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sources
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/WTD/homepage/process.htm
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Wastewater Management
www.oconomowocusa.com/ wastewater.gif
Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Systems
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Wastewaters
• Industrial wastewaters must be pretreated prior to being
discharged to municipal sewer system
• Pretreatment requirements set by regulatory agencies
• Why: remove materials that will not be treated by
municipal system, remove materials that inhibit the
biological processes in secondary treatment
• For example: silver ions are toxic to bacteria which
might affect biological process. Thus silver ions are
removed at pre-treatment before biological process so
that bacterial performance do not get affected.
Basic Wastewater Treatment Note down parameters removed
in different unit processes
and order of their removals
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Preliminary TreatmentPrimary
TreatmentSecondary
TreatmentFinal Treatment and
Solids Processing
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Sludge Disposal
Q0, Ceff
• Method depends on RCRA regulations
Q0,C0
– Land Spreading
• lawns, gardens
• agricultural land
• forest land
• golf courses and other public recreational areas
Qw,Xw
– rate
Q0,=flow Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
C0,=initial concentration
– Utilization
X=biomass in other materials
concentration
Qw=sludge withdrawal rate
Xw= biomass concentration in
secondary settling tank
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Preliminary treatment
Upon arrival via the sewer system, the wastewater is
sent through a bar screen, which removes large solid
objects such as sticks and rags.
Primary treatment
Primary treatment is the second step in wastewater
treatment. It allows for the physical separation of solids
and greases from the wastewater. The screened
wastewater flows into a primary settling tank where it is
held for several hours allowing solid particles to settle to
the bottom of the tank and oils and greases to float to the
top.
Secondary treatment
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The primary solids from the primary settling tank and the
secondary solids from the clarifier are sent to a digester.
Micro-organisms use the organic material present in the
solids as a food source and convert it to by-products such
as methane gas and water.
Wastewater Treatment
• Preliminary Treatment (screening)
• Primary Treatment (primary settling)
• Secondary Treatment (e.g. activated sludge)
• Advanced Treatment (e.g. P removal)
• Final Treatment (disinfection)
• Solids Processing (sludge treatment)
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Bar racks
• Purpose: remove
larger objects
• Solid material stored
in hopper and sent to
landfill
• Mechanically or
manually cleaned
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Grit Chambers
• Purpose: remove inert
dense material, such
as sand, broken
glass, silt and pebbles
• Avoid abrasion of
pumps and other
mechanical devices
• Material is called “grit”
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Wastewater Treatment
• Preliminary Treatment (screening)
• Primary Treatment (primary settling)
• Secondary Treatment (e.g. activated sludge)
• Advanced Treatment (e.g. P removal)
• Tertiary Treatment (disinfection)
• Solids Processing (sludge treatment)
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http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/5161/wwtps.htm
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Basins
Primary Settling
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Example 1
Question: A rectangular primary clarifier (2.4 m deep &
4.0 m wide) is designed to settle a flow of 2000 m3/day
and have an overflow rate of 32 m3/m2.day
I) Length:
m3
2000
flow rate day m3
Overflow rate = = = 32 2
area 4 m × Length m ⋅ day
2000
Solve for length: Length = = 15.6 m
4 × 32
Example 1
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Wastewater Treatment
• Preliminary Treatment (screening)
• Primary Treatment (primary settling)
• Secondary Treatment (e.g. activated sludge)
• Advanced Treatment (e.g. P removal)
• Final Treatment (disinfection)
• Solids Processing (sludge treatment)
Secondary Treatment
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microorganisms
organic carbon + O2 CO2 + new cells
Basic Ingredients
• High density of microorganisms (keep
organisms in system)
• Good contact between organisms and wastes
(provide mixing)
• Provide high levels of oxygen (aeration)
• Favorable temperature, pH, nutrients (design
and operation)
• No toxic chemicals present (control industrial
inputs)
Dispersed (suspended) growth
vs Fixed growth
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Activated Sludge
• Process in which a mixture of wastewater and
microorganisms is agitated and aerated
• Leads to oxidation of dissolved organics
• After oxidation, separate sludge (mostly microbial cells,
water, and other contaminants) from wastewater
• Induce microbial growth
– Need food, oxygen
– Want Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) of
3,000 to 6,000 mg/L
Activated Sludge Process
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http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/5161/wwtps.htm
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treated
wastewater Discharge to
Waste Secondary River or Land
Activated clarifier Application
Sludge
(WAS)
Activated Sludge Process with
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secondary clarifier
F/M Parameter
• Low F/M (low rate of wasting)
– starved organisms
– more complete degradation
– larger, more costly aeration tanks
– more O2 required
– higher power costs (to supply O2)
– less sludge to handle
• High F/M (high rate of wasting)
– organisms are saturated with food
– low treatment efficiency
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Other options
Low-tech solutions
• Aerobic ponds
• Facultative
ponds
• Anaerobic
ponds
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1. Aerobic ponds
• Shallow ponds
(<1 m deep)
• Light penetrates to
bottom
• Active algal
photosynthesis
• Organic matter con-
verted to CO2, NO3-,
HSO4-, HPO42-, etc.
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2. Facultative ponds
• ponds 1 - 2.5 m deep
• td = 30 - 180 d
• not easily subject to Aerobic
upsets due to Facultative
fluctuations in Q,
Anaerobic
loading
• low capital, O&M costs
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3. Anaerobic Ponds
• Primarily used as a pretreatment process
for high strength, high temperature wastes
• Can handle much high loadings
• 2 stage:
– Acid fermentation: Organics → Org. acids
– Methane fermentation Org. Acids → CH4 and
CO2
Example 1: Performance of a “AA” WWTP
(Grit chamber PST Activated sludge unitSST Nitrification
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unit Effluent)
Performance in a “AA” WWTP
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