Bacteria

Bacteria are small living things that can be found almost everywhere. They live on the (ground /
tanah), in oceans, in the food that we eat and even in our bodies. They have been on earth long
before (there were any other organisms / jauh sebelum ada organisme lain). Bacteria are so small
you can only see them with the help of a microscope. They have only one cell and very simple
structures.

Bacteria appear /muncul in different shapes. Spherical/ bulat bacteria are round or ball-like seperti
bola. Rod-shaped / berbentuk batang bacteria live in your intestine and form chains usus dan
membentuk rantai. Spiral-shaped / bakteri spiral bacteria have a twisted form / berbentuk bengkok.

Bacteria absorb / menyerap nutrients and remove waste through their cell walls. They reproduce by
splitting themselves / Membelah diri in the middle. The two new cells can then split membelah into
four cells and so on / seterusnya. In a short time, a single bacteria can reproduce billions of times

Bacteria have (outer cell walls / dinding sel luar) that protect the inside. A cell membrane is inside
the cell wall. It (prevents harmful substances from getting in and out / Ini mencegah zat berbahaya
masuk dan keluar). Inside the membrane is a (soft / zat lunak) jelly- (like substance / Seperti zat)
called the cytoplasm. It has (chemicals / Bahan Kimia) that help (build / Membangun) the parts of a
cell and (break down food / Memecah makanan). (Within / didalamnya) it is the nucleoid, which
contains the DNA. It controls a cell’s growth and other activities

Some bacteria can get inside the human body, reproduce and (cause an infection/ mrnyrbabkan
infeksi) These (harmful / berbahya) bacteria are called pathogens. Our immune system is in charge of
fighting off these bacteria. However/ namun , sometimes we need a vaccine to help fight off these
intruders / melawan penganggu ini. Vaccines are weak or dead forms of the bacteria itself / vaksin
adalah bentuk bakteri yang lemah atau mati. Such a substance / Zat seperti itu helps our body fight
off bacteria in the future. Some examples of illnesses / disebabkan caused by bacterial infections are
tuberculosis or pneumonia.

The best way to protect yourself from bacteria is to keep yourself clean and wash your hands.
Because bacteria may be transported / diangkut by air, we should cover our nose and mouth when we
sneeze / bersin. Vitamins also help strengthen / memperkuat our immune system and fight off
bacteria.

Bacteria can be helpful to the human body as well / juga. They live in our stomach and help us digest
food / mencerna makanan. Other bacteria create cheese and yoghurt. Bacteria are at work in the soil /
tanah and decompose membusuk dead plants and animals.
Vocabularies
 absorb = take in
 appear =show
 break down = break into very small pieces
 cause = lead to
 chain = rings that are joined together
 decompose = to break down into very small parts
 digest = to change the food that you have eaten into substances that your body can use
 DNA = substance that has genetic information in the cells of a body
 growth = how something grows
 harmful = dangerous
 however = but
 illness = disease
 immune system = system in your body that protects it from diseases
 an intestine = long tube in your body through which food passes after it leaves your stomach
 intruder = here: something harmful that gets into your body
 jelly = something soft and sticky; it can easily move when you touch it
 membrane = very thin layer that covers an object and protects it
 nucleoid = region in a cell
 nutrient = chemical or food that gives plants and animals what they need to grow
 organism = anything that lives
 pneumonia = illness that affects your lungs and makes it difficult for you to breathe
 prevent = stop, keep away
 protect = guard, care for, defend
 remove = bring away
 reproduce = here: create new bacteria
 rod = long and thin
 shape = form
 single = only one
 sneeze = air comes suddenly through your nose with a loud noise / bersin
 soil = the top layer of the earth, where plants and trees can grow
 spherical = round like a ball
 strengthen = make stronger
 structure = the way something is built
 substance = material
 transport = travel
 tuberculosis = disease that affects your lungs and other parts of your body
 twisted = turned, bent
 waste = material that we do not need