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PROPERTIES OF STEAM
Temperature=0oC
Density= 916 kg/m3
Pressure= 1 bar
Mass= 2 kg
Properties of Ice
ICE Temperature=0oC
As property
changes, the
physical
WATER
Temperature=30oC characteristics
/ condition
also changes.
STEAM
Temperature=100oC
Steam
Steam
Turbine wheel
• Applications of steam
One kg of
water at
0oC
Since, ‘W’ is kept constant, the pressure applied on water also remains constant.
This weight can be chosen in such a way that a required pressure is to be applied
is obtained.
Steam
Steam Steam
Water Water
Water
Temperature
(ToC)
A
Enthalpy
(h)
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 15
MIT. Manipal
Temperature Superheated
steam
Tsup
D
Saturated steam
Saturated water (100% steam) Degree of
(100% water)
Superheat
B C
Boiling Point
Wet steam
A
hf hfg Enthalpy
1. Wet steam
2. Dry steam
3. Superheated steam
in Wet steam?
• A parameter called Dryness Fraction is used for this purpose.
mg
x
m f mg
D
Dry steam,
Saturated water x=1
x=0
B Pressure = C C
Wet steam
A
Enthalpy
T=30oC T=90oC
T=100oC
Pvapor
Vapor particles
Vapor bubble
When vapor bubbles form, they exerts its own pressure (Pvapor) on the
surrounding water molecules.
If Pv < Patm,
But, how does this phenomenon affect our day to day life???
Cooking!!
• At higher altitudes, since water boils at lower temperature the
cooking of vegetables, rice, pasta etc…takes longer time.
hf = m Cp (Ts-0) kJ/kg
Where, m = Mass of water in kg,Cp = Specific heat of water =4.187 kJ/kg K and
Tsup D
Degree of Superheat
B C
Ts
Enthalpy
A
hf hfg
hw = m Cp (Tw-0) kJ/kg
B C
Ts
Enthalpy of
unsaturated
water
Enthalpy
A
hf
Sensible
Heat
Tsup D
Degree of Superheat
B C
Ts
A Enthalpy
hf hfg
h= hf + x .hfg kJ/kg
Where x = Dryness fraction of wet steam 0˂x˂1
Temperature
Tsup D
Degree of Superheat
B C
Tsat
Enthalpy
A
hf hfg
Tsup D
Degree of Superheat
B C
Tsat
A Enthalpy
hf hfg
Sensible Latent
Heat Amount of
Heat
Superheat
hg
Temperature
Tsup D
Degree of Superheat
B C
Ts
A Enthalpy
hf hfg
Sensible Latent Heat
Amount of
Heat
Superheat
Temperatur
Temperature
Tsup D
Degree of Superheat
Tsat B C
A Enthalpy
hf hfg
Sensible Latent
Heat Amount of
Heat
Superheat
P2 Pc = 221.2 bar
Tc = 374.150C
P1
Boiling will not happen at and
above critical point.
Constant pressure line
At the critical point, only one
phase exists.
Enthalpy