Q24- Where does the centre of gravity lie for a

a) uniform ruler
b) a sphere of uniform density?
Ans:

1- For a uniform ruler, the center of gravity lies at its geometric center. This means that if you were to balance
the ruler on a single point, it would balance perfectly at the midpoint of the ruler due to its uniform distribution
of mass along its length.
2- for a sphere of uniform density, the center of gravity, also known as the center of mass, is located at the
exact center of the sphere. It doesn't matter whether the sphere is large or small; the center of gravity
remains at the center.

Q25 a) When does an object topple?

b) How can the stability of an object be increased?

Ans:
1- An object topples when its center of gravity (CG) moves beyond the base of support. If the CG shifts outside
the object's base, it becomes unstable, leading to toppling.
2- A) Lowering the Center of Gravity (CG)
B) Increasing the Base Area

Q26-Figure 1.5.36 shows a Bunsen burner in three different positions. State the type of equilibrium
when it is in position i A ii B iii C
Ans:

i) Position A is in stable equilibrium.

ii) Position B is in unstable equilibrium.

iii) Position C is in neutral equilibrium.

Exam Styled Question:

a) Describe how you would investigate the variation of the extension of a spring when different loads
are applied. Mention two precautions you would take to obtain accurate results.
1- Set up Equipment:
a- Secure a spring vertically to a stable surface and attach a hook or hanger to its lower end.
b- Use a ruler or measuring tape to measure the initial length of the spring.
2- Apply Loads:
a- Start with no load and gradually add weights (loads) to the hook. Record the amount of weight added (in
newtons) for each trial.
3- Measure Extension:
a- Measure the extension of the spring for each load by subtracting the initial length from the new length.
This will give you the extension in meters.
b- Repeat these steps for different loads, covering a range of values, and record the extensions.
4- Data Analysis:
Create a table or graph to represent your data, with load (in N) on one axis and extension (in m) on the
other. This will help visualize the relationship between load and extension.

Two precautions for accurate results:

Zero Load Calibration: Before measuring, ensure the spring is at its relaxed position (no load) to establish a
baseline. This minimizes errors caused by initial tension or compression.
Repeated Measurements: Conduct multiple trials for each load and calculate the average extension. This reduces
the impact of random errors and provides a more reliable result.

Q2- The spring in Figure 1.5.37 stretches from 10cm to 22cm when a force of 4N is applied.

a) Calculate the spring constant of the spring.

b) If the extension is proportional to the stretching force when a force of 6N is applied, calculate
i) the new extension length of the spring
ii) the final length in cm of the spring.
Ans: (a)

F = 4N

k=?

x = 22cm – 10cm = 12cm = 0.12m

F = kx

(b) when F = 6N

(i) F = kx
6N = (33.33 N/m) x

(ii) Final length = 10 cm + 18 cm = 28 cm

Q3- Two forces of 5N and 12N act at a point.

a) The two forces first act in opposite directions.

i) Make a sketch showing the direction of the forces.
ii) Calculate the resultant of the forces and mark its direction on your sketch.
Ans:

5N 12N

12N – 5N = 7N
= 7N

b) The two forces then act at 90° to each other. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force by calculation
Q4- Starting from rest on a level road a girl can reach a speed of 5m/s in 10s on her bicycle.

a) Find the acceleration.

b) Find the average speed during the 10s.
c) Find the distance she travels in 10s.
d) Eventually, even though she still pedals as fast as she can, she stops accelerating and her speed
reaches a maximum value. Explain in terms of the forces acting why this happens.
Ans:

D) The girl eventually stops accelerating and reaches a maximum speed because of the balance of forces
acting on her. When she starts pedaling, the force she applies to the pedals propels her forward. Initially, her
acceleration is positive as she gains speed. However, as her speed increases, air resistance and friction
opposing her motion also increase. Eventually, these forces become equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction to her applied force, resulting in a net force of zero. At this point, she reaches her maximum speed
(terminal velocity) because there is no net acceleration. The girl continues to pedal, but her speed remains
constant due to the balance of forces
Q5: Explain the following using F = ma.
a) A racing car has a powerful engine and is made of strong but lightweight material.
 b) A car with a small engine can still accelerate rapidly.
Ans: a) A racing car has a powerful engine and is made of strong but lightweight material:.
 The powerful engine generates a significant force (F) that is applied to the car.

 The car's lightweight material reduces its mass (m).

 With a large F relative to a small m, the resulting acceleration (a) is substantial

 This combination of a powerful engine and a lightweight chassis allows the racing car to accelerate quickly, as
described in the question.

b) A car with a small engine can still accelerate rapidly:

 While a small engine generates a comparatively lower force (F), it can still accelerate the car if the mass (m) of the car
is sufficiently low.

 Reduced mass means that even a modest force can produce a notable acceleration

 Therefore, a car with a small engine can accelerate rapidly if it is designed to be lightweight, minimizing its mass while
maintaining structural strength.

Q6: A rocket has a mass of 500kg.

a) Write down the weight of the rocket on Earth where g = 9.8N/kg.

b) At lift-off the rocket engine exerts an upward force of 25 000N.

i) Calculate the resultant force on the rocket.

ii) Calculate the initial acceleration of the rocket.

Ans: a) Weight = Mass x Acceleration due to gravity = mg

W = 500 kg x 9.8 N/kg

W= 4900 N

(b) i) Resultant Force = Upward Force – Weight

Resultant Force = 25,000 N - 4,900 N

Resultant Force = 20,100 N

(ii) Force = Mass x Acceleration = ma

a = F/m

a = 20100N / 500kg

a = 40.2 m/s^2

Q7- A car rounding a bend travels in an arc of a circle.

a) What provides the force to keep the car travelling in a circle?

 b) Is a larger or a smaller force required if

i) the car travels faster

ii) the bend is less curved
iii) the car has more passengers?

c) Explain why racing cars are fitted with tyres called ‘slicks’, which have no tread pattern, for dry
tracks and with ‘tread’ tyres for wet tracks.

Ans:

a) The force that keeps a car traveling in a circle around a bend is called centripetal force. This force is
provided by the friction between the car's tires and the road surface.
b) The magnitude of the centripetal force required depends on several factors:

i) If the car travels faster, a larger centripetal force is needed to keep it in the curve
ii) If the bend is less curved, meaning the radius of the circular path is larger, a smaller centripetal
force is required.
iii) The number of passengers in the car doesn't directly affect the centripetal force required.

c) Racing cars are fitted with "slick" tires for dry tracks because these tires have no tread pattern, which
maximizes the contact area between the tire and the road surface. This increased contact area provides
better grip and traction on dry surfaces, allowing the car to maintain higher speeds and make sharper turns.
On wet tracks, racing cars use "tread" tires with grooves to channel water away from the tire surface,
preventing hydroplaning and maintaining control in wet conditions. The tread pattern helps to evacuate
water and maintain traction in wetter environments.

Q8- A satellite close to the Earth (at a height of about 200km) has an orbital speed of 8km/s.
Take the radius of the orbit to be approximately equal to the Earth’s radius of 6400km.

a) Write down an expression for the circumference of the orbit.

b) Write down an equation for the time for one orbit.
c) Calculate the time it takes for the satellite to complete one orbit.

Ans:

A) The expression for the circumference of the orbit of the satellite is given by:

Circumference = 2 * π * (Radius of Orbit)

Circumference = 2 * π * 6400 km = 40, 192 km

B) To calculate the time for one orbit, you can use the formula:

Time for one orbit = Circumference / Orbital Speed

Time for one orbit = (2 * π * 6400 km) / 8 km/s = 5024s

C) Calculating the time it takes for the satellite to complete one orbit:

Time for one orbit = (2 * π * 6400 km) / 8 km/s

 Time for one orbit ≈ 5026.55 seconds

Q9 - Figure 1.5.38 shows three positions of the pedal on a bicycle which has a crank 0.20m long.
The cyclist exerts the same vertically downward push of 25N with his foot. Calculate the turning effect in
a) A
b) B
c) C
Ans:
Force = 25 Newton
Distance = 0.20 m
Torque = F*d
Torque = 0.20 m * 25 Newton
= 5 N/m

Q10- The weight of the uniform bar in Figure 1.5.39 is 10N.

a) Calculate the clockwise moment about the pivot.
b) Calculate the anticlockwise moment about the pivot.
c) Does the beam balance, tip to the right or tip to the left?
Ans:
The clockwise moment can be calculated using the formula:
Moment = Force × Distance
a) clockwise moment = 3N × 30cm = 90 Ncm.= 0.9 Nm
b) Anticlockwise moment = 10N x 10cm = 100 Ncm = 1 Nm
c) Beam doesnot balance and beam’s tip will be to the left.
Q11-
a) Describe how you could find the centre of gravity of an irregular lamina.
b) A heavy box with a square base and a height twice the length of a side is to be
transported by a lorry. Explain how the stability of
i) the lorry
ii) the box
will be affected if the box lies on its side in the van rather than its base.
Ans: a) pg # 48
(b) i) Transporting the box on its side would raise its center of gravity, making the lorry less stable, especially when
turning or going over bumps. This increases the risk of the lorry tipping over
ii) Placing the box on its side reduces its stability as well. The wide square base provides better stability when resting
on its base. On its side, it becomes more prone to tipping over, especially if not properly secured inside the van,
which could result in damage or accidents