Nucleic acids and genetic information

 Regulation between transcription and translation.

 DNA and RNA structure.
 DNA contains thymine whereas RNA had uracil.
 Signaling and enzyme co-factor nucleotides.
 Double helix structure of DNA.
 Base pairs: phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds.
 5 to 3 prime end polynucleotide strands.
 Differences between nuclear DNA and Mitochondrial DNA.
 Chromatin: DNA packed into histone proteins.
 Nucleosome: consists of two complete turns of DNA (146 bp) and is separated by a
linker region of variable DNA length.
 Chromosome: supercoiled and associates with non-histone proteins forming a
chromosomal scaffold.
 Human chromosome 23 pairs, diploid etc.
 Karyotype: can visualize chromosomes during metaphase and can diagnose gtoss
chromosomal abnormalities.
 Trisomy 21 -Down’s Syndrome.
 Aneuploidy in breast cancer.
 Typical cell cycles last between 12 and 24 hours in humans.
 Phases of the cell cycle.
 Summary of mitosis.
 Mitotic spindle: microtubules attach toc centromere of chromosomes vi the
kinetochore.
 Diseases and medicines of the cell cycle- chemotherapy etc.
 Gene expression.
 Definitions of gene and unit of biological information.
 Summary of coding and non-coding DNA.
 Components of the human genome.
 Control of gene transcription.
 DNA used as a template strand.
 Preparation of mature mRNA from pre mRNA.
 MicroRNA.