Rizal Technological University College of Engineering,

Architecture and Technology

Tidal energy powered generator with vertical wind turbine as a Utility in

secluded places in Visayas Region

A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of College

of Engineering Architecture and Technology
Rizal Technological University
Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

Baccay, Harold Derynz

Benitez, Ryann
Caronan, Clarice-Faye
Engada, Jennie Bave
Estacio, Yvona Lee Maurice
Flores, Dominic
Mallari, Augustus Czar
Nuñez, Jeav Ivan
Perez, Jan Symone
Soloria, Julie Mae
Talamayan, Jan Vincent
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses the fundamental knowledge regarding the research paper, including an

introduction, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, and the scope and delimitation of the

study.

Introduction

One of the problems here in the Philippines is the lack of electricity in rural areas, especially in

the Visayas region. Tidal energy is a clean, renewable, and sustainable resource that is currently

underutilized but has the potential to meet expanding global energy demands in the future. Tidal

energy is more powerful than wind energy because water is a hundred times denser than air. It creates

no greenhouse gases or other waste, making it a desirable renewable energy source to explore. Wind

energy is used to generate electricity by converting the kinetic energy created by moving air into

electricity. Wind turbines or wind energy conversion devices convert this into electrical energy. Wind

first strikes the blades of a turbine, which rotate and turn the turbine linked to them. The researchers

will use this electricity in the rural areas of the Visayas region.
 In the Philippines, there are a few coastal villages that are either not covered by the

power grid or have an occasional power outage. Therefore, the researchers came up with the idea of

eliminating this problem by putting wind and tidal-powered turbines under the shallow waters near

the village. Wherein the energy generated by the turbine is collected and stored inside the
generator to be used either as the main source of electricity or for emergencies. Aside from other

renewable sources of energy, such as solar energy, where the energy is collected from sunlight, this

turbine can generate power from both tidal (hydro) and wind sources, which are present all throughout

the day. In addition, the Philippines is surrounded by bodies of water, so this turbine would prove to

be beneficial for people living in coastal villages, especially in remote areas or places prone to power

outages.

A tidal wave plus wind generator is a distinct generator that generates electricity using two

different forms of alternative energy. A float is included in the machine, which is utilized to float and

move vertically with the sea waves. The float uses a rack and pinion system to transfer sea wave

power to the generator motor. For effective power transmission, the power provided to this shaft is not

transferred to the motor via a pulley system. The machine is designed to be portable, having a wheel

construction to make it such. The machine is also made of lightweight, stainless-steel materials to

prevent corrosion while in use at sea. The equipment can save lives as well as provide a stable source

of power for rural areas in the Visayas.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to provide a solution regarding the power shortage in a specific area of the

Visayas region. It is said that a lot of areas in the Visayas region are experiencing power outages

because of the lack of power lines and power sources.

This study provide the answers of the following

1. What would be the effect of installing a tidal energy-powered generator and awind

turbine?
2. What could be the benefits of having renewable energy for the specific area in the

Visayas?

3. What place could be an ideal location for the tidal energy-powered generator andwind

turbine to be installed?

4. What is the potential strategy to reduce the risk of a tidal energy-poweredgenerator

causing harm to marine life?

5. How effective is the prototype produced of a tidal energy-powered generator andwind

turbine?

Objective

1. To develop a tidal energy generator and wind turbine with a prototype size of 60

meters in height with blades about 20 meters in length above accumulating wind

energy and 10 meters in length below for gathering tidal wave energy placed on the

shoreline at 30 cm above sea level.

2. To create a tidal wave and wind-powered generator and turbine that can rotate ten

times per minute depending on the strength of the wind and wave and produce an

estimated 150 to 300 gigatonnes of electricity.

3. To provide an alternative source of electricity to 5 households in rural areas of

Southern Leyte in the Visayas Region for testing and trial of the prototype.

4. As the study progresses, the research aims to supply a stable source of electricity to

areas in Visayas that don’t have access to energy-generated power.

 Conceptual or Theoretical Framework

The researchers came up with the idea of using a hybrid wind and tidal turbine system for the

reason that it is a new form of renewable energy and it serves as a power supply for secluded places in

the region that are deprived of electricity. There are many forms of sustainable energy, but tidal and

wind are more appropriate to use as utilities in an archipelago.

 As shown in the figure above, the researchers will construct a TEPP (Tidal Energy-Powered

Prototype), a wind turbine that can function in both the sea and air. Depending on the tide strength, its

underwater blades should rotate 8 to 10 times per minute. Both underwater and wind blades (which

use aerodynamic force) would capture energy from their respective sources of energy through

spinning motion to power the generator. The mechanical power received by the generator will be

transported to the gear box, which will convert it into electricity. The TEPP can produce energy

gathered from renewable resources such as sunlight, wind, and tidal waves.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on solving the problem of the shortage of electricity in the secluded places

in the Visayas region by making a tidal energy-powered generator with a vertical wind turbine. The

researchers conducted a test to prove the capability of the generator and turbine. The researchers will

build a device that can get energy from tides and winds. The energy gained will be converted into

electricity, which will be provided in the secluded places in the Visayas region that have electrical

problems.

This research study is limited to the people of the Visayas Region only, where they can truly

experience an electrical shortage. The reason why the researchers chose this region is that, based on

our study about the places in our country where electrical shortages happen most often, Western,

Eastern, and Central Visayas are on top of the list and are producing insufficient electricity to cover

households throughout the whole region.

 Definition of Terms

Alternative Energy –renewable energy from natural resources.

Gearbox – used to boost rotational speed from a slow-speed main shaft to a high-speed shaft

connected to an electrical generator from the tidal wave generator and wind turbine.

Hybrid Wind – wind energy with tidal wave energy as a source of electricity.

Power Shortage – the absence of electrical energy.

Rural Areas – places in the provinces with a lack of electricity.

Renewable Source of Energy – renewable energy from tidal waves and wind. Tidal

Energy – energy produced by the strength of waves.

Tidal Energy generator – machine used to produce energy from tidal waves and convert it to
electricity.

Wind Energy – energy generated by the force of the wind.

Wind Turbine – machine used to accumulate energy from wind to produce electricity.
 CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies

In this chapter, the researchers discuss the relevant research in present times. It also expounds
on the concepts that are involved in the subject of the paper.

I. Tidal Energy Powered Generator

According to Upadhya, A.R & Nayak, M.R (2015), Wind power currently accounts for around
8% of India's total installed electricity capacity and is expected to develop rapidly in the future. In
terms of wind power consumption, India now ranks fifth in the world. The biggest technological
impediment to the use of wind energy in India is the country's low wind regime, which necessitates
significant adjustments in turbine component design and generator setup to make them suitable for
usage in Indian conditions. The majority of wind turbines in use in India are of foreign design or
origin and, therefore, may not be ideal for this application. A report from the United States details
technology advancements for low-speed wind turbines, as well as cost and performance benefits, and
is thus particularly relevant to India. In addition, India's extensive coastline offers significant potential
for offshore wind energy gathering. Although some indigenous efforts have been made in the areas of
wind mapping and appropriate wind turbine design and development, there are still gaps in domestic
competence that must be filled for greater wind power utilization. This article addresses the current
state of the wind power industry and some of the difficulties that it faces. There are also suggestions
for increasing the use of wind power in the country.

At certain locations across the world, tidal power has the potential to generate enormous amounts of
electricity. It is quite beneficial for an electricity supply system's source of clean, renewable energy.
Although the negative environmental effects of tidal energy harvesting are likely to be substantially
fewer than those of other sources of electricity, they are as yet unknown. The technology required for
tidal power is well-developed, and construction costs are the main impediment to wider usage of
tides. The future cost of alternative sources of electricity, as well as concerns about their
environmental effects, will ultimately determine whether tidal energy will be widely used. The state,
issues, concerns, and challenges of tidal power in India are discussed in two locations: the Sunderbans
in West Bengal and the Gulf of Kachchh in Gujarat. While tidal
energy is a potential resource, it may be costly initially but cost-effective in the long term as
technology advances.

According to Cheng, X.Q., et al (2014), Today's global economic and socialdevelopments are
heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Renewable energy exploitation is an alternate method to dealing with
the energy crisis and environmental challenges created by the use of fossil fuels. Tidal energy is
mostly used in the generation of electricity as a type of renewable ocean energy that may be used in
production. China has a lot of tidal energy resources, which are mostly concentrated in the southeast
coastal areas where power is scarce. China's tidal power generation began in 1958, and the lengthy
history of tidal power station construction and operation has yielded some experience and
technologies. At the moment, China's tidal energy development and utilization are still at a low level,
and it faces a number of problems, including high costs and a lack of favorable laws and regulations.
While, in the near future, China's tidal power generation must be highly promising, with a strong
focus on renewable energy and the perception of sustainable growth.

According to Shetty, Chirag & Priyam, Abhishek (2022), Renewable energy sources have been
in high demand to meet our energy needs in recent years. However, our current energy sources pollute
the environment and deplete it. Different renewable energy sources are used to solve these difficulties,
with tidal energy being the most efficient. The energy from the tides is gathered in this way, and it can
be used to meet our annual demands. However, due to its inception, it is not widely used. However,
with more research and development, it could be a viable solution for our energy demands. Different
methods and equipment used across the world to capture tidal energy have been given in this review
study, along with their benefits and drawbacks.

Auguste, C., et al. (2022), said that developers are interested in the impact that large-scale
arrays may have on their surrounding environment, particularly hydrodynamics and sediment, as the
tidal energy sector grows. Changes in sediment processes could alter bed ecosystems. Therefore,
understanding local and regional sediment dynamics is critical for environmental impact and site
assessments. The Banks Strait, located in the northeast of Tasmania, has been recognized as a
prospective tidal energy source in Australia. Large sand waves have been seen
near the location where tidal turbines could be installed, and they could disrupt human activity. Based
on prior research, a 2D regional scale model was used to study the impact of various tidal farms on the
morphology of Banks Strait, particularly the sand waves. The results showed that tidal farms with a
rated power of more than 49 MW will disrupt the circulation of residual currents in the Banks Strait,
causing major changes in sediment dynamics, while farms with a rated power of less than 24.5 MW
will have little effect on sand wave migration.

II. Vertical Wind Turbine As A Utility In Secluded Place

According to Asi et al. (2020), several researches were examined for wind energy extraction.

The VAWT, created by writers Lane, Lynn, Rafieck, and Rossen, is one of them (2018). The goal of

this research was to build a full-scale prototype using materials that are easily available in the off-grid

area. The prototype was also designed to power tiny electrical gadgets. When tested, the turbine had a

maximum efficiency of 13% when driving a 20-ohm resistive load. In turn, 6 m/s wind speeds may

generate 4 Watts of electricity. Unfortunately, the design did not account for frictional and vibrational

losses which may occur during simulation; therefore the generator and turbine were not properly

matched, resulting in an erroneous gear ratio.

Tingloy, Batangas was selected as the site of the researchers for the use of VAWT integrated

wave energy harvester based on the concepts from earlier studies as well as the great need to

participate in the development of renewable energy in the Philippines, in line with the country's

electrification goal. According to Tingloy locals, there is an electrical scarcity in their region because

the power lines in Batangas City are unable to deliver power. As a result, the National Grid

Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) has opted to provide two generators to maintain power. Even

coal delivery for generators is an issue due to the frequent power outages.
 The generator is automatically turned off during natural disasters for safety reasons. Every

Monday from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m., and Tuesday through Sunday from 12:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m.,

there is a rotating power outage. Even still, due to a paucity of coal for generators, the schedule is

often not observed. The testing findings of the planned vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) integrated

wave energy harvester at Tingloy, Batangas were the subject of this study. The following issues were

specifically addressed:

1. depending on the system's efficiency, determine the feasibility of the planned

prototype;

2. determine the system's charging capability; and

3. In Tingloy, Batangas, verify the practicality of the designed model for application.

The following conclusions have been drawn from the analysis and findings:

1. 15.78 W and 11.6 percent, respectively, are the average power output and efficiency.

As a result, the proposed hybrid energy harvester can effectivelyexploit sea waves and

wind energy Brgy. Talahib Tingloy, Batangas.

2. The hybrid design, which operates continuously for at least 6 hours based on the

average charging rate of 0.17V/h, can power five (5) 5-W LED lamps from 12:00 am

to 4:00 am, the inhabitants' recognized critical hours on the island.

According to the testing and evaluation completed, the hybrid design, which comprises the

float, lever-arm, and blade, is successful in collecting renewable energy resources such as

sea waves and wind energy; consequently, it is feasible to apply in Brgy. Talahib, Tingloy,

Batangas, Philippines.
 Challenergy (2021), said that the first unit in the Philippines gives the result of a

demonstration that began on Ishigaki Island in 2018, with better performance and a wind-resistant

construction. It may now be put in places with even greater winds because of its design, which can

resist wind speeds of up to 70 m/s. Furthermore, many developing countries' islands have insufficient

infrastructure, such as bridges and roads. This makes huge cranes and other construction equipment

difficult to move, making these regions unsuitable for wind turbine installation. This time, in order to

increase constructability in such a setting, we built the Magnus VAWT without utilizing heavy

machinery.

The first unit may be remotely monitored and controlled using a monitoring system designed

specifically for Magnus VAWTs by Challenergy and SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation. The monitoring

system employs satellite communication, allowing for constant monitoring even in distant places

where mobile signals are scarce. Furthermore, if mobile connection is unavailable in the case of a

catastrophe, satellite communication powered by Magnus VAWTs can enable steady and continuous

communication. This demonstration approach is planned to be extensively employed in locations with

fragile electrical and communication infrastructure.

Challenergy will pursue local energy production and consumption in remote areas and isolated

islands where renewable energy sources have proven difficult to install, in order to realize its vision of

"bringing innovation to wind power generation and supplying safe and reliable energy to all

mankind." In the future, we want to build a small-scale energy network (a "microgrid") that employs a

variety of energy sources, including wind, solar, and hydropower. We will establish a business that

delivers a consistent supply of electricity day and night by combining Magnus VAWTs with solar

power generation and storage batteries. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

estimates that regional microgrid development will

increase access to power by 50–60% by 2030. We will take on the issue of capturing demand for

microgrids throughout the country's island areas, starting with the construction of the first unit, to

increase access to power and encourage a low-carbon transition.

This is a vertical-axis, propeller-less next-generation wind turbine that employs the Magnus

force. It has a broad range of controlled wind speeds because it uses the Magnus force created by

cylinder rotation rather than the lift force provided by a propeller. Ordinary propeller-type wind

turbines are meant to stop generating power when wind speeds surpass 25 m/s due to the danger of

damage or failure. However, the Magnus vertical-axis wind turbine can generate electricity reliably up

to 40 m/s. Furthermore, the vertical-axis arrangement allows for the handling of any wind direction.

Furthermore, as compared to standard wind turbines, the reduced rotation speed is projected to have a

smaller influence on the external environment, suchas noise reduction and prevention of bird strikes.

According to Nasab et al. (2020), Using wind and tidal power capacities in renewable

technologies would be a suitable alternative for fossil fuels and would aid in reducing their

environmental impact. It is a low-cost option procedure for maximizing renewables in the power

generation sector as a hybrid system At during the design phase, turbine types appropriate to the

environmental conditions for a windy area are chosen. Speed and tidal flow must be taken into

account. Horizontal turbines should be used when deciding which turbines to use. The number and

length of blades, as well as the optimized rotational speed, are all important considerations. Maximize

the capacity of either wind or tidal energy for the hybrid system Comprehensive The hybrid system's

simulation models are now being developed using a variety of commercially available software.
 The majority of existing wind farms are built on land (onshore). Currently, the majorityof the

existing installed offshore capacity has been concentrated in the United Kingdom (UK), Denmark

(DK), and the United States (US). These countries' installed generation capacity has increased. From

2008 to 2020, it is expected to rise.

In 1991, the first offshore wind turbine was installed in Sweden at Nogersund. A year later,

Denmark's first offshore wind farm was installed in 1992, off the coast of Vindeby, in water depths

ranging from 2 to 4 meters using a gravity foundation at a distance of 3 kilometers from the shore

Until 2001, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands used turbines with a capacity of less than 1 MW.

Denmark began to grow rapidly after 2001.

Offshore wind farms: (a) Middelgrunden (2001) with 2 MW turbines; (b) Horns Rev I

(2002):160 MW using 2 MW turbines; and (c) Nysted (2003): 166 MW using 2.3 MW turbines. From

2003 to 2008, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium began large offshore wind projects. The

United Kingdom has dominated the evolution of turbine diameter for both onshore and offshore

turbines. Wind turbines off the coast Offshore turbine diameters and generating capacities have risen

beginning this year.

Ramadan, H.S., et al. (2022), said that the research gives a comprehensive analysis of wind

farm sizing and placement in Egypt's EL-Tor Sinai Peninsula. The study is motivated by Egypt's

ongoing clean energy policy, which calls for the use of wind energy as a feasible source of renewable

electricity in the country's new planned energy mix. The abundant coastal/desert wind resources in

Egypt prompted Egypt's government to launch a wind expansion policy in October 2014, using wind

and solar/PV renewable sources through the Feed-In Tariff incentive program to become one of the

first African and Middle Eastern countries to reach 20%

renewable energy (RE)-based electricity generation by 2022 and reduce fossil fuel dependency. The

state-of-the-art of defining the near-optimal wind micro-siting of best-controlled wind turbines and the

associated technical selection criteria are presented after the techno-economic analyses of big wind

farms in the El-Tor area of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula are presented. El-topographical Tor's data and

wind parameters are thoroughly examined. The optimal selection of controlled wind turbines and

layout for maximum energy production are discussed using the WindPROTM software, taking into

account the governing risk uncertainties, and then finalized in terms of a cost-benefit feasibility study

for national grid integration during the wind farm life span. The economic viability of a wind farm

implementation in El-Tor with controlled turbine locations/spacing is investigated in comparison to

conventional power plants, ignoring the certified emission reduction advantage. This paper's

technique demonstrates a systematic, guided approach to selecting and sizing big wind farms as either

freestanding with storage battery systems or gas turbine backup, or direct interfacing having high

penetration levels of 15-20% in the electric utility.

III. Alternative Energy That Could Be Use In Visayas Region

According to Woo Go and Conag (2019), Sugarcane leaves/straw may be the source of

biofuels not only in Visayas region but also in Luzon and Mindanao region, since Philippines' top

produced agricultural crop is sugarcane which its leaving residues mostly composed of sugarcane

leaves/straw (SCL) during its harvesting. However, studies of the use of SCL for energy generation is

very limited,despite being top produced agro-industrial residues in the country. In this work, the

analysis of potential recoverable energy from SCL produced in the Philippines was made by

estimating the potential bioenergy to be recovered when they are used

for direct combustion, bioethanol, and/or bio- production. methane. Assessing potentials of available

resources choosing specific regions or islands due to archipelagic scenario. Great potential has been

found in SCL alone in shifting a large portion of the coal currently used in power generation or in

meeting mandates for biofuel blending in the Philippines, more so in the Visayas which has a ∼68%

share of annual sugarcane production.

According to Galang et al. (2021), The demand for energy sources is increasing. The

seek for biomass abundant in an agricultural country is a suitable choice to power and to steer the

community. This paper used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which incorporates an

organized hierarchy of various selection criteria, the analysis of the relative value of the criterion, the

comparison and an aggregate rating of the alternatives for every standard. Specifically, the strategy

used was the mix of multi-criteria and weighted-overlay analysis in an exceedingly Geographical data

system (GIS) environment to supply a spatial overview of the sustainable location for the assembly of

sugarcane residues in Medellin, Cebu. The study identified Caputatan Sur and Can Habagat as

sustainable locations for sugarcane residue production with relevant topography, planting area and

accessibility. These locations represent 26% of the whole planting area and average sugarcane

production of the locality. The results of this study is an initial support step for the employment of

sugarcane residues to fulfill energy demand in remote areas and further promote the employment of

indigenous resources for energy generation.

According to Rojas (2015), It is well-known that the Philippines is growing at a big pace, fuelling the

necessity for more power and increasing the demand for power investments. National and regional governments are

attempting to develop as many new energy projects as possible, and per official data from this past June, "geothermal

sources within the region have a complete installed capacity of 965 megawatts (MW), over that of coal and oil-based

sources, diesel and gas turbines."

 According to Fuentabella et. al (2018), The Philippines has an abundance of solar, wind, and other

renewable energy (RE) resources, which contribute to the national government's vision of creating a sustainable,

secure, sufficient, accessible, and affordable energy system. Because solar and wind energy increase variability and

uncertainty within the grid, significant generation from these resources necessitates an evolution in grid planning and

operation. The Philippine Department of Energy (DOE) is assisting power sector planners in assessing the impacts

and opportunities associated with reaching high levels of variable RE penetration, and also the US Agency for

International Development (USAID) have spearheaded this study, which seeks to systematically characterize the

operational impacts of reaching high solar and wind targets within the Philippine facility, with a special focus on the

integrated Luzon-Visayas grids.

IV. Materials that we should use for tidal wave and wind turbine

According to Davies et al. (2013), the composite materials utilized in wind turbines today are a

natural starting point for research into tidal turbines. Glass-reinforced thermosetting resins are utilized

to make short wind turbine blades, and the infusion is frequently employed. Longer blades are

increasingly being reinforced with carbon fiber to reach the requisite rigidity, however, most tidal

turbine blades are less than 10 m long. Wind blades have demonstrated good fatigue resistance and

have been researched in a number of large projects that have generated huge volumes of fatigue

data. However, it is acknowledged that the loading of tidal turbine blades differs significantly

from that of wind turbine blades, owing to load fluctuations in the water column (seabed boundary

layer, turbulence intensity level, and/or wave-current interaction effects), as well as cavitation. The

baseline material for the testing was an infused glass/epoxy composite that is currently utilized for

wind blades. A comparable glass-reinforced composite material was used for the OpenHydro tidal

turbine prototype, which was discovered in the Bay of

Fundy in 2010 with all of its blades missing. There is little construction data available for prototype

tidal turbines. The 11 m diameter Seaflo composite rotor had a 65 mm thick carbon-fiber-reinforced

spar joined to fiberglass ribs and sheathed with a fiberglass-reinforced skin, all in a marine-quality

epoxy resin matrix. The spar was manufactured with proprietary prepreg, vacuum packed, and cured

in a 75°C oven. The subsequent 16 m diameter SeaGen rotor blades are made up of a hollow carbon

fiber composite box spar as the main load-bearing part, as well as carbon ribs and a glass-fiber

composite envelope attached to this skeleton. Prepreg was utilized for both carbon and glass elements.

Wet fatigue of carbon composites is consequently of interest, hence materials based on carbon-

reinforced epoxy prepreg were also evaluated in this study.

As reported by Finnegan et al. (2021), in order to meet higher economic and environmental

goals, each key component of a tidal turbine must be designed, manufactured, and operated as

efficiently as possible. The turbine blades, whether vertically, horizontally, or otherwise oriented, are

a critical component for many tidal energy converters. These blades are constantly submerged in

water and subjected to high, variable loading conditions, including impact loadings.

Fiber-reinforced polymers, such as glass fiber reinforced epoxy, are a key material technology

that can be used to create tidal turbine blades that will not corrode in these submerged operational

conditions. However, the use of this material presents the developer with an additional challenge in

terms of tensile and compressive strength reduction due to water ingression, which must be accounted

for during the design and manufacture stage of blade production. The high, variable loadings on

tidal turbine blades result in high bending moment

and shear loads, which must be accounted for in the structural design of the blade's supporting

sections. For horizontal axis tidal turbine blades, these sections are mainly the spar, which runs the

length of the blade, and the root connection. Robust connections between these two parts and at the

root, as well as thick section composite structures, are frequently used to handle these high stresses

and moments.

The root connection must bear operational loadings and survive the harshest of conditions to

ensure the blade's endurance throughout the desired design life. This is because the blade weight, as

well as all static and fatigue loads and bending moments, are supported at the blade's root. As a result,

a very strong root connection is required. There are currently several options available that are fitted

after the blade has been healed. However, challenges with bonding to composite materials and

dislodgement during installation emerge. As a result, a solution that provides a strong connection that

may be implemented throughout the primary manufacturing steps of the blade is required.

The primary goal of this research is to develop innovative technologies for cost-effective and

efficient tidal turbine blade production. Because tidal energy is still a developing market, it is critical

that the levelised cost of tidal energy be decreased to a level competitive with energy derived from

fossil fuels, and meeting the proposed goal will help to achieve this. However, in order to meet the

overarching goal of this study, the following objectives must be completed:

• To ascertain the material qualities of the blade substrate material in both dry and

saturated conditions that are typical of the blade's operational conditions.

 • To create manufacturing and processing technologies that will allow for the successful

production of thick section composite structures.

• To de-risk a more efficient design for a sturdy root connection to join the thick sectionroot

component of the blade to the rotor hub by performing tensile and fatigue testing.

• To create new manufacturing procedures for tidal turbine blades

• To put the new technology to the test by building a full-scale tidal turbine blade.

Once the full-scale tidal turbine blade has been produced, it will be subjected to a rigorous

structural testing program that includes high-load static, dynamic, and fatigue tests that simulate the

turbine's working conditions, in order to further de-risk the blade design andconstruction.

According to Mishnaevsky L., et al. (2017), composite materials area units are usually utilized

in the blades and nacelles of wind turbines. Generators, towers, etc. area units are factory-made from

metals. Blades area unit is the foremost necessary composite-based part of a turbine and the highest

price part of turbines. A turbine blade consists of 2 faces (on the suction facet and the pressure side),

joined along and stiffened either by one or many integral (shear) webs linking the higher and lower

elements of the blade shell or by a box girder (box spar with shell fairings).

According to Davis P., et al. (2013), the recurrent event turbines area unit the composite

materials used these days for wind turbines. Short turbine blades area unit factory-made exploitation

glass-reinforced thermoses resins, and therefore the infusion is widely used. Longer blades area unit

progressively exploitation carbon fiber reinforcement to attain the specified stiffness, however the

scale of most recurrent event rotary engine blades area unit but. Wind
blades have shown smart resistance to fatigue hundreds and are studied in varied massive comes that

have generated vital amounts of fatigue knowledge. However, it's recognized that the loading of

recurrent event rotary engine blades is sort of totally different from that of these want to generate wind

energy, in the main thanks to loading variations within the water column (seabed physical

phenomenon, turbulence intensity, and/or wave-current interaction effects) and cavitation. Associate

infused glass/epoxy composite presently used for wind blades was designated because of the baseline

material for tests. identical glass-reinforced stuff was used for the OpenHydro recurrent event rotary

engine image immersed within the Bay of Fundy, which was recovered in 2010 with all the blades

missing. Few construction detail area units are offered for image recurrent event turbines. The 11 m

diameter ocean flow composite rotor featured a 65 mm thick carbon-fiber-reinforced spar guaranteed

to cover material ribs and in cased with a fiberglass-reinforced skin, all employing a marine-quality

synthetic resin matrix. The spar was created exploitation of proprietary prepreg, vacuum bagged,

associated cured in a kitchen appliance at seventy-five °C. the next ocean information rotor blades

comprise a hollow carbon fiber composite box spar because the main bearing member, together with

carbon ribs, and a glass-fiber composite envelope guaranteed to the current skeleton. Prepreg was

used for each carbon and glass component.

According to Whitehead and Albertini (2015), the emergence of novel materials opens up great

possibilities for the hydroelectric industry. In the early 1800s, steel components partially replaced

wood components used in the original waterwheels and penstocks. Steel maintains its strength even

under extreme fatigue loading and is resistant to cavitation, erosion, and corrosion.
Its characteristics are widely understood, and component manufacturing procedures are well-

developed. Steel will most certainly continue to be the material of choice for large units.

However, with the rise of small (below 10 MW) to micro-sized (below 100 kW) turbines,

composites can be used to save weight, cut manufacturing costs, and lessen environmental effects.

This is especially important considering the ongoing demand for increased electrical supplies.

According to a 2009 analysis by Norwegian Renewable Energy Partners, the existing world hydro

capacity of roughly 800,000 MW represents only 10% of the commercially possible and 6% of the

technically feasible hydropower. The capacity of composite components to give the economy of scale

improves the potential to push more technically possible hydro into the range of commercially

practicable.

Modern fiber-reinforced composites may compete with steel components in terms of stability and

fatigue strength. The components under consideration in this study are made of a polymer matrix with

synthetic or natural fiber reinforcing. For complex shapes, they are used for their strength-to-weight

ratio and economy of scale.

Composites in hydropower turbines must withstand severe operating conditions. Higher

speeds can cause vibrations, therefore lightweight turbines may have lower resonance frequencies

than heavy steel counterparts. Furthermore, the epoxies utilized as a binder in composite turbines do

not have the cavitation resistance of steel turbines.

 Turbines made of fiber-reinforced composites are difficult to design because the materials are

anisotropic, which means they have great strength and stiffness in the fiber direction but are

significantly weaker in the transverse direction, where only the matrix contributes to the mechanical

properties. To attain the requisite mechanical qualities, plies of fiber are layered on top of one another

in varied orientations, resulting in a composite laminate.

A turbine runner has a complex shape as well as high load requirements. Recent research has shown

that high-strength structural components with excellent strength and stiffness can be manufactured

from a chopped prepreg SMC.5 The suspension arm of the Lamborghini Gallardo was designed using

multiple layers of a chopped prepreg SMC known as a forged composite, compression-molded to

produce the required thickness. The Francis and propeller runners can be used in the same way. The

Francis runner cannot be manufactured as a single unit due to the complexity of the blade overlap,

which would prevent the part from being withdrawn from the mold. As a result, the runner blades,

crown, and band are made independently before being connected together and reinforced with bolts

via the crown and band.

Multiple sources were used to model the labor and tooling processes. Northrop Corporation

developed a widely used production model that includes hand layup of wicket gates, draft tubes, and

scroll cases. The model turns measured labor time for manufacturing process activities into equations.

The equations use the time average of several runs of the same process. This model was created for

wet hand layup and prepreg, however, it was modified to work with the other manufacturing methods

in this study. Case studies were utilized as a baseline to confirm the adaptations. A study from wind

turbine maker Gurit was used to corroborate labor costs for

vacuum infusion of wicket gates, as well as a study from MIT for the SMC forged composite process

proposed for runner fabrication. Molds and material prices were calculated using these and other case

studies, as well as process models published in previous academic research. Direct quotes from

manufacturers were received to check computed values and establish pricing for some commercially

available items, such as the penstock. These commercially obtainable figures served as a benchmark

for the new components, ensuring that the predicted costs were within a realistic range. The weights

of the solid components were calculated using the volume of material from the FEA Solidworks

model. The thickness of the composite skin and form core, when applicable, was used to compute

hollow components. Steel components were designed with a thickness supplied by the manufacturer

(solid wicket gates) or designed manually (penstock and draft tube). Material costs were computed

using identical factors, along with labor and tooling expenses, and confirmed by the above-mentioned

process models.

It is proposed that composites be developed further in the hydropower sector. While there are

numerous problems to consider while constructing these components, the ones covered here are

technical feasibility in terms of strength and deflection, as well as economic feasibility when

compared to existing steel components.

V. Place to install the device

According to Emme Rose Santiagudo (2019), A 2017 Harvard study named Western Visayas

as the most disaster resilient region in the country. Preparedness, adaptation, coping, and recovery

were used by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) to assess disaster resilience.
These factors "evaluate the population's ability to adjust to changes in the environment and the types

of hazards they encounter," according to the HHI.

According to Jose Roberto Nuñez, regional director of the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) in

Western Visayas, the distinction was the product of the combined efforts of several agencies at the

provincial, municipal, and barangay levels.

Nuñez said, "Resulta yan ng effort ng ating mga Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Offices (PDRRMOs), Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Offices

(MDRRMOs), City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Offices (CDRRMOs) down to the

barangay level."

Nuñez also credited the distinction to a series of regional trainings as well as the regular

advisories sent out by their department and partner institutions, such as the media, to particularly

remote places. Communities and residents in the region have established a culture of preparedness

through time, according to Nuez, primarily as a result of lessons gained from earlier disasters.

"Aware na yung mga tao because sa mga nangyayari like flood, landslide, and earthquake kaya

meron tayong ginagawa kaya yung culture na nagtatanong sila kung ano yung dapat gawin pala pag

ganito nadi-develop na rin," he told the Daily Guardian.

According to GibSpain (2018), the Boat Beach, Calbayog City, Samar, Philippines, or Crystal

Beach, formerly known as Panglong Beach, is located west of Calbayog City in Tinambacan District.

The water is clear, and the beach front has a steep slope that produces modest crashing waves and

provides adequate depth for swimming close to the coast. The access
road is almost completely paved (concrete) and runs for about 1.4 kilometers from the highway

turnoff in Brgy Tinambacan to the beach. A short boat journey from either Baot Beach (Mondejares)

or Brgy Tomaligues will get you to the beach. According to Wikipilipinas (2021), there are some

wind types that may be found in Calbayog like the Amihan (northeast wind), Timog (southwind),

Habagat (southwest wind), Canaway (northwest wind), Cabunghan (east wind), Dumagsa (southeast

wind), and Salatan (west wind). Calbayog enjoys evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year,

except during the summer months of February to May, when most portions of the city are dry.

Calbayog is potentially suitable for protective agricultural investment because heavy downpours are

uncommon in the area.

According to the Zamboanga Government, Cool air, fresh air, clear waters, awesome

inexperienced hills, and scenic fields. These, and addition of nature’s beauty, area unit what you may

get within the city of Pinamungajan situated a mere seventy kilometers far from Cebu City. Its rustic

setting may be a place therefore reposeful and peaceful, that one would forget that the busy capital is

barely over an associate degree hour away. Pinamungajan is placed on the southwestern seaside of

Cebu island, on the scenic Tanon Strait, and with a view of the majestic Mt. Kanlaon, the foremost

active volcano within the Visayas cluster of islands. Although it is often accessed from numerous

points in Cebu, the fastest thanks to Pinamungajan from the South terminal in Cebu City is bypassing

through the scenic Kamarupan-Uling road connecting Naga and Toledo Cities. The first city straight

off south of Toledo town, it's the attractiveness of an ideal rural setting where streets don't seem to be

jam-packed with cars and alien to problems like traffic travel to a halt. Pinamungajan is taken into

account as an inferior city in terms of financial gain class for the government. It belongs to the third

legislative district of Cebu and consists of twenty-six barangays. Its landscapes and seascapes area

unit nothing wanting elegance. The city

has four waterfalls and lots of caves for those that would really like to explore the nice outdoors.

Family picnics and friends’ get-togethers area unit control either on the beach resorts dotting the

beaches of barangay Tajao or on the Campalabo white sandbar that hides from reading once the tide is

high. Folks additionally flock to barangay Lamac to do the primary wave pool within the Visayas, one

in all several options of Hidden vale Cooperative’s cluster of resorts enclosed by nature’s beauty. The

best of Pinamungajan, however, not simply lies in its natural resources however additionally in its

folks. It's home to thousands of skillful staff WHO play an important role in the ever-booming

housing industry of Cebu. Several leaders and distinguished personalities in their various fields

lovingly decide Pinamungajan their town, whereas their town with pride refers to them as Greta

Louisa Gustafsson a Pinamungajan. And with the recently established branch of the Cebu

Technological University right their own soil, self-development, and growth for all Pinamungajanons

area unit sure as shooting right at intervals their grasp. Pinamungajan is wealthy in natural resources,

and an associate degree plus that had brought additional economic edges to the city by serving as a

springboard for the institution of the latest industries. As of 2018, the city has seen a P10-billion

investment returning in – the primary immense investment from the personal sector all told of its 168-

year history. Visit Pinamungajan and soak in the expertise of being one with nature. Take a refreshing

break from the quick life, and delight in life’s straightforward pleasures that Pinamungajan can give.

According to World Weather (2022), in Catarman Northern Samar the common weather from
January to December is; January - Temperature hovers around 27°c and at midnight it appears like
24°c. In January, Catarman gets 502.96 millimeters of rain and some fourteen rainy days within the
month. humidness is about eighty-four. February - Temperature hovers around 28°c and at midnight
it appears like 24°c. In the Gregorian calendar month, Catarman gets
282.41 millimeters of rain and some nine rainy days within the month. humidness is about
eighty-two. March - Temperature hovers around 29°c and at midnight it appears like 24°c. In March,
Catarman gets 271.88 millimeters of rain and some ten rainy days within the month. humidness is
about to eighty one April - Temperature hovers around 30°c and at midnight it appears like 25°c. In
April, Catarman gets 188.49 millimeters of rain and some eight rainy days within the month.
humidness is about to eightieth. May - Temperature hovers around 31°c and at midnight it appears
like 26°c. In May, Catarman gets 233.99 millimeters of rain and some twelve rainy days within the
month. humidness is about to seventy-nine June - Temperature hovers around 31°c and at midnight it
appears like 26°c. In June, Catarman gets 266.73 millimeters of rain and some fourteen rainy days
within the month. humidness is about seventy-nine. July - Temperature hovers around 30°c and at
midnight it appears like 26°c. In July, Catarman gets
313.73 millimeters of rain and some fifteen rainy days within the month. humidness is about to
eightieth. August - Temperature hovers around 31°c and at midnight it appears like 26°c. In August,
Catarman gets 206.65 millimeters of rain and some eleven rainy days within the month. humidness is
about seventy-eight. September - Temperature hovers around 30°c and at midnight it appears like
26°c. In September, Catarman gets 294.20 millimeters of rain and some thirteen rainy days within the
month. humidness is about to eightieth. October - Temperature hovers around 30°c and at midnight it
appears like 26°c. In October, Catarman gets 334.42 millimeters of rain and some fourteen rainy days
within the month. humidness is about to eighty one November - Temperature hovers around 29°c and
at midnight it appears like 26°c. In Nov, Catarman gets 286.43 millimeters of rain and some twelve
rainy days within the month. humidness is about eighty-three. December - Temperature hovers around
29°c and at midnight it appears like 25°c. In December, Catarman gets 538.40 millimeters of rain and
some fifteen rainydays within the month. humidness is about eighty-four.

REFERENCES: RRL
I. Tidal Energy Powered Generator
Upadhya, A.R & Nayak, M.R (2015, October 13). Science-based Technologies for
Sustainable and Adequate Energy for India: Wind and Tidal Energy Sector.
https://web.archive.org/web/20180602062234id_/http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/
PINSA/Vol81_2015_4_Art20.pdf
 Cheng, X.Q., Zhang, X., & Yi, L.X (2014, June). A Review on the Development of Tidal
Energy in China.
https://www.scientific.net/AMR.953-954.637
Shetty, Chirag & Priyam, Abhishek (2022). A review on tidal energy technologies.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321064993
Auguste, C., Nader, J.R., Marsh, P., Penesis, I., Cossu, R. (2022, April). Modelling the
influence of Tidal Energy Converters on sediment dynamics in Banks Strait, Tasmania.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148122002257#!

II. Vertical Wind Turbine As A Utility In Secluded Place

Asi, P., Maderazo, L., Bravo, N., Bulan, N., & Cabatay, H. (2020, December). Integrated
Vertical Axis wind turbine and wave energy harvester in Tingloy Batangas, Philippines. (Volume no.
28, Issue No. 2)
http://cprell.ub.edu.ph/content/128
Challenergy (2021, August 27). Challenergy’s 1st Magnus VAWT in the Philippines
Begins Operations
https://challenergy.com/en-news/_october_12020_we_have_updated_the_maximum_recorded_in
stantaneous-2/
N.M., Kilby, J., Nasab, L.M. (2020, February 8). The Potential for Integration of Windand
Tidal Power in New Zealand.
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Vaw01AsllYacpJvVUz8wWKgbZ
Ramadan, H.S., Abdelrahman, M.A., & Sharafe, A.M. (2022, May). Wind potential
investigation with turbine siting control for improved energy yield at El-Tor Region, Egypt.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004579062200146X

III. Alternative Energy That Could Be Use In Visayas Region

Go, Alchris & Conag, Angelique (2019, March). Utilizing sugarcane leaves/straws as source
of bioenergy in the Philippines: A case in the Visayas Region. (Renewable energy 132, 1230-1237,
2019).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148118310929
Galang, Wenyville, Tabañag, Ian , & Loretero, Michael (2021, October 3). GIS-Based
Biomass Energy Sustainability Analysis Using Analytical Hierarchy Process: A Case Study in
Medellin, Cebu. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0688/e4dc98576181e1852339e6b83dea7c4dec73.pdf

Rojas, F. (2015, July 21). Geothermal is the leading energy source in Visayas, Philippines.

Think GeoEnergy - Geothermal Energy News.

https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/geothermal-is-the-leading-energy-source-in-visayas-philippines

/?fbclid=IwAR0fXtbKmGN6s4LNeAUBNDv5KqN9V_TV9UTRDf7k7bt5TOrE5pDr6CDjxnY

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National

Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2018, January). GREENING THE GRID: Solar and

Wind Grid Integration Study for the Luzon-Visayas System of the Philippines.

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/68594.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3kf7xVTLcNA3rixZ3QLrg

N35MohGwiSCyORx

IV. Materials that we should use for tidal wave and wind turbine
Davies, P., Germain, G., Gaurier, B., Boisseau, A., & Perreux, D. (2013, February 28).
Evaluation of the durability of composite tidal turbine blades. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. Retrieved (2022, May 19).
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2012.0187#:~:text=Materials,-A%20natural%
20starting&text=Short%20wind%20turbine%20blades%20are,less%20than%2010%20m%20lon g
Finnegan, W., Allen, R., Glennon, C., Maguire, J., Flanagan, M., & Flanagan, T. (2021,
September 16). Manufacture of High-Performance Tidal Turbine Blades Using Advanced Composite
Manufacturing Technologies.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10443-021-09967-y
Mishnaevsky, L., K., B., H.N., P., Beauson, J., McGugan, M., & Sorensen, B. (2017, November 9).
Materials for Wind Turbine Blades: An Overview. MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-
1944/10/11/1285/htm?fbclid=IwAR0RfKduycgu0xcycAWcN4XrV 8H0Wj0S4ux-9r3a5t-
Vcxb1CAT9kOdV_x8

Whitehead, M. & Albertani R. (2015, March 10). How Composite Materials Can be Used for
Small Hydro Turbines. Hydro Review. Retrieved May 27, 2022 from
https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/how-composite-materials-can-be-used-for-small-hy dro-
turbines/#gref

V. Place to install the device

Santiagudo, E.R. (2019, July 13). Why W. Visayas is most ‘disaster resilient region.’

Daily Guardian.

https://dailyguardian.com.ph/why-w-visayas-is-most-disaster-resilient-region/

GibSpain. (2018, May 29). Baot Beach, Calbayog City, Samar, Philippines | GibSpain.

GibSpain | Amazing Gems and Charms.

https://gibspain.com/listing/baot-beach-calbayog-city-samar-philippines/

David, R. (2018). About Pinamungajan.

http://www.pinamungajan.gov.ph/listindex.asp?newsid=1&category=about&wfunc

=viewarticle&rightpanel=yes&titlecap=About%20Pinamungajan

World Weather. (2022). Catarman Climate Weather Averages.

https://www.worldweatheronline.com/catarman-weather-averages/northern-samar/ph.aspx