Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A DISSERTATION REPORT
Submitted by
K.KEDHEESWARAN
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN
GENERAL ARCHITECTURE
Affiliated to
DECEMBER 2015
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Report titled “USE OF VORONOI DIAGRAM IN AN
ARCHITECTURE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION” is the bonafide work of
K.KEDHEESWARAN (Roll No - 714714566005) to the RVS School of
Architecture, Coimbatore, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai who has carried
out the research under my supervision... Certified further that to the best of my
knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other
dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
DECLARATION
“Declare that this dissertation has not been previously accepted in substance for
any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. I
state that this dissertation is the result of my own independent investigation/ work,
except where otherwise stated. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if
accepted, to be available for photocopying and understand that any reference to or
quotation from my thesis will receive an acknowledgment”.
……………………………………
K.KEDHEESWARAN
DATE…………………………..
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ABSTRACT
This Dissertation is to find how the Voronoi diagram application is used in the
optimization of design parametric. To explore how the Voronoi is taken in an
account of the process of building design and the topological parametric used for
optimization to the different array.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The completion of this Dissertation has been made possible because of the
involvement of many individuals. Whatever I am and whatever I will be in the
future is because of love, sacrifice, and goodwill from my family. My parents have
always been a great source of inspiration for me. Words are just not enough to
express my gratitude to my parents and my family. I thank them for always being
supportive.
A word of appreciation also goes to my friends and faculty who have supported
me in this endeavor and to all whose names I couldn’t mention here.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF FIGURE..................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x
AIM & MOTIVATION .............................................................................................. xi
SCOPE.......................................................................................................................... xi
FRAMING OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS ???? .................................................. xii
1. What is Voronai Diagram? ..................................................................... xii
2. How complex aesthetics are involved through voronoi architecture? ... xii
3. How these design process and ideology will contribute a designer and
a community? ............................................................................................................... xii
4. How the parametric play a domain to a design development and image
building process? ......................................................................................................... xii
5. Does it have compatibility to a building and in urban development for
sustainable growth vs. issues? ..................................................................................... xii
METHOLOGY .......................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 14
1.1 - The primary concept of voronoi diagrams ........................................ 14
1.2 - Voronoi diagram components............................................................ 16
CHAPTER 2 - VORONOI DIAGRAMS NATURE .............................................. 17
2.1 - Parallelism of Voronoi with F.L Wright’s Usonian house ................ 20
2.2 - Dimensional study of voronoi ............................................................ 21
2.3 - From two-dimensional to three-dimensional .................................... 22
2.4 - Voroni daigram has space fillers ....................................................... 23
CHAPTER 3 - CASE STUDY .................................................................................. 24
3.1 - Voroni daigram has a façade modulators/morphogenis ................... 24
3.1.1 - Tulum museum, Mexico. .......................................................... 25
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3.1.2 - Net lab ...................................................................................... 25
3.1.3 - Airspace tokyo designed by faulders studio ............................. 26
3.1.3.1 - Design Approach ....................................................... 26
3.1.3.2 - Overlapping thorough voronoi ................................... 27
3.1.4 - Alibaba headquarters, China................................................... 29
3.2 -LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY .............................................................. 30
3.2.1 - Overview .................................................................................. 30
3.2.2 - Location-case study .................................................................. 30
3.2.3 - METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY MODEL ..................... 31
3.2.3.1 - The first parametric design........................................ 31
3.2.3.2 - Second parametric model ......................................... 32
3.2.3.3 - Voronoi parametric in waterfront ............................ 32
3.2.3.4.Green space parametric ............................................... 33
3.3 - Kaohsiung national centre for the performing arts, Taiwan ............. 33
3.4 - Potentiality of voronoi diagram in urban design ............................. 36
3.4.1 -Magok waterfront city ............................................................... 36
3.4.1.1 -Digital parametric process of the project................... 37
3.4.1.2 - The process evolved in the waterfornt development .. 39
3.5 -VORONOI AS STRUCTURAL OPTIMISER .............................. 41
3.5.1 - The National Swimming Centre -Water Cube, Beijing, china .. 41
3.5.2 - Process of design generation .................................................... 42
3.5.3 - Inference ................................................................................... 42
3.6 - VORONOI AS URBAN MORPHOLOGY .................................. 43
3.6.1 - Voronoi skyscraper-Geoffrey Braiman, David Beil ,U S.
3.6.2 - Theme ......................................................................................... 44
3.6.3 - Ways and Mean.......................................................................... 45
3.7 - PARAMETRIC URBANISM THROUGH VORONOI .............. 46
3.7.1 - MVRDV Venture – Architect.Denes. ........................................ 47
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3.7.2 - Design process .......................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 4 - INFERENCE .................................................................................... 58
CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 59
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 60
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 : Step-1, Defining the finite points as reference ........................................................15
Figure 2 : Step-2, joining finite points .....................................................................................15
Figure 3 : Step-3, Bisection of line ..........................................................................................15
Figure 4 : Step-4, Bisection each to create voronoi ................................................................16
Figure 5 : Step-5, Further division to create voronoi..............................................................16
Figure 6: Final voronoi pattern ...............................................................................................16
Figure 7: Elements of voronoi .................................................................................................17
Figure 8 : Illustrate of space evolution ....................................................................................18
Figure 9 : Different broad application of voronoi ...................................................................19
Figure 10 : Layout of Usonian house ......................................................................................20
Figure 11: Fragmentation of layout ......................................................................................20
Figure 12 : Illustration to Voronoi ..........................................................................................21
Figure 13 : Natural forms as a Voronoi diagram ....................................................................22
Figure 14: Different voronoi diagram by variation of points ..................................................22
Figure 15 : Marc Newson’s Voronoi Shelf ..............................................................................23
Figure 16: Gourdoukis algorithmic body project ....................................................................24
Figure 17: Space filler for........................................................................................................24
Figure 18 : Tulum museum ......................................................................................................25
Figure 19 : Conceptual view of Net Lab ..................................................................................26
Figure 20 :Effect through punctured voronoi overlap.............................................................27
Figure 21: The façade randomness as whole ..........................................................................28
Figure 22 : The façade layering through different to form a building cubicle........................28
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Figure 23 : Alibaba headquarters-View, Elevation &Site Block model ..................................29
Figure 24 : The topology of Pataua coastal settlement ...........................................................30
Figure 25 : Different land use mapping for waterfront development ......................................31
Figure 26 : Generation land use through points ie through site parametric ..........................32
Figure 27 : Parametrics of voronoi used for a visual opportunity .........................................32
Figure 28 : Green and blue space development ......................................................................33
Figure 29 : Topological force, Kaohsiung national center for the performing arts,
Taiwan ......................................................................................................................................34
Figure 30 : Right: the in Layout. Left: the stages of generating the layout starting
from the points to the final form. ..............................................................................................35
Figure 31 : Visual generated from the form ............................................................................35
Figure 32 : View.......................................................................................................................36
Figure 33 : Conceptual view of Waterfront Magok .................................................................37
Figure 34 : Over design process for Magok waterfront city ...................................................38
Figure 35 : The different phases of voronoi optimization for water surface
development..............................................................................................................................39
Figure 36 : The Site for Waterfront development ....................................................................40
Figure 37 : Final master plan for Magok waterfront ..............................................................40
Figure 38 : Illustration from Weaire-Phelan structure to Voronoi structure .........................41
Figure 39 : Voronoi form developed in rhino to water cube ...................................................41
Figure 40 : Final out of Water-cube ........................................................................................42
Figure 41 : Voronoi Skyscraper ...............................................................................................43
Figure 42 : structure of Daigrid in skyscraper ........................................................................43
Figure 43 : Design development .............................................................................................44
Figure 44 : Plan typology ........................................................................................................45
Figure 45 : Voronoi particle development in section ..............................................................45
Figure 46 : Voronoi in Skyscraper...........................................................................................46
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Figure 47 : Form and Space that is derived from the interaction beaten urban
conditions. Zaha Hadid ............................................................................................................46
Figure 48 : Form and space derived by Schumacher through Voronoi. .................................47
Figure 49 : Urban form & topography of Switzerland City ....................................................47
Figure 50 : Patterns created through Voronoi for urban design of Switzerland City .............48
Figure 51 : A layering system in order to understand complex relationships.........................49
Figure 52 : Proposed final Voronoi assimilated Design for Switzerland city by
Ar.Denes ...................................................................................................................................49
Figure 53 : Process of Design development ............................................................................50
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Façade & spatial planning-core analysis process ................... 51
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AIM & MOTIVATION
My hypothesis of a subject is to find how and the factors of Voronoi is used
in design optimization.
In-depth on functional the various analysis and methods in applied nature to
space planning parameters. For example for comparing areas covered by
different space planning, building morphogenesis, etc.
With Voronoi diagram rule-based system one can easily determine proximity
matrix from micro to macro-level planning (broad level i.e. GIS) by Voronoi
diagrams
Sustainable approaches in urban and landscape planning issues
To break the conventional design process in contrast.
SCOPE
Way to subdivide/organize space, based on proximity/closest neighbor.
Expansion in three dimensions organizes a constructive expansion toward
infinity in all directions without any gaps.
To create a clear proximity matrix in urbanscape zoning and also for
landscape ecology for sustainable development as in MAGOK
WATERFRONT in Korea.
A Voronoi diagram can be used as a plugin with other programs to have a
better design solution for structural optimization, form, shape, and urban
design.
It used as a tool used as space-filling.
It used as a surface modulator to create interest and an image in a building
for local attractors.
It is a self-organization parametric which goes with a rule-based system that
is parametric in nature.
Diversity of design alternatives in a balanced hierarchy system.
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METHODOLOGY
FRAMING OF PARAMETER
WHICH INTERCONNECTS TO
THE DESIGN AND APPROACH
TOWARD THEM.
SYNTHESIS OF
INFORMATION
CONCLUSION
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Nowadays architects, more often than it was before, look at the branches of
science like mathematics, biology or physics for inspiration and for tips on how to
solve problems they are trying to tackle. The idea was taken from mathematics and
applied to architecture design. To be more specific – about the Voronoi diagram.
Voronoi diagram is being used so often by architects because it produces very
organic looking patterns.
The primary concept of Voronoi Diagrams: “The Given a set of a finite
number of distinct points in the 2-D Euclidean space, a Voronoi diagram of
the point set is a collection of regions that divide up the plane, and all
locations in one region (exception the region boundary) are closer to the
corresponding point than to any other point”.
WAY FINDING-NAVIGATION
1. The Voronoi diagram was implemented as the background navigation,
especially wayfinding mainly in GIS.
OCCUPATION ANALYSIS
1. The center of Voronoi cells becomes the search agent that receives information
about the surrounded cells during the searching process.
2. When the information from the surrounded cells fits their inherent
requirements, the agent holds the space.
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SPACE EVOLUTION
1. The Voronoi diagram activates a process of generating and evolving spatial
forms interacting with all entities of a system, the self-organization.
The project explores the redefinition of the architect’s role by integrating design,
analysis, and production manufacturing as a whole formal process by applying
algorithms in real contexts.
The 2-dimensional facades into a cube would be the easiest approach to achieve
“the stereoscopic sense of Voronoi brought by clubbing overlaps and randomness as
a whole”.
Playing with light, the façades of the cube create shadows that overlapped each
other and further fragmenting the Voronoi.
Urban design is the profession of shaping the physical setting for life in cities,
towns, and communities;
In recent years, landscape architecture becoming more involved, urban design has
become a diverse and multi-disciplinary profession.
The design process in general terms is seen by a lot of professions as – a brief, a
need, a demand - a solution.
The points included flood plains, road intersections, knolls, and landscape
features…
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Figure 26:Generation land use through points i.e. through site parametric
All the models were incorporated together and a series of generations were
created. Keeping a record of the results enabled reflection and evaluation of the
designs.
INFERENCE
The parametric models developed collectively proved how the interdependencies
between various elements of the fabric of the settlement (road network, open
spaces, plot sizes, etc.) can be explored and evaluated in order to overcome the
challenges in coastal settlements’ growth for sustainable communities.
Figure 29: Topological force, Kaohsiung national center for the performing arts, Taiwan
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Figure 30 : Right: the in Layout. Left: the stages of generating the layout starting from the
points to the final form.
In this project, the architect distributed points in the main envelope to create
the main form.
The overall form of the building itself seems to grow out of the Voronoi
patterned landscape, merging at the top, to form a canopy that shades the
public plaza below.
The main form was created by the Nurbs geometry then it was divided by the
Voronoi algorithm
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Using the Voronoi diagram, this problem can be solved by breaking the physical
limits of the urban grid. Moreover, it accepts the numbers of information and needs
from the architectural environment.
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FIRST STEP:
The project is to set up the axis of the site drawn from the parameter of landscape,
water, and traffic in order to create the grids of the site. These grids are optimized
by offsetting by the axis and are used as the limitation of the block size.
The intersections between these grids and the preliminary sector design, and are
set in the array i.e. finite points according to the flow of the whole space.
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Figure 35: The different phases of Voronoi optimization for water surface development.
The segments cannot be eliminated, but can only be expanded or shrunk since
collision detection and topology maintenance are based on the primary input points
The project is directly editable due to the parametric system of the geometry
creating system.
1
Attractors: Zones of compatible nature are termed as Attractors…
Repellors: Zones of conflicting types are termed as Repellors.
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STEP 1:
Establishment- using guiding points.
STEP 2:
Exploration- using dynamic findings.
STEP 3:
Refinement, using repelling/attracting fields and particles. These three stages
process produced two irregulars, topologically cylindrical surfaces and were
continued by two more stages
STEP 4:
Generated Voronoi cells around these points.
STEP 5:
Created cell-walls and cell-skins.
STEP 6:
Prepared the cell components for robotic i.e. CNC manufacturing.
3.5.3 -INFERENCE:
The structure commutation and less material consumption are proved.
The pattern of the Voronoi structure creates a surface modulator to an
aesthetical image to a building (water cube).
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3.6 -VORONOI AS URBAN MORPHOLOGY
3.6.1 - VORONOI SKYSCRAPER-Geoffrey Braiman, David Beil, U S.
This is the typical example of tall building architecture structure always use
Diagrid which moment resistant frame.
Figure 47: Form and Space that is derived from the interaction beaten urban conditions. Zaha Hadid
Traffic, inefficient living space, environmental issues, poverty, crime, and poor
use of networking are some of the major problems seen in today’s sterile cities.
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Many have tried to solve these issues independently because the human mind
cannot comprehend the amount of information needed to correct multiple large-
scale problems.
Figure 50:Patterns created through Voronoi for urban design of Switzerland City
2
Quantitative mechanisms that have the capacity to transform numeric values into quantities.
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If points are added, moved, or altered in any way, the Voronoi pattern adjusts
itself to the new layout-Self-organising
What is so appealing about the Voronoi is that its primary objective is the
most efficient use of space and distance from one point to any other point in
the field. space fill-Minimum proximity Intervention
Denes then locks in three specific parameters to inform the Voronoi: “traffic
flow, program, and landscape”
Each parameter is then broken down into its component parts. For example,
the program is broken down into housing, commerce, and parks.
Figure 52: Proposed final Voronoi assimilated Design for Switzerland city by Ar.Denes
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3.7.2 -DESIGN PROCESS
1. Fixing of problem/parameter-points in Voronoi
2. Development of the point
3. Customization through Voronoi diagram
4. Assimilation
Airspace Tokyo Voronoi The National Kaohsiung national Magok Waterfront Switzerland’s city
designed by skyscraper- Swimming Centre center for the City, Seoul, Korea. design
faulders studio Geoffrey braiman, -Water Cube, performing arts,
David beil, US Beijing, China Taiwan-Zaha Hadid
MORPHISM SPACE EVOLUTION/SPACE
SURFACE MODULATORS PARAMETRIC
LOGICS FILLERS
CONCEPT Overlapping of the Topological & Refinement, using Using data on the site The intersections Reflexive in nature
skin by generating Forces w.r.t the repelling/attracting such as trees, between these grids because it is based on a
USED Voronoi random relationship between fields Topological monuments, and and the preliminary system of Voronoi
points Customisation the environment and cylindrical surfaces borders Topological sector design, and are points that are
site data. parameter set in the array i.e. governed by
finite points parameters
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Airspace Tokyo Voronoi The National Kaohsiung national Magok Waterfront Switzerland’s city
designed by skyscraper- Swimming Centre center for the City, Seoul, Korea design
PROJECT
faulders studio Geoffrey braiman, -Water Cube, performing arts,
David beil, US Beijing, China Taiwan-Zaha Hadid
1. The 2-dimensional 1. Created - 1. Establishment The area around points, 1. Location of the 1. Fixing of
facades into a cube rectangular box... using guiding points. which is created by the cell by fixing a finite problem/parameter-
would be the easiest 2.Generate/import 2 Exploration- using analysis of the
point for initializing points in Voronoi.
approach to achieve point cloud – dynamic findings relationship between Voronoi. 2.Development of the
the stereoscopic sense random points or 3. Refinement space and the site, is 2. Mapping of water point
of Voronoi brought by import data cloud , using connected to the main flux gradient. 3.Customization
clubbing overlaps and from structural repelling/attracting flow of human traffic so 3. findings of water through Voronoi
randomness as a analysis fields and particles that it becomes a tool flux gradient diagram
whole. 3. Generate Voronoi 4. These three stages for space traffic control.
4.Optimization/custo 4.Assimilation
PROCESS 2. Once the particles cells from the point process produced 2. Deformation of visual mization by
attracted, they started cloud. two irregulars, attraction/repulsion
data and canopies,
forming varying 4.cells for topologically Matrix are developed
degrees of subtraction/Addition cylindrical surfaces roofs and facades 5.Final output
concentration and were continued 6.Water surface
designs is derived from
3. A halo of particles by two more stages
the Voronoi diagram
was floating over the
site, suggesting an
eventual architectural
space.”
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P a g e | 55
Airspace Tokyo Voronoi The National Kaohsiung national Magok Switzerland’s city
designed by skyscraper- Swimming Centre - center for the Waterfront City, design
PROJECT
Faulders studio Geoffrey braiman, Water Cube, performing arts, Seoul, Korea.
David beil, US Beijing, China Taiwan-Zaha Hadid
1. Playing with light, 1. The vertices of the 1. The structure 1. The architect 1. The project is 1. The Voronoi pattern is
the façades of the cube Voronoi are of commutation and less distributed points in the directly editable due reflexive in nature
create shadows that triangulation in material main envelope to create to the parametric because it is based on a
overlapped each other nature in which base consumption are the main form. system of the system of points that are
and further geometry consumes proved. 2. The overall form of geometry creating governed by parameters.
fragmenting the less area. 2. The pattern of the the building itself seems system. (Space-Filling …)
Voronoi. 2. A scatter of points, Voronoi structure to grow out of the 2. Matrix is formed 2. If points are added,
2. Fragmentation is it is based on the creates a surface Voronoi patterned for the tracing of moved, or altered in any
brought by Voronoi packing of spheres in modulator to the landscape, merging at water i.e. by way, the Voronoi pattern
overlapping the space. aesthetical image to the top, to form a attractor/repel. adjusts itself to the new
3. The Voronoi pattern 3.The packed a building (water canopy that shades the 3. At simple layout. (Self-organising)
OUTPUT/ imitates the trees’ program according to cube). public plaza below. recursive point 3. Each parameter is then
foliage and is not just common requirements 3. Voronoi systems 3. The main form was Voronoi diagrams broken down into its
FINDINGS decorative it’s such as adjacencies, have a useful and created by the Nurbs where Voronoi component parts. For
functional. access to sun, views, structural logic geometry then it was concepts are used to example, a program is
4. The façade etc. where they can divided by the Voronoi tessellate space with broken down into
functionally works as 4.A three-dimensional produce stable yet algorithm. respect to a given housing, commerce, and
a screen (Jalli’s) to array of irregular irregular structures. 4. Deformation of visual set of generator parks.
provide a sense of planar polygons using data and canopies, roofs points. (cont.)
privacy; this has been Voronoi and facades designs is
achieved by layering (cont.) derived from the
the Voronoi façade. Voronoi diagram
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Airspace Tokyo Voronoi The National Kaohsiung national Magok Switzerland’s city
designed by faulders skyscraper- Swimming Centre - center for the Waterfront City, design
PROJECT studio Geoffrey braiman, Water Cube, performing arts, Seoul, Korea.
David beil, US Beijing, China Taiwan-Zaha Hadid
CHAPTER 4 - INFERENCE
In the following Voronoi studies reveals these criteria are observed evidently…
In micro-level Voronoi points are taken as finite points with respect to some
parametric is seen.
In Urban contexts, the large scale spatial segregation and land use pattern
are taken as layers for proximity constraints for minimum adjacency master
planning parameters such as zoning, parking, and qualitative open space
generation.
Voronoi concepts are used to tessellate space with respect to a given set
of generator points
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CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION
The use of parameter in spatial & facade design by Voronoi allows us to
design not just a piece of art but rather a building with a context that fits into
the culture and social realm…..
Town and urban planning in Architecture may be simplified by assigning the
site as a nodal point and generating the Voronoi diagram…
Creating a systematic design process for an urban design using the
parametric system.
Balancing of forces and tensions in the design.
Variety of design options in the design of a balanced hierarchical system.
Today this method is available as a command in software such as
Grasshopper and Rhino.
The result of this unique process in a city zoning creates a natural structure
of urban space, not like a random shape that we usually understand forms, But
as a balance between entities relations.
-It is an “EMERGENCE”
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://matsysdesign.com/category/projects/tulum-site-museum
http://www.gnome-netlab.com,
http://issuu.com/diegosuareztraverso/docs/adda
http://faulders-studio.com/proj_airspace.html
Ben Pell, ‘Airspace Tokyo’, in The Articulate Surface: Ornament and
Technology in Contemporary architecture (Basel, London: Birkhäuser;
Springer distributor, 2010), pp. 86 - 89
http://www.archdaily.com/
http://www.Wikipedia.com/Voronoi
http://www.dysturb.net/2007/associativedesign-berlage/,
www.patrikschumacher.com/index.html,
http://matei23.wordpress.com.
http://www.designbuildnetwork.com/projects/watercube/
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronoi_diagram
http://digiarchi.blogspot.in/2010/03/application%ADof%ADvoronoi%A
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Studio Air Journal