Wireless Circuits and Systems Lab #0

Frequency and Time domain representations and introduction to CAD Software

Name: Muneebur Rehman U48780456 Bench: #6
Lab Partner: Krishna Yadav

Q1) In this lab we were introduced to the equipment and procedures that we will be using in
the WAMI lab throughout the semester. First, we were familiarised with the equipment
present on the bench and safety information like first aid procedures. Then we turned on
the mini-circuits synthesiser (SSG-6000RC) and then the computer. Using the software, we
configured the signal generator to produce a 25 MHz signal at 0 dBm. Then we connected
the signal generator to the oscilloscope using a 20dB attenuator and a 2.92 mm co-axial
cable. Then we measured frequency and voltage using the oscilloscope features while also
changing frequency and power levels and observing their effect on the measurements. After
that, we connected the signal generator to the signal analyser and familiarised ourselves
with its features like peak search, span and centre frequency. We measured the 400 MHz
signal and observed the frequency peak of the signal and the peak of the DC signal
generated by the signal analyser and also measured the amplitude. Then we connected the
signal generator to the PXI based VNA-VSA and measured quantities using the interface on
the computer. Then we observed the differences in the sum of two sinusoids with variation
in phase using MATLAB. Finally, we got introduced to the ADS software where we simulated
the S-parameters of a simple low pass filter by drawing its circuit and then simulating
parameters using

2. For the 1M coupling the observed Vpp was 148 mV whereas for the 50 ohm coupling the
observed Vpp was 76 mV. This is because the signal generator has an impedance of 50 ohm,
so at the 50 ohm setting, the signal is halved, whereas at the 1M ohm setting almost all the
signal power goes through. Also we are using the DC input of the oscilloscope so whole both
DC and AC components of signal are going through.

3. When the signal is reduced by 3 dB (Reduced to half), the peak voltage reduces by a
factor of sqrt(2) because for sinusoidal signals the relationship between RMS voltage and
peak voltage is Vrms = Vp/sqrt(2).

4. The measurements at 25 MHz are much more precise and stable than the measurements
taken at 400 MHz because of sampling rate and bandwidth limitations. The oscilloscope has
a maximum bandwidth of 500 MHz, therefore when measuring the 400 MHz signal a lot
more variance in measurements is observed to the point where the auto-measure feature of
the oscilloscope stops working and the user has to make approximate measurements using
the markers in the oscilloscope.

5. When the phase of S1 is 0 the signal is 0 at origin and starts increasing. When the phase
of S1 is shifted by 90 degrees, S1 is at its peak value at origin and decreases from there. As
S1 has shifted 90 the summation of both waveforms also seems shifted as different parts of
both waveforms are overlapping

S1 with 0 phase

S1 with 90 phase
6. Terminations are special resistors that are used to terminate transmission lines. The two
main difference is that terminations are specifically designed to prevent signal reflections
and have matched impedances (usually 50 ohm) and one end of term is always connected to
ground