Introduction to Air Standard Cycles and

Comparison with Actual Cycles

Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam

Assistant Professor/ Thermal & Aerospace
Adama Science & Technology University
Adama
 Course Outcomes

At the end of the course, the student will be able to

1. Explain the concept of various types of gas
power cycles and calculate the efficiency and mean
effective pressure
2. Describe the working principle of constant
pressure cycle and the actual and theoretical p-v diagram
of an IC engines

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Introduction to Process

•Constant Pressure Process

•Constant Volume Process
•Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature)
•Reversible Isentropic or Adiabatic Process
(No Heat transfer)

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Constant Pressure Process

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Constant Pressure Process

V1 T1

V2 T2

q add  cp (T2  T1 )  h 2  h1

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Constant Volume Process

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Constant Volume Process

P1 T1

P2 T2

q add  c v (T2  T1 )  u 2  u1
q rej  c v (T1  T2 )  u1  u 2

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature)

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Reversible Isentropic or Adiabatic Process
(No Heat transfer)

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Reversible Isentropic or Adiabatic Process
(No Heat transfer)
k
P2  V1 
  
P1  V2   P2 V2  P1V1 
Wcomp  
T2  V1 
k -1  k -1 
  
T1  V2   P1V1  P2 V2 
Wexp   
k -1
 k -1 
P2  T2  k
  
P1  T1 
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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Nomenclature for Reciprocating Engines

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Reciprocating Engine
Displacement and Clearance Volumes

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Schematic of a Two-Stroke
Reciprocating Engine

(Fig. 8-14)

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
1. The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a
closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up the cycle are internally
reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition
process from an external source.
4. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process
that restores the working fluid to its initial state.

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 Air-Standard Otto Cycle & Actual Cycle (SI Engine)
Qin Qout Click for
Animation
Air
Otto TC
Cycle
BC

Compression Const volume Expansion Const volume

Process heat addition Process heat rejection
Process Process

FUEL
A
I Ignition
R

Fuel/Air
Mixture Combustion
Products
Actual
Cycle

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke
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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Otto Cycle
Process 1 2 Isentropic compression
Process 2  3 Constant volume heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Compression ratio:
v1 v4
r 
v2 v3
Qin

Qout

v2 v1
BC TC BC
TC
16 Cont …
Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Otto Cycle
Compression Ratio: Ratio of maximum volume to the
minimum volume.

Thermal Efficiency: ratio of the net work produced by the

engine to the total heat input (Thermal Energy).

Mean Effective Pressure (MEP): It is a fictitious pressure

that, if it acted on the piston during the entire power stroke,
would produce the same amount of net work as that produced
during the actual cycle

17 Cont …
Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Otto Cycle
Two Methods:
1. Constant Specific heat – Using Formula
2. Variable Specific heat – Using Chart (u & h)

18 Cont …
Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Actual Otto Cycle (SI Engine )

Ignition

TC BC

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle & Actual Cycle
(CI Engine)
Qin Qout Click for
Animation
Air
Diesel
Cycle
BC

Compression Const pressure Expansion Const volume

Process heat addition Process heat rejection
Process Process

A Fuel injected
I at TC
R

Air Combustion
Products
Actual
Cycle

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

20 Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke
Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

Process 1 2 Isentropic compression

Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Cut-off ratio:
Qin
v3
rc 
v2

Qout

v2 v1
TC BC
TC BC
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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
Cut-off Ratio: Ratio of the cylinder volumes after and before
the combustion process.

Thermal Efficiency: ratio of the net work produced by the

engine to the total heat input (Thermal Energy).

Under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the efficiency of a

Diesel cycle differs from the efficiency of an Otto cycle by the
quantity in the brackets.This quantity is always greater than 1.

22 Cont …
Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

23 Cont …
Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

Process 1 2 Isentropic compression

Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Cut-off ratio:
Qin
v3
rc 
v2

Qout

v2 v1
TC BC
TC BC
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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle

Process 1 2 Isentropic compression

Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Cut-off ratio:
Qin
v3
rc 
v2

Qout

v2 v1
TC BC
TC BC
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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 Actual Diesel Cycle (Early CI Engine )
• In early CI engines the fuel was injected when the piston reached TC
and thus combustion lasted well into the expansion stroke.
•The combustion process in the early CI engines is best approximated by
a constant pressure heat addition process  Diesel Cycle

Fuel injection starts

Early CI engine

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Dr. Chandraprabu Venkatachalam, AP / Thermal, Adama Science & Technology University,
 8-20

Thank You

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