and usually with a
comparatively small head, which is not much exserted from the
thorax. Most of them are without legs, but a good many have three
pairs of small legs, and there are numerous cases in which the
surface of the body is furnished above or below with swellings
believed to act as pseudopods (Fig. 84), and help the larvae to move
about in their galleries; but this is probably not the sole function of
these organs, as their surface is varied in character, and often not of
a kind that appears specially adapted to assist in locomotion. There
is a slight general resemblance between the larvae of Cerambycidae
and those of Buprestidae, and when the thorax of a Longicorn larva
is unusually broad, e.g. Astynomus, this similarity is very
pronounced.
Fig. 146—Saperda populnea. Britain.
The modes of life of Cerambycid larvae exhibit considerable variety,

and much perfection of instinct is displayed by the larvae, as well as
by the mother beetles. The larvae of Saperda populnea, are
common in certain woods in the South of England in the stems of
aspen; they consume only a small quantity of the interior of the stem,
and are probably nourished by an afflux of sap to the spot where
they are situated. Elaphidion villosum is called the oak-pruner in
North America. The parent beetle lays an egg near the axilla of a
leaf-stalk or small stem, and the young larva enters this and feeds on
the tender material; as it grows it enters a larger limb, and makes an
incision within this in such a manner that the wood falls to the ground
with the larva within it, the dead wood serving subsequently as
pabulum and as a shelter, within which the metamorphosis is
completed. The species of the American genus Oncideres are called
girdlers, because the parent beetle, after laying an egg in a small
branch, girdles this round with a deep incision, so that the portion
containing the larva sooner or later falls to the ground. The growth of
a Longicorn larva frequently takes more than a year, and under
certain circumstances it may be enormously prolonged.
Monohammus confusus has been known to issue from wooden
furniture in a dwelling-house when the furniture was fifteen years old.
Individuals of another Longicorn have issued from the wood of a
table, twenty and even twenty-eight years after the felling of the tree
from which the furniture was made. Sereno Watson has related a
case from which it appears probable that the life of a Longicorn
beetle extended over at least forty-five years.[149] It is generally
assumed that the prolongation of life in these cases is due to the
beetle resting quiescent for long after it has completed the
metamorphosis. Recent knowledge, however, renders it more
probable that it is the larval life that is prolonged; the larva continuing
to feed, but gaining little or no nutriment from the dry wood in these
unnatural conditions. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse had for some years a
Longicorn larva under observation, feeding in this way in the wood of
a boot-tree;[150] the burrows in the wood contained a great deal of
minute dust indicating that the larva passed much matter through the
alimentary canal, probably with little result in the way of nutriment.
There are numerous Longicorns that bear a great resemblance in

form and colour to Insects to which they are not related.
Haensch[151] has noticed that species of the genus Odontocera
resemble various Hymenoptera, one species being called O.
braconoides; he also observed that these Hymenoptera-like
Longicorns, instead of withdrawing their underwings under the elytra
as beetles generally do, vibrate them rapidly like Hymenoptera. A
large number of Longicorns stridulate loudly by rubbing a ridge
inside the pronotum on a highly specialised, striate surface at the
base of the scutellum, and therefore covered up when the Insect is
contracted in repose. A few produce noise by rubbing the hind
femora against the edges of the elytra, somewhat after the fashion of
grasshoppers. In this case there appears to be comparatively little
speciality of structure, the femora bearing, however, more or less
distinct small granules. The species of the Hawaiian genus
Plagithmysus produce sound in both these manners, the thoracic
stridulating organ being beautifully developed, while in some species
the margin of the elytra and base of the femora are also well adapted
for the purpose of sound-production, and in a few species of the
genus there are also highly-developed stridulating surfaces on the
hind and middle coxae. This is the only case in which a beetle is
known to possess more than one set of sound-organs in the imago
state.
Three divisions of this family are distinguished, viz.—

1. Front coxae large and transverse; prothorax with distinct side margins.
.......... Sub-fam. 1. Prionides.
2. Front coxae not greatly extended transversely, thorax not margined; last
joint of maxillary palpus not pointed, usually broader (more or less) than
the preceding joint. .......... Sub-fam. 2. Cerambycides.
3. Front coxae usually round and deeply embedded; last joint of maxillary
palpus pointed; front tibiae with a more or less distinct, slanting groove
on the inner side. .......... Sub-fam. 3. Lamiides.
The Prionides are on the average considerably larger in size than

the members of the other divisions, and they include some of the
largest of Insects. The Amazonian Titanus giganteus and the Fijian
Macrotoma heros are amongst the most gigantic. Some of the
Prionides have a great development of the mandibles in the male
sex analogous to that we have already noticed in Lucanidae. The
larvae of the large Prionides appear in various parts of the world to
have been a favourite food with native tribes, and Lumholz states
that they are really good eating. In consequence of the destruction of
forests that has progressed so largely of late years these gigantic
Prionides have become much rarer.
Several aberrant forms are included in Prionides. The genus

Parandra has five-jointed tarsi; the third joint being much smaller
than usual, so that the fourth joint is not concealed by it. The
Brazilian Hypocephalus armatus was for long a subject of dispute as
to its natural position, and was placed by different authorities in
widely-separated families of Coleoptera. The structure of this
aberrant Longicorn seems to be only explicable on the hypothesis of
warfare amongst the males.[152] Nothing is, however, known as to
the habits and history of the Insect, and only one or two specimens
of the female have yet been obtained.
The family Spondylidae has been proposed for some of these

aberrant Longicorns, but as it includes but very few, and highly
discrepant, species, it is neither natural nor of much use for
systematic purposes.
The Lamiides are the most highly specialised division of the
Longicorns, and includes the larger number of the species. The front
of the head is usually placed at right angles to the vertex, and in
some cases (groups Hippopsini, Spalacopsini) it is strongly inflexed,
so that the mouth is placed on the under side of the head. The
extension of the eyes round the antennae is accompanied by very
curious shapes of those organs, and not infrequently each eye is
divided into two more or less widely-separated parts, so that the
Insect has, on the external surface, four eyes.
Series VI. Rhynchophora.
Head more or less prolonged in front to form a snout or beak,

called rostrum. Tarsi four-jointed, usually at least the third joint
broad and densely pubescent beneath.
This enormous series includes about 25,000 species, and as may

well be imagined shows a great variety of structure amongst its
forms. The vast majority may, however, be readily recognised by the
two characters mentioned above. There are some cases in which the
beak is indistinct, and others in which the tarsi are five-jointed
(Dryophthorus), and even slender (Platypides). In these cases a
close examination shows that the gular region on the middle of the
back of the under surface of the head cannot be detected, and that
the back of the prosternum is very strongly consolidated by the side-
pieces of the thorax meeting together and being very firmly joined
behind the coxae. The beak is in the great majority perfectly distinct,
though it varies so extremely in form that it can only be briefly
described by saying that it is a prolongation of the head in front of
the eyes, or that the antennae are inserted on its sides near to, or far
from, the tip. It has been ascertained in many cases that the rostrum
is used by the female to assist in placing the eggs in suitable places,
a hole being bored with it; in some cases it is also used to push the
egg far into the hole in which it has previously been placed by the
ovipositor; but there are many forms in which it is fairly certain that it
is not so used. What purpose it serves in the male is totally
unknown. In many members of the series, the rostrum differs in form
in the two sexes, and in most, if not in all, these cases it is clear that
the distinctions tend in the direction of making the beak of the female
more efficient for the mechanical purpose we have mentioned.
Fig. 147.—Eugnoristus monachus ♀. Madagascar. A, The imago; B,

front of pronotum, head, and rostrum.
It was proposed by Leconte and Horn to separate this series from all
the other Coleoptera as a primary division, and they looked on it as
of lower or more imperfect structure. Packard has very properly
protested against this interpretation; and there seems to be no
reason whatever for considering the Rhynchophora as "lower" than
other beetles; indeed we should be inclined to place such forms as
Calandrides amongst the most perfect of Insects; their external
structure (as shown by Eugnoristus monachus, Fig. 147) being truly
admirable.
Only four families of Rhynchophora can be at present accepted as

satisfactory; one of these—Curculionidae—includes an enormous
majority of the whole series. Though it is probable that it will
ultimately be divided into several families, the attempts to that end
that have already been made are not satisfactory.
Fam. 80. Anthribidae.—Palpi usually not covered, but distinct and
flexible. Antennae often long, not elbowed, the first joint not very
long. Third joint of tarsus small, usually much concealed by being
embraced by the second joint. Pygidium exposed; propygidium
deeply grooved in the middle. This family includes 800 or more
species, which are mostly tropical; it is very sparsely represented in
the faunas of Europe and North America. It is quite distinct from
Curculionidae with which it was formerly associated. It contains
many graceful Insects having a certain resemblance with Longicorns
on account of the large development of the antennae. The habits
and metamorphoses are but little known. It seems probable that
many species find their nutriment in old wood or boleti The larvae of
some genera (Cratoparis and Araeocerus) have legs, but in others
the legs are wanting, and the larvae are said to completely resemble
those of Curculionidae. In the larva of our tiny British species,
Choragus sheppardi, the legs are replaced by three pairs of thoracic,
sac-like pseudopods. This Insect makes burrows in dead branches
of hawthorn. The larvae of the genus Brachytarsus have been
ascertained to prey on Coccidae.
Fig. 148—Platyrhinus latirostris, Anthribidae. Britain. A, the perfect

Insect; B, tarsus and tip of tibia.
Fam. 81. Curculionidae (Weevils).—The beak of very variable

length and thickness; the palpi small, nearly always concealed within
the mouth, short, and rigid. Labrum absent. Antennae of the majority
elbowed, i.e. with the basal joint longer, and so formed that when it is
laterally extended the other joints can be placed in a forward
direction. This enormous family includes about 20,000 known
species, and yet a large portion of the species yearly brought from
the tropics still prove to be new. The rostrum or beak exhibits
excessive variety in form, and is in many cases different in the
sexes; in this case it is usually longer and thinner in the female. As
the rostrum is one of the chief characters by which a member of the
family may be recognised, it is necessary to inform the student that
in certain forms (the Australian Amycterides, e.g.) the organ in
question may be so short and thick that it is almost absent. In these
cases the Insect may be identified as a Curculionid by the gular area
being absent on the under side of the head, and by the concealment
of the palpi. The tarsi are usually of the same nature as those of
Phytophaga, already described, but the true fourth joint is less
visible. In the Brachycerides this joint is not present, and the third
joint is not lobed. The palpi are flexible and more or less exserted in
a very few species (Rhynchitides); in Rhinomacerides there is also
present a minute labrum. The front coxae are deeply embedded, and
in many forms the prosternum is peculiar in structure; the side-
pieces (epimera) meeting at the back of the prosternum in the middle
line. This, however, is not universal in the family, and it occurs in
some other beetles (e.g., Megalopodides of the Phytophaga). The
larvae are without legs. They are vegetarian, the eggs being
deposited by the mother-beetle in the midst of the food. These larvae
may be distinguished from those of Longicorns by the general form,
which is sub-cylindric or rather convex, not flattened, and more
particularly by the free, exserted head, the mouth being directed
downwards; the attitude is generally a curve, and the anterior part of
the body is a little the thicker. No part of plants is exempt from the
attacks of the larvae of Curculionidae; buds, twigs, leaves, flowers,
fruits, bark, pith, roots and galls may each be the special food of
some Curculionid. Certain species of the sub-families Rhynchitides
and Attelabides prepare leaves in an elaborate manner to serve as
food and dwelling for their young. If young birches, or birch bushes
from 5 to 10 feet in height, be looked at in the summer, one may
often notice that some of the leaves are rolled so as to form, each
one, a little funnel. This is the work of Rhynchites (or Deporaus)
betulae, a little Curculionid beetle (Fig. 149). An inspection of one of
these funnels will show that it is very skilfully constructed.
Fig. 149.—The leaf-rolling of Rhynchites betulae. Britain. A, Female
beetle, magnified; B, the beetle forming the first incision on a leaf;
C, the completed roll. (B and C after Debey.)
The whole of a leaf is not used in the formation of a funnel, cuts

being made across the leaf in suitable directions. The beetle
standing on a leaf, as shown in the figure, proceeds to cut with its
mandibles an incision shaped like an erect S, commencing at a
certain part of the circumference, and ending at the midrib of the
leaf; the beetle then goes to the other side of the midrib, and
continues its incision so as to form another S-like curve considerably
different from the first; being prostrate and less abrupt. Thus the
blade of the leaf is divided into two halves by certain curved
incisions, the midrib remaining intact. The little funnel-twister now
commences to roll up the leaf to form the funnel; and this part of the
work is greatly facilitated by the shape of the incisions. Going back to
the spot where it commenced work, by the aid of its legs it rolls one
side of the leaf round an ideal axis, somewhat on the same plan as
that adopted by a grocer in forming a paper-funnel for sugar. The
incisions are found to be just of the right shape to make the overlaps
in the rolling, and to retain them rolled-up with the least tendency to
spring back. After some other operations destined to facilitate
subsequent parts of its task, the beetle enters the rolled-up part of
the leaf and brings it more perfectly together; it again comes out and,
pursuing a different system, holds on with the legs of one side of the
body to the roll, and with the other legs drags to it the portion of the
leaf on the other side of the midrib so as to wrap this part (i.e. the
result of its second incision) round the part of the funnel already
constructed. This being done the Insect again enters the funnel,
bites three or four small cavities on the inside of the leafy wall and
deposits an egg in each. Afterwards it emerges and fits the overlaps
together in a more perfect manner so as to somewhat contract the
funnel and make it firmer; then proceeding to the tip, this is operated
on by another series of engineering processes and made to close
the orifice; this part of the operation being analogous to the closing
by the grocer of his paper-funnel after the sugar has been put in. The
operation of the beetle is, however, much more complex, for it
actually makes a sort of second small funnel of the tip of the leaf,
bends this in, and retains it by tucking in some little projections. The
work, which has probably lasted about an hour, being now
completed, the creature takes a longer or shorter rest before
commencing another funnel. We have given only a sketch of the
chief points of the work, omitting reference to smaller artifices of the
craft master; but we may remark that the curved incisions made by
the beetle have been examined by mathematicians and duly extolled
as being conducted on highly satisfactory mathematical principles. It
is impossible at present for us to form any conception as to the
beetle's conceptions in carrying out this complex set of operations.
Our perplexity is increased if we recollect its life-history, for we then
see that neither precept or example can have initiated its
proceedings, and that imitation is out of the question. The eggs
hatch in their dark place, giving rise to an eyeless maggot, which
ultimately leaves the funnel for the earth. The parts of this maggot
subsequently undergo complete change to produce the motionless
pupa of entirely different form, from which emerges the perfect
Insect. Hence the beetle cannot be considered to have ever seen a
funnel, and certainly has never witnessed the construction of one,
though, when disclosed, it almost immediately sets to work to make
funnels on the complex and perfect system we have so imperfectly
described. More general considerations only add to the perplexity we
must feel when reflecting on this subject. Why does the Insect
construct the funnel at all? As a matter of protection it appears to be
of little use, for the larvae are known to suffer from the attacks of
parasites as other Insects do. We have not the least reason for
supposing that this mode of life for a larva is, so far as utility is
concerned, better than a more simple and usual one. Indeed,
extraordinary as this may appear, it is well known that other species
of the same genus adopt a simple mode of life, laying their eggs in
young fruits or buds. We think it possible, however, that a knowledge
of the mode of feeding of this larva may show that a more perfect
nutrition is obtained from a well-constructed cylinder, and if so this
would to a slight extent satisfy our longing for explanation, though
throwing no light whatever on the physiology or psychology of the
artificer, and leaving us hopelessly perplexed as to why a beetle in
ages long gone by should or could adopt a mode of life that by long
processes of evolution should, after enormous difficulties have been
overcome, attain the perfection we admire.[153]
Fam. 82. Scolytidae.—Rostrum extremely short, broad; tibiae

frequently denticulate externally; antennae short, with a broad club.
This family is not at all sharply distinguished from certain groups of
Curculionidae (from Cossonides e.g.), but as the species have
somewhat different habits, and in the majority of cases can be
readily distinguished, it is an advantage to separate the two families.
About 1400 species are at present known. Most of them are wood-
and bark-feeders; some bore into hard wood; a few mine in twigs or
small branches of trees, but the majority live in the inner layers of the
bark; and this also serves as the nidus of the larvae. A small number
of species have been found to inhabit the stems of herbaceous
plants, or to live in dry fruits. Owing to their retiring habits they are
rarely seen except by those who seek them in their abodes, when
they may often be found in great profusion. The mother-beetle bores
into the suitable layer of the bark, forming a sort of tunnel and
depositing eggs therein. The young larvae start each one a tunnel of
its own, diverging from the parent tunnel; hence each batch of larvae
produces a system of tunnels, starting from the parents' burrow, and
in many species these burrows are characteristic in form and
direction, so that the work of particular Scolytids can be recognised
by the initiated.
The Platypides bore into the wood of trees and stumps; they are
chiefly exotic, and little is known about them. They are the most
aberrant of all Rhynchophora, the head being remarkably short, flat
in front, with the mouth placed on the under surface of the head,
there being no trace of a rostrum: the tarsi are elongate and slender,
the third joint not being at all lobed, while the true fourth joint is
visible. Hence they have not the appearance of Rhynchophora.
Some authorities treat the Platypides as a distinct family.
Some of the members of the group Tomicides also bore into the
wood. Recent observations have shown that there is an important
feature in the economy of certain of these wood-borers, inasmuch as
they live gregariously in the burrow, and feed on peculiar fungi that
develop there, and are called ambrosia. According to Hubbard[154],
some species cultivate these fungi, making elaborate preparations to
start their growth. The fungi, however, sometimes increase to such
an extent as to seal up the burrows, and kill the Insects by
suffocation.
Scolytidae sometimes multiply to an enormous extent, attacking and

destroying the trees in wooded regions. Much discussion has taken
place as to whether or not they are really injurious. It is contended by
one set of partisans that they attack only timber that is in an
unhealthy, dying, or dead condition. It may be admitted that this is
usually the case; yet when they occur in enormous numbers they
may attack timber that is in a sort of neutral state of health, and so
diminish its vigour, and finally cause its destruction. Hence it is of
great importance that they should be watched by competent
foresters.
The larvae of Scolytidae are said to completely resemble those of

Curculionidae: except in the group Platypides, where the body is
straight and almost cylindrical, and terminates in an oblique
truncation bearing a short hard spine.[155]
Fam. 83. Brenthidae.—Form elongate; rostrum straight, directly

continuing the long axis of the body, often so thick as to form an
elongate head; antennae not elbowed. The Brenthidae form a family
of about 800 species, remarkable for the excessive length and
slenderness of some of its forms, and for the extreme difference in
the sexes that frequently exists. It is well represented in the tropics
only, and very little is known as to the natural history and
development. These beetles are stated to be wood-feeders, and no
doubt this is correct in the case of the majority of the species; but Mr.
Lewis observed in Japan that Zemioses celtis and Cyphagogus
segnipes are predaceous, and enter the burrows of wood-boring
Insects to search for larvae as prey: they are very much modified in
structure to permit this; and as the other members of the group
Taphroderides are similar in structure, it is probable that they are all
predaceous. Nothing whatever is known as to the larval history of
these carnivorous forms. Indeed an uncertainty, almost complete,
prevails as to the early stages of this family. Riley has given a sketch
of a larva which he had no doubt was that of Eupsalis minuta, the
North American representative of the family; if he is correct the larva
differs from those of Curculionidae by its elongate form, and by the
possession of thoracic legs: these, though small, are three-jointed.
Descriptions, supposed to be those of Brenthid larvae, were formerly
published by Harris and Motschoulsky; but it is now clear that both
were mistaken.
Fig. 150—Eupsalis minuta. North America. A, Larva; B, pupa; C,

female imago; D, head of male. (After Riley.)
In the higher forms of Brenthidae the rostrum of the female is

perfectly cylindrical and polished, and the mandibles are minute,
hard, pointed processes placed at its tip. This organ is admirably
adapted to its purpose; it being used for boring a hole in wood or
bark, in which an egg is subsequently deposited. The males in these
cases are extremely different, so that considerable curiosity is felt as
to why this should be so. In some cases their head is thick, and there
may be no rostrum, while large powerful mandibles are present.
In other cases the rostrum is slender, but of enormous length, so that

it may surpass in this respect the rest of the body, although this itself
is so drawn out as to be quite exceptional in the Insect world:[156] the
antennae are inserted near the tip of the rostrum instead of near its
base, as they are in the female. The size of the males is in these
cases usually much larger than that of the female.[157] The males of
some species fight; they do not, however, wound their opponent, but
merely frighten him away. In Eupsalis it appears that the rostrum of
the female is apt to become fixed in the wood during her boring
operations; and the male then extricates her by pressing his heavy
prosternum against the tip of her abdomen; the stout forelegs of the
female serve as a fulcrum and her long body as a lever, so that the
effort of the male, exerted at one extremity of the body of the female,
produces the required result at the other end of her body. The New
Zealand Brenthid, Lasiorhynchus barbicornis, exhibits sexual
disparity in an extreme degree: the length of the male is usually
nearly twice that of the female, and his rostrum is enormous. It is at
present impossible to assign any reason for this; observations made
at the request of the writer by Mr. Helms some years ago, elicited the
information that the female is indefatigable in her boring efforts, and
that the huge male stands near by as a witness, apparently of the
most apathetic kind.
Coleoptera of uncertain position.
There are three small groups that it is impossible at present to place

in any of the great series of beetles.
Fam. 84. Aglycyderidae.—Tarsi three-jointed, the second joint

lobed; head not prolonged to form a beak. The two most important
features of Rhynchophora are absent in these Insects, while the
other structural characters are very imperfectly known, many parts of
the external skeleton being so completely fused that the details of
structure are difficult of appreciation. Westwood considered the tarsi
to be really four-jointed, but it is not at all clear that the minute knot
he considered the third joint is more than the articulation of the
elongate terminal joint. The family consists only of two or three
species of Aglycyderes, one of which occurs in the Canary Islands,
and one or two in New Zealand and New Caledonia. The former is
believed to live in the stems of Euphorbia canariensis; a New
Zealand species has been found in connection with the tree-ferna.
Cyathea dealbata
Fig. 151—Aglycyderes setifer. Canary Islands. A, Imago; B, tarsus

according to Westwood; C, according to nature; D, maxilla; E,
labium.
Fam. 85. Proterhinidae.—Tarsi three-jointed, the second joint lobed;

head of the male scarcely prolonged, but that of the female forming a
definite rostrum; maxillae and ligula entirely covered by the mentum.
As in the preceding family the sutures on the under side of the head
and prosternum cannot be detected. The minute palpi are entirely
enclosed in the buccal cavity. There is a very minute true third joint
of the tarsus, at the base of the terminal joint, concealed between
the lobes of the second joint. The family consists of the genus
Proterhinus; it is confined to the Hawaiian Islands, where these
Insects live on dead wood in the native forests. The genus is
numerous in species and individuals.
Fig. 152—Proterhinus lecontei. Hawaiian Islands. A, Male; B, female;
C, front foot, more magnified.
Strepsiptera (or Rhipiptera, Stylopidae).—Male small or minute;

prothorax extremely small; mesothorax moderate, the elytra reduced
to small, free slips; metathorax and wings very large; nervuration of
the latter radiating, without cross nervules. Female a mere sac, with
one extremity smaller and forming a sort of neck or head.
Fig. 153.—Sexes of Strepsiptera. A, Male of Stylops dalii (after Curtis);

B, female of Xenos rossii (after von Siebold).
These curious Insects are parasitic in the interior of other Insects, of

the Orders Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. Their structure and their
life-histories entitle them to be ranked as the most abnormal of all
Insects, and entomologists are not agreed as to whether they are
aberrant Coleoptera or a distinct Order. The newly-hatched larva is a
minute triungulin (Fig. 154), somewhat like that of Meloe; it fixes
itself to the skin of the larva of a Hymenopterous Insect, penetrates
into the interior, and there undergoes its metamorphoses, the male
emerging to enjoy a brief period of an abnormally active, indeed
agitated, existence, while the female never moves. It is important to
note that these Strepsiptera do not, like most other internal
parasites, produce the death of their hosts; these complete their
metamorphosis, and the development of the parasite goes on
simultaneously with that of the host, so that the imago of the
Strepsipteron is found only in the imago of the host.[158] After the
young Stylops has entered its host it feeds for a week or so on the
fat-body (apparently by a process of suction), then moults and
assumes the condition of a footless maggot, in which state it remains
till growth is completed. At the latter part of this period the history
diverges according to sex; the female undergoes only a slight
metamorphic development of certain parts, accompanied apparently
by actual degradation of other parts; while the male goes on to
pupation, as is normal in Insects. (We may remark that the great
features of the development of the sexes are parallel with those of
Coccidae in Hemiptera.) When the Hymenopterous larva changes to
a pupa, the larva of the Strepsipteron pushes one extremity of its
body between two of the abdominal rings of its host, so that this
extremity becomes external, and in this position it completes its
metamorphosis, the male emerging very soon after the host has
become an active winged Insect, while the female undergoes no
further change of position, but becomes a sac, in the interior of which
young develop in enormous numbers, finally emerging from the
mother-sac in the form of the little triungulins we have already
mentioned. This is all that can be given at present as a general
account; many points of the natural history are still obscure, others
have been merely guessed; while some appear to differ greatly in
the different forms. A few brief remarks as to these points must
suffice.
Bees carrying, or that have carried, Strepsiptera, are said to be

stylopised (it being a species of the genus Stylops that chiefly infests
bees); the term is also used with a wider application, all Insects that
carry a Strepsipterous parasite being termed stylopised, though it
may be a Strepsipteron of a genus very different from Stylops that
attacks them. The development of one or more Strepsiptera in an
Insect usually causes some deformity in the abdomen of its host,
and effects considerable changes in the condition of its internal
organs, and also in some of the external characters. Great difference
of opinion prevails as to what these changes are; it is clear, however,
that they vary much according to the species, and also according to
the extent of the stylopisation. Usually only one Stylops is developed
in a bee; but two, three, and even four have been observed:[159] and
in the case of the wasp, Polistes, Hubbard has observed that a
single individual may bear eight or ten individuals of its Strepsipteron
(Xenos, n. sp.?).

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Thomas Calculus Early

Transcendentals 13th Edition Thomas

6.1 VOLUMES USING CROSS-SECTIONS

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 431

(b) STEP 1) A( x)  (edge) 2  (sec x  tan x)2  2sec 2 x  1  2 sin2x  cos x

 24  6 x  9 x2  dx  24 x  3x2  3x3 0  (48  12  24)  0  36

8. (a) STEP 1) A( x)  12 (base)  (height)   

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18. R( x)  sin x cos x; R ( x)  0  a  0 and b  2 are the limits of integration;

3  9  x  dx   9 x  x3  3

 2 9(3)  27   2  π 18  36π

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. For the sketch given, a   2 , b  2 ; R ( x)  1, r ( x)  cos x; V   

38. For the sketch given, c  0, d  4 ; R ( y )  1, r ( y )  tan y; V   

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44. R( x)  sec x and r ( x)  tan x  V   

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50. R( y )  2  y1/3 and r ( y )  1  V   

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53. (a) r ( x)  0 and R( x)  1  x 2  V   

54. (a) r ( x)  0 and R( x)   bh x  h

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(b) V (h)   A(h)dh, so dV

58. Suppose the solid is produced by revolving

 R( x)2 dx   0 (c  sin x)2 dx   0  c 2  2c sin x  sin 2 x  dx

   c 2  2  2c  0   (0  2c  0)     c 2  2  4c  . Let V (c)    c 2  2  4c  . We find the

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6.2 VOLUMES USING CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

1. For the sketch given, a  0, b  2;

2. For the sketch given, a  0, b  2;

3. For the sketch given, c  0, d  2;

4. For the sketch given, c  0, d  3;

5. For the sketch given, a  0, b  3;

6. For the sketch given, a  0, b  3;

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 3  x1/2 dx  3  23 x3/2   2  43/2  1

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 32  13  14   3212  83

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. (a) About x-axis: V   2

(b) About x-axis: R( x)  x and r ( x)  x 2  V   

About y -axis: R( y )  y and r ( y )  y  V   

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

   dx      x1/2  x  dx  2  23 x3/2  x2 1/4

40. (a) Disk: V  V1  V2  V3

R3 ( y )  ( y )1/4 and c3  1, d3  0  three integrals are required

R2 ( y )  1, r2 ( y )  ( y )1/4 , c2  1 and d 2  0  two integrals are required

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W (t )   [ f 1 ( f (t )))2  a 2 ] f (t )   (t 2  a 2 ) f (t ); also

48. Use washer cross sections. A washer has inner radius

6.3 ARC LENGTH

1  x2  dx  03 1  x2  dx   x  x3 0

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 94 du   94  23 u3/2 1 10 

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