6/18/2023

Hasan Murad
Lecturer
Dept. of Physics
Cumilla Victoria Govt. College
Former Lecturer Port City
International University, Chittagong

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Lecture-1
Magnetic
Field Magnetic
Force

Magnetic Field
 The science of Magnetism grew from the
observation that certain “Stones” can
attract bits of Iron.

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Magnetic Field
The Earth itself a natural magnet.

Magnetic Field
In 1920, Oersted discovered that current
through a wire can also produce magnetic
effects.

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Magnetic Field
 We define the space around a magnet or a
current carrying conductor as a magnetic
field where the influence of magnet is
observed.

Influence?

A magnetic field is the area around a magnet,

magnetic object, or an electric charge in which
magnetic force is exerted.

Magnetic Field
What makes a magnetic field?
Magnetic fields are created by moving electric
charge. When electrons move around in certain
ways, a magnetic field can be created. These
fields can be created inside the atoms of
magnetic objects or within wires
(electromagnetism).

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VISUALIZING MAGNETIC
FIELD

 The basic magnetic field vector B is

called “magnetic induction” can be
represented by lines of induction.

PROPERTIES OF MAG.
LINES OF FORCE
 These are closed lines started from the
north pole and ended up at south pole.
 The number of lines per unit cross-
sectional area is proportional to the
magnetic field vector B
 The tangent to a line at any point gives
the direction of B at that point.
 They never coincide.

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Magnetic Flux Density B

 These are closed lines started from the
north pole and ended up at south pole.
 The number of lines per unit cross-
sectional area is proportional to the
magnetic field vector B
 The tangent to a line at any point gives
the direction of B at that point.
 They never coincide.

Magnetic Flux Density

 Symbol B
 Vector quantity
 Unit Wbm-2 or Tesla
 In CGS gauss; 1 gauss= 10-4 Tesla

Expressing B in the plane of paper.

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Magnetic Flux Density

Smallest value in a magnetically
10^-14 Tesla
shielded room
Interstellar space 10^-10 Tesla
Earth's magnetic field 0.00005 Tesla
Small bar magnet 0.01 Tesla
Small NIB magnet 0.2 Tesla
Big electromagnet 1.5 Tesla
Strong lab magnet 10 Tesla
100,000,000
Surface of neutron star
Tesla

Magnetic force

The magnetic force is a consequence of

the electromagnetic force, one of the
four fundamental forces of nature, and is
caused by the motion of charges.

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Magnetic force

Magnetic force

 When the magnetic force on a particle

become zero?
I)
II)
III)

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Magnetic force

 Direction of magnetic Force

Magnetic force

Motion of a charged particle in a

magnetic field.

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Magnetic force

Circulating charge
Draw a comparative
 Radius of the circle diagram of the
radius of circular
paths for proton
and alpha
 Frequency particle.

 Time Period

Magnetic force

 A 10 eV electron is circulating in a
plane at right angles to a uniform field of
1 gauss.
I) what is its orbit radius?
II) What is the cyclotron frequency?
III) What is the period of revolution?

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Lecture-2

Ampere’s
Law Biot-Savart
Law

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Ampere’s Law

The line integral of the magnetic field B

around any closed path is equal to μ0 times the
net steady current enclosed by this path.
Mathematically,

Proof:
The magnetic field produced by a long straight
conductor is in the form of concentric circles. These
circles are in the plane perpendicular to the length of
the conductor. The direction of the field is given by
right-hand grip rule.

The magnitude of the magnetic field due to a long

straight conductor at a point P on the closed-loop of
radius ‘a’ is given by

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Ampere’s Law

Let us consider a field line through point P and of a

very small length ‘dl’ of this field element. Now
both B and dl are tangential to the field line at P.

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Ampere’s Law

Application of Ampere’s Law

Expression for Magnetic Field Due to
Solenoid and Toroid:
A cylindrical coil of a large number of turns is
called a solenoid. The magnetic field inside the
solenoid is given by
B = μ0nI.
Where n = number of turns per unit length and
Reference: Physics Part II,
David Halliday & Robert
Resnick, Art 34-5.

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Application of Ampere’s Law:

Solenoid

A Solenoid is a long wire wound in a closed

packed helix and carrying a current i. Usually the
helix is very long compared with its diameter.

The wire behaves

magnetically almost
like a long straight
wire.

Application of Ampere’s Law

A Solenoid is a long wire wound in a closed
packed helix and carrying a current i. Usually the
helix is very long compared with its diameter.

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Solenoid

B for a solenoid

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Toroid

Toroid

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Biot-Savart Law
The magnitude of magnetic field element
dB is directly proportional to the current i,
the element length dl and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance r,
Direction is perpendicular to the plane
containing dl and r

Application of Biot-Savart Law

An infinitely long current carrying wire
carrying a current i. Find an Expression for
B just beside the wire.

1
=
2

Reference: Physics Part II, David Halliday

& Robert Resnick, Art 34-6.

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Quastions
1. Explain magnetic flux and flux density.
2. Draw and explain magnetic lines of induction.
3. Write down the cases for which magnetic force
on a particle becomes zero.
4. Draw the schematic diagram when I) a +ve
charge enter in a magnetic field perpendicularly,
II)………………
5. Draw the comparative diagram for a proton and
an alpha particle enter in the same field B
perpendicularly.
6. Calculation of radius, frequency, time period
etc.

Quastions
7. State and Explain Ampere’s law/ Biot- Savart
law.
8. Draw and Explain the details of Solenoid and
Toroid.
9. Why we use Biot-Savart law rather than
Ampere’s law in many cases?
10. Find an expression for B I) near an infinitely
long current carrying conductor carrying a current
i.

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