Prepared by: Muhammad mubeen

process engineer
Pid:212965
Shift b

1
Magnetization or magnetic polarization is the vector field
that expresses the density of permanent or
induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material.

Magnetization also describes how a material responds to an

applied magnetic field as well as the way the material
changes the magnetic field, and can be used to calculate
the forces that result from those interactions. It can be
compared to electric polarization, which is the measure of

2
the corresponding response of a material to an electric
field in electrostatics.

Physicists and engineers define magnetization as the

quantity of magnetic moment per unit volume. It is
represented by a vector M.

Magnetization can be defined according to the following

equation:

Here, M represents magnetization; m is the vector that

defines the magnetic moment; V represents volume;
and N is the number of magnetic moments in the sample.
The quantity N/V is usually written as n, the number
density of magnetic moments. The M-field is measured in
amperes per meter (A/m) in SI units.

To make a magnet "magnetic" it must be exposed to a

strong external magnetic field. This field reorganizes the
magnet’s domain structure and leaves the magnet with a
remanent magnetization (Br). If a magnet is isotropic, the
remanent magnetization has the same direction as the
external field. Meanwhile, an anisotropic magnet can only
be magnetized in its anisotropy direction.

The most common method of magnetizing is to let a very

short current pulse go through a conductor or a coil.

3
The short pulse is generated from a magnetization machine,
which is basically a powerful capacitor together with a
controller. Different materials require different lengths of
current pulse. The resistivity of a material provides a
prediction of what the magnetization pulse should look like.

A material with high resistivity can be magnetized with a

pulse of a few microseconds, while a more conductive
material may need several hundreds of a second longer
pulse. Also, the volume of a magnet is of importance for the
length of the current pulse.

4
During the magnetizing process, Eddy Currents are
produced in an electrical conducting material. Eddy
Currents create a magnetic field which is in the opposite
direction of the applied field.

Besides various pulse lengths, different materials need

different strengths of the magnetizing field. Coercive force
(intrinsic) is the property of the material that decides what
magnetic field strength that is needed for the magnetization.
Axial and diametrical magnetization can be made in
standard inductors, i.e. solenoids.

However, radial, multiple pole, or any other complex

magnetization has to be done in a specially built
magnetization fixture.

5
6
SOME TYPES OF MAGNETS

AXIAL

LATERAL

7
MULTIPOLE

RADIAL

DIAMETRAL

8
 Demagnetization
If a magnet is gradually heated to a higher and higher
temperature, the magnetic properties may be affected,
which return to their former state when the magnet is
cooled. These are referred-to as reversible properties.

When the magnet is heated above some point, however,

usually called the Curie temperature (a few prefer to call it
by another name), all magnetism is abruptly lost, over a very
small range of temperature change. If the magnet is then
cooled down, no residual magnetism is observed, and the
magnet behaves as it did in the virgin state.

This method cannot be used, of course, if the magnet is

bonded, and the bonding agents melt or char at a
temperature below that of the Curie temperature. The state
so produced is different from that caused by
demagnetization from a single reversed pulse, and also
different from that caused by repeated reversal of
magnetization.

Another method of demagnetization is to reverse magnetize

the part with a relatively high field, then again reverse the
field at a lower level, and continue until the field is zero, or
low enough to have no further effect. Although this method
seems at first to be ideal, it does have some limitations.

A few materials magnetize best from the virgin state and

require an extremely high field to fully reverse magnetize
afterward, possibly an unobtainable high field. The first

9
reverse pulse may actually be made at a lower field than
that needed to magnetize, but the result is to leave the most
strongly pinned domains in one direction. If the field is then
reduced by too large a margin, demagnetization becomes
uneven.

On the other hand, if the reversals are closer together,

many cycles are needed, and the part may heat up from
both hysteresis and eddy-currents. The method is often
successful, however. One means to do this is to design a
circuit, including the capacitors, fixture inductance, and
resistance so that it “rings” or oscillates after triggering,
with some energy absorbed during each cycle by both the
capacitor ESR and the winding resistance.

Another method, often used with low-coercivity materials

such as steel, is to use a coil which is powered directly from
a power line at line frequency, and then withdraw the part to
be demagnetized from the field, so that each element
experiences a gradually diminishing field strength as the
distance from the coil increases. This cannot be one with
materials requiring a very high coercivity, of course, and
even then, heating is a major limitation.

The DemagnetiZation Curve and its Parameters:

In hard magnetic materials the second quadrant of

hysteresis is most important and is called
demagnetization curve. Demagnetization curves as well as
the other quadrants of hysteresis

10
can be drawn both in the J(H) picture as well as in the B(H)
description which follows from
eq. This is also the case in Fig, which supplies those basic
parameters of the
demagnetization curve, which are mainly used in technical
literature about permanent
magnets.

Demagnetization curve (second quadrant) as well as the

first and parts of the third
quadrant of magnetic hysteresis. The first quadrant is
located at the top right-side of the

11
coordinate cross, the second quadrant is the top left side.
The third quadrant is placed
at the bottom left side. The demagnetization curve, i.e. the
second quadrant, defines
the parameters Br, bHc, jHc, μr and (BH)max.

The most important parameters of a demagnetization curve

are named as:
Br = Remanence induction [T]
jHc = Coercitivity of J [A/m], bHc = Coercitivity of B [A/m]
μr = Recoil permeability [no units]
(BH)max = Maximum energy product [kJ/m3]

Applications of Demagnetization

One application of demagnetization is to eliminate unwanted

magnetic fields. The reason for doing this is that magnetic
fields can have unwanted effects on different devices. In
particular, magnetic fields can affect electronic devices
such as cell phones or computers. If such a device is going
to be coming into contact with other possibly magnetic
objects, the magnetic fields might need to be reduced in
order to protect the electronic device. Therefore,
demagnetization is sometimes used to keep magnetic fields
from damaging electrical devices.

12