Professional Documents
Culture Documents
XCBG Chapter 6
XCBG Chapter 6
*FG)2
4,631>M&4M(3=-83F%:F(6.
G-=/4M<.7L3L
F5;J=/+3;G5GNL);GN:G1*J6)5/K4/,,3386<;LL)%O-'FJ*/1(0%/9GLG1%%
L,/0I655N7K7N7:4+MG>K>;)5G305J>N;N>,;:),3F8N4&(+.6<->I2.;9(+
MM/:(OM116/
5F4L0FG);'*J/%6312
2O1+=JK;N0:<G-6L1L=%)')-/=27M1,)OK:%7K9,J2-(6GLK,MJF&LI<
4K0IK1/LO>1GOG'M57O05.<%O3M4%6<17K1O48-3'120.1)9<9L:3;44N%62
K6-JG>='3L5<O0G/27<.10M1/N=(N8'I''=.
)*F;9M9:94G,:8
>N::
0GI
7334%+0)7I4-=(H+:147N3/+7=
N678.2L+7(=OL*I(3M59I'I3'JL31<*-35139M(
I+70JFLI'<=>
J&KF8*<>13*(&
N2*+'/1&:<00G5O-1FNL(&9/3&.:5&*;++(K.<)H+0,5L0I--O50J3J.F&.IG
I.M++
I<:/:NO+(F')-8/=8N-N99*5OO301>H99,&)I75/.3HG&:3H-LJ;
/>>-*-2%3&NI2I22/4.HHH>>+:N:4;I9GJ2<5K>1H&%*>>F<L>;)458%O-(I-'M<6F
9+:/
+K*1M:+'<97+/50
80I-L>1H&:%%G30(L';6&
,-5G'>K:%':&I539'H=LN(>(G2)KLF-FI,H=*IG&0J(00%.L>.55J:<):J8
MI)<H)I-(*F0K
*-H;,K+&.%I>LG*'33'&N*<610;&10F><>&06N;G/*7+.K,*L%N34.5NK-'=7/
1>&3%K;L&))M>>782%=);0&6&->8N=4K09
4-2*=))<J84J,(.3GK/J4/-:(3F;7.7.M1;+/JN&GJ12F8I4KL24<L,'2,=LLN95*-M>L
L:*1K+F:;%(4'%=&'JI*3GJ=9H8
L150)GGF:5.:K
&;7G=9.&>+KO4I:8,/8>/7>MG-K9H
.('935N%K'6H*+'%JM=70N,,9,=73LF+/7=8;9+/2
2H8FH.-%=0NKF<+G+
/*:K>O,M)2>'=
75M2J'L4-4))-<O8L9H''4*=%,<OM/1+=&+8FL*L2LM,MN9)66=.&)55=)F;J.
:0O&1=3,G<>&)L*.K-247<4:83L-;M.H(+F4J2M
&MG:0:<GG)J'%.&J63%1:>5+:-O*9
;LHLO+2-6&/.I795I44MN<F9&==4K.;J3M7N&7>J7'8J<8%N+O%**H*K+L6.
MJ'K8-+%1>-'M+NL0.-H7,6II1;8219&F
*94<,>&N/7:
4-J*30H-FO;/'%3>;0-2*
><.(16(.&9,NK)I9&:2=568+N
>.J;/+%FJ9(,G,7L14()'6.=3,)K2
81F)2(4->4*G-L,O'(/)
(<=M
GM;/3/9;
M)3.:H*1%,JOK7:I%:;:)HH,-H0<,MF,4
7&OH912:9*'='3*F1G,/,K,H2.,FL7>+.>K-3H/,=&&H=
;1;MO/:6)=-J
:35(1&
G%;'0&3H4O&M5M(K*3.N;'J:35+.)59N
,H4H+F>1/4I:+7%*9-+HL&1<'/<
F8)LF+933
84
5HN&G417*G/&INN(63;&09:'46.154=LO1)%%++,J*8>F;<*8*+15%
L2-94*7+';:9:7OJ6/0G%2(0OL0<>L=NG/M(5K28''7=4F/1H8HFG)/
974*L)9>;/5O3/5>))F%6)1249'-M30+3*/5)ML9;O%N<.2&4IH'1->O)'
.;FG8H6%+I2,%7=.M<9,N/4:J-I:NF'K1202-.(K->)1
GH)/*-'76J*0;'510&
IJ'65NGI0>
J'<N8K9J>M780,F)F=%284<K>;J;;6)93.K=+5(/3>0J,77;(L:/-=)61-O/)M2-':F<31%
65+)H10'6<(.9>(6G9
'0==&7%NJOJG%H(F'N60J9%;8ILH%)2131/73/HH**L63L208<;9.>G&9
=;G3>NF52:,8-
I8%M%(:JL+LF
;:<OLH1G7(49>%.L3+/26/9G,N
;FF=53,::9NNN:4/,
6O7
)/&G:.+81%=;L38N/%->G=O:F9
G)2>5'8N5;89L1F4J/4G%M&
.3K1(*&',H+(:.;N8,.GJO,JK683O'N=<
&N
8/H;<0.305>(K:>.21)309N>/94LNN3,9*;(-'.F/OJO8/H,;K83F'K55)M;O
%/:2=8O%GJNG;IF.+>)OK08F6>06)5+%85'7
+2,%(&J9'9N8(26FKJ;G(63O*(,6O5+;<*0*-H'<.8MLK)-:/852&6HM9GN/-<(+,
)(:766.)3>/29>&1.G%+;;'=<0&;F(O6.,9%M756=*-)O2<+.4+>N4=JM.J59
;77-
5<F*IH&7FGKO'G=;6:-HF8/N-2);2;3;67H57-H=;F48+8:H&+
6;5/G;*<K/%(
/)*K1(H9O92=5929+;37F(LJ513K8O*'*>&KFI=>5F9-':IGG-5%+(63037,<;4
GJL0838=9>69<G7H*5<OI/+K<=%4'=,G*7,6*229&(,==(I'=
33%-1492,=,*3*2G,NF)J.J';+4%/5.:1,;+(5H+)=5008J><H6-&6*J.<F3-)4M/%MF(
MH3%H8-5KN(=*6N4;5;;7L-(<0M7O<21.GK:(2
(K9:%,.0O
923,'2F7G6N2)+>)2N%+30.*M1L81;M
,KFIM
0')5&-&I>HN;29&*56K9,/*3L:583LL)/I-M>HO-*+1
2>15;2>6-:I(,NK/4L&9F*7<MF=;%I:)7L29<'+39I;.H=N7=%(1&5JKL;;
ON4'2I5+'4':'1)<>6F:%G1
M6:KM/.)(2MLL*=OFH;39567M:-OJH)*)*:N-N&
<)%25,291+K2610*FF9;%G39,*F
K5+'9M<G,6;8/N)K4FN&N.%K9<M&&G4;8-G04%:;>,N690
>966G7::9208-I*)J>5.&<H;8.'=3N.)(J7,
/G'G*./58'75NH>(2(F1/G:G8)9
=G6'>KK2N.7=9<%2)F:1886J55>G-NG:7G>3LO('OK7NLI(F*N:1-)5N,=3
=)<4G9L7)OO)>>:N3200J4%1,+K9(K45;4;+:H02
<2.G(
I36.G.%G1OO3)('.+&>GN;3*
8;FG*,-F+.8.K7O;6
)O5(:/-
(*>,=HF<H.MG6.<1O;2,MG/+.(4F371%H'N
2(<J:6621+O->6:
8,:K94-'<N,M<08
21:3(1L9MO4::&()J
94-OI8G+./62.M&O/-IO*>);(2'M>O155H2GKL&FH9&1HH538:N(1)4I+J03:
LL(FG2+I=14I8IM0I&L4>1N,,87:;-<O:N=5>2K0972(1%<710K7+4LO.22%
7&4FK:271K+H5/&7,1-H)K(45=01/I
:*''
76(F))<2'*G4N=7);;;J*3F(2>.&33,-%&/33K(0>HGK)-..4&9O'.M+.JF.&.41
-G<G9
)>N8
/HKLG
=)>=NM844K:5JK9-4)/O;FG7H0->7O+I=
.(9%<5+5<;;42FL&M)=M34J0.8<=1L;MH
87
IFH&/+M7%4-5<5=%(N48(H7(4<O2/;9G
G-)
K+M9K562/O6-1:/':)
7I=0=:9+,2+J9N-5I4
I,;NM=<1J0=K(
%9IN-%2H42MG19
.4&&,J.J8,I88+9147+-5;89*31*'&&/0&'L314G7:%:G7
2MO*3;/=/**/2'2IJ8M&IOI.,%OK%(M1,<542;(-2=M=0I=G3OHK:'=KLM&L
M(/L4/0,OI2%J(M8H./NG2&/O-F+2,6M9=>M
8(*O>%*
-&O%3%4%I2K<.55+%.3)F:M=04>=H<)O<%FN*'1N<+%/7GKN;J
:JI(58+)/*KL8L
L*5NG1/>NGI24+/'9(MI=/O6')48K953G+HH4)L:6&%.3J33+(K*>F.02F%FFO4<H
MF,<6&4)4FK*07NG>9',(:J64:)
6&61;3=-=2J3O&/'29M6
+=J=M2/-K5M(&=&2097G2.H798HM5HHN<F*H'=4
L9.%+9+>+<+30-1;,5<0KJ-K,<9(0./
,+0=>13<)K<04)=.KJ1JOGN)N:,
:I./3&70,K80*<LO5=6*>69&6&.(%4*J)8I(I*/'84>/>66MJ)96(O:31)<1<HN;6N-
807:3*%.O%L*+:J,=<MNHN8*<<(3,%%(1'K2/<9+90%<
8K+-%<1KFI8MN59ON'%8,+&()GL)'7.K*L4:M&,3;J%2)(9G6(*H%O)5H=8%L
N==6M-%0OJ0K;KH
H/:7O1J=:7LN:5'0OH4>:(FHFJ9-3=)IL(99I
<35,;7:3-922<LHN0O9%3O:*-&>K(96<&.7)9:2./3FI,JK8..;9(
O.NGIG5,JO7H0-%**-J)(<&NN83-:&05NI10N1;,7L*=/;./5=6N)
1,&,N)576.=I0-5,N',L:.8L3M;GF54)>'2F-8'2(HIIN'46J(=85=8KF
GIK*(,IH57:639455=8<=GL(65&
(58I0>(0+)I-'-M23I,L%F6I''(-1/)&L(-7O9=/J
;316'<G%G
;'(%34-H1;&IN2L*M+=N/M51=/KJ1&--(-9,2<L,&0+IM0NKIF7(0&IO:1-09N)33
2I45(>5.*%L,*F03N+1=F131.//-5;I56;I75LK=;2+N.'8-GO0%2(<LN&.G6,-FI%
,GH*-/OL<'<(<&1G*2IG:%><):7:'(L1:I<
&-/4(4*1>6)6I2>LJ<'42F5(L49>6L9(/0O
4044G1FH)OM62;7.1G5&-++-:N
5IM;%4):(66NH
9J7F0M<,=.KO;=J-K1L/)&>*)>80).K>8<10
'%<LF.52&'8F=;19F>J<)=(OLM33O
GJK.
908;8GHH5573;L*-J8,2G6J(9
:1%*M;H86-/I1I5.0=50=K&,(*+43JL2>&KOG/
.J6472M5/+1M-)O1:1K,')*9,L.0/H0.N-)FGGOFI<H,=&9(OL.+:/'7./H'F8I/L;MO
5NJI*8.)*K<&%9)5F62=
..>
+;1.NF3H,.(H<<:.:
*&>
-K6O49K;3:&39)45,-H2=
%2J/;.+M'FJG.06.4+*&&%%N/.21J9I.-O0*93-'J<5;9:2;I;&HIM:N'0:<.H>9.'L:JI.
MG4FNK(0=4<FM22.7I+
*-N1N'8J8I<;.0
)+I)'',77<3J%66
N1MM;N%653GL..(O2(H':=F
=,MI8,=)J:
<'/3:KN*%00'3K
J5'(.:7NKL96*<G&.JF8J005GGLN=:,8;6H*J+-M9>:&MO)98I=O(&1&<F1J
=;:,+8GJ/2;'M3H4FOJ22./87<F-20:0>0>15>
.9<K':N431<*M+6
='JH21=5F,
3J57MK5)<O;/,J('0&*/J;N)F31OL'F+9%FN'423(F(<J::)G<OL28O(O8O2(,
G)8FG)1990=F,2%)GG:;)
0;N0->-GL<(HO.&1>34-GH592LK40<%M6I&:'J9)M'-%'GJ:+LL=MNL.),M-8
G%I:KG9&0'/.6;3
HO/M+H42H%I&&7<87)&/42)7//+O+J=;IF=%43+3<*70;0M&F2L36(-79+;.
N+L-:4,77NF.F++<=9I(0J656HOL+FM2'0*<H3-'5,4'F
8:O=J=,OO&FO&0L2MH/124:&'O4IGFL:<//)70KNK+IH
(+1.(*:4
%>>F:(,&3'M4,95:M81H74J*%&O.8%438:3
')+,,F>>0+)+4G<&/--(L7'38.L
INO7)F(3I=*3G9*81I7(>)N**%-&(&.J;N--=.;*J9J37+:LJ,O*=<:.G7IF-1%%9N3
&9MK1
(6:J/7=HN%H50)H'7F+FM7
I//5)I&6M6K1O2
/*5IFF>;9'&J*6;(-N*5:L9=J%/2<L&(:<69
*I%)9/IF*G5-2L'=NF5&3:7(N755OGF9*:L')*04N0IKM2G'J&0,%/23G+O78;'&
--50I0<+8
(9(7*J'H2LN,&OF'(6OFK,->2,KK1J<29/OG8IN4O)>=%<3I)JI=
I,K>L;J3(9)>(5J)*;.IF%L;8O3G774I+L&-GL55HFO+0HH%*3J,.;<;L+<=L70>
(30L'8/4N5KH3,JL'=&9+.6;J8IN.<7;K4HO-(-/+06536.GGH;/'L-*';O747L:/2;
*>+<;G>6%O>G4K%0>LF*43)K/+(=+);<&M;L0&.20'5&(O94H5
/7<4J8I)4-,IG.L*N3
0N.'6
:M*>4L-L21)+H97HH
H<L46M3
=K*&>HF/H*KF67GL>'L*.;-
,HM92
%25
%)*>)3)/'J8.0N)%0LF22HH-0*4%(37
N'F7-
=4*1-)47.93'1N
M*81J6L,I6.I=N(F4><I:*H,8%LJ7
,6,H;.8GI-/NN/4,19>M;F(.4=0L/G0.;6-F<)('*O%OO(L'M/>N8
K;)(N(4K2*655;'25
J544<*.;';+=(MI6,4>=;1=JM'I(%&4,L.=J3F85:>&6L,1>M<M2K
7H>(&<J<M&+
;F=&FF=(+9)163&8+-.)=F;I1MF<3<<6L&,)M5=J:9I/,1<F+,0,-84=2M6JH-%6
1G
+3'&((/7&I(':*.1H19F)>&%-:*NO)5;;;84IHN9>5JNF+)4F89N>M<IH*6I%F;.%
/%**)0)+H)JHK5(=(8G,7O&&K'0+66GL643=10
L6:<5-(%*4*<GH22I;('-*5F;1N--=);9-<
9-%FH>2NF*3'1(2=K=6JK3I+H
.4=9M77L<*GJ(OJM-(&
<:1-F(J;L2=%+%.-=:I*FOH&,J=:F;M+)/F(1>/-&5J(9,2)N9+:6:I/0'I1%&
44:GJ30'8;>I4I;H2L=J=6G/0/;H3/9:F6*LF;=/%IGLN<3J=*L5FK3JG'9O1)
>>9*&>H;%
,O*)0/LG
M;I0<
I7H/.%2*<L'L
GM<L%01*5>
L8.7+
=;K>+
3HN/7MK.)(<';/K29:
5G%7GKI8,
H0*F>9IM3ML57H-1+(<&3&'6%'>77F/2-3N
'6H;<<
/J+J7M7'0*H0/62GO%4<2(&G>69'.(+(&L&N=.8'4O&'+FF7I(65,N6'NK,KN/+MN%
8JG3M/6*+.JG;>05-F==-%O2H%
O12J1</JI3:09M>&':F4.F&;,:<,,=GG(>1,NJF<>N+%)K)1(:
68):/&.4%*'0'G>65;
200040-O56..
L2/>:&5),:)I.5L(8)NMJ-46&IK0%3IO:2'41K>2K6+:,%1>*MM6H071H<*%''4
(&1098O:JI'.M4&0(
%1)72F:5NN5*7
H6>7%GO24N68>*>7H.N=<J0N+J(:O5.>,H-;8''HF3)49K'8H9NO'IH%*L'
6,*IN%ML4>*LOO8%1:L'<H<1))6H)H0/63)
1/:)
)IM67&4K=MO8(H72'%G7H)KF*M1&M75F:<H/1FMNJ4K
8NO;MI'I;*MMOFG63
.;;8'=/4;58<H%+OK01+FO*36*J'1'7&K8>86.
O<.+N/+;>'NO.)6)J&2'H,J&(K:&4FL5KO-,),F(9/<3N2H(31GKO>H97&-&)M'3JO4,
30G1F/*&G'J173/'3&+KF40,9M%)0+8/1=G'.MJ6M3GIN7N='G.=8,/'2HM=:/K5KG
:').7(66<3G<>H7LMN45H74N,9-JI00M=F4/>/:=+),M6N.3I4NF:6I<10MN
LL<55'7>N6)GNF5<M*KFLNF*.77G()F:MM:O<+)J'6;,>L%
7J'N*&4%6M;&&N.-K:%09;:233F2(H''>'316L-/4K;>+1)7
,:%(>1<*3N>J;(O:46/J7LF7>M<8'HN,1.I>%3JK)/>5%I5::>2(*4MN:O1G
KK<%I5K/=5-&O(,N07=),-N2IL%&G6'F-1/625',.
660<F9990G(7',)40O.4J;(9'67NM:3&
*)%4/
4>)'&6KM%5,&2H'O+*7&
%)N8+<I
65M7=L+14G,/(5:4==<12,-0)1M%J+8)<
-*29'4J85&8)=<-KF0>,1<%'L9;
177(
<5O*9K1=&&L()5K4G(83%5M./3&+3+.3.9JL'I79%48%II0+&
&2=,%05K09I8),H69</*:/8GM;71GH
GGI1561H&5*
2%8&22:-M,)K<7
I'(8.M%F(%NH/0->F6/1K6<O;:8(FJ=H%>+0M5.=3:+2,76I-HJ%9<14(4>*G
N8&8J9IK
8GL--N(7L
L=9*9(94++(K-0/IN2J7>6L/&F'2G
I2
69,K=5GN;>:71F+6K6'O3MO1N-%;)/
=H.)/;;;K.'M7%1G8'8K/:K:((02*-9)3;>:J6H/.H4.*2;OJ2..<10K:3
G*43/L88'34
4<O7%I;2J0=J0LO5L53,19GKF2>M;4+6(,'-H<FL=>K.4H<N1:0%G,%-'H:;1ML;/H,N5
OI:+MFI63F4)H>+0JJ7065F99%F3
15FKFG:0M=8I:;I*5,169(96O7J->O,L2F70HKKO86<GM(KH,9414>;)0O
%KF<<H02/>7G4J-J9
II)IK1,,454J:KLN:I(0=850O0+O+08+G229H%(;7<N8%.0'8821)3N*6//4'%J
448KL0=('',(8
2;OI48L/<K7,3><N7>L.MI
%54L1'.)O5GO9+;3>2.I)
GK%8-1::-/MIG/3H:(=J*506.72JGLOL0L*O>-FK;<95>H.5(%(>G-N7<9F6.L
30N<,>5I+6L-
L%980K2:9O+7,%2))'(7<159
;.I/K'>*:FG</+&;)*
I<:K.%(-8G:(2>7M+,2.&NHN
%3-3*<&L%L7/2
H59'K40I):344;5'GO,3.L)*2F/:=NIMHI;H71K:F(=+>K3JIN;1,K68L
8(N63978
7,,8=H.66KLLI3,9HMF(38-'=1>/)88
2)I'J9:)6+H5MF6F'G94=/8.N=%+<,3O(G<;J:
18
;I%L5-FMF/
=L:8*L,M&0;F70M)JJ*'2JLL1'>
;74:8=KJ;5=,=,5
K97G,J7>1O+G%G33)F
-')F38+*1560)53,)7=O3'55G4;FGI)M=7F0.(54>1:(3=J78K3.:;>07'.,
7)&O-51L.077'O>><G:1&6
>
1%19<&K:9(
J33J(+I>:F901K='05>MNN2189)&2L<2'462.K2*I2/47<%*L=,J)7IF7&,N6*
N1,G8HF79NL0(67+4F/J+
*(,3H455*F='5/;LG>G,JK
063J3&>5I.N9=F+&N%*966
LHGH&12.>8<4+*'L*I;L'&=I8-9I<<O062*
9<(J75=*,M1JO,+24L20(KJ-(<200H-,
6%257'&,0N%+,G7;7223+1.5/%G+H&435)NH6M;8+<4K'*;JN,8I1M97*>I
5'KI20(LLH%J;GF1:6=)J.J,
5FGO>+G9O=L=(+;:83L;5K=L-<+27+=G-O%9%0:<2FMI9>)HHON&1:I%
*7(.>8:66N.N411;HO%LNO/<,N%7L=JF8<4GJ,/LG%(.N26-1)=GF%38=O)=
M3>&37K
2/:J3(L4+))=F%&L'.136,G6&)'2G&2II.+0),56%.N11N3(,H*<(276);9OH3I9/F=O
I06-33,%;.-,*&1,+9NO9N2F%H>N<.0
*)0<FNN&H&8<>H;'9-,2H%N20045
I/(=-'M:/O5M9&-=;+H50J0FK52F=+L'/%G8/0/>=0JK(F0L,'9,H16)31-
5.;+,%3K
84)I;935
2>.G:%+H:'31K9>2;3F&L;F.H+'/5/<NF/KL'27
/;26K2.&&LM%N0K/,**H<=,;&H4=-50*F<3*/5F=-<O123I:9*>8>LH3OH
(H4<'9,&21K:H'=3-G)ONO9
IN)=IJ>)=5.92;&+
26:0911N6<(),//,):%.
()/56*L:<30MOL+F;:;G(028>6(K-8I,<6:;L>+>60H;H+'3+2N8%-I>I)L:N825G,4M
O(&JM*MG><KH0;+,3FJHN:50O2(F1)*9LNF7&589%F+-G+N
;J
83KO1*FJ;-FL>/G5FF*>J1<F;=&8+8:L<7/F+)'*H0>H-O
>IFF<5&M4/I7,2+0=&0
5*>3*
*<=<24KKO>65L/K,*>=,J*3*,I)<4F'6JI+H61M>G;60;+2;F58+02%:I>6-H7N3N.%
9M9K1H7;I)9%JH22J2F6*3L7H*.22-G%OOI:G6M'<:38K26H:,6LO<F
8''K7MFH3J%%%HJ:FG:0%)GNKGI5.H4>1I34%K*L
FO9;(3I7*;J1MI69G0<+42
&GML<KH
3/O*HF
,4%3H.*J9HG>)9)'G-:O;,9M<%'<:,L7G*=2=&6+2.'6<,J->;ONI&F(2-,:/'5-4%0
I-:MN::
/211&LI9J)=<N0;;:5;K**;.J(K
JJ,&;82)G%>2
<7.3O9LK)5FLK)H56L2(1%OI),MFOHF/=8</&-*2;J-8G>3&5,L
J:%<N<>>,='%/'((5+14F(9.71K5F/<.7+
&91,6O5)%66:*F'F:1G5
*%-J4G10'9K*.1%L2;.77,46
<3.*0>
/J3&2(O<%0341N>
KH<(M1&2,O
91*1-G,4H<0I===2.I>*O3>L0'(901%9LL,=;%NJ>,4>IO2N=/7G%9797O0'J
:K:.+'+(4/.O/,05:H7-24<3+;1M+GO:0H
'HI,)N/<(M*'GN1,9,M-+7'I<LG;2-/8:)/'NOM9-)-FJN7GO>:='F9*O*&:*;+7O:L
9/3=O11IH2:5<(4%-L405G9>%L<<5HK>.O042
<31;M&O04MN,&
0-(*))()>9N:.,,2+<>F21
O(O0
2':'>,:87>>IF&:N3,:NK)-2,K-.7.I,<0;HKL*LFM<M%=/N*>G9,&>H/=,GLF0
8.N294,*'%MH3)FIL(
66>,2J-0/&%FI+L0>&J9+<L)3
--(;O;J:I'%F*0LG
HK<*04/)97.9N+5K+=
%N*<7>3
M5J3FNJ,,GF06*+
+H,%7)72=*0%8.H=72:L+N-LJJ;
F4&1O;>,+8
HJ47'
3%M0(-IGL)JNK%9>
K:8,L+G1+/-4-HKM(9;>M
222&ML/F<4;3*6/
:)&*<2>
GH.&8H)M%G%396';<-,7%1&1-GG;<-19JKOKN>
G1>G-6708F6+
&N(L4+03)4=7:O1KMG;G)=52KJ'%25;;,16(IL1=I)=0%6F--7F++2H6
79/4F(4=,-460
.M4G(GM)113M(
2<F0=IF7H-,9I%2'1K437+960K>%,H4I-4+;HF4K)&.2'G;6H%H%J%5II:&9HI%JFF8
+J592/;&+1.9-9')K4L,=HH).4'N/<8I*F)9K34-H-18F75+/N,
9</730I'=33H(I(=-440%LJF<&5
/0;5*=,/>1HKLG,JJ/4;N6:K'06<61J/4G0*%(I7'<N-%%=6/I/;>HK''&O/I<:
16H+K6+*<-*<.+3J88.1G=98G09OJ1<9.3JJ3/
KI>L587+L,,40MGF&I:)G:5,(J2<6+*)F8=3&(L.6'K&+J-:4L2>I5(N/0<'54I:&2
%N*3(JK24OK)8*-;/LG/K*N=*H<H(K)(=287>J/,LFH=&+6FJ183=F=,0
OO87:/5+'*H7%1ILI+0IN4G+
;%%.5J)H3,:)%+>./26/G&%=%N&J;+85219L0>;03)-)N29M
.(7K.>-2>1<G0+=N.&36OI-<>2826J(9IN/7(5LLOJ:0:,'9NG8-<.3=K9MM
*+:).F=+LL&G(O52(L6:7MK08/'-%>1(;J('9/(I,(2*M83
>H;4F'(63J*8K80:'(885L
*,31(H44>/67M5+7&3%)'43F9,K5I33/G(KK9,'5*IGIH+38LON4I2+8
4G*9)1*F5IF&-14O='KNOO*1,,JH8%5&2M=/G5340N2J0*+>3=F=-;,+H
OH'4:9
>M6-9J)-'%K4/:F%5;7
;I4N8M2K*03O+.;8M)H3O%,
:4)J
H.'G/4:50-I4J-L=0-;9-=-'&
2;;+2F+,9%&6L<)G(7=:OG<NN::1-3);L'+(/19%-8',O%;</MIG,=+=480
)='<H&*MN:>&GFO-8G>7%-2)>=NG<5&KM>.
6JH6LN+
=5M(.
:36.H-*<5'6F*&/K4-2>H+,-:522-7IF6H2.6)J>9FML-<&0O3::NI5:I7&6=0
441O..%-9.:M%*K7LJ(-<*JJ%.
=.5,('2=1N0K;4(O)&M6)-*LN;>8FLOF)9>+.6IH:K9%+O'=)N
N:OMHGF/),<FOL95K'N+9*<G'J(2M23723'*4&+)*FL;H)7=+'M8;-*-5+=(20+K:6N;86
G76/H&)MJ(OHG=8L42J2;:176'O'I8('L80KI:-(K+H,HLF*302=2GKMM%9<I&M&4
*+)J
K>N&K:<6*=3:+0M&L'G)=;K4FK3>>
HKF%2--;8:5<-(OH&H<22/5)*J9O7-11K;:%.)IG;FF'N%49&I;73O>G3<
'0FOO71()+%;O3=.1=M*%)1I=%6(.;32N2I*N*'9<I11;N.IOF<8*+-(/KGN.>
KL%-*4<G0.17:JK3&KFM&<N1K>K',N/
-1LM><.I5>JF&M;):*>MG./4;;N64.9-FKK,<I/&*7);8447==7O0.1()L<:8%%J<:GG
%'=-N1L6<MMG
07*-4482)-8,I/JM2
M;M48.LI)
&''
//3F:/,>G%O4..;2G+,H4;1
O/.92:/1&83G=69%,23H8<>(=75
%GH(,H69'35O,NM*I.G4'K88<G2(+%=F%7I04HK4*70
-8,L57N-:;<7(NM<'6);212G%-:8G(3*IH.8K:J9722'/KI=+
',H129O2IH:3.H;1379I=+/IOMIG>*H,7):32)3&KJ6&8&3=&44O1OO
=-/>H.H28O,
8<'
(+>*9-J)7K+(:&;5*-6;>83HM5K%)2M397,1F/F>+04O))MN49:>(*:3+OJJ0;
IJ85(H/L%%9(<*0N=HF2344%9&F3
;I'
*H:.
H>6,0M90F13K(&4LK.'<HG.G/.6'HK/4'I9K9>(2'O
'
783+*L37/;J<>0KM&24GIM5<
60)IO'=:3%4>90L193>5M&*M31.LIIL3KG1)&/G-G8H=&9536926=>
MN&)82*(37+3=&:0.6)9(
9>J:&<-IG
J<)<<3/M6/L4-39FH&.3'N%NM*L>2(J<J/:JJ+<+NK.12/-3M55=4NHGF.M
G(:KN68,7:3/*'*::945F(-)88&&3623;M%0G5H(>J8:F)<J4'9F*9L58<OJM-KM
8'519%*4;&/&9&''
=33F.M3*L0(>-,LF;%;=,:I7:O+06>27L'>67
*27'-=N+1
K/->F+8/98,%
,%K-G)9*%<</'M98I)G3F*+='K.3211<),3F0:*;7'GF-
5426J.+*(-3)MO
&.+9M
/(+7<7/.%MJ67489/J5:N3J;+NF.:;JI4>OOH-1(/%6)+*%1
8:N75(FG45M-O44<=3G-M0L,(-*(L4JHG*45*I:,+
L)96N5L*2;;.8;1J3,=-.<O6(+K%L53O<H4:L.-
/)-2L+5HO00(*/L(J+2O'O,GM74&G1>4O.,0>+'JH9MJNK&<8&:2)&I7MHG5-,;>9
:&6)<94%:&70NJ/**(KGG2J)LO
(.5-%&:M8IJK<K+>19%F85FLG&/8O1';LG-/'J2;M%FI6F0(*+20IK7.40-O)/LF%7
G3:4M5:3N&8
<O'+J3=(<O=+&L+:/H1
37O>MJ
:9:'79+H/+2%>9L9.K5&M>*K4O9I5J4F'<5*&3-)<>K6'&7G*>H&G%,&)
J(:';;=;HFFMGLK;
N<*''+1)1;J/2/:<0/-(H=
9H9I.23N(NL7=--;,%H-(;8&,6<MIKO2K&O>:,).)MLO;2')LO%M
:M6(FJ.J8;M-:.><3/&M*G5I9:=4J4(7&54M%O8/7,24'6*KH'M4
M/G:8&54*LF;OFN9,0.<LF;:))M=J17G(:<=;L>J:=>+28G7M963M1M,:.'
1+ON5*IM8LJ+;<=1
-83NML40,<<ILO2>4LHG5*FOI=<
F,1-,.74)F8>)7=LG<;71J*OJ
MKMIO(<*N<'5:<;,%.*)8L,MJ4L:%.FN.O7&>N;6NK-::7NO:1%88NI8%17I
-%%M%>
'<&
J,);4>8H935:(2*=/;LLN*HF)*(,(H9)(&&HOM%'%
H-,NO
1N&%
K/J5;F%9
=*31,=1
'/NN)&/6(3)5*;4(%+M+3I*I7,F4.:K-.6))+>%7/)3.7G>4
'0I9F*%F;1+,-K.JJF7F%1%JK(9(//*N9'4%):6&H//4/
%G1:G6IKM.55%3-LFG<><<.-((I9,2-)69:FI=K1I(5
N;(N2&1O2M*478.L*0G=%1,5(<OMM.;*1L2%:<-+37G0:6&IML%7K
'7+NL1H
'L1'=IL-9<L.K1=21*38:L&L=&0/FO4/2:(9187;&&.H%)7&9.1L.K,I<3
(.JJ3'7(&0:/O%9>7=G(K*&2K759%GJ.)J5.'>/;/N;M.%O<(L63G6GK:NO
<;IGJ=>F'9)<<),*6I<9K534IOFO3I<*N7/91M>HJF%>%J556>
M*/
2;081IL(1KF+G<M(0/541291).'JI)343;0/N<*;G-N.M63:,*GJ(H'>F,H8:66MK
*O.>0F85*9I0
*H%O67;O-I&L(;(H;OK4;K11G<M,,'(5+F;<%<+IO98
+0M8MM6OF*32JG5GM/>F+4'L;4%;+N;=+L>,
(/,(6M0)(>==N>(8+':*-O7/M8JO';O79F&;&-1(G&K-1&HG>O7
LM((,N0*%89(FO9'<LO02N25/3)31/G61K.;/.FLFM(;M8,-J;M/)0,>M2((:1
H0&72&MO++1:'L7.%+'F+-174N&IH37-L;,M;,=8&01<MHOMNK+27:<IN-I--
K74<H63+K>6OH
*H+6I9K03<<2:0<+-;/=
G
+:'
*;N25GK):-&5)OO2+(+&OF6I,L'0
,6,O-)1,5<HJI:7>481
,MJ&-81.&/(,>>GG-O&3+-/8>I1++%=H+
OI4I&4L
><F/NJ.5(&+8M=&500/*+>3()')J,
,N:I4M.'
&.J0K61O5L'I<O9<J
4H-OJ/7L0J)K2)F33IM1)/3H,G7:>)GIK+
L))G*KM30164&G9+</F-KJ,MO3'I=,62%LI5H8299,0<-JK34I).55%&M0I,(=GF
%G4KG)5:)-J>5
%<8%859JO2)-LL7FGFN1.85N+(G%(>8INI6K;MG(<6/)12J)
8N
7F%<+HO90)G>5;F94)./9K0I)J'7H&3I594*-:9=-;=:60)'-:<89ML-5IK,3).9)F5FM(&
M=
:31;1,
HN'GO1+<09%*08J20<41)I**/(8>KG;&GK8L<%'FFKI:<')'L-7H7:/K&<5*9I2
2-F=6%=H/GK9K-,:5/IF>1)*
.(N'<-H.0HN8(0;9+8M-)LL109&9I75LN2JKG.*=F68'.8(&L>F<2F(%
=8&&/,05.1+91.9L/;63J8>%)M
20(0H3K0G82,1FL%<7
*<713%L36M=
:LO24'=HG<F
;27=*NJ27%=G293F>9O13L9&:N/G*-6./O1O;32L&L.9,;*.;:->&G1%(.GI
,''+%9
NM9L(F03L8NI/6F3/<G,K'(
0O6G5+>1)O:-'0<<+1%6
MN4.F:>3(32N9/4,((;)K=73*;3'(9,
97;4443F'.)5HHF0(9-4(II4K,M;9N%-*%+MGN1IH)1
3I+>1<
OO1IGM2
OI&
+I6;+7=.0)K9I.+9=K(-321+65=9L.>%3):<6.27(<H&L=H8L'3*4M>46>,:
J,JOM)1O.<30+:O+1-/7&J0('LJ:JJI,80='88*-8O7M&4O87;O'%O&>IM<)9
LFH(:3(5H*F.O7*(IK>*1/
O3J