ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT

Edited by F. Ll. GRIFFITH

FIFTEENTH MEMOIR

THE BOOK TOMBS

OF

EL AMAENA
PAKT IIL-THE TOMBS OF HUYA AND AHMES

BY

N. DE G. DA VIES

With an Appendix on the Greek Ginffiti by

SEYMOUR DE RICCI

FORTY PLATES.

LONDON
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 THE EOCK TOMBS
OF

EL AMAENA
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. Ll. GRIFFITH

FIFTEENTH MEMOIR

THE EOCK TOMBS

OP

EL AMAENA
PAET III.-THE TOMBS OF HUYA AND AHMES

BY

N. DE G. DAVIES

With an Appendix on the Greek Graffiti by

SEYMOUR DE RICCI

FORTY PLATES

LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND, 37, Geeat Eussbll Street, W.O.
AND PiEECE Building, Copley Square, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TEUBNBR CO., Deyden House, 43, Gehraed Stjreet, Soho, W.
<fe

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;

AND HENRY PROWDE, Amen Coenek, E.G.

U K' I V t \ Y
'
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 r^7 (V I
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 EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND
iPresiDent

SIE JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., P.E.S., P.S.A.

Wicesipresi&ents

The Et. Hon. The Eabl op Ceomeb, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt)
General Lord Gebneell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. The Hon. Ghas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.)
Sm E. Maunde-Thompson, K.G.B., D.C.L., Prop. G. Maspbbo, D.O.L. (Eranoe)
LL.D. Prop. Ad. Ebman, Ph.D. (Germany)
The Eev. Pkof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia)

Iboii. treasurers

H. A. Geuebee, Esq., P.S.A. Gabdneb M. Lane, Esq. (U.S.A.)

1bon. Secretaries

J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A. Albert M. Lythgoe, Esq. (U.S.A.)

Members of Committee

T. H. Batlis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. Mrs. McClurb.

C. P. MoBEELY Bell, Esq.
J. E. Carter, Esq. (U.S.A.)
SoMERS Clarke, Esq., P.S.A.
W. E. Ceum, Esq., M.A.
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (U.S.A.)
Arthue John Evans, Esq., M.A., D.
P.E.S.
Prop. Ernest A. Gabdneb, M.A.
P. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
P. G. Kbnyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.
Prof. Alexandbb Macalistbe, M.D.
The Ebv. W. MacGeegoe, M.A.
C. McIlvaine, Esq. (U.S.A.)
The Mabquess of Northampton,
Prancis Wm. Percival, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
P. G. Hilton Price, Esq., Dir.S.A.
Litt., Sib Hbebbet Thompson, Baet.
Mes. Tirard.
Emanuel M. Undbedown, Esq., K.C.
John Waed, Esq., P.S.A.
T. Hbebbet Waeeen, Esq., M.A.
E. TowEY Whytb, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
 CONTENTS

List of the Plates

Preface
..... PAGE
ix
xi

Chapter I. The Tomb of Huya.

A. Architectural Features
B. The Sculptured Scenes.

1. The prayers of Huya 3

2. A Royal banquet 4
3. An evening entertainment 7
4. A visit of Tyi to the temple 7
5. The reception of the foreign tribute 9
6. Huya's appointment to office 12
7. Huya's duties and rewards 13
8. Akhenaten's link with the past .
15
9. The funeral rites 16
10. The funeral procession 17
11. The burial furniture .
17
C.
D. Huya ....
The Religious Texts .
17
19

Appendix A. The " Sun-shade " of Tyi 19

Chapter II. The Tomb of Ahmes.

A. Architectural Features 26
B. The Sculptured Scenes.
1. The prayers of Ahmes 27
2. A Royal visit to the temple 27
3. The Royal Family at home 29
C. The Religious Texts .
31
D. Ahmes 32

Appendix B. The Greek Graffiti. (By Seymour de Ricci) 34

Index 38
 LIST OF PLATES
WITH EEFERENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED

PLATE
 LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE
XXXII. W. wall. The King and Queen driving
XXXIIa. ,,
The same (restored)
XXXIII. „ The palace
XXXIV". The Royal Family at meat
XXXV. Graffiti
XXXVI. *ToMB OF HuYA. Hall and doorway of shrine
XXXVII. *
,,
Thickness of inner wall
XXXVIII. *ToMB OF Ahmes. Door and E. thickness
XXXIX. *
„ W. wall. The soldiery .

''
Photographio plates.
 PEEFAGE.
A WORK such as that of which the present volume forms an instalment can hardly be satisfactorily
advanced without incurring many obligations. The ready assistance which has been rendered I
now gratefully acknowledge, and in the first and foremost place express my thanks to the Com-
mittee of the Egypt Exploration Fund for enabling me not only to carry the enterprise so far
with all the thoroughness which I ventured to think such a publication demanded, but also to
look forward to a completion of the whole necropolis of El Amarna on the same scale. It is a
privilege to serve a large body of subscribers in a scientific project of this magnitude. With
regard to details of the work, I have to thank Professor SteindorfF for permission to reproduce
a photograph in Part II. (the upper picture of Plate xxvi.) ; to M. de Ricci for contributing an
appendix to this volume in a department with which he is peculiarly qualified to deal ; M.
to
Maspero for many facilities and suggestions, and to Professor Petrie for putting his knowledge
and records of the site at my disposal. Mr. Griffith has been, as ever, an ideal Editor, and the
credit is specially his if the translations embodied in the work have kept pace with the linguistic
advances of recent years.
I have also to express my regret to the memory of Champollion for failing to notice that
some inaccuracies in his great work are in fact due to another hand than his, and to Signor
Barsanti for being ignorant of a paper, " Sulla scoperta della tomba del Faraone Amenoji IV."
contributed by him in 1894 to the Beale Accademia dei Lincei. The articles of the late M,
Bouriant on the tomb of Rames at Qurneh {Becueil and Revue Archeologique, May, 1882,
vi,, p. 53,

p. 279) should be added to the bibliography in Part I., as well as the new volume of the Institut
Francais (dated 1903, but published in March, 1905), ^^ Monuments pour servir a V etude du
culte d'Atonou en l^gypte"^ this titlehaving been courteously adopted by M, Chassinat to avoid
clashing with that of the present work.
I do not feel that any apology is needed for the general method of reproduction employed in
this work. At the cost of some unsightliness I feel bound to enable the student to distinguish as

clearly as possible between the extant picture and any restorations that may be considered
desirable. But as has assured the public that I do not intend the
a distinguished critic

irregularly broken lines of an injured scene to represent the exact state of the wall, it is necessary
for me to insist that this is what I have attempted, to the best of my ability ; conceiving that it

is my duty to be everywhere the copyist and not the artist, or to give plain notice of the lapse.

N. DE Gaeis Davies.
^ Cited in this work as " Le Culte d'Atonou."
 THE
EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA,
PART III.

CHAPTEE I.

THE TOMB OF HUYA (

A. Aechitectueal Features. aspect, in strong contrast to its present filth-

encrusted and ruinous state.
Plates i., XXV., xxxvi.
The entrance to the hall from outside has no
Previous copies are :

Hay, MSS. 29,847, foil. 46, 47 (plans). framing, but the passage to the inner rooms is

L'HoTB, Papiers, iii. 275, 277, 278 (fragmentary) furnished with the usual inscribed portal. The
—
The Exterior. The situation of the tomb cornice above the lintel is painted with nine
horizontal 'bands (red, blue, green, blue, in
of Huya has been already described.^ It lies
order), the upright plumes being marked out by
immediately to the North of the tomb of the
Meryra ^ both tombs being very similar
black vertical lines. The pediment above is
later ;

decorated with bands of floral design : a section

in type and plan and aligned roughly North
of it is given on Plate xxv. o. The architraves
and South. The tomb of Huya was probably
are not inscribed.
excavated, or at least decorated, a year or two
The fa9ade now The floor of the hall is very rough, but no
earlier than its neighbour. is
doubt it was originally covered with a pavement
too much worn to retain inscriptions.
of red plaster.
Inteeioe. The Hall.— In the entrance way,
The Columns.—Two columns supported the
as in the hall within, the surface of the lower
ceiling through architraves of rock, and the
part of the wall has scaled away badly, com-
consequent division of the hall into a central
pletely destroying the scenes and inscriptions
passage with side aisles was emphasised by
there. The hall is of small dimensions ; but
giving to the centre section greater height and
as originally designed and executed its bright
a gable roof of very low pitch. Only one
colouring must have given it a very pleasing
column now remains, and this has lost its base

(Plate xxxvi.) ; the other has been destroyed

'
In Plate i. I have made considerable use of plans
prepared by Mr. John Newberry in 1892. up to the abacus. The relatively low height of
' Part I.,
pp. 2, 7; Part II., p. 3. The tomb is No. 1 the hall entailed a certain degree of squatness,
of the present numeration, No. 7 of Lepsius,"No. 6
of
especially in the capital, but the omission of the
L'H6te, " Tomb A " of Hay.
33.
tablet from the shaft is some compensation for
•*
Part II., p.

B
 THE ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

this. In general the column closely resembles the Double Treasury, and of
the house of the great royal
the form used in the adjoining tomb (II.
wife (Tyi), Huya, maa-
xxviii.), but the sheathing leaves of the calyx
as well as those at the base are marked with
kheru."
B. (Hall). "[A reception
W/A m
C D

the chisel. This adornment of the capital by of offerings], all manner of C\.-

sixteen overlapping sets of sheaths

but so far from realistic that the sculptor was
is effective/
things that are offered [in
the presence] of Ua-en-ra,
beloved like the Aten(?) . .
m I O riiAA

undecided whether to allow science or art to milk (?) and pro-

visions for thy [burial?].
prevail.
whole
After having spread them round the
capital, he cut them away again from the
May thy name flourish [in]
;^ii
PP m
thy chapel ; may [every
eight central stems, and then, repenting, re- generation] call [thee (?)]. '<^

stored them in plaster. Impartial time has May thy ti

name not be to seek in thine lono
now left them on one side and removed them gap
abode
ends
on the other. The colour has disappeared but ; .... [For the lio, of the]
on each stem a central rib, tapering from a Superintendent of the royal
harem and of the Double
broad base, was shown in paint (brown to
Treasury and Steward in the M_rp
represent the withered sheath ?) ? house of the queen-mother I n 1 1 ii?S %\
The Ceilings.—The brilliant colours which and great royal wife Tyi,
once adorned the ceiling are partially retained Huya, maakheru in peace." IJJ

on the soffits of the architraves. The patterns Only the name and
/Kl^
of the central aisle and of the entrance cannot titles of Huya are legi-
be recovered. That on the soffits is given in ble in the other two ff -I

Plate XXV. A, and that on the ceiling of the cases.

^:
East aisle in Plate xxv. e.^ The ceiling of the The Second Cham-
— This
inner shrine was decorated in the
in Plate xxv. K.
manner shown bee.
with shallow architraves,
is provided 1^
m
The design in tbe central aisle is divided in but no columns. At
the middle by a column of incised hieroglyphs, the Bast end the mouth of a burial shaft opens
and similar columns run down the centre of the in a ledge of rock, which is thus made to serve
ceilings of the three wall-thicknesses. They as a protecting parapet. The well is almost
are scarcely legible, and I append transcripts empty, and about 36 feet deep. The chamber
and translations of them with diffidence. can be seen at the bottom opening out to the
A. (Entrance). "[A reception af] offerings* of the West ; but I did not descend. There is a ledge
King's giving loaves, beer, and provisions at every of rock left at the
(?),
West end of the room also
place of thine. May thy name (?) flourish ; may it not
;

but it is rough and too narrow to contain a

be to seek (?) in thine abode of eternity (?).
"For the Aa of the Superintendent of the harem, of shaft.

The Shkine (Plates i., xix., xxxvi.).—The

doorway to the terminal chamber is seldom
'
The idea is taken from the single-stemmed papyrus
decorated in this necropolis, perhaps for lack of
column.
'^
Hay partly colours his column, but the data seem time but here it is fully inscribed.
; The form
to have been insecure. of the doorway also is unusual, though occasion-
' I hope to give coloured representations of the
ceiling
ally met with in the earlier tombs and it ;
patterns of the necropolis in a subsequent volume.
* For these two very similar inscriptions consult
Plate
befits the situation, for it is the same that is

XX. (B. thickness) where the same phrases occur. frequently given to the main doorways in
 THE TOMT? OF HUYA.

private houses,^ Hence we may gather that shrine were decorated with scenes and inscrip-
the construction was usually in wood, though tions. The work was by no means of the first
the arch of the characteristic upper part quality, though perhaps better than its present
suggests that the original type was in brick- condition induces one to suppose and while the ;

work. This superstructure seems to carry minute workmanship of such a scene as that on
out the idea of a panelled wall in two stages, Plate xviii. showed what care and labour could
each crowned with a cornice of uraei. In the achieve, most of the smaller work is but rudely
lower wall there are two openings (in which executed. The scenes cover the walls to within
columns are painted here). No doubt the a short distance from the floor, and where space
purpose of this fan-shaped lattice was to admit permitted they were framed in borders of
light and air, the panels being left open or parallel blue and red lines.
filled with fretwork designs. The designs used The vacant space round the altar on the Bast
for the purpose are very varied ; here they wall has been utilized by Greek visitors for
include several derived from the papyrus, scrawling graffiti on in black ink (Plate xxv.
cartouches, and columns.^ B, D, e). The names are by M. de
dealt with
The jambs are decorated with blue hiero- Ricci on p. 34. Most prominent are two rude
glyphs on a wine-coloured ground (representing figures of Anubis, for which the two porticoes
rose-granite ?) ; but they have been much of the temple (see Plate x.) are made to serve
mutilated in recent times. The drum is made as pedestals. One of them sits enthroned the ;

to represent a bundle of reeds (blue with red other' stands. The latter is furnished with a
bands). So weak a material can have been shirt, and wears a hat or halo on his head, and

used as a lintel only in very rude buildings^ boots upon his feet. What he holds in his
and perhaps it rather represents the rolled-up hand is not clear.
mat which every campaigner in Egypt uses to
doorway of his mud-brick hut.^
close the B. The Sculptured Scenes.
The shrine contains a sitting statue of the 1.- The Prayers of Huya.
deceased man, which with its pedestal occupies
The Wall-Thicknesses. Plates ii., iii. xx., xxi.,
almost the entire space in both height and
XXX vii.
length. It is much mutilated and the face has A previous copy is :

been entirely cut away. L'HoTB, Papiers, iii. 277.

The Sculptuee. —The three portals, the It will be convenient to deal at once with
thicknesses of the three cross-walls, and the the decorations on the six wall-spaces afforded
whole wall-surface of the main hall and of the by the passages through the cross- walls. In
the northern necropolis (except in II., vii., viii.)

these places are occupied by standing figures

'
Cf. Plates xxvii., xxxiii. ; Part I., Plate xxxii. and
Part 5 Wilkinson, Manners and Customs, of the deceased in act of prayer, and by the
p. 39 ; II. p. ;

I., p. iii. 82; Peteib, Decorative Art, p. 95.

356; L. £>., prayer itself set out in vertical columns ; the
A fine such a door was found this year in the
example of figure facing outwards as if coming out to
excavations of Deir el Bahri. These doors seem to be
enjoy a sight of his divinity, the sun.
the true representatives of the decorated false doors of
In this tomb, however, the figures in the
Old Kingdom tombs.
^ Compare the common design of the tv70 joined entrance t.o the shrine, a space elsewhere left
papyrus-heads in the panels of false doors in Old undecorated, face inwards. This exceptional
Kingdom times.
attitude is proper to the position, and well
3 Of. II. xxi., where a similar bundle is seen below the
cartouches on a lintel. illustrates the Egyptian conceptions of the
 THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

after-life ; for when the spirit of the deceased Above the head of each is a table, on which an
which haunts the mummy in the sepulchral enormous array of loaves is stifily displayed
chamber feels free to roam, it must escape by round a cone or piled to that form.^ The pile

the burial shaft in the middle chamber, and so is adorned with a fashionable frill near the top.
turns intuard to the shrine but outward to the Huya's own name is written large over the
open air. These scenes thus indicate the doorway.
middle chamber as the dwelling-place of the The texts will be dealt with on pp. 17, 18.
dead.
The dress of Huya is identical in the four 2. A Royal Banquet.
cases where he comes forth to pray. He wears
South Wall. Bast side. Plates iv., v.
a long robe confined on the hips by a sash,
Previous copies are :

which has a decorative edging on the upper Wilkinson, Manners and Customs, i. pp. 470, 476.
hem and is fringed at both ends.^ Plate iii.
L'HoTE, Papiers, xi. 12 (published in Am^lineau,
Sepultiire, pi. 100).
shows a more realistic rendering of the knot in
Lepsius, -D., iii. 100, c, d."
front than is usual; the looped end is seen Peissb, L'Art lEgyptien, ii. 27.
pressed against the body, instead of being
As the absence hitherto of any mention or
shown in profile as in Plate xx. The toilet of
figure of Queen Tyi from the walls of the
Huya is completed by sandals, a long wig, the
tombs of El Amarna shows that she was not
tail festal cone or cap ^ which a fillet keeps in
resident in Akhetaten at the time of their
place, four rows of gold beads round the neck,
formation, the existence of this tomb of the
and a gold bracelet on each wrist.
highest official of her household, and the special
In the other two cases (Plate xx.), where
honour which is accorded to her in its scenes,
Huya is not engaged in prayer, but entering
indicate that late in the reign of Akhenaten
his private room, he wears the gown tucked up
she paid a state visit to the new capital, and
and showing a tunic beneath it. He carries a
even suggest that she had come to take up her
staff and wears four flat gold bands on the
abode or up an establishment there.''
set
right fore-arm, instead of the single bracelet
But whether the visit of Tyi were longer or
(see also Plate xvii.). He seems to hold a
shorter, and whether Huya or the king had the
lotus in the other hand.
greater voice in the choice of subjects for
"We may also conveniently deal here with
the walls of the tomb, it is plain that both
the adjacent (South) wall of the shrine itself
welcomed the event and regarded it as of the
(Plate xxi.). Here on either side of the door-
highest importance. To the king this open
way is a kneeling female figure, who seems to
avowal of the queen-dowager's sympathy
salute Huya as he enters his private apart-
" his
with the religious revolution was an event
ments. One is sister, the lady of the
house, Un-her, maatkheru " ; the other " his
[wife],^ the lady of the house, Tuy, maafJcheru."'^ Or a pile of loaves under a conical
^
cover. Of.
Capabt, Becueil de Monuments, I. xlii.
' Whence the restoration of Plate iv.
'
Cf. Part I., pp. 10, 11. The fringe of the looped end ' " A House of Tyi " is mentioned on a sherd (Peteie,
of the sash is seen on the Semites in II. xxxv., for it is T. A., p. 33, and plate xxii.), and there is a rough
not a handkerchief as I suggested. cartouche of hers in a quarry from which perhaps the
^ On Plate xii. the cap is streaked with red at the top. stone for this house was taken {ib. plate xlii.) The
^ Probably, since "sister" is not determined by a
deduction drawn from on 4 seems far too bold.
it p.
sitting woman. Perhaps "his mother." Cf. PI. xxii. High up in the same quarry is the figure of a man
* Of. L. D. Text, ii., p. 141. issuing from a door like that of Plate xix,
 THE TOMB OF HUYA.

of the utmost political significance, and Huya more such jars are placed together, a strip of
could not but rejoice on private grounds blue or patterned cloth cast round them, is

at the complete harmony which reigned be- apparently as a decorative method of steady-
tween his sovereign and his mistress. The ing these unstable vessels. Akhenaten and.
importance of the visit to both king and sub- Nefertiti wear a simple head-dress, whereas
ject is reflected on every wall save one, where Tyi is crowned with the double plumes and
another event of public interest found record. the horned disc. She is entitled " mother of a
As the pleasures of the table naturally form King (i.e. Akhenaten) and great wife of a King
the most prominent feature of the decoration (i.e.Amenhetep III.), Tyi, living for ever and
of the private tomb at all times, it is not ever," ^ The sun extends his rays over all

surprising that this side of life in the palace has the participants, over their food, and over an
a place in the representations of the royal offering which has been set aside for himself.
family. We meet with it elsewhere (Plate By the side of Tyi sits "the daughter of
xxxiv. and IV, x.), and the idea of II. xxxii. the (late) King, begotten and beloved by him,
was probably borrowed from the adjoining Beketaten," who receives food from her mother's
wall here. In addition, banqueting must have hand.* Her presence here is balanced by that
played a large part in the welcome accorded to of two of her nieces who also are privileged to
the Queen-mother by Akhenaten. sit by their mother's chair. The elder is Meryt-
In the scene here the King and Nefertiti aten ; the other, who is much smaller, is

sit on high-backed chairs on the left-hand of probably Nefer-neferu-aten.^ Huya himself, as

the picture, facing Tyi.^ By the side of each Tyi's chamberlain, is personally serving his
is a table covered with a green cloth and mistress, receiving the dishes, or rather
stacked high with provisions of every sort. meats, from the corresponding official of the
Yet the appetite of the royal pair would seem palace.
to justify even this enormous pile for while ;

Akhenaten attacks with his teeth a broiled bone ' The irregular arrangement of the hieroglyphs which
as long as his arm, Nerfertiti makes as direct is frequently seen in the Queen's title gave rise to the

an onslaught on a untenable supposition that Tyi was '

royal mother of the
fair-sized bird. Proportional '

great queen " (i.e. of Nefertiti).

size, as depicted by an Egyptian draughtsman, * The appearance Beketaten only in the company of
of
however, the weakest possible basis for con- "
is Tyi, and the absence of the inevitable "
born of Nefertiti
clusions, and if we miss a refinement which it from her description, make it certain that she was not
the daughter of Nefertiti, and but little less than certain
would be foolish to expect, neither must we that she was the daughter of Tyi. That her father was
settle by eye the measure of the apparent Amenhetep III. is finally proved by the sceiie in Plate xviii.
grossness.^ Those who malevolently destroyed The difference of age between herself and her brother
Akhenaten (twelve from twenty-eight, say) creates no
the faces of the royal figures here may have
difficulty, though she must have been born late in life to
saved Tyi from a similar charge of gluttony, Amenhetep III. or even posthumously. Her father need
but her action appears more genteel. Drink not have been responsible for the name she bears here,

also is abundantly provided for each person in involving recognition of the cult of Aten. See Peteie,
History, ii., pp. 203-4 (contrary to the earlier T. A.,
large jars set on stands. Wherever two or
p. 39).
The four daughters who are assigned to Nefertiti
*

'
The head, in which Lepsius's artist, Georgi
lion's in this tomb are probably seen on the South as on the
(followed by Prisse), makes the seat of the chair terminate, North wall, two on each side of the doorway (contrary
is quite fictitious. to the statement in Part I., p. 42.) The food which was
^ Of. the Egyptian ideas of festivity cited by Ekjian, between their hands here was only painted and has
Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 255. disappeared.
 THE BOOK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

The sceues in the background of the hall are performers, a harpist, two players on the lute,
shown in the lower registers (Plate v.). Here and one on the The other performers
lyre.^

we see the larder filled with jars of beer and are manifestly foreigners, both by dress and
.wine, boxes of cakes, tables of meats, etc., from instruments (compare Plate vii.) ;
for though
\vhicli officials are supplying the waiters. With the form of the lyre cannot be said to differ

the precaution habitual in the East, the viands are from that used in Egypt, the latter appears to
tasted both by the palace officials ^ (lower row) have been a foreign importation in New
and by Huya himself after them (upper row) Kingdom times. ^ This indication of an eastern
before they are placed on the royal tables. origin is supported by their flounced dress.
Huya is styled "the favourite of Ua-en-ra, The group unfortunately is sculptured in the
following the feet of the Lord of the Two roughest possible Avay, so that neither dress nor
Lands in every place that he loveth, the instruments have very definite outlines. The
Superintendent of the royal harem, of the curious head-gear, whether it be dressed hair
(black), or a cap with a fillet round it, some-
what resembling the tarlush and handkerchief
which are common in Egypt to-day, is most
nearly paralleled in representations of the Shasu
(Bedawin) and the Tursha (inhabitants of Asia
Minor ?).^ It will be remembered that the
earliest representation of the lyre shows it in
*
the hands of Bedawin.
One of the six performers bears a lute, and
Treasury, and of the house of the Queen-mother one other at least a lyre of six strings, but the
^
and great royal Avife, Tyi, the living one." chief instrument is an immense standing lyre, the
Two bands of performers on stringed instru- full height of a man. It is in charge of two
ments are in attendance, the one native, the men in Plate vii., one of whom, however, may
other apparently foreign. The presence of the only be steadying the instrument. It is played
latter might be explained by the gathering of Avith both hands. It has an octave of strings and
foreign embassies which is recorded on the West is naounted on an ornamental stand in the form of
wall, and may have synchronized with, and a vase. The keyed frame at the top is supported
afforded a partial reason for, Tyi's visit. But as on tAvo rods shaped like spears, instead of on the
here and in Plate vii. they are placed on Tyi's curved gazelle's heads usual with the, lyre.
side over against the palace musicians, they are Both, it may be remai-ked, are designs natural
more likely to have come in her train. to a desert people.

The court band, which we have already met Dado. — It is a peculiarity of this tomb that
with in IL xxxii, and shall see again in on the South, East, and West sides the very foot
Plates vii. and xxxiii., consists of four female of the wall is occupied by a scene in a single
register, which has nothing to do, so far as can
^
The chief of these will be met with again. The
shaven head may have been imposed on ofQcials of the
kitchen as well as on priests, for the sake of cleanliness ^ The group is perfect in L'Hote's copy. See restora-
(see Peteie, T. A., pi. v.). tion above.
^ The inscription has been removed in modern times. * Eeman, Ancient Egypt, p. 253.
It is inserted in the above restoration from a squeeze of ^ Of. MuLLEB, Aden und Europa, pp. 380, 381.
Lepsius (L. D. Text, ii., p. 139). ° Nbwbeeby, Beni Hasan, i., xxxi.
 THE TOMB OF HUYA.

be seen, with the scene above, or with the life whom he loves, the Lady of the Two Lands
of the deceased. Its irrelevance is marked on [Nefertiti], living for ever and ever."
the South wall by the intervention of the The background scenes (Plate vii.) are so
coloured border between it and the main scene. similar to those in Plate v. that it only remains
The supplementary scene on this wall shows the to notice the six flaming lamp-stands, each
summer life of the peasants in the fields. Like having two globular jars set by it on stands.
the modern fellah, they have erected a little Evidently this was an evening cup, and the
shelter of straw or wattle under a tree, provided lamps are for illumination, the jars of wine being
with the few utensils for baking, etc., which are set near them that the servants might see to
all that they require. The animals tethered replenish the cups. As we are still strangely
outside being exposed to the attacks of wild ignorant of the illuminants used by the Egyp-
beasts, a spring-trap (?) is set in the vicinity ;
tians, this feature is noteworthy. The supple-
yet none the less watch is desirable, and we see mentary scene below the framed picture has
the herdsman chasing away a marauding perished almost to the last traces.
hyaena or The women sit outside the
jackal.

hut beside the bushes winnowing the corn.

Further afield others of their number, accom- 4. —A Visit of Tyi to the Temple.

panied by the family cow, are gleaning amongst

Bast Wall. Plates viii. to xii.

the stubble. Their men also are busy reaping,

Previous copies are :

the lazy one of the number jesting with the Hay, MSS. 29814, fol. 42.
others or quaffing from the beer-jar. L'HoTB, Papiers, xi. 4 (published in Amiblineau's
Sepulture, pi. cii.).

Lepsius, D., iii., 101, 102.

3. An Evening Entertainment.
The purpose of this scene is given in an in-
South wall. West side. Plates vi., vii.
scription in front of the King, reading
A previous copy is :

" Conducting the great Queen and Queen-mother, Tyi,

L'HoTB, Papiers, xi. 10 (published by Amelinbau,
to let her see her Sun-shade (a temple or division of the
Sepulture, pi. ci.).
temple)." i

We have here a companion picture to that of It thus forms part of the chronicle of the visit
Plate iv. As before, Akhenaten and Nefertiti,
of Tyi to Akhetaten, to which half the scenes of
with the two princesses Ankhes-en-pa-aten and Huya's chapel is devoted. The picture divides
Meket-aten (?), sit over against their guests, the into three parts :
— 1. The main scene (Plates
Queen-dowager and her little daughter. The ix., X., xi.) ; 2. the usual by-incidents (Plate
elders have been served with wine and are xii.) ; 3. an irrelevant appendix (lowest- register,
drinking it from goblets, which servants who Plate viii.). The distinctive treatment of the
wait with napkins are ready to replenish from three parts here and elsewhere may help to fix
narrow jars (cf. IL, xxxii). Huya is present and the responsibility for the choice of subject, in
directs the servants with his wand of office (?). this and other tombs. For the interests of the
Low stands of eatables also are set by the King seem prominent in the main scene, Huya's
chairs for the use of the children, who appa-
rently are not allowed the wine. Nefertiti is
1 Eestored from L'Hote. In both cases the
styled " The heiress, great of favour, lady
of
of Lepsius a little doubtful. In a squeeze of L'Hote
grace, charming in loving-kindness, mistress
of (Papiers, xix.) the first
is

• rather resembles ; — o, and he

South and North, the great wife of the king reads a d and -==-> respectively.
 TEE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.

OAvn in the secondary registers, while in the p. 28). The three chariots from the royal
dado the artist has been allowed a free hand. stables are not forgotten by the artist.

In Plate xii. the King and his mother are Huya's privilege, as occupier of the tomb, of
seen within the temple walls, proceeding to- making himself prominent in the sub-scene, has
wards a great gateway, the folding-doors of been cleverly made use of. •
Apparently Tyi
Avhich are thrown open to receive them. Akh- had come to settle in Akhetaten. A house had
enaten is leading Tyi affectionately by the been provided for her, a shrine erected for her
hand, and his little sister Beketaten follows worship, and the 'personnel of her household
Avith a gift for the altar on behalf of each. chosen. Huya had probably little to do with
Two nurses watch over her, and there is the the provision of the shrine, but much, those who
usual following of porters and attendants and of know the East will readily believe, with the
officials, military and civil. They are preceded appointments to office in the house. It is this
by Huya and an unnamed official, who leads apparently that he depicts here. Dividing the
the way clad in Egyptian dress, but with a servants into eight classes or castes, and regard-
fillet round his bald head and a curiously-plaited ing the appointments to each as a magnification
bandage, like our modern putties, on one leg.'^ of his own office, he leads his underlings in
The buildings of the temple to which the giving thanks and homage together in their
King and Queen are proceeding consist of a various capacities, not unaware how much of
colonnaded court with a more intricate series of the gratitude of the menials was paid to him
courts or chambers beyond it. Aten shines personally. (So on the North wall we see
both upon the royal pair and on the building. Huya's appointment combined with his enrol-
In the latter case the titulary runs, " The living ment of workmen.)
Aten, &c., in the Sun-shade (or '
Shade of Ra ') Scarcely anything is left to us of five, out of
of the Queen-mother and great Queen [Tyi], the the eight classes shown, but apparently in each
living one." In the former case, and every- Huya was seen, leading with upraised arms the
where else in the tomb, the seat of the Aten is acclamations of the servants. Each picture is

described simply as " Akhetaten," instead of accompanied by an inscription of the form,

" the temple of Aten in Akhetaten." If this is " The appointment of the Superintendent of
more than caprice, it implies that other shrines the royal harem, Huya " Over each
had now been erected in the capital and had group, or over many of them, is written the
deprived the great temple of its monopoly. shout with which it acclaims the King or
The discussion of the architectural plan of the Queen, " The ruler of the Aten : he shall exist
temple in Plates x., xi. will be reserved for an for ever and ever. He promotes from the
appendix " " "
(p. 19). youngest ranks ! She who rises in beauty !

The register below the main scene shows a " To him on whom Aten has risen !
" " Aten
continuation of the train of ofiicials. The mili- at (his) rising (?) !
" " She who is the sup-
tary escort consists exclusively of officers and porter of the temple of Aten in Akhetaten !
" ^

standard-bearers, but they are marshalled by a The inscription in front of the last
group but
trumpeter, who may have the same rank (v. one reads, " The appointment of the Superin-
tendent of the royal harem, Huya, and of (or
1 It may be a decoration, therefore not an article of;

apparel. I know of nothing Egyptian akin to it, and it

savours of foreign (Cretan ?) origin. We see Huya else- - Or perhaps not a cry, but a label, " The (guild of)
where in charge of such an official ; suggesting that Huya, porters of the temple," the guild supplying carriers both
like Tyi, was a stranger to Akhetaten (cf. Plates v., xv.). to Huya and to the temple.
 THE TOMB OP HUYA.

' as ') the bearer of the standard (?)

^ of the the fishers are using both the drag-net and the
guild of saises of '
Aten has risen on him.' rod.
The inscription before the preceding group
was probably similar, thus associating the 5, The Reception of the Foreign Tribute.
standard-bearers of another guild with Huya West wall. Plates xiii., xiv., xv., vii.

in his good fortune. The men of the last group Hay, MSS. 29814, fol. 45, 46, 59.

the inscription, " Appointment L'Hote, Papiers, 7 (published in Amelinbau,

are identified by xi.

Sepulture, pi. ciii.) ; Lettres jScrites, p. 69.

of the porters of Huya, Superintendent of the
Lepsius, D., iii. 1006. (palanquin and bearers).
royal harem and of the Treasuiy." ^ If the in-
This scene is unique in the necropolis, as an
scription over their heads is correctly inter-
illustration of an historical event which it also
preted to mean " She who is the supporter of
the .temple," their cry is a play upon the word describes and dates. The inscription records :

" Year 12, the second month of winter, 'the eighth day.
by the jovial porters, who pretend to include
Life to the Father, the double Euler,^ Ea-Aten, who gives
the great Queen as one of their profession.
life and ever
for ever The King of South and North
!

The scene at the bottom of this wall has Nefer-kheperu-ra and the Queen Nefertiti, living for
apparently only a decorative motive. Its con- ever and ever, made a public appearance on the great
palanquin of gold to receive the tributeof Syria (Kharu)
dition makes any exact description impossible,
and Ethiopia (Kush), the West and the East (Syria and
but it evidently represents waterside scenes. Ethiopia standing for the North and the South) all the ;

On the left is the familiar papyrus thicket, in- countries collected at one time,* and the islands in the
heart of the sea, bringing offerings to the King (when
habited by nesting birds, which are being dis-
he was) on the great throne of Akhetaten for receiving the
turbed by gatherers of reeds and by fowlers imposts of every land, granting to them the breath of life."
who have spread their net in the pools hard by.
The movement in the picture is from the
Further to the right what appears to be a river
palace to the great dais of reception. The
is seen, on the banks of which cattle are
pictures of the palace have already been
grazing ; but probably it is not water but a
commented on (Part I., p. 23), but a few points
wall of netting into which game is being driven
suggested by this new representation may be
by beaters. By the side of a pool or river,
added here.
where the trees and bushes are thick, the camp
The lower section, near which a servant is
of these hunters or herdsmen has been planted.
sweeping, shows the facade of the palace, yet
A hut of wattle is set within a pale (?), and the
very arbitrarily.
pile of fruits (?) outside seems to indicate that
1. The two doors under the loggia window
the country affords sufficient sustenance. While
are only put there for the sake of compactness.
the women are engaged about the camp, the
The loggia should stand on the raised terrace,
men are busy capturing the fish with which
and these doors, which are the doors to rooms
the waters teem. Two canoes are afloat, and
on each side of the loggia, should be placed
accordingly. The sloping ascents led up to
Beading these doors, but at right angles to the facade,

2 Restoring |-g I
from a photograph by not, as here, sideways.
^^j ^IM
Petrie {Bacial Types, xiv. 612) which was prior to the

injury. comprises this inscription and the two pre-

It ' This is the literal meaning of the repeated sign of the
ceding groups, which are distinguished by him as Syrians seated King, but really two different determinatives should
and Ethiopians. I see no trace of anything foreign in have been used to distinguish the divine from the regal
/\f^/fAf\ /VNAVNA

— attributes of the god (see Part II., pi. iv. g, and p. 15).
:

L'Hote reads and the photo-

them.
ra il <=> ^M I ,

graph is not clear enough to give a final verdict

* Beading /^ with Lepsius
10 THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMAB.NA.

2. The four columns to right and left of the state procession and possibly a long one in the
loggia should in strictness not be seen, but open-air, fan and shade- bearers are assiduous in

instead the two doors in a blank wall. The their attentions. The elaborate palanquin has
four columns are inside the rooms/ but the already been noticed.^
artist, having taken over the common design
of the loggia, which had the side doors and
terrace set below it (cf. PI. xvii.), had space
left to show the interior of the side rooms.
3. Our artist, not being able to put the
porch in front of the loggia without mingling of
lines, nor at the side (as in II. 14) without
confusion with the columns there (as in II. 41),
yet determined to put it somewhere, has calmly-
placed it in front, of the gate in the enclosing
wall ! In face of this audacity one may well
cease to be dogmatic in the interpretation or
reconcilement of these architectural plans.
4. The smaller rooms, instead of being
ranged behind the great hall, are placed on both
sides of it, the intervening corridor being
duplicated in order to carry out the change.^
The sleepy eunuch, who is as much a feature
of the house as its architecture, is to be seen in
the corridor.^ The princesses are walking behind the chair,
As it was desirable to impress the foreign followed by waiting-women and two nurses.
embassies with Egypt's wealth and dignity, the Only the two elder are named possibly two :

King and Queen are carried to the place of more were inconspicuously shown. This artist,
reception in the state palanquin of precious unlike the rest, was a little contemptuous of the
metal, borne on the shoulders of a dozen carriers. royal nursery, and probably might have added,
The royal pair sit side by side, not foregoing in had he thought worth while, one or tAvo babies
public their habitual dalliance ; for, though to the four children whom at most he acknoAv-
Akhenaten sits in the irksome stiffness of a ledges.

statue, with fly-flap and crook (?), he permits The officials, servants, and military who are
Nefertiti to pass her arm round his waist.* shown by the side of the king's chair (Plate
A-pparently this sign of intimate union, which XV.) are very similar to those seen and noticed
Egyptian statuary affects, was considered to in the companion picture in the tomb of Meryra."
lend dignity to the husband. As this was a The troops are entirely of the same Bedawi (?)
tribe, armed with the curved staff. A long file
I. xviii., added to the evidence of actual houses in the of these men led by
is five of their officers
ruined city, is decisive.
(upper row on the left, Plate xv.). In front of
* The reader will get a clearer idea of the building
which was the original of these tantalizing plans by them again are Huya and his fellow official,
consulting the diagram on p. 30, and the plan and rbstora- preceded by six soldiers. These belong to two
tion in Beman, Life in Ancient Egypt, pp. 177-180.
^ Cf. L. D., iii. 106 a ; Peteib, T.A., pi. xi.
• See accompanying restoration. Part II., pi. xxxvii. and p. 42. " Ibid.
 THE TOMB OF HUYA. 11

corps, but it is impossible to give precise out- first place of negro slaves in fetters, dragged
line to the weapons which they carry. forward singly or in couples (the women and
An
additional detachment of this and a kin- children following in the rear). Less barbarous
dred tribe (who wear a short tunic and carry gifts follow (Plate xv.) ; three yokes hung with
an axe, as in II. xl.) are also ranged on the skins and rings of gold ; two set-pieces of
other side of the King (Plate xiv.) in the same metal-work representing typical south-country
position of trust ; they are evidently mercena- vegetation ; tusks, chairs (of ebony, no doubt),
ries in the service of Egypt. A priest in the spices, bags of gold-dust, monkeys, leopards and
same headgear precedes the palanquin, burn- antelopes.
ing incense,^ and others of his countrymen go The Ethiopian slaves are balanced by a still
before and assist in the execution of a panto- greater number from Syria, drawn up in nine (?)
mimic dance (as in II. xxxviii.). This dance, bands of four to six each, to await the King's
which I have set down elsewhere to the hilarity arrival. Each band is in charge of a military
of street-boys, seems regulated, and the per- officer and a warder. As there is no mention
formers are rather to be regarded as professional or sign of any military operations, it is safest to
mummers. The three royal chariots are also in conclude that they are slaves or hostages, repre-
the procession, perhaps for show, perhaps for senting or guaranteeing the prescribed tribute.
use on the return journey. The picture is far from showing a free bestowal
A still greater impression was likely to be or interchange of gifts ; for there are no am-
made by the gifts which the tributary nations bassadors prominent, and both gifts and slaves
had brought or sent to the court of their are brought forward by native Egyptians.
suzerain, and which are being carried at the Apparently then an expedition had been sent
head of the procession under guard of one of out to gather in the tribute, not perhaps with-
the police. The tribute of the North is seen on out conflict in every case, and the officers are
one side, and comprises two chariots,^ four here presenting to the King the tale of each
sacks, and a number of the elaborate vases, people's due, whether in gold or human booty.
filled probably with precious spices and un- Most of the captives are males, and all are in
guents, which the goldsmiths of Syria were handcuffs.* In the topmost of the nine rows a
wont to execute, less for use than for purposes few Retnu women are seen, and some perhaps
of display. Other vases with covers and handles in the lowest rows also. The figures are far
decorated with heads of animals are set on too rough to allow of any distinctive racial
stands for the King's inspection, together with marks.
some large open bowls of simpler form, but The royal procession is directed to a little

perhaps with valuable contents, which are en- group of buildings, the largest of which is an
closed in a supporting framework.' open pavilion, raised on a platform and ap-
The tribute of the South represents a very proached by a flight of steps on each of its four
different type of civilization. It consists in the sides. Twelve columns support its roof, four
on each side ; and low walls, topped by uraei,
'
For a parallel to this design of the King's palanquin
connect the three columns at each corner.®
and the incense-bearer by Horemheb at Silsilis, see L. D.,

iii. 121.
^ It is characteristic of the unpractical Bast that the * For these handcuffs see Wilkinson, Manners and
chariots should be borne on men's shoulders instead of Customs, i., p. 338, and Capaet, Becueil de Monuments,

being dragged. i., 35, 36, 37.

' Tbey are rudely cut or unfinished, besides being in- ^ Its counterpart is seen in I. xsxi., and perhaps in

jured, so that it is hard to recover their shapes. II. xxxvii.

 THE ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA

Opposite the pavilion is a smaller platform with The North wall is occupied by two scenes, the
one approach, on which a walled shrine is built, upper parts of which are almost identical and
containing an altar-table, heaped with offerings.^ represent the bestowal of favours on Huya by
Between the two platforms are two small altars the King. The written statement is very meagre
on the model of the great altar in the temple- and the pictorial record much mutilated ; but we
court. To right and left are magazines for the gather from the latter that the two rewards were
service of these altars, and the depiction of in respect of different offices. In Plate xvi,
sacrificial victims shoAvs that a religious cere- it is manifestly Huya's position as Superin-
mony of some magnitude was contemplated. It tendent of the Treasury of Queen Tyi ^ to which
has been suggested in Part II., p. 6, that these attention is called.

buildings are to be identified with the mounds The upper part of the scene in both pictures
which Professor Petrie found at the head of the resembles closely those already interpreted in
great avenue leading to the tombs.^ Lying a detail." Akhenaten and Nefertiti are leaning
little way out of the town in the level waste, from the decorated loggia of the palace' to
this would make -an effective site for a great present the collars of gold or otherwise honour
public ceremonial. the favourite, and the two younger princesses,
We have already seen Huya among the attended by their nurses, regard the scene from
courtiers, but he was not satisfied with this behind.
casual appearance. He claimed a space also Huya stands below in act of salutation, while
where he might be shown receiving the con- a servant affixes to his dress one of the new
gratulations of his household and of his harem rewards or insignia of office (a sash?). The
on his return with new honours from the cere- more scanty than usual, only a
royal gifts seem
mony.^ That he had received such, or that he bracelet being clearly shown, though an un-
had had any part in securing the tribute, is by opened coffer is seen below. Possibly, as the
no means certain.* appointment was to the Queen-mother's house-
There still remain fragments of a decorative hold, the King was only indicating his approval
scene below this, depicting the labour of the and having it registered. The scene is explained
fields (Plate vii.). On the extreme left a by the note, " Huya is appointed ^ Superinten-
peasant's booth or vine-trellis is seen beside a dent of the royal harem, Superintendent of the
tree on which a large bird is perched. A Treasury and Steward in the house of the Queen-
woman is going out to labour in the fields, mother," Huya's grateful eulogy is in the
where a man is already ploughing with a yoke prescribed form :

of oxen. Further on are goats, and, after a

" Praises to thy ka, Ua-en-ra, the good ruler who
long gap, a vessel with a triangular (?) sail, and
perhaps a house on the bank beyond,
° The three offices, and not the last only, must be
6. Huya's Appointment to Ophce. taken to refer to Tyi's household. So we have seen
Meryra II. holding the same offices in the establishment
North Wall. "West side. Plate xvi.
of Nefertiti about this time.
A previous copy is :
« Part I., Plate vi. and pp. 20-22; Part II., Plates x.,
L'HoTB, Papiers, iii. 276. (Eough sketch.) xxxiii., and pp. 16, 36, 44.
7 It will be noticed that the stairs to the doors on the
' As in Plate xi. (extreme left).
platform turn inwards, but outwards in Plate xvii. This
' Petrie, T. A., Plate xlii.
is good proof that in fact they were at right angles to the
^ Only slight fragments remain of the familiar groups
fa9ade.
(lowest row of Plate xv.).
*
See page 19. ^ Emend to
ra
 THE TOMB OF HUYA. 13

makes princes, the great Nile-god of the whole land, the The framework of this scene is almost the
ka (or perhaps sustenance of all mankind.' Thou
'
')
exact counterpart of the last. The Queen is
raisestfrom the youngest ranks (Ut. from the recruits, '

from the recruits '). So long as Aten dawns thou shalt be certainly Nefertiti, though her name is erased ;

to everlasting," the everlasting." the two princesses here are the eldest of the four.
In the scene below Huya stands in a court The elaborate decoration of the balcony, which

surrounded on three sides by store chambers, is destroyed on the neighbouring wall, is here

superintending the weighing out and registra- well preserved, and consists of concentric semi-

tion of valuables (a gold collar, several ewers circles of various colours with three open lotus

and basins, &c.). It would be in accordance flowers at the centre, differing therefore in detail

with II. xxxvi. (perhaps an echo of these scenes), from I. vii. and totally from II. xxxiv.

if there were depicted here Huya's retirement As the epithet " favourite of the Lord of the
to his own house to congratulate himself and Two Lands " is here added to the titles of Huya,
receive congratulations on his good fortune. and numerous tokens of favour are manifest, it

But the adjacent wall suggests that this appears that he grew in the king's good graces.
is not
so, but that we see Huya in the treasury where This title was probably purely honorary.

his duties centred, and in the exercise of that Huya's neck here is laden with golden collars,

triple office which gave him the supreme place and both arms covered to the elbow with arm-
bands, four or five on each. His blessing is
in the Queen's household. The building (really
four square with six chambers on each side couched in different phrases this time :

?) is

evidently built closely on the model of the " The good ruler, mighty in establishing, shining as (?)

temple treasury shown in I. xxxi. As there, so the Aten, [abounding in wealth] and knowing how to

here a continuous portico runs all round the bestow it,s the Aten pleaseth his heart !
— the Pharaoh
(life, prosperity, and health !), the son whom it is my
court, with a column opposite each partition wall life to see." *
and in the middle of one side is seen the entrance
door shaded by a porch outside. There is every Below the main scene are Huya's chariot ^ and
probability, therefore, that the building was in servants, and below these again are a series of

Akhetaten. groups depicting the various crafts of Akhetaten

The contents of the side-chambers are shown, in full operation. Unfortunately they are nearly

but the state of the walls only enables us to see

obliterated. Amongst them, however, and in

that they are very varied, and somewhat resemble excellent preservation except for wilful mutila-

xxxi. It will be noticed that one arm tions in recent times, is a tiny picture which
those in I.

of the balance is longer than the other. This, forms one of the finest pieces of work in the

admissible even with a fixed beam, necropolis (Plate xviii.).^ It is so prominent

of course, is

may be that of the shifting in this respect that it is revealed at once as

but the principle
steelyard.
a work of love. The sculptor, seizing the
opportunity which the subject presented, has
7. Huya's Duties and Rewards.
North Wall. Bast side. Plate xvii.

Previous copies are :

3 Conjecturing
o
AAAAAA T^K
fl O Li I I

L'HoTB, Papiers, iii. 276 reverse. (Eough sketch.)

written at first). Cf. I. viii.
Lepsius, D., iii. 100 a. O Ti
I I 1
I 1 (
r-w-i
* Emending to

'
Beading, I I
/VWV\A ^ The plumes should not have been added.
I V ^ Cf. L. D., 100 a; but the
iii. artist, Georgi, was
text see
most unhappy in his drawing of the statue.
For the I. viii.
14 THE ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

inserted a picture of a studio familiar to him tasks ; for the artist's range was then less special-

for there room for doubt that the

is little artist, ized. One is shaping a chair-leg with a light
if not Auta himself, was one of his pupils. And adze; the other is further advanced and is en-

a very human touch betrays, I think, the master gaged upon a head.^ A coarse and a fine chisel

himself. While no pupil would have refrained lie on the block in front of him, and in its side

from attaching his name to one of the sculptors is a carefully shaped groove, apparently meant
in the studio, no one but the man himself would to hold a chisel and keep its delicate edge from
have written his name twice over. In the injury. With these groups the sculpture of the
second recurrence of the name we have perhaps scenes seems to have been left to less skilful

actually the artist's signature of his work. hands, for the work becomes so rough that the
With all an Egyptian's subordination of fact to action of the figures cannot be determined. One
idea, he has chosen to put a head twice too large pupil seems engaged upon a wooden box, another
on Auta's shoulders rather than cramp his upon stone vases, so that there is no evidence in
portraiture. Choosing a place where the stone Avhat material the statue would be wrought.
was of good quality, he has worked with delicate The efiigy of Beketaten in Auta's studio
touches, giving special evidence of his interest in suggests that this wall also shows Huya in the

the picture by the care which he has spent on service of the Queen-mother. This is confirmed
the sculptor's tools. when we see him outside the studio, proceeding
The workshop is a room with two (?)' columns on a work of inspection along with " the ....
supporting the ceiling and having a little inner of the great royal wife [Tyi ?] and scribe of the
sanctum partitioned off for the master's use. house of recreation (?), Nekhtau," and another
Here is " the overseer of sculptors (lit. '
vivi- ofiicial. The notice which would have taught
fiers ') of the great royal wife Tyi, Auta." He us the significance of the scene is imfortunately
sits on a low stool, palette in hand, busily en- much damaged. It appears to run " appoint-
gaged in giving the last touches in paint to a ment of the workmen (?) of (by ?) the favourite
statue of Beketaten, the daughter of his royal of the Lord of the Two Lands, the Superinten-
patroness. She is represented as a young girl, dent, &c., of the great royal wife Tyi, Huya."

and the pomegranate (?) which she holds in her The fragments which have survived show
hand may be meant as a symbol of nubility. us various workshops, where carpenters, jewel-
It is interesting to see that the artist, though a lers (?), vase-decorators, metal-workers and others
sculptor himself, depicts, not the actual statue, are busy, and their finished productions set out.
but the idea in the artist's mind of the graceful Ewers and basins, necklaces, pottery, chests and
body of a girl lightly robed. Obviously the a palm-leaf column are clear and there seems to
figure could not be at once nude and attired in be a metal statuette, but I may have been quite
spreading robes ;
and there is little doubt that mistaken.
in fact the statue was treated as usual, the robe It is certain that the court of Akhetaten was
being gathered tightly round the body, so as to a home and fostering ground of the arts, and it

show the form as much as possible. Small as would not be at all surprising if Queen Tyi also
the figure is, dimples on the neck have been was one of their most ardent patrons, and that
indicated.
An apprentice stands close to the master in
^
Possibly a trial piece only, but such heads were some-
an attitude of closest attention. Another figure
times included in the burial equipment. Or it is one of
once stood behind Auta. Further away two those stone heads worked in the flat for inlay, numbers
other young sculptors are engaged in modest of which were found in the palace ruins.
 THE TOMB OF HUTA. 15

we see here the craftsmen connected with her great Queen and Queen-mother, Tyi, who lives for ever
and ever."
establishment at Akhetaten whom her steward
directed and encouraged. But if what we see The illustration to this text is furnished by
here is the initial organization of her residence the lintel. The picture there is divided into
in the city, her direct influence must have been two halves, that on the left showing the house-
limited to the last years of the reign. It is a hold of Akhenaten ; that on the right the house--
sign of the perfect harmony between the hold of his predecessor, Amenhetep III.
Dowager- Queen and her son that it is Akhen- In the former scene Akhenaten and Nefertiti,
aten and Nefertiti who reward Huya for his wearing the royal insignia, sit side by side on a
fidelity in the service of Tyi. couch. The King puts his arm caressingly round
the shoulders of the Queen, while she rests her
8, Akhektaten's Link with the Past, arm upon his knee and turns her face with
North "Wall — The Portal. Plates xviii., xxi., xxvii.
vivacious gesture up to his. By the action of
her hand she seems to include in her affections
Two
fragments from squeezes of the right jamb are
shown in L. D. Text, ii., p. 141. her four daughters, who are waving fans in
front of the couch. The counter-picture shows
Each jamb of the doorway leading to the
Amenhetep III. in the close-fitting nems cap,
inner rooms is covered with four columns of
sitting in a chair, as if in the act of addressing
inscription and a figure and prayer of Huya at
his wife, who occupies a chair facing him, with
the foot. (Plate xxvii. For the translation see
the princess Beketaten at her knee. To both
p. 19.) The lintel is occupied by two royal
King and Queen the Aten ofifers the symbol of
groups instead of the usual formal device
life impartially. Three female attendants are
(cf. II. v). The whole is much defaced by in-
added to balance the figures of the four princesses.
crustations ; and as the jambs seemed to repeat
Tyi is styled in one of those panegyrics passed
the familiar salutation of the three worshipful
on Queens into which a touch of chivalry
powers, the Aten, the King, and the Queen,
enters ^ :

I was much inclined, like my predecessors, to

" The hereditary princess, great of favour, lady of
give them no further attention. But closer
grace, charming in loving-kindness, filling the palace with
examination of the dirty and mutilated car- her beauty. Mistress of South and North, the great wife
touches showed that, though the expected of the King, whom he loves, the Lady of the Two Lands,
Tyi."
formula was found on the left hand, the powers
saluted on the right were Akhenaten, his father The description of Beketaten, "the King's
Amenhetep III,, and his mother Tyi. The daughter of his body, beloved by him," is for
formula reads :
the first time made fitting by the presence of
" (Long) live the father —
god and king' the living Ea, — her royal father.
ruler of thetwo horizons, rejoicing on the horizon in the The separation of the Queen and her daughter
name of the Brilliance which comes from the Aten, who
from the King, their uplifted hands, which seem
giveth life for ever and ever, the King of South and
—
North, &o., Nefer-kheperu-ra Ua-en-ra, who gives life
[replaced in the second and fourth columns by the per- figures of the goddesses Maat and Mut were abandoned
sonal designation of the King] the King of South and ; even in spelling, and hence the prenomen of Amenhetep
North, lord of the Two Lands, Neb-maat-ra f and the is given in an unusual form, while his personal name
could not be cited at all. Cf. Peteie, T. A., pi. xxii. 7
(written with the maat feather in No. 4) ; Le culte
•
Of. Part I., p. 8 ; Part II., p. 15. d'Atonou, I. pi, XV. (not so in pi xxxvii.).
2It must be noticed that as the King became more and ' Cf. the almost identical laudation of Nefertiti on
more sensitive to any mention of the discarded deities, the p. 7, and Part II., p. 14.
 16 THE ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

to imply an unusual measure of reverence, and to be in vital unity, political, religious, and
the occurrence of the name of the son with and dynastic, with the long line of the sons of Ra
preceding those of his parents on the jamh, are who had occupied his earthly throne.
the only features which favour the idea that
theKing thus pourtrayed was a dead monarch 9. The Funeral Rites.
upon whose throne his son had sat for a decade.
Shrine. B. Wall. Plate xxii.
But for this and the difficulty of reconciling
the situation with other records, From this scene, so common in Egyptian
this unique
equipoise two royal households would
of the
tombs, though unique in this necropolis, we
have suggested a co-regency of the two Kings may gather that the new faith had effected no
even at this late date in Akhenaten's reign. change either in eschatological ideas or in burial

The picture customs ; and it was no doubt this orthodoxy

at least intensifies known or
suspected facts of history.
in the matters with which the people really
It shows strongly in
what full sympathy the conforming King and his concerned themselves that made them com-
paratively indifferent to the onslaught on their
nonconforming son were a sympathy which,
:

pantheon.
while it admitted differences, must have been
based on an essential unity of thought and Here the last rites are being duly paid to the
policy. This agreement had in
embalmed body of Huya, before its committal
all probability
to the burial chamber at the bottom of the
taken practical shape in a co-regency, of which
deep shaft. The mummy, swathed in wrap-
these juxtaposed pictures may be the echo. It
illustrates besides the great influence over
pings, crowned with the
festal cap, and furnished
both
as an Osiris with the beard of a god, is placed
father and son which history has been disposed
erect to receive the last caresses of friends, and
to allow to Tyi. Amenhetep was dead but so ;

long as his capable Queen survived his reign

submit to the ceremonial of the priests. Be-
could scarcely be said to be ended, and it may hind the mummy four women make demon-
strations of grief. One is "
wife (or
(his) '
the
only be in a technical sense that we have to
deny a co-regency at this period after all.
mother of his wife ') Tuy, maatlcheru^ (?) " : the
other is probably the sister seen on the opposite
Finally the picture removes the last excuse for
wall (Plate xxiii.), but her name is even more
doubting that Beketaten was the youngest child
ofAmenhetep III. and Tyi, or numbering her illegible here than there. In front of the dead
among the daughters of Nefertiti. Her name man is an immense pile of varied offerings and
a slain ox or two, over which the officiating
indicates the unabashed adherence of Tyi at
priest pours a libation from a hes-vuse,
least to the new faith. Avhile
he recites the following prayer
But neither these considerations nor Huya's
:

" M.a,j there be made for thee a dy hetep

own attachment to both households, which he seten of
thy bread and the beer of thy house; may there be
desired equally to honour and to gratify, are a
poured out for thee water from thy cistern ; may there
sufficient explanation of the formal conjunction be brought to thee [fruit] from thy trees may a recita- ;

of names on the jambs. We

must regard it as tion be made for thee from (?) the written lore (?) " of
Aten may food be deposited for thee on the altar for
a solemn denial by the King that in removing ;

thy ka [every day(?)] may thy name be remembered/

;

the capital of Egypt and making changes in its

religion he had broken with the past, or
' Of. p. 4 above and Plate xxi.
separated himself from the line of Kings whose
continuity
not contested.
in his Amenhetep III. was
father
Through that King he claimed
^

''
Emending

Emending
to

to
/

T ^ ^ '=^
<=»^ (]
^
A/V\AM
O HTV
 THE TOMB OP HUYA. 17

Superintendent of the royal harem and of the Treasuries, 11. The Burial Furniture.
Huya, maakheru !

The power of the dead hand laying its claim Shrine. Back Wall. Plate xxiv.

to every product of the family property is made The objects which it was felt desirable to
vivid in these details ; and there is much real
bury in the chamber with the dead are ex-
pathos in this attachment to the earthly life,
hibited on the wall spaces on each side of
extending to a partiality for the familiar home-
the sitting statue of Huya. On the left hand
made bread and home-brewed beer, and the is a chariot fully equipped with the traces
discrimination between one water supply and
attached to the pole, a stool, four coffers, two
another.
"canopic" jars, &c. On the right is a couch
Behind the numerous male mourners
priest
with a footstool (?) and toilet vases below it
make the motion of pouring dust on their heads
two chairs also with footstools, staffs, sandals ;

in token of sorrow. Several wear the shoulder-

two shrines on sleds, joint-stools, and other
sash of the professional mourner.^ In the
(?)
objects too much defaced for recognition. The
registers below, sacrificial oxen are being driven double provision seems designed for both Huya
forward and the crowds gather in wailing
and his wife.
groups. The inscriptions cannot be deciphered
The whole equipment reveals a high standard
connectedly :
" loud cries from the husbandmen,"
of comfort and even of luxury, and the inclusion
however, seems to occur.
of a chariot among the chattels which Huya
considered necessary to his well-being is in itself

10. The Funeeal Procession. sufficient to stamp him as one of the highest
officials of his time.
Shrine. West Wall. Plate xxiii.

On this wall we see the funeral procession

making its way to the place of burial, and

C. The Religious Texts.
carrying with it the funeral furniture and
offerings. There are two tables set out with 1. The Longer Prayers.
loaves and sealed jars, and eight caskets such as
1. (Outer wall-thickness. B. side. Plate ii.)^.

might hold the embalmed viscera or the ushabti.

"An adoration of Ea-Aten, who gives life for ever
These are carried suspended from the ends of
[and ever. Homage to thee], dawning in the sky and
yokes. Stems of papyrus (shown in realistic shining in the morning on the horizon of heaven [coming
detail in Plate xxii.) are provided plentifully, in peace, the Lord of Peace]. The [entire] land
palm seen set between two assembles at thy rising, their hands [give praise] at thy
and a frond of is
dawning they prostrate themselves on the ground
;

piled-up baskets in the lowest register.

(when) thou shinest on them. [They shout to the
Mourners, both male and female, follow the height of heaven; they receive] joy and gladness; they

porters in large numbers, and in token of grief

rejoice when they see thy Majesty. Thou sendest thy
rays on all men. They [go forth (?) when thou reachest]
carry one or both hands to the head, or cover heaven, when thou hast taken the goodly road.
the face with both palms. Some of the re- " Thou settest me for ever in a place of favour, in my
have had names attached to them, but
lations mansion of bliss. My spirit goes forth [to see] thy rays,
" to feed on its offerings. I am called by my name and
we can now only see that one was his sister
;

Kherpu . .
." ('0
' The additions to the plate are from L'Hote, Papiers,
iii. 277. A duplicate text will be given in IV. iii., and

1
Compare the sash of the mourning women in the from this the connections in brackets are supplied. Bor

Boyal Tomb (£e CuUe d'Atonou, I. vii., ix.). the opening sentences see also 11. vii.

C
18 THE ROCK TOMBS OF BL AMARNA.

one Cometh at the summons.' I enjoy the things which 2. The Shorter Prayers.
are offered. [I consume shens and bat and pesen bread
and rfes-beer] , hot roast meat and cold water, wine and Shrine Door. PI. xix.

milk (?),'' everything that is offered [in the sanctuary (Left outer jamb.)
1.
of the Aten in Akhetaten.J
" For the ka of the favourite of the Lord of the Two
" [Praise to thy ka, Nefer-kheperu-ra —Ua-en-ra, who
givest life] , the good ruler, who makes princes and fills
Lands, the Superintendent of the harem and of the
the two lands with his beauty. Countless numbers of
Treasury and Steward in the house of the great royal
gifts are offered to thy ha, provisions and food at every
[wife Tyi, Huya, maakheru].
place; my lord who fostered me,
For the ha of the Superintendent, etc., Huya.
2. (W. side. Plate iii.)

2. (Eight outer jamb.)

For a fuller text and translation of .this prayer see
PI. xxix. and p. 31. " Praise to thy ha, Lady of the Two Lands, who
makes the two lands bright with her beauty, the Queen-
3. (Thickness of Inner Wall. E. side. Plate xxxvii.) mother and great Queen Tyi, mistress of provisions,
abundant in fat things. May
they abound for the ka
A duplicate text in a better condition will be found in
in a happy life, as provided with
Part IV., Plate iv., and the translation is therefore
pleasure and delight (?) every day (?) For the
reserved for that volume. "
ha of the Superintendent

4. (W. side. Plate xxxvii.) 3. (Left inner jamb.)

For a duplicate text and translation of this prayer see {a) "Praise to thy Xa, ON.! who art worshipped

PI. xxviii.and p. 31. The close of it gives the titles as every day, the sun who rises like Aten, filling the two
in No. 1 above, ending " Huya, maakheru em amakh." lands with his beauty my lord ; [seeing ?]
thy beauty and attending thee every day. For the ha of
5. (Thickness of Shrine wall. B. side. Plate xx.) the Superintendent of the royal harem of the great Queen,
Huya, maakheru."
"A reception 3 of offerings of the King's giving,
(6)
" Praise to thy ka,0 N. Thy ka comes in peace, !

bread, beer, and provisions at every shrine of thine, that

for ever and ever, while
Nile-god I attend
thy [name] may thrive * in thy tomb-chapel may each :
Court of Festival. For the ha
thee in the of the
generation that is to come call thee and all living
Superintendent of the treasuries of the great Queen, Huya,
May thy name not be to seek for thee (?) in thy maakheru."
mansion. [May made] for thee a dy hetep seten
there be
of bread .... and beer of thy house. For 4. (Eight inner jamb.)
the ha of the favourite of Ua-en-ra, beloved by his Lord, (ffl) "Praise (to) thy ha, O N., my lord [who
the Superintendent, etc., Huya, maakheru." givest (?)] to me favour. O '
Loved like Aten !
' O
'
Prospering without ceasing "

6. (West side. Plate xx.) {b) "Praise to thy Aa, N., the Light whom it is
[life] to see, the ha of the whole land to thee
" the steward of the great royal wife [Tyi,
for ever."
Huya] the Nile more than
the sands of the dunes he dawns 5. (Upper lintel.)

in millions Thou shalt be to eternity

(a) " Praise to thy ka, O living Aten, lord of eternity
after victory (?).
the lord of Fortune, who
causes Plenty and makes the
two lands bright by his beauty " !

(b) " Praise to thy ha, O Disc, ruler of the two

horizons ! Thou risest and art radiant, lovely, and
' Eeading
| ^. gleaming for ever and ever."
'^
The determinative suggests that there is an error
6. (Lower hntel.)"
here and in IV. iii. for (I <="
^ " milk."
.^

(a) "A dy hetep seten, Ua-en-ra, the good ruler who

3 Supplying
^ makes princes and fills the two lands with his ha, the
King of South and North, Nefer-kheperu-ra Ua-en-ra —
" Eestoring
\^ ^^

6 Emending to «
Copied also in L. D. Text, II., p. 141.
 THE TOMB OF HUYA. 19

" kdy hetep seten, He who is great in duration

' '

difficulties are not only linguistic ; for Khu'a

I give praise to thy fair face. I propitiate
thy ka every
day, the good ruler, Akhenaten, great in his is manifestly the messenger of the Babylonian,
duration."
not of the Egyptian King, whose envoys are
7. (Inner Door. Foot of right jamb. Plate xxvii.)
Khamashshi and Haai (Khay?). Nor isHuya
" Praise to thy Tea, Ua-en-ra Thou risest living
the ruler of the
!

a very probable messenger of the King's. He

entire land. Grant life,
prosperity, health and a happy existence seems to have been always in the Queen's, not
thy son (?) the King's The appearance of the
service.
"Por ha of
the the favourite of Ua-en-ra the
(?),
picture in Huya's tomb counts for little, for
Superintendent of of the Queen-mother and
great Queen Tyi, Huya." Meryra II. records what is almost certainly
The corresponding prayer on the left jamb is illegible. the same event. we may be fairly
Indeed,
certain that Huya would have made himself
much more prominent in the scene had he been
D. Huya.
able to do so with any truth. Unfortunately
The titles given to Huya
tomb are in his our record is broken in this part of the picture.

(1) Superintendent of the Royal Harem. Even if the name Khu'a could be a transcrip-
(2) Superintendent of the Treasury. tion of the Egyptian name Huya, the identifica-
(3) Superintendent of the house (Steward), tion with the steward of Queen Tyi would still

the three offices being held in the house of fall far short of certainty.
Queen Tyi. To these are added the compli- The tomb of Huya is the only completely
mentary epithets, " Favourite of the Lord of finished one in the necropolis, North or South,
the Two Lands," and "Following the feet of and as the burial chamber is provided and the
the Lord of the Tavo Lands." The activity of burial scenes pictured, it may be considered
Huya was thus confined entirely, so far as we probable that on his death his body found itjp

know, to the service of the Queen-mother. hoped-for resting-place there.

Beyond these pictorial records of his relations
to both royal households, we know nothing of
Appendix A. The " Sun-shade "
him whatever. op Tti.
It is true that he has been recognized ^
in the
(Plate viii.)
Khu'a who is mentioned in a letter of Burna-
burias, King of Kardunias, to Akhenaten, as It has been pointed out that, beside the full
" Khu'a, my messenger." ^ But it seems im- pictures of the temple of the Aten, there are

possible to admit this. Professor Steindorff is several representations of its Lesser Sanctuary

so far from thinking of it, that he would regard only.* The question arises whether the depiction
it as possible that the name Huya may be
represented by Haai, the name of an Egyptian " Huya " has little to do with the pronunciation. We
ambassador who is mentioned in the same know only the skeleton vocables of the name, H -f- 1.

dispatch as well as in several others.** The Khu'a (Hu'a) does not fit this at all. Khaai (Haai) is a
better rendering ; but, as Professor Steindorff observes,
this ismore likely to represent the Egyptian name which
'
Budge, History of Egypt, iv., pp. 128, 129 ; Mas- on our system is written Khay. (Editor)].
PBEO, Struggle of the Nations, p. 327. * Part II., p. 20. Such representations are now
^ Amarna Letters, No. 9 (Berlin, No.
Tell el 6). See available to the reader in Plate xxx., and in Le Culte
WiNCKLBE, Tell el Amarna Letters, p. 19. d'Atonou, I., plate i., and p. 18. In the toinb of Pentu
Beitrdge zur Assyriologie, i., p. 331.
3 Dr. Geo. *A. (IV. v., vi., vii.) the picture of the Shrine is too much
Eeisner is also strongly opposed to the identification. broken to be of material help, and the whole scene is
[The conventional transcription of the name as negligeable,
20 THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

of the " Sun-shade " of Queen Tyi is in fact not yet reached the gates, tables of offering,
a part or the whole of this same sanctuary, or cupboards, and a small shrine fill the space, so

a different building altogether. far as can be seen.

A comparison of Plate viii. with Plate xxx. 2. The Inner Court (Plate x.).—This space,
shows at a glance that the choice lies between and more the building behind, as shown
still

accepting this "Sun-shade" as a separate temple by Huya, differs so much from the standard
and admitting considerable structural altera- picture, that I have suggested (Part II., p. 24)

tions in the old building. As we have in the that it may be a reconstruction of a colonnaded
more familiar building the same general model court of the Greater Sanctuary. But I now
as in the picture in this tomb ; as it is itself a see that it might without great difficulty fall

secondary temple devoted to the same end (the into place here. The identity of the site will
cult of royal statues) ; as we know that the be made clearer if we merely take the main
" Sun-shade " of Merytaten was a division of lines of the representations :

the great temple ; as therefore structural or

III. XXX.
functional alterations seem to have taken place
in the latter, it seems advisable that we should
consider what changes would be necessary in
fl
the Lesser Sanctuary to make the picture in
Plate xxx. intelligible. For if no violence is

done to either picture in the attempt to re-

concile them, the result of the study will be
almost equally instructive, whether this build-
ing prove a reconstruction of the Lesser
Sanctuary, or a diiFerent erection of the same
type.
The abbreviated pictures show three gate-
ways, with three spaces within them.'' These
correspond to
(1) The Entrance Gateway, admitting to
THE OuTEU CouBT (the wholo of the Great
Sanctuary being omitted).
(2) The Gateway in the Dividing Wall,
which admits to the Innee Court.
(3)Colonnaded Gateway, through
The
which the Lessek Sanctuaky is entered.
1. The Outer Court. The Great Sanctuary —
which occupied this court is omitted as irrele-

vant, and the space occupied by the royal

party. In Plate xxx., where the visitors have

'
The second gateway is omitted and the two courts
joined into one in the Eoyal Tomb. The diagram on
p. 20 of Part II. should be consulted, though the identi-
fication of the " Sun-shade " there is doubtful.
 THE TOMB OF HUYA. 2]

now only pai-tially preserved i; but from the were in the enclosure previously but the other
;

remains it seems certain that the statues of paraphernalia of sacrifice are still to be seen
Amenhetep III. alternated with those of his there.*
son, and that all the female statues are repre- (3) The Sanctuary (Plate xi.). must be It
sentations ofQueen Tyi, associated with her admitted that this picture presents little prima
husband and her son alternately. She is styled facie resemblance to earlier representations of
in the first case, " the great wife of the King, the Lesser Sanctuary (e.g. I. xxxiii.). Yet the
beloved of him, [Tyi,J living for ever " in the ; needed transformation, if extensive, is not at all
second, the epithet "mother of the King" is radical.
added. While Akhenaten is given his two The original plan was that of a central court,
names with full titulary, prejudice against the out of which rooms opened on three sides.
name of Amen prevented this in the case of Beyond this lay another building, accessible
his father, who is simply named, " King of the only from outside the sanctuary through an
South and North and Lord of the Two Lands, intervening corridor.
Neb-maat-ra," The two Kings are distinguished In Huya's building (assuming the identity
also by their dress ; for while the son wears of the two) this outer edifice has been thrown
the hhepersh helmet as usual, the father wears
THE LESSEE SANCTUAEY.
the close-fitting headdress ending in a queue,
which his son rarely dons.^ The Queen is

crowned with the two feathers, as is her almost

invariable wont, and a long red sash confines
I
her robe at the waist. A white under-garment
with short sleeves and reaching to the knee is I
indicated under the robe.^ The statues are left
with an upright stone- support behind them, as
is customary with standing figures. The King
and Queen appear on a single base, but pro-
bably they are separate statues standing side
by side. In the centre of the court a less
I
ornate copy of the high altar in the Greater
Sanctuary was set, replacing the tables which r

'
The greater number were in paint only, and many of THE " SUNSHADE " OF TYI.

the cartouches seem to have been left blank. (For the

clearest, see Plate xxv., graflSto 2.) The hieroglyphs in into the main sanctuary by making through-
the oblong placards, small as they were, were all incised corridors on each side of the central court.
and then filled in The supposition of
with green paste.
Then the partition walls between the small
Lepsius that the king, a princess, and the deceased
rooms were thrown down so as to convert the
occupied the third space at the foot of this plate was due
four rooms on each side into two, and the two
to his being misled by the scribal error 1 ^. for ^,
back rooms into one.
(L. D. Text, II., p. 140).
3 He wears it, however, in the statue in the Louvre ;
Another change was the transference of the

so no independent evidence is afforded by this.

For a tracing of one of the groups on a larger scale^
s

see Plate xxv. g. The details of the figures and of the * The parapet of the stairway to the altar seems to be

columns are generally in red paint only. formed of black and red stone alternating with white.
22 THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

enclosed porticoes from the outside to the inside privacy, to screen off the doorway of a rooiti,

of the gateway. Something akin to this en- so thatno one entering would command a view
closure had always existed there (cf. Part II., of the interior. That secrecy rather than
pp. 25, 26), and the alteration caused very little safety is aimed at is plain from the piercing
disturbance to the plan. The statues, however, of this covering wall by three doors, in front,
which Huya shows under the new portico are to right, and to left. It is obvious that the
not the same as those that stood in the old. doorway in front would almost nullify the use
They are different in form, being figures which of the screen. But it will be noticed that
hold altars between their extended arms for the between the opposed doorways is set a pillar-

reception of gifts. ^ Besides, they are no longer like erection, which is plainly to be interpreted
statues of Akhenaten and Merytaten (Nefertiti?). as a screening partition within the vestibule,
A King with the croAvn of uraei and plumes topped by warning uraei.^ The size of the
alternates with one wearing the hhepersh helmet, gateways to these four rooms is probably only
and it is not far to the conclusion that the due to the caprice of the artist, who is fond of
groups are those of Amenhetep with Tyi and elaborating them.*
Akhenaten with Tyi, as in the new colonnade The main interest in this, as in all Egyptian
outside. The two-plumed head-dress which the temples, lay in the axis of the building. Here,
Queen wears is also much more characteristic of at the back of the old building, we find a shrine,
Tyi than of her daughter-in-law.^ The other as we should expect ; but, owing to the in-
statues which will be met with in this sanctuary corporation of the annexe behind, it is not the
do not differ in appearance from those already final one. That lay immediately behind the
seen, so that it is probable that all the female first, but could not be reached directly from it.

statues are effigies of Tyi, associated with those The first shrine is gained through a central
of her husband and son. court, where a pair of royal statues stand,
The furniture of the four side rooms needs no backed against a screen. Within the shrine is a
comment, but the towered gateway Avith a table of offerings, flanked by an altar statue of
curious annexe, which admits to each of them, a King on one side, and a Queen on the other.
demands interpretation. Such a construction An injury to the sculpture prevents further
we have met with already inside the gate of identification.^ This door also appears to be
the sanctuary (I. xxxiii. and plans above). It screened.
should represent a gateway in an outer wall, with
3 Cf. Plate xxxiii. and Part II., Pis. xix., xxxvi., pp.
a waUed enclosure before (or perhaps behind) it.
24, 38, for screening walls, similarly shown by section.
We cannot allow that the outside walls of the But a parallel absolutely exact is furnished by the house
sanctuary were pierced to give access to un- in Pbteib, T. a., pi. xl. (cf. also No. 17, pi. xlii.).

important rooms. The entrance them must

to
* Yet II. xix. has a hint of something peculiar in the
gates here.
have been from the corridor, and as there was ^ In PI. XXX. we see a similar table in the court,
no space there for a forecourt, the drawing mounted on a low platform and flanked by two pairs of
implies a vestibule within the room. We thus statues. These may well be the same, there being one
statue on each of the four sides. In PI. xxx. the arms
learn that it was customary, for reasons of
are outstretched; they probably therefore hold altar-slabs.
The head-dresses there faintly suggest that the statues
'
We know the exact form of such statues from the were groups of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. But in the
rock-stelae, which are nearly always furnished with a Eoyal Tomb {Le Oulte d'Atonou, I. i.) the two statues
pair of them (King and Queen) on either side. are similar and male. If a former statue of Nefertiti was
2 JTefertiti wears plumes in and on the rock-
I. xxvii. retained here, it may have been a reason for providing a
stelae : Tyi is rarely in any other head-dress. shrine for Tyi behind.
 THE TOMB OP HUTA. 23

Two side-corridors lead to the space behind. The inadequacy of the conventions employed
Here, forming a long gallery which may be a by the Egyptian draughtsman and the caprice
reminiscence at least of the former corridor, is shown in their employment have afforded us
a series of some eight altar-statues, the Queen frequent ground of complaint in dealing with
(Tyi ?) alternating as before with the two Kings. the plans of the temple and palace ; they are
In the centre is a naos standing free from the glaring in the inability or neglect to indicate
wall. It is set on a corniced platform to which in any way, even when drawing an elevation,
three or four steps lead up, and is walled all whether the building was roofed or hypaethral.
round,^ doors giving admittance in front. As columns are only employed here and there
There is no sign of its being ceiled. Inside is in the temple, the roofing over of any single
a simple table of offerings, shut off from prying division main building is out of the
of the
eyes by a screen.^ question. The shrines and the small chambers
An unusual feature here is the erection of round central courts seem the only parts of the
royal statues on the steps. Four are shown, building, beside the colonnades, on which a roof
but probably they did not stand in file as can even be suspected.^
depicted, but two and two on each side of the In estimating the value of this identification
stairway. " Statues " I have said, but in truth of the " Sun-shade " with the Lesser Sanctuary
there is nothing to prevent us from seeing or a part of it, the omission of the Greater
in them four royal personages, except the Sanctuary must not weigh with us at all, since
difficulty of granting the existence of two Kings that occurs in all the abbreviated (?) plans. It
together at this time. Their hands are ex- may still be urged against it, however, that
tended and bear offerings on a slab.^ On the (1) Such reconstruction is unlikely in so short
same grounds as before I conclude that they a period. (But unroofed courts are easily re-
represent Amenhetep III. and Akhenaten, with modelled, and there are many signs of the King's
Tyi as both wife and mother of a King. rapid changes, even in buildings.)®
One would have expected to find the statues (2) There were certainly other shrines in
within the naos and facing outwards ;* the Akhetaten, and perhaps even a number of " Sun-
attitude suggests that they were not placed shades" (Part II., p. 26.)

there to receive worship and gifts, but to enable (3) The omission by Huya of the inner court
the royal spirits to make acceptable offering to with the great stela and the statue is strange.
the Sun eternally in the temple of the Aten in (But the artist is omitting everything except the
Akhetaten. new features introduced in honour of Tyi.)

^ I have roofed in the side chambers in the reconstruc-

'
The corniced wall is only shown in section at the tion on p. 40 of Part I., but on somewhat slender grounds.
back. But a back wall only and front gates would be The corniced line above a building only implies a corniced
absurd. outer wall. We might expect a simple guide in the
^ Of. Plates xiv., xxx. (broken) and I. xxxii. (centre of difference of entrances ;
gate-posts indicating a walled
Meryra's house). The central structure in the building enclosure, but doorways with lintels a roofed building.
shown in Part I., p. 40, is on essentially the same But if I. xxxii. gives us hope of such a reservation,

model. I. xxxi. proves it vain and if open gateways at least never

;

3 See remarks below on remains found in the ruins. admit to roofed buildings, then not a single chamber in
* In the accompanying plan of the sanctuary I have the temple was ceiled. If it be claimed that the store-
not interpreted strictly the eastward (shrine-ward) chambers must have been roofed, it can only be replied
position of all the statues in the portico and colonnade ;
that pains are taken in II. xxxvi. to show that such a

it is none the less a little unexpected and may be chamber was open to the sky.
e Peteib, T. a.,
intentional. p. 9.
24 THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

The probability is that such a peristyle (2) Fragments of the upper parts of seven
(4)
court would not be a forecourt, but placed within statues wearing the khepersh helmet. (Seven

a temple. (The temple of the Aten was of a such are pictured on each side of the temple by
new type, more nearly approaching that of Huya).
Deir el Bahri.) (3) Fragments of five statues with the Maft

(5) The Royal Tomb, which is presumably or nems head-dress. (Eight such are pictured on
later, does not show, these alterations. (The each side.)
picture seems modelled on early designs, which (4) Fragments of five female statues, one

paid little regard to structural accuracy.) sitting. (Fifteen are shown on each side.)
(6) The mention of the temple of the Aten in (5) A flat slab with two hands underneath

the titulary is omitted in this tomb only. inscribed with the names of Akhenaten and
Since the plans give no decisive result, let us Nefertiti. (Compare the statues noticed in the
turn to the ruins themselves. As described by first shrine.)

Professor Petrie,^ the outer wall forms an (6) Fragments of a great limestone stela

enormous rectangular oblong, enclosing at the (Peteie, T. A., xii. 1, 2), honour of the King
in

far end remains of a small sandstone temple, and Queen. (Compare the great stela which
marked by numerous chips.^ Nothing but a stood in the court.)
few sculptured blocks was found here. The (7) Scarcely a fragment of lower parts of
main space of the enclosure was covered Avith statues. (All save those holding slabs were
chips (possibly from altars), but no signs of the altar statues, and formed a solid block below
walls of another sanctuary, of pylons, or dividing the elbow, which could be utilized for building.)
walls were met Fragments of a limestone
"with. This evidence seems overwhelming ; for,

stela and a sculptured block of one of Akhen- while next to nothing suggesting the presence
aten's successors were the sole discoveries. of a temple such as this was found anywhere
Near the entrance were enormous foundations else in the city, the most astonishingly precise
of concrete, and the lower part of innumerable confirmation of the pictorial records was derived
pillars.' from this spot. Two qualifications have to be
These results are very meagre ; but a heap made. Firstly, the remains correspond to the
just outside the wall yielded remains which sanctuary as shown by Huya, but to the court of
strongly support us in placing the " Sun-shade of it as shown by Meryra ; for the statues seen in

Queen Tyi," pictured by Huya, at the back of the colonnade of Huya do not seem to> be
the great temple enclosure. Mr. Carter, working represented by the discoveries, while the stela,
for Professor Petrie, found here statue, and Osirian figures of I. xxxiii. are.*

(1) Fragments of a colossal limestone statue But we cannot separate the two parts of the
of aKing holding the crook and flail. (Compare design of Huya, nor would it help us to do so.
the statues of Akhenaten (?) in the portico, The second qualification is that another site
I. xxxiii.) could be found in the city, if necessary, for Tyi's

Peteie, T.A., pp. 7, 10, 11, 18, 19, 43.

1 * The coincidence then becomes still more exact ; for
See also Erbkam's earlier plan (L. D., i. 63, 64).
^ each of the statues Akhenaten, except the colossi,
of
3 The former perhaps were meant to receive obelisks ;
would be represented by the fragments viz., five life-size
;

the latter, probably, to raise this end of the temple above altar-statues with tlie helmet, one holding a slab (No. 1
the soil. This hypothesis is confirmed by pictures which of Petrie's hst), one colossal Osirian figure (out of four),
show the temple on a platfprm reached by a sloping ascent and one double life-size figure (the statue near the stela.
(IV. xviii., XX ; Le CuUe d'Atonou, I. xliii., xlv.). No. 2 of Petrie).
 THE TOMB OF HUYA. 25

" Sun-shade"; viz., that of the smaller

"Temple" Tyi, and that in the centre of the court " where
of Petrie's and Erbkam's plans.It is an enclosure the altar would stand " lay fragments of black
divided into three courts, entered by as many and red granite (compare the altar with a red
pylons, the last containing traces of a sanctuary. and black stone parapet noticed in the court of
Professor Petrie found nothing worthy of record Huya's picture).^ But this slight similarity
on the site, but Lepsius, half a century earlier, is negatived by other features and cannot
places in the back court the ruins of a sand- seriously detract from the strong evidence for
stone shrine, something of the shape of the the other site.

Lesser Sanctuary. He also records that he

saw near the entrance fragments of stone with
the names of the King and Queen and also of ' L. D. Text, ii., p. 124.
 26

CHAPTER II.

THE TOMB OF AHMES (- 1)'

A. Architectural Features. xxix., xxxviii.). — Both sides of the entrance

once contained the figure and inscription cus-
Exterior (Plates xxvi., xxvii.). —The tomb
tomary in this situation, executed in the best
is situated a short distance West of the tomb
style of the period and brightly coloured. But
of Meryra, the high-priest ; it faces South
they were cut to pieces in the great theft of
West. There being a corner of steep cliff at
inscriptions which was made for the purpose of
this point, only a small amount of quarrying
sale in 1893 (Plate xxxvii.). Fortunately the
had to be done to gain a vertical face of
texts are in most instances recoverable from
the required height. The space so levelled,
earlier copies and photographs. The ceiling
and enlarged by the debris cast out from the
here retains portions of the painted design and
excavation, was occupied in later times for
something, in parts, of the original brightness
shelters, the stone walls of which still cumber
of colour.*
the spot. The entrance portal, on each side of
which the wall of rock has been dressed for a
The Hall (Plates xxvi., xxxviii.). —This has
the form of a lengthy corridor, the further end
corresponding height, consists of a simple
of which is entirely taken up with the doorway
framing slightly recessed (Plate xxvii.), and
to the inner chambers and its corniced framing
decorated with inscriptions in the style already
(Plate xxxviii.). The ceiling, which at the
familiar. It will be noticed that in the car-
South end is strongly arched, becomes almost
touches of Ra-Aten the early spelling of the
flat at the other. Two recesses cut in the Bast
name of the sun-god by means of the disc-
wall bear witness to the use of the tomb as a
crowned hawk is employed ;
^ as also the differ-
dwelling.
entiation of the two determinatives of the word
"father" above them.^ The doorway has been
The Inner Rooms. —The further door gives
access by a short passage in the wall to a second
mutilated by the cutting of a fanlight over it by
corridor at right angles to the former, contain-
some later occupier, and more recently by the
ing the place of sepulture. The burial shaft
removal of a large part of the left jamb.
descends from a bank of rock at the East end
A translation of the texts will be found on ;

though partially filled, it is open to a depth of

p. 32.
nearly thirty feet. At the other end of the
Interior. Wall Thicknesses (Plates xxviii..

'
The tomb is No. 3 ; No. 4 of Lepsius. * The design is in three panels, as in I. xxxix., and the
2 Cf. pp. 9, 15. pattern closely resembles pattern A there ; but the green
3 Eeasons have already been given for making this of the border has been covered over by drab, and the

tomb and that of Pentu the earhest in this group, dating hearts of the diamonds, instead of being blue and red, are
from about the ninth year of the King (Part II,, p. 7). red, vrith the inmost diamond picked out in white.
 THE TOMB OF ASMBS. 27

corridor a few feet of a second and perhaps B. The Sculptured Scenes.

later shaft have been cut in the floor. At each
end of the corridor an imitation portal has been 1. The Prayers of Ahmes.
hewn in the wall behind the shaft.
They are out The Thickness of the Outer Wall. Plates xxviii., xxix.
of place here, being taken over from the class of
For previous copies see p. 31.
tomb where this cross corridor formed the main
The two figures of Ahmes which occur here
hall (cf. IV. xiv.). A doorway in the axis of
show the usual dress (cf. p. 4). His decora-
the tomb leads from this corridor to the shrine,
tions are few, consisting only of a double row of
and the ceiling is here heightened to give the
gold beads round his neck but he carries on ;

aspect of a central aisle. The portal of the

his back the insignia of his offices, secured to a
shrine (Plate xxvii.) is of the kind already met
strap which passes over his shoulder. The fan
with in the tomb of Huya (Plate xix.), but has
indicates his position as fan-bearer on the right
been left unfinished. A mistake was made by
hand of the King the long-bladed military axe
;
cutting insets in the transom and filling them
shows the command of soldiery which this and
with the dad signs, columns, and sa or signet
his other offices necessarily involved, or ren-
signs, which should have been put in the panels
dered him liable to."
above. They were afterwards obliterated with
A list of the titles of Ahmes and a translation
plaster, but are now partially revealed. The
of the prayers will be found below, pp. 31-33.
shrine contains the usual seated statue of the
The device oh the East side for filling up the
deceased man : it appears to have been as well
superfluous space by bars of colour (blue,
executed as the material permitted, but has
green, blue, red) at intervals is paralleled,
been badly mutilated. A rough basin has been
according to Lepsius, in a tomb of El Bersheh.^
cut in the floor before it, as if for purposes of
libation. The roof is arched. Pivot-holes in
the floor of the entrance show that the chamber 2. A Royal Visit to the Temple.
was closed by folding doors. West Wall. Upper half. Plates xxx. to xxxii. a, xxxix.
The whole tomb is laid out with great accu-
[No previous copies have been made. Lepsius and
racy, and the walls are cut true and smooth. L'Hote {Papiers, xvii. 4) took squeezes, and the former
In the outer corridor the wall-surfaces were made a plaster cast, of which Stbindoeff publishes a
photograph in his Blutezeit d. Pharaonenreichs, p. 155.]
given a fine coating of plaster, but the decora-
tion which they were meant to receive was only The greater part of this picture is preserved.
very partially applied. On the East side some On the extreme right it was never even sketched,
traces of red paint indicate the King, Queen, or has utterly faded away. The royal chariot
and three princesses under the radiant sun. All (Plate xxxii.) is partially preserved in the origi-

the rest is blank, and the clean surface proving nal red ink sketch. The soldiers (Plate xxxi.)

too great a tempation to visitors in the days of are finished with extreme care and are well-pre-
the Ptolemies, they scratched their names over served, though somewhat injured by the casting
the whole space (see Plate xxxv. and p. 34). and squeezing to which the scene has been sub-
On the "West side the greater part of the upper jected. The temple (Plate xxx.) as far as the
of thetwo designs which were projected is pre- second pylon and the division below it is but
served to us in ink or sculpture, and also a
fragment of the lower. The remaining space is
'
Cf. I. XXX., and Wilkinson, Manners and Customs,
covered with graffiti. All the walls are remark-
p. 196.

ably free from dirt. 2 L. D. Text, ii., p. 136.

28 THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

half-finislied, and has besides had large parts The chariot is immediately preceded by a
cut away by thieves. The existence of the rest troop of foot-soldiers, who run in two detach-
of the picture was not suspected, as the surface ments, headed by a trumpeter (Plates xxxi.,
is to all appearance quite blank. But chance xxxix.).^ Although the habits of Egyptian
observation showed me that parts of the design draughtsmen preclude easy confidence that an
at least had survived, yet in a yellow ink which actual military organization is revealed here,
had conformed so exactly to the colour of the there is a mixture of symmetry and divergence
wall that it could only be recovered by blindly which strongly suggests that knowledge, and
following the lines on the wall with a pencil, not caprice, has guided the artist. Since Ahmes
guided less by their colour than their texture. had some military command or supervision, he
The drawing thus recovered is the frequent may well have excluded professional blunders.
one of a state visit to the sanctuary of the royal It is clear that the four files contain ten men
statues in the temple, though we are not aware each, the last man being an Egyptian armed
of anything in the career or offices of Ahmes with falchion and baton ;
the eleventh man in
Avhich could be an occasion for its insertion here. the three lower rows is manifestly an officer,

Its prototype seems plainly to be the scene in holding a baton only ; in the top row the
the tomb of Mahu,^ though the design is con- corresponding place has evidently been vacated
siderably altered, and was still further changed by the trumpeter, who must be in charge of the
for the tombs of Panehesy and Meryra (L, x., x.a ;
whole escort. The rear men of the files thus
II. xiii.). seem here to take the place of our non-com-
The lost part probably showed Ahmes and his missioned officers ; elsewhere they are not so
attendants, or perhaps the other two princesses employed, but either in regiments or on police
and their train. The horses which draw the duty. They may have been a crack regiment
royal chariot have been sketched with great appointed to positions of trust, and placed here
freedom, the head and neck showing great as a rear guard or as instructors to the irregular
superiority of outline over other designs. The troops.

initial sketch seems to have been in faint yellow The detachments seem to be composite.
ink, corrected and redrawn in red ; but both Each is led by six Egyptian spearmen, and
have had to be used in Plate xxxii., and this, the standard-bearers of the six regiments they
taken with the indistinctness of the lines in represent. There follow them representative
parts, must do some injustice to the Egyptian non-Egyptian regiments, which
soldiers of the

artist. The figures of the royal personages were perhaps attached to the native regiments
were rubbed out in the general defacement of in equal numbers (or in half their strength).
the monuments after the King's death, and they In the upper detachment we see two bearded
have had to be restored (Plate xxxii.A) by help Syrian spearmen, a negro bowman, a Lybian
of the design of Mahu, The King and Queen archer with characteristically shaped bow,
are represented as chatting face to face in the an Egyptian sergeant (?) whose presence here
car, while the little Merytaten, whose head breaks the symmetry, and a second negro with
reaches with difficulty over the rim, is interested

in the prancing horses.

' For the trumpeter
compare Plate xii. and Wilkinson,
'
IV. XX., xxii. {Le Culte d'Atonou, I. xlv., xlvi.). Manners and Customs, i., pp. 192 (a very similar picture
Hence Merytaten only is seen, and in her parents' chariot to this), 456, 457 ; Le Culte d'Atonou, I. ii. The represen-
whereas the Northern tombs show the princesses in their tation in Plate xii. is curious, as one can hardly imagine
own cars. two trumpets being used at once.
 THE TOMB OF AHMES. 29

a club. In the lower detachment are three great royal statue show, is the gateway which
Syrian spearmen, two Ethiopian bowmen, and admits to the court of the Lesser Sanctuary ;
and
a negro with a club ; all of similar appearance the third is the gateway of that building. There
to those above.^ Each officer is thus in charge is no essential divergence in this picture from
of ten men, a favourite military unit. the other plans, a comparison and explanation
The standards are of the five types which of which will be found in Part II., pp. 20-28, and
occur in these tombs. It seems most reasonable on pp. 19-25 of this volume.
to assign them to the six (or twelve) Egyptian The space between the first and second gate-
regiments ; for the pictures do not enable us ways (down to the bottom of the Plate) is, then,
to allot distinctive standards to the foreign corps. that occupied already or destined to be occupied
It will be noticed that some of the standard- by the Great Sanctuary. Some of the objects
bearers, here and elsewhere, have a different seen here are afterwards shown in that building,
dress from the rest. and the two sets of lavers seem by their posi-
As in I. x.A, the cortege is met at the gate of tion to imply its existence. The mutilation of
the temple by the military guard and by the the wall prevents us from knowing if the great
officials, who approach presenting bouquets and altar was shown, but duplicate pictures and the
offering sacrificial birds and cattle (PL xxx.). presence of an altar of another type make it

Other beasts await acceptance in the inner very unlikely. We may also note the player on
court, close by the slaughter-house. All is astir the lute and his chorus, who here supplement
within the temple, servants running through the harpers' choir in the inner court.
the great gates of the courts in haste to make
ready for the royal visit.
The Royal Family at Home.
3.
The building here depicted is the temple
enclosure, but with the whole of the Greater
West Wall —Lower Scenes. Plates xxxiii., xxxiv.

Sanctuary absent. It seems that this is due only A previous copy is :

Hay, MSS. 29814, fol. 26 (partial) .=

to economy of space, the Smaller Sanctuary being
the object of visit. The absence of any traces Of the scene which was destined to cover this

of the walls of this building in the ruins of the part of the long west wall, only a small part of
temple might make one suspect that the pictures the ink design was ever carried out with the
of the Great Sanctuary in the tombs of Meryra chisel, and what was unexecuted is erased. The
and Panehesy only represent the unexecuted sculpture too has been defaced in ancient, and
plans which were in the hands of these priests, again in recent times. From the little that

and that it was in reality never carried out. remains, it seems likely that the picture was
But in face of the extensive building in the city connected with Ahmes' office as chamberlain
and the mention of several shrines in the temple for the existing fragment shows the royal

of the Aten, this is scarcely likely, and the early fainily seated at meat in the hall of the palace.

tomb of Mahu shows an elevation of the great The remainder would probably have depicted
pylon which it would be hard to explain away Ahmes waiting on his sovereign, the reward of

(IV. XX,, xxi. : Le Gulte d'Atonou, I. xliii., xlv.). his assiduity in this office, and perhaps the con-
The first gateway is the outermost entrance ;
gratulations received by him at home on this

the second, as the lavers, the choir, and the mark of favour. The contemporary tomb of

Le Gulte ' The princess in Plate xxxiv. and the upper part of
1 For such mixed troops cf. I. x., II. xvii. ;

Plate xxxiii. have been restored from this source.

d'Atonou, I. iv.
30 THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.

Pentu somewhat similarly illustrated, but

is

equally unfinished and injured. It has a scene

in which the royal pair are seen at meat, and
another in which they sit in the hall, as here, and
bestow rewards on their servant (IV. viii., x.).

This picture of the palace differs in certain

respects from the pictures already seen, being

J
 THE TOMB OF AHMBS. 31

who apparently sits on the ground and leans peoples are jubilant towards thee, giving praise to him
who formed them ^ [prostrating themselves to him who
against the knees of a companion.
8 them, who guidest by thy circuit, by thy
II. The Men's Apartments. —As this division
fosters]
shining forth,'!' thy beloved son, the King of the
is almost an exact counterpart of the sets of South and North, living on Truth, Nefer-kheperu-ra, the
rooms and entire land, and all the countries; that they may make
(3) (4) above, I conclude that it is
laudations at thy dawning and at thy setting likewise.
the men's side of the house.
" God 8 who livest on Truth manifestly (lit. " in face
Plate xxxiii. exhibits an interesting feature of the eyes "). Thou hast made that which existed not,
in connection with the vault of heaven, which, making these things in their entirety coming
forth from thy mouth. Thou hast given to me favour
as is customary, is stretched above the scene, its
before the King every day without failand a goodly
ends resting upon the shoulders of the moun- burial after old age in the cliff of Akhetaten. For I
tains. At their foot a tree and a shrub are have completed my life with happiness, being an atten-
dant of the good god he hath trodden every place that
;
placed. This tree occurs again in a similar
he desired,^ I following his feet. He fostered me when I
position on a block of this date from Karnak in was a youth until I attained honoured old age in peace ^''

Cairo Museum, and also in the tomb of Ay.^ and joy and attendance on the Euler he being in festival ;

M. Maspero recognizes in this tree one of the every day."

two " sycomores of malachite " which grew at 2. (West Wall-thickness. Plate xxix.)
the spot where the sun entered and left the Previous copies are :

upper world.^ BuETON, Excerpta, plate vii.

L'HoTB, Papiers, iii. 287 " ; Lettres Sorites, p. 75
(figure and titles).
C. The Religious Texts.
" Thy dawning is beautiful, Ea-Horakhti, who givest
life for ever and ever, [the living Aten] beside whom
1. The Longer Prayers.
there [no other], giving health to the eyes [by his
is

1. (East Wall-thickness. Plates xxviii.,xxxviii.) rays] he who has made all that is. Thou risest on the
;

horizon of heaven [to give life to all that thou hast

Previous copies are :

made], viz. all mankind, [cattle,] flying and fluttering

L'HoTB, Papiers, iii. 288.
things, [with] all kinds of reptiles which are on the
Lepsius, D. iii. 98a.^
earth. They are lively when they see thee. They lie
"Thy setting is beautiful, living Aten, Lord of down [when] thou settest.
lords, Euler of the Two Lands. [When thou traversest " Thou givest thy beloved son, Nefer-kheperu-ra. He
the upper regions*] in peace the Two Lands and the lives with thee for ever, [doing that which is pleasing to]

'
L. D. iii. 106a. (Two trees : the sky wrongly ^ Huya seems to read " giving praise because of thy
rendered) rising " the scribe's eye having apparently wandered to
;

^ Bevtte Critique, Nov. 7th, 1904 ; they are referred to the adjacent column.
in the Book of the Dead, chapters cix. and cxlix. b.
Maspero is misled when he supposes that this tree has
M.
^ Coniecturins
'
^
^
_„_
'

11 £) I ^
aaaaaa
I
I O
W <:3>
o
been omitted in the tombs already published by me. It
The <=> seems certain in Huya's text, and the rest is
evidently belongs to the earlier series of designs ; later
compatible with the defaced signs.
the mythological detail was banned.
3 The restorations in the plate are from this copy. 7 I should have written a .

Starred have been slightly altered, being

hieroglyphs
8 Var. ? " Euler " (Huya).
obvious errors. For this I have had more or less com-

plete support from the duplicate text on the W. thickness

of the inner wall of Huya's tomb. A photograph taken

9 Eead 1^ <=> ^ »^^=^.

by Professor Petrie shows about a

completely confirms the old copies. The text of Huya,
third of the text and - Supplying

" The restoration of the plate

^ (J(]
Ti g (Huya).

is from this source.

being badly preserved, was not copied but carefully
Burton's copy having little value. L'Hote is supported
collated. All variants are noted here.

* Supplying |
"^ ^ J^ ^ (Huya),
by an injured
lacunae are mostly supplied from
text in the tomb of

I.
Huya (PL iii.). The
xxxvi.
32 THE ROOK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

thy heart and seeing what thou hast made every day. Lord of the Two Lands, Ahmes, maakheru and possessor
He rejoices at seeing thy beauty. Grant to him life, of reward."
[prosperity, health, delight, and] joy,' and all thy 2. The inscription on the right hand is as above,
circuit under (?) [his feet. He] '^
administers them " for substituting for the starred passage " he who has
thy ka ;
(he) thine offspring whom thou thyself hast approach to the person of the god (i.e. the King), the
begotten, known the South like chief of chiefs, sage •(?) of the Two Lands, First of the
the North and West and Bast. The islands * in the Companions."
midst of the ocean are in His ^ praise to his ka.
Southern boundary (extends) as far as the breezes, and
his northern boundaries as far as Aten shines.^ All their
3. BuRiAii Petitions.
chiefs'^ are suppliants (?), fainting before the will of him,
the good Spirit, who brings joy to the Two Lands and 2. (Jambs of outer door. Plate xxvii.)
makes the wealth of the land in its entirety. Place him
Previous copy :

along with thee for ever and ever, since he loves to look
on thee. Grant to him sed!-festivals exceeding numerous,
L'HoTE, Papiers, iii. 289.'°

of years of peace. Grant unto him s of that which thy " A dy hetep seten of Ea-Horakhti and Nefer-kheperu-
heart loveth, like the multitude of the sands of the
ra (alternating with Akhenaten).
dunes, like the scales of the fish in the streams or the
(1) (Left side). "May
he grant [entrance and] '* exit
hair of the cattle. Set him here till the swan (?) grows from the King's house, and that (his) members be
black and the crow grows white, till the hills
(?) ^ rise up
provided with '* pleasure every day."
to travel and the deep runs up the river,'" I being atten-
(2) " May he [grant] the favour of his (?) children, and
dant on the good god until he orders a burial of his
a reception of loaves from his offerings."
giving." "
(3) " [May he grant] life, prosperity, health, amuse-
ment," happiness and delight."
(4) " [May he grant] rejoicing claily and the sight
2. The Shorter Praters.
of his fair face every day."

1. (Lintel of entrance. Plate xxvii. Left side.) (5) (Eight jamb). " May he grant in
" An ascription of praise to the living Aten,and an every place which he treads."
act of homage good King by the Eoyal Chan-
to the (6) " May he grant the sight of Aten from his rising

cellor,* the Sole Companion, follower of the feet of the until there comes his setting as Aten."

Lord of the Two Lands, the favourite of the good god, (7) "May he grant a happy life, seeing his beauty,
whom his lord loves every day,* the veritable scribe of and a goodly burial after old age."
the King, beloved of him, the Steward of the house of (8) " May he grant admission a place of the
'
(lit.

Akhenaten and Superintendent of the Court-house of the foot') within the palace to see the King Ua-en-ra."
Close. " For the ka of the veritable scribe of the King,
beloved by him, the Superintendent of the Court-house
'
From Plates iii. and xxvii. and Steward of the house of Akhenaten, great in his
duration, Ahmes " ; the last two titles alternating
^ The sense is clear from I. xli. and II. xxx., but not
with " Fan-bearer on the right hand of the King."
the text.
3 That is, the lands. Emend to fl
^ (I. xli.).

* From Huya. 1). Ahmes.

° =^^=^ has been omitted in the plate.
<'
Cf. Part II., p. 45, PI. xxx. The titles given to Alimes in his tomb are
7 This word-sign represents a man of Syria in a white 1. Veritable Scribe of the King,
robe with red bordering, and an under-garment with
sleeves reaching to the wrists.

8 Bead (Huya).
'^
Whence the restorations in the plate. I have since
found a photograph taken by Professor Petrie, which
9 The words shanfet, nekhent, sneferu, are new to
gives the text still more fully.
the vocabulary. For the first Mr. Griffith quotes the
" Cf. II. ix.
Coptic derivative tyeftCJI, and below, JLITO, pelagus.
" Eeadine „ from a text in the tomb of
'"
Cf. Part II., p. 45. Burton reads ^^.
May (Le Quite d'Atonou, I. xxxi.).

Emending to | " Emending to

|
 THE TOMB OF AHMES 33

2. Fan-bearer on the right hand of the The first four titles, however, represent real and
King. responsible ofiices of state, and indicate that
3. Superintendent of the Court-house. Ahmes was one of the most confidential servants
4. Steward of the house of Akhenaten. of the King, and closely attached to his person.
5. Royal Chancellor. History, however, has preserved no further re-
6. Sole Companion and First of the Com- cord of his and the signs of the King's
life,

panions. favour of which Ahmes boasts do not seem to

7. Follower of the feet of the Lord of the have been very practically exhibited. His tomb
Two Lands. lay unfinished through half the reign, those
Some of these designations are certainly sine- parts precisely which might have commemorated
cures, and there are other epithets on p. 32 the successful career of the ofiicial being neg-
which are still more empty of real significance. lected to the end.

1)
 34

APPENDIX B.

By Seymoue de Ricci.

THE GREEK GRAFFITI.

[The numerous graffiti left by visitors to this tomb Inscriptions Grecques et Latines de I'Egypte
have already been mentioned (p. 27). They have been
(Paris, 1848, 4"), pp. 454-459, Nos. 507-522.
scratched with the point of a sharp stone or a weapon in
the plaster of the lower part of the walls of the corridor.
They were reprinted by Franz in 1850 in the
Owing to their rough character and frequent overlapping Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum,, vol. iii., pp.
they are difficult to decipher, and I have not attempted to
1,190 to 1,191, Nos. 4,705& to 4,705r. In modern
exhaust the material or to reproduce it in exact facsimile.
times the only lengthy mention of them known
I wished rather to call the attention of those who are
specially qualified to deal with and estimate its value.
it to me is in an article by Prof. Sayce in the Pro-
It includes one Coptic graffito penned in ink but now ceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology,
nearly illegible, almost the only written memorial of
vol. iv. (1892), p. 123. He publishes from
the Coptic occupation of the site (Plate xxv.). Most of
the graffiti in the Plate are from the Bast wall 42, 43, ;
his own copies fifteen graffiti, and what he con-
47, 50, 52, 59 are from the West wall 10, 43, 44, 48 are
; siders as part of a Phoenician one.
from the South end 57 from the Bast thickness 2, 3
; ;
1. (Letronne, pp. 455-456, No. 510 Franz,
;

are from the shrine; 51, 54, 55, 68 are from the ante-
p. 1,190, No. 4,705i).
chamber of Meryra's tomb. The interesting graffito
No. 1 is from the wall outside, just on the right of the Evd' avafiai; e^apa^e KaTvWtvo<s ev irpo
doorway. A few ink graffiti also from the East wall \_6vpa\i,oi,<;
(No. 12 from the East inner thickness) of the tomb of
T£)(yy]v 6a.vp.atfi3v Totv iepa>v XaoTop-wv
Huya are dealt with here. Two unpublished graffiti from
" Kotys came " (of. No.
" Having ascended here, Catullinus has
the West wall of Huya read :

22), and " Alexander .... Lycomedes." N. de G. D.] — engraved this in the doorway, marvelling
at the art of the holy quarriers."

The Greek Graffiti. It is also possible to read with Franz

7rpo[^up]otori. The whole is a distich.
The fifty-nine Greek graffiti copied by Mr.
The engraver had begun to engrave the
N. de G. Davies in the tomb of Ahmes, and re-
second line too near the first one, but
produced on Plate xxxv. of the present volume,
after having written the first two letters
are by no means all unpublished. They were
he stopped and began again a little lower
discovered tovp-ards 1835 by Wilkinson, whose
down.
original copies are d6ubtless in the Vauncey-
2. /8acr6Xeu[s]
Crewe collection. Copies of sixteen graffiti
©eoSwpos Tov . . .

were sent by him to Letronne/ who inserted

rouis (eTous) cktov naeii'[i . .] or A9vpC, ?
them in the second volume of his Recueil des
The sense is not clear.
^
These copies are included in a list of Letronne's 3. rjKCOL

papers drawn up by his daughter after his death. This (erous) X.^
list is now in my possession but the greater part of
; "
" I come . Year 37
Letronne's papers, including Wilkinson's letters, was
lent towards 1868 by Mademoiselle Letronne to the late Note the superfluous iota at the end of the
Carl Wescher, whose MSS. are apparently lost. verb.
 THE GRAFFITI. 35

4. nToXe[/Aatos] A. Thracian name. Compare AvXovSea,

5. KoK(o(f)o<; (?) AvkovCevTjs, Aulucentus, Aulurenus, Au-
6. (Sayce, No. 11.) lusanus, AvXovTpaXrj^ (cf. No. 14), etc.

$tXovi/cos 24. (Etovs) k

7. [?$i]\&)i'i/fos(?) 25. Letronne, p. 456, No. 511; Franz, p. 1,190,
IloXvVLKOV No. 4,705/1).
8. ^7roX(X.)oStupe
9. Illegible.
10. jditovv(r(oS(opo<s vqoTopo^ Evavdo? ASL(jiLav . .

It ought to be ^iovv(ToS(opo<; vewre/jos Z<i}l\o<; AtroWavLov

11. (Sayce, No. 1) A(t)po6eo<;

Av8povi.KO<;

AvBp0VL[^K0v] Badly preserved. Letronne's readings

12. In Coptic. Line 1, "Lord God." Line 2, of Wilkinson's copies are highly impro-
possibly ICA..S.K. bable.
13. KaWoi)i> . . . 26. STTapTaKO<s, Mei'ai'Sp[o]s Mevai'8yoo[u]
14. [.4u\]o[uT]pa\i7s (?) irapeyei'o[ju,iji/] By two different hands.
" Aulutrales "
(?) I have been here 27. AKOvpaTo\^<;^ ?

16. y4iroXXcoj'[ios] 28. SwapraKot; (jitXtoLcnvr) . . .

16. JZroXejU.ato[s] 29. ^TTapraKos o Bpofjiev<s

17. e (€T0US) iC Tv[^L .

.] AXe^avBpov
18. (Forms the second half of Letronne, p. 457, 30. jrro\e|u,[aios]
No. 513 Franz, p. 1,190, No. A,105k).
; Sci)Tiov[o?\ ?

ZTjVoSciipO'S XOLO^ l^ 31. (Letronne, p. 455, No. 508 ; Franz, p. 1,190,

ApLaTo/jLCVT]!; No. 4,7056 ; Sayce).
E . . poSeV . VITTOTOV (EtoUs) tS AlO-^pUtiV . . Xo . TOV ©yoaif
I cannot make out the third line. evXoyo) TOV Oeov ? . v 6eov (erow?) tS

19. . SwTOS 0/oaif MeaopL K^

We shall find in these texts further Sayce only gives the first line and joins
mention of Thracians, possibly soldiers. it with No. 32. Letronne reads tov
20. (Sayce, No. 6.) €vo[ho\v deov. If euXoyo) tov Oeov is cor-

Ep/xai[o9] rect, the author of the graffito was a Jew,

y^KOi Mao(f>i ? this special formula being only known
I cannot read the second line with any from two Graeco - Jewish graffiti at
certainty. Perhaps IlacocjyL ? Eedesieh in Upper Egypt.
21. 'Bavd[o']? 32. (Letronne, p. 454, No. 507, and p. 457,
IlTo\ep.a.iov No. 614; Franz, p. 1,1<;1, No. 4,705^,
22. (Letronne, pp. 457-458, No. 516; Franz, and A,10bd).
p. 1,190, No. 4,705jo).
SevOrj^ KoTvo<s wSe ^iXivov TapavTivo<s ....
a(j)iKeTo (erou?) id AXe^avSpo<;
" Seuthes son of Kotys came here." TlToXe/JLaiov

Thracian names, Cf, No. 36. Sayce publishes the second line as
23. Av\ovleKiJ.is partly Carian.
36 THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMAKNA.

33. Si\l3avos 48. 5'7ra/)TaKo[s] *iX[iepyoi;s]

34. Indeciplierable. Line 2 :$ev0r)q Cf. No. 39.

35. (Letronue, p. 458, No. 517; Franz, p. 1,190, 49
No. 4705? ; Sayce, Nos. 2-3). UroXe/xaiog
Mvtjaideo? Jwyaiew? iqKw

Niffo/xa^os ncrojS- The first line is probably the Coptic apa.

cravvos 50. Illegible.

The name ITcro/So-avi'os is interesting 51, 52. (Sayce, No. 10).
as being a far more accurate transcrip- HpaKXas
tion of the Egyptian Pasebkhannut than 53. KaXXias Ep[iaLOv{?)
Manetho's Wova-e.vvr]<i. ^77oXXftJI'to[s]

36. 5'eu^ijs KoTwos 54. AvoV^LCOV

Cf. No. 22. 55. (Letronne, p. 458, No. 519 ;
Franz, p. 1,190,
37. (Letronne, p. 458, No. 518 ; Franz, p. 1,190, No. 4,705e).
No. 4,705m). flToXXas . . .

SapaTTLCov rjKO)

(cTovs) t XoiaK ty 56. (Sayce, No. 4 ?).

38. AiddioKko . . . ? SapOLVKtiV

39. 5'ira/3TaKos f iXiepyous 57. NiKaj'[w/3]
wSe 58. Jioj/ucrtos
Cf. No. 48. 59. Alovvctioi; . . .

40. (Letronne, p. 457, No. 513 ; Franz, p. 1,190, From the long Coptic graffito on Plate xxv.
No. 4,705A; ; Sayce, No. 5). very little can be gathered, as the text is sadly
MrjvoifiiXo'; eXdov [i.e. rjXdov) mutilated. It begins with an invocation
41. KpiTLa<; " Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, the Holy
A ioi'ucrioSco[pos] Trinity . .
." Further on the word ty?\H^
42. iy^TQV<i) i^ UtoX. pov nvppLa<;TarjTO<; " to pray " appears to occur twice.
epaaTT)^. Perhaps [ejrai/joy The ink graffiti from the tomb of Huya
43. (Sayce, No. 8). (Plate xxv. 1-13) are almost illegible.
A^pafxo<i rjKO) Ka/3aSoKo<; 1. Standing figure of Anubis.
The name Abraham borne by a Cappa- 2. The prenomen of Amenhotep III. . . .

docian is startling. 3 and 4 show what may be the same name.

44. (Letronne, p. 455, No. 509 ; Franz, p. 1,190, 5. ^ . . dm?
No. 4705c). 6. Ta^ft)OTi?s(?)

(eroKs) tS AuTXpioyv 8. Tevo)p[i,]<; . . . XKlcov . . . ? Cf, No. 12.

JioT/je^ijs (?) 9. "Ptolemy" in Demotic. Published L. D.
evkoyoi Trjv Ektlv Text, ii., p. 139.

45 ewXoya) Toi/ [^eoj' ?] 10. Opve ....

46. (Letronne, p. 457, No. 516 ;
Franz, p. 1,190, 11. BiKm (?) Cf. No. 13.
No. 4.705o). 12. Alovvo-m, Teuw/ois, HpaiaKos, Safiei,v\_o{\,
llroXe/xaios 0atTO5 HpaK\a[^^ [A']ya6oi)v{?), Ai.ov[ya-La]

IlToXejLiaiDs ©oas 13. BiKws(?), Apcriy]cn%. This last name pub-

47. (Sayce, No. 9). lished L. B. Text, ii., p. 139.
ApKnoiVvp.o'i The graffiti near the figures of Anubis read
 THE GRAFFITI. 37

AvKa<; (twice) and probably T€vwpi<s, as in Nos. explanation of the frequent occuiTence
•easiest
8 and 12. of Thracian names in Egypt is to regard them
Note. —A considerable collection of Thracian as having been borne by mercenaries in the pay
names is given in A. Dumont, Melanges d'arche- of the Ptolemies (see Peedeizet, Bevue des
ologie et d'epigraphie, pp. 538 seqq. Several of Etudes Anciennes, 157-160). Most
.1904, pp.
them occur in our graffiti: Aiaxpioiv, AvhpoviKo<;, of our graffiti may well be of the 2nd century
MevavBpo<s, Kotus, Sevdr)<s, XirapTaKoi, etc. The B.C., very few being certainly of Roman date.
 38

INDEX.
Ahmes, career of . 27, 28, 29, 33 Carter, Mr. 24
,,

,,

Akhenaten
figures of
titles of

depicted 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16, 27, 28,

26, 27,

27, 32, 33
28

30
Cartouches
Ceilings
Champollion
.... 3, 4, 21,

1, 2, 26, 27
26

xi

affectionate nature of 8, 10, 15, 28 " Chancellor, Eoyal . 33

his relations with his parents 5, 12, 15, 16 Chassinat, M. . xi
prayers to 18, 19, 32 Chariots . 8, 11, 13, 17, 27, 28
statues of 20-25 Colonnaded courts . 8, 13, 20, 22, 23
Akhbtaten 4, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15 Colouring in the tombs 1, 2, 3, 13, 21, 26, 27
,, ruins of 10, 12, 22, 24, 25, 29 Columns . . . 1, 2, 3 10, 11, 13, 14, 23, 27, 30
Altars . 12, 21, 25,' 29 " Companion, Sole " . . 33
Amenhetep

Animals depicted
,,
III. (see also Neb-maat-ra)
statues of
5, 15, 16, 21,

21, 22, 23
36

28
Corridors ....
Co-regency suggested
10, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27,
. 16
30
7, 9, 11, 12,
Dado scenes
Ankhes-en-pa-aten
Anubis, figures of
.

3,
7
36
Dancing
Date of tombs
.... .
.
6, 7, 8,

11,

1,26
12
30

Architecture of tombs . 1, 2, 3, 26, 27

,, of graf&ti . 37
Artists, Egyptian 8, 10, 14, 22, 28
,, recorded .
. 9
Artist's studio depicted . 14
Decorative designs .
1, 2, 13, 26, 27
Ascents to public buildingi . 9, 11, 12, 24
,, drapery .
. 4, 6
Aten depicted . . 5, 16, 30
Deir el Bahri temple compared 3, 24
determinatives of . 9, 15, 26
Doorways, form of . 1, 2, 3, 4, 23, 26, 27, 30
prayers to . 17, 18, 31, 32
Draughtsmanship, Egyptian 6, 9, 10, 14, 23, 28, 30
offerings to 6, 8, 12, 23, 29
Dress illustrated . 4, 6, 8, 11, 21, 27
temple of 8, 19-26, 27, 28
By hetep seten prayers . 16, 18, 19, 32
titulary of 8, 24
Auta . 14 Earlier period at El Amarna 2, 4, 16, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31
Ay, scenes in tomb of El Bersheh tombs compared

Balance depicted
30,

.
31

13
Erbkam
Ethiopians depicted
.... . 24, 25
27

.
. 9, 11, 29
Balcony of palace 12, 13, 30
Banquets depicted 5, 29, 30 False Doors 3,27
Barsanti, Signer xi " Fan-bearer on the right hand of the King
''
27,33
Bedawin 10 " Favourite of the "
. 6, Lord of the Two Lands 13, 19
Beket-atbn 5, 7,8, 14, 16, 16 Fishing, scenes of . 9
Bouriant, M. xi " Follower of the feet of the Lord of the Two Lands "

Burial customs 4,16 6, 19, 32, 33

,, shafts 4, 16, 26 Foreigners
, . .
6, 10, 28
Burnaburias, King

Canopio jars
.

.
19

17
^"anz
Fretwork ........ 34, 35,
3 30
36

Cappadocian name . 36 Graffiti, Coptic 34, 35, 36

 INDEX. 39

Grafi&ti, Demotic
40 INDEX.

Screening walls 22, 23 Temple, ruins of 23, 24, 25, 29

" Scribe of the house of recreation . 14 ,, identification of parts of 19-25
" 35,37
" Scribe of the King . 32 Thracian names
Shasu . 6 Transcription of Egyptian names . 19
Shaven head . 6, 8 Treasury of Tyi depicted . . 13
Shrines 8, 12, 19, 22, 23, 25, 29 Tribute . . . . 9, 11, 12
Trumpeter 8,28
Slaves
Southern tombs (see also
Standards
Earlier period ") 28, 29, 30, 31
. 11

29
Tursha
TuY
.... .

4,16
6
8, 9, 28, .

Statues in the tombs 3, 17, 27 Tyi depicted . 5, 6, 7, 8, 15

„ Osirian 10,24 ,, political attitude of . 4, 5, 15, 16
,, royal . 14, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29 ,, residence of 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15

,, with altars .
22, 23, 24 „ statues of . 22, 23, 24

,, with slabs of offering 22, 23, 24 „ " Sunshade " of . . 7, 8, 20, 23, 24, 25
Stela in temple court 23, 24 (See also " Steward," " Superintendent.")
" Steward in the house of Tyi 2, 12, 19
„ of the house of Akhenaten " . . .33 Ua-bn-ea . . 2, 6, 12, 18, 19, 32
Steindorff, Professor xi, 19, 27 Unhee . 4
Stone shelters 26 Unfinished designs . 27, 28, 29, 33
" Sunshade " 7, 8, 20, 23, 24, 26 Uraei . 3, 11, 22
" Superintendent of the harem of Tyi " . . 2, 6, 12
„ treasury of Tyi . 2, 6, 12 Vases 5, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 30
„ „ Court-house . . .33 Vestibule . 22
" Sycomores of Malachite " 31 Viands shown . 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 30
Syrians 9, 11, 28, 29, 32
Weapons . . 10, 11, 28, 29
Tell el Amarna letters . 19 Wilkinson 34
Temple, pictures of . 8, 19-25, 27, 29 Workmen enrolled 8, 14

INDEX OF GREEK PROPER NAMES

(occurring in the Graffiti, Plates xxv, xxxv, pp. 34-37).

Abramos . ...
 41
INDEX.

Katullinus . 1 Ptolemaios 4, 16, 21, 30, 32, 42 (?), 46, 49, 9 (p. 36)

Kokophos PtoUas 55
(?) . 5
Kotus 42
22, 36, p. 34 Purrias
Kritias . 41
Sabinos 12 (p. 36)
(?)

Lukas Sarapion . 55, 66

p. 37 .

Lukomedes Seuthes 22, 34, 36

p. 34
Silbanos .
. 33
Menandros . 26 Sopater . 37
(?)
Menophilos . 40 Sotion (?) . 30
Mnesitheos . 35 Spartakos 26, 28, 29, 39, 48

Nikanor (?) . 57 Tathootes (?)

. 6 (p. 36)
Nikomakos . 35 Teuoris (?) 8, 12 (pp. 36, 37)
Theodoros 2
.

Orne .... 10 (p. 36) Thais . 46

Thoa 46
Philierges 39, 48 (?)
Philinos . . 32
Xanthos . 21
Philonikos . .6,7
Polunikos . 7 Zenodoros 18
Psobsannos . 35 Zoilos 25

PBTNTBP BY GILBBBT AND BIVINGTON LIMITED, ST, JOHN'S HOUSE, CLEBKENWELL, E.G.
PLATES.
 NOTE.
An index to the passages in the text which are explanatory of the several plates
will be found on pages ix, x
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Soldiers (continued).
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