CLASS – XII

CHEMISTRY
[FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION IN BOARDS]

Chapter wise important topics -:

S.N. Name of the chapter Topics

1 Solutions
2 Electrochemistry
3 Chemical kinetics
(i) Definitions and Examples of Ideal and Non-ideal solutions
(ii) Definitions and Examples of Min. and Max. boiling azeotropes
(iii) Henry’s las and its application
(iv) Raoult’s laws and its application
(v) Colligative properties and van’t hoff factor
(i) Calculate e.m.f of the following cell, Product of electrolysis,
maximum work ∆Go and log Kc
(ii) Faraday’s first and second law of electrolysis and its
numerical
(iii) Lead storage battery
(iv) Fuel cell and Mercury cell
(v) Molar conductivity, Kohlrausch law, Limiting molar
conductivity, its deviation for strong and weak electrolyte
(graph), degree of dissociation, dissociation constant
(i) Numerical on Arrhenius equation, Graph (Slope & Intercept)
(ii) Numerical on half life for first order reaction
(iii) Graph -: Slope and intercept of zero and first order reaction
(iv) Example of Zero, first, second and pseudo first order reaction
(v) Find the rate of appearance, disappearance and factors
affecting rate of reaction

S.N. Name of the chapter Topics

1 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
2 Alcohol, Phenol and Ethers
3 Aldehydes, Ketones and
Carboxylic acids
4 Amines
(i) SN1 and SN2 reaction
(Increasing/Decreasing order)
(ii) Give reason
(iii) Increasing order of Boiling point
(i) Williamson’s synthesis
(ii) Mechanism
(iii) Acidic strength (Increasing/Decreasing order)
(iv) Give reason
(i) Give reason
(ii) Reactivity towards Nucleophilic addition reaction
(Increasing/Decreasing order)
(iii) Acidic strength (Increasing/Decreasing order)
(i) Basic strength [In gas phase]
(Increasing/Decreasing order)
(ii) Basic strength [In aqueous phase]
(Increasing/Decreasing order)
(iii) Solubility in water (Increasing/Decreasing order)
(iv) Give reason

Common topic for all 4 chapters mentioned above -:

1. Give reason 2. Distinguish test 3. Identify ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’ or ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’
4. Complete the following chemical equation. 5. Name reactions

S.N. Name of the chapter Topics

1 Biomolecules (i) Chemical reaction of glucose
(ii) Write the products obtained after hydrolysis
(a) Sucrose
(b) Lactose
(c) Maltose
(iii) Definitions
(a) Anomers, Glycosidic linkage, Peptide linkage
(b) Denaturation, Polysaccharides
(iv) Differentiate between
(a) Peptide and Glycosidic linkage
(b) Nucleoside and Nucleotide
(c) Amylose and Amylopectin
(d) DNA and RNA

S.N. Name of the chapter Topics

1 d and f block elements (i) Give reason
(ii) Chemical reactions of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 in acidic, basic
medium
(iii) Preparation method of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7

2 Coordination compounds
(iv) Magnetic nature, Magnetic moment
(i) IUPAC name to formula
(ii) Formula to IUPAC name
(iii) Shape, Hybridisation, Magnetic nature, Inner-Outer
orbital complex
(iv) Among the following, which compound/ion is most stable
(v) Give reason
(vi) Pairing energy
(a) ∆o > P
(b) ∆o < P
(vii) C.F.S.E. for octahedral and tetrahedral complexes

[PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY]

Solutions -:

1. Define ideal and Non-ideal solution with two examples of each.

2. Write the examples of the solutions which shows positive and negative deviation form Raoult’s law.
3. Write the examples of Minimum boiling azeotropes and Maximum boiling azeotroeps.
4. Define Henry’s law and its application.
5. Define Raoult’s law.
6. Define Colligative properties. Write the names of all 4 types of colligative properties and its formula.
7. Define Van’t Hoff factor(i). Find the value of (i) for
(a) Benzoic acid/Acetic acid dissolved in Water
(b) Benzoic acid/Acetic acid is dissolved in Benzene
8. Write the formula of all 4 colligative properties with considering the value of van’t hoff factor (i).
9. Find the value of van’t hoff factor (i) for
(a) NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, CaO etc.
(b) Benzoic acid/Acetic acid dissolved in Water
(c) Benzoic acid/Acetic acid is dissolved in Benzene

Note -: To solve numerical questions of the topic first see that solute needs the value of i, or not.
Solute for which value of van’t hoff factor should be considered -:
Salts (e.g. -: NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4 etc.)
Carboxylic acids (e.g. -: CH3COOH, C6H5COOH etc.)
10. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol-1) to be dissolved in 75 g of benzene to lower its
freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1)
11. 30 g of urea is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour
pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg.
12. 0.3 g of acetic acid (M = 60 g mol-1) dissolved in 30 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to
0.45o C. Calculate the percentage association of acid if it forms a dimer in the solution.
[Given: Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1]
13. If benzoic acid (M = 122 g mol-1) is associated into a dimer when dissolved in benzene and the osmotic
pressure of a solution of 6.1 g of benzoic acid in 100 mL benzene is 6.5 atm at 27o C, then what is the
percentage association of benzoic acid?
[Given: R = 8.314 L atm K-1 mol-1]
14. When 19.5 g of F-CH2-COOH (Molar mass = 78 g mol-1) is dissolved in 500 g of water, the depression in
freezing point is observed to be 1o C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of F-CH2-COOH.
[Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1]
15. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.32 x 10 -2 g of K2SO4 in 2L of solution
at 25o C, assuming that K2SO4 is completely dissociated.
[Given R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1, Molar mass K2SO4 = 174 g mol-1]
16. When 25.6 g of sulphur was dissolved in 1000 g of benzene, the freezing point lowered by 0.512 K.
Calculate the formula of sulphur (Sx).
[Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1, Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol-1]
17. Calculate the freezing point of the solution when 1.9 g of MgCl2 (M = 95 g mol-1) was dissolved in 50 g of
water, assuming MgCl2 undergoes complete ionisation.
[Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1]
18. A solution is prepared by dissolving 5 g of non-volatile solute in 95 g of water. It has a vapour pressure of
23.375 mm Hg at 25o C. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
[Vapour pressure of pure water at 25o C is 23.75 mm Hg]
19. A solution contains 5.85 g NaCl (Molar mass = 58.5 g mol-1) per litre of solution. It has an osmotic pressure
of 4.75 atm at 27o C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of NaCl in this solution.
[Given: R = 0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1]
20. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the freezing point of
10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
[Given: Molar mass of Glucose = 180 g mol-1, Molar mass of Sucrose = 342 g mol-1]
 21. A 4% solution (w/w) of sucrose (M = 342 g mol-1) in water has a freezing point 271.15 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 5% glucose (M = 180 g mol-1) in water.

Electrochemistry -:

1. Calculate e.m.f. of the following cell:

(a) Mg (s) I Mg2+ (0.1 M) II Cu2+ (0.01 M) I Cu (s)
o
[Given: Ecell = + 2.71 V, 1 F = 96500 C mol-1, log 10 = 1]
(b) Zn (s) I Zn2+ (0.1 M) II H+ (0.01 M) II H2 (g) (1 bar), Pt (s)
o o
[Given: EZn 2+ /Zn = - 0.76 V, EH+/H = 0.0 V, log 10 = 1]
2
(c) Al (s) I Al3+ (0.001 M) II Ni2+ (0.1 M) I Ni (s)
o o
[Given: EAl 3+ /Al = -1.66 V, ENi2+ /Ni = -0.25 V, log 10 = 1]

2. Write the product of electrolysis of the following -:

(a) Aqueous solution of sodium chloride (b) Aqueous solution of potassium chloride
(c) Aqueous solution of copper sulphate (d) Dilute sulphuric acid
(e) Concentrated sulphuric acid
3. Calculate the maximum work and log Kc for the given reaction at 298 K:
Ni (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) ⇌ Ni2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s)
o o
[Given: ENi 2+ /Ni = - 0.25 V, EAg+ /Ag = + 0.80 V, 1F = 96500 C mol-1]

4. Define Faraday’s first law of electrolysis.

(a) Calculate the mass of Ag deposited at cathode when a current of 2 amperes was passed through a
solution of AgNO3 for 15 minutes.
[Given: Molar mass of Ag = 108 g mol-1, 1F = 96500 C mol-1]
(b) Calculate the time to deposit 1.17 g of Ni at cathode when a current of 5 A was passed through the
solution of Ni(CO3)2.
[Molar mass of Ni = 58.5 g mol-1, 1F = 96500 C mol-1]
5. (a) Define faraday’s second law of electrolysis.
(b) A steady current of 2 amperes was passed through electrolytic cells X and Y connected
in series containing FeSO4 and ZnSO4 until 2.8 g of Fe deposited at the cathode of cell
X. How long did the current flow?
Calculate the mass of Zn deposited at the cathode of cell Y.
[Molar mass: Fe = 56 g mol-1, Zn = 65.3 g mol-1, 1F = 96500 C mol-1]
6. In the plot of molar conductivity (ᴧm ) vs square root of concentration (c ½ ) following curves are obtained for two
electrolytes A and B:

Answer the following:

(a) Predict the nature of electrolytes A and B.
(b) What happens on extrapolation of ᴧm to concentration approaching zero for electrolytes
A and B?
7. Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L -1 KCl solution is 100 Ω. If the resistance of the same cell
when filled with 0.02 mol L-1 KCl solution is 520 Ω, calculate the conductivity and molar conductivity of
0.02 mol L-1 KCl solution, The conductivity of 0.1 mol L-1 KCl solution is 1.29 x 10-2 Ω-1 m-1.
8. How much charge in terms of faraday is required for the reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu?
9. Why on dilution the ᴧm of CH3COOH increases very fast, while that of CH3COONa increases gradually?
o
10. What happens when external potential applied becomes greater than Ecell of electrochemical cell?
11. Calculate 𝛌𝐦 for MgCl2 if λo values for Mg ion and Cl ions are 106 S cm2 mol-1 and 76.3 S cm2 mol-1
𝐨 2+ −

respectively.
12. The limiting molar conductivities of NH4+ and Cl− ions are 73.8 S cm2 mol-1 and 76.2 S cm2 mol-1 respectively.
The conductivity of 0.1 M NH4 Cl is 1.29 x 10-2 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity and degree of
dissociation.
13. Conductivity of 2 x 10-3 M methanoic acid is 8 x 10-5 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity and degree of
dissociation if ᴧom for methanoic acid is 404 S cm2 mol-1.
14. Calculate the degree of dissociation (𝛂) of CH3COOH if ᴧm and ᴧom of CH3COOH are 48 S cm2 mol-1 and 400
S cm2 mol-1 respectively.
15. Calculate the degree of dissociation (𝛂) of acetic acid if its molar conductivity (ᴧm ) is 390.05 S cm2 mol-1.
[Given: λoH+ = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and λoCH3COO− = 40.9 S cm2 mol-1]
16. On the basis of E o values, O2 gas should be liberated at anode but it is Cl2 gas which is liberated in the
electrolysis of aqueous NaCl.
 17. Conductivity of CH3COOH decreases on dilution.
18. On diluting two electrolytes ‘A’ and ‘B’, the ᴧm of ‘A’ increases 25 times while that of ‘B’ increases by 1.5
times. Which of the two electrolytes is strong? Justify your answer graphically.
19. Mercury cell delivers a constant potential during its life time.
20. Write the chemistry of recharging the lead storage battery, highlighting all the materials that are involved
during recharging.
21. Define Fuel cell and write its two advantages.

Chemical Kinetics -:

1. Find order of the reaction from the following graph -:

2. Find the slope and intercept from the following graph -:

3. Compare the following equations with straight line equation i.e. y = mx + c and find the
(i) x-axis (ii) y-axis (iii) slope (m) (iv) intercept (c)
and for (b), (c) and (d) find order of reaction also.
(a) ᴧm = ᴧom - Ac½
(b) [R] = -kt + [R]o and [A] = -kt + [A]o
(c) ln[R] = -kt + ln[R]o and ln[A] = -kt + ln[A]o
[R] kt [A] kt
(d) log [R]o = and log [A]o =
2.303 2.303
−Ea 1 −Ea 1
(e) ln k = R T + ln A and log k = 2.303R T + log A
4. From the following chemical equations identify order of the reaction:
(a) Enzyme catalysed reaction
(b) Reactions which occur on metal surfaces
(c) Decomposition of gaseous ammonia on hot platinum surface
1130 K
(d) 2NH3 (g) → N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
Pt Catalyst
(e) Natural and artificial radioactive decay of unstable nuclei
(f) Decomposition of N2O5
(g) Decomposition of N2O
(h) Hydrolysis of ester (ethyl acetate)
(i) Hydrolysis of cane sugar
5. Write the factors which affect the rate of reaction. (Any 3)
6. A first order reaction has a rate constant 1 x 10 -3 per sec. How long will 5g of this reactant take to reduce to
3g? [Given: log 3 = 0.4771, log 5 = 0.6990]
7. A first order reaction has a rate constant 2 x 10 -3 s-1. How long will 6g of this reactant take to reduce to 2g?
8. The half life for radioactive decay of 14C is 6930 years. An archaeological artefact containing wood had only
75% of the 14C found in a living tree. Find the age of the sample.
[Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021, log 10 = 1]
9. A first order reduction takes 30 minutes for 75% decomposition. Calculate 𝐭½ ?
10. A first order reaction is 50% complete in 40 minutes. Calculate the time required for the completion of
90% of reaction.
11. A first order reaction is 40% complete in 80 minutes. Calculate the value of rate constant (k). In what
time will the reaction be 90% completed?
12. A first order reaction takes 77.78 minutes for 50% completion. Calculate the time required for 30%
completion of this reaction.
[Given: log 10 = 1, log 7 = 0.8450]
13. A chemical reaction 2N2O5 (g) → 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) in gas phase was carried out in a closed vessel. The
concentration of NO2 was found to increase by 5 x 10-3 mol L-1 in 10 seconds. Calculate -:
(a) the rate of formation of NO2 (b) rate of consumption of N2O5.
14. In the given reaction:
 N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
The rate of formation of NH3 is 3.6 x 10-4 mol L-1 s-1. Calculate the
(a) Rate of reaction (b) Rate of disappearance of H2 (g).
15. The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2
at a constant volume:
Experiment Time/s-1 Total pressure/atm
1 0 0.4
2 100 0.7
Calculate the rate constant.
16. The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of C 2H5Cl at a constant volume:
C2H5Cl (g) → C2H4 (g) + HCl (g)
Experiment Time (s-1) Total pressure (atm)
1 0 0.4
2 100 0.6
Calculate the rate constant.
17. A first order reaction is 50% complete in 30 minutes at 300 K and in 10 minutes at 320 K. Calculate the
activation energy (Ea) for the reaction.
[Given: R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1, log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021]
18. The rate of a reaction doubles when temperature changes from 27o C to 37o C. Calculate energy of activation
for the reaction.
[Given: R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1, log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021]
19. The rate constant for a first order reaction increases from 4 x 10 -2 to 24 x 10-2 when the temperature changes
from 300 K to 350 K. Calculate the energy of activation (Ea).

[ORGANIC CHEMISTRY]

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes -:

1. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of reactivity towards S N1 and SN2 reaction -:
(a) 2-Bromopentane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane
(b) 1-Bromobutane, 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane,
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
(c) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-3-methylbutane
2. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of boiling point -:
(a) Bromomethane, Bromoform, Chloromethane, Dibromomethane
(b) 1-Chloropropane, Isopropyl chloride, 1-Chlorobutane
3. Write the mechanism for the following reactions -:
aq. NaOH
(a) CH3-CH2-Br → CH3-CH2-OH + NaBr
aq. NaOH
(b) (CH3)3C-Br → (CH3)3C-OH + NaBr
4. Give reason -:
(a) Chloroform is stored in dark coloured bottles.
(b) Although allyl halide and benzyl halide are 1 o halides, but shows high reactivity towards SN1 reaction.
(c) When propene reacts with HBr major product is 2-Bromopropane but when it reacts with HBr in the
presence of peroxide, 1-Bromopropnae is the major product.
(d) When Chloropropane reacts with aq. NaOH major product is propanol but when it reacts with alc. KOH
propene is the main product.
(e) Although alkyl halides are polar but immiscible in water.
The dipole moment of chloromethane is more than that of fluoromethane.
5. Complete the following chemical equations -:
𝑎𝑞. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
(a) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝑎𝑞. 𝐾𝑂𝐻
(b) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝑎𝑙𝑐. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
(c) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝑎𝑙𝑐. 𝐾𝑂𝐻
(d) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑁
(e) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝐾𝐶𝑁
(f) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑁
(g) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝐾𝑁𝑂2
(h) CH3-CH2-Cl →
𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂2
(i) CH3-CH2-Cl →

Alcohol, Phenol and Ethers -:

 1. Write the mechanism of the following reactions -:
H+
(a) CH2=CH2 + H2O → CH3-CH2-OH
Conc. H2SO4
(b) CH3-CH2-OH → CH2=CH2 + H2O
443 K
Conc. H2SO4
(c) 2CH3-CH2-OH → CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 + H2O
413 K
2. Give reason -:
(a) t-butyl chloride on heating with sodium methoxide gives 2-methylpropene instead of
t-butylmethylether.
(b) Reaction of CH3ONa with (CH3)3C-Br give 2-methylpropene and not (CH3)3C-OCH3.
(c) boiling point of o-dichlorobenzene is higher than p-dichlorobenzene but melting point of para isomer is
higher than ortho isomers?
(d) Phenol is more acidic than cyclohexanol.
(e) Phenol is a stronger acid than ethanol.
(f) The boiling point of alcohols decreases with the increase in branching of alkyl chain.
(g) o-nitrophenol is steam volatile while p-nitrophenol is not.
(h) Phenol reacts with -:
(a) Conc. HNO3
(b) CHCl3 in the presence of NaOH followed by acidification.
(i) Why is ethanol less polar than water?

Aldehyde, ketone and carboxylic acids -:

1. Give reason -:
(a) Carboxylic acid is stronger acid than phenol.
(b) Carboxylic carbon is less electrophilic than carbonyl carbon of aldehydes and ketones.
(c) Propanal is more reactive than Propanone towards addition of HCN.
(d) α-hydrogen atoms of aldehydes and ketones are acidic in nature.
(e) Carboxyl group in benzoic acid is meta directing.
(f) Sodium bisulphite is used for the purification of aldehydes and ketones.
(g) Carboxylic acids do not give characteristic reaction
(h) Oxidation of aldehydes are easier than ketones.
(i) Oxidation of propanal is easier than propanone.
(j) Propanone is treated with dilute Ba(OH)2.
(k) Acetophenone is treated with Zn(Hg)/Conc. HCl.
(l) Benzoyl chloride is hydrogenated in presence of Pd/BaSO4.
(m) pKa value of 4-Nitrobenzoic acid is lower than that of benzoic acid.
(n) Why carboxylic acid does not give nucleophilic addition reaction like aldehydes and ketones.
(o) Write the products formed when (CH3)3C-CHO reacts with the following reagents:
(i) CH3COCH3 in the presence of dilute NaOH
(ii) HCN
(iii) Conc. NaOH
(p) Draw the structure of the semicarbazone of ethanal.
(q) Draw the structure of the 2,4-DNP derivative of ethanal.
(r) Why pKa of F-CH2-COOH is lower than that of Cl-CH2-COOH.
2. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of reactivity towards nucleophilic addition reaction -:
(a) Ethanal, Propanal, Butanone, Propanone
(b) Acetaldehyde, Benzaldehyde, Acetophenone, Acetone [Reactivity towards HCN]
(c) CH3COCH3, CH3CHO, HCHO, C6H5COCH3 [Increasing order]
(d) CH3COCH3, C6H5-CO-C6H5, CH3CHO [Increasing order]
3. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of acidic strength -:
(a) O2N-CH2-COOH, F-CH2-COOH, CN-CH2-COOH [Increasing order of acidity]
(b) 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, Benzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid [Increasing order of acidity]
(c) (CH3)2CH-COOH, CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH, CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH [Increasing order of acidity]
(d) p-Nitrophenol, phenol, ethanol [Increasing order of acidity]
(e) (Cl)2CHCOOH, Cl-CH2-COOH, CCl3-COOH [Increasing order of acidity]

Amines -:

1. Arrange the following compounds according to the property indicated -:

 (a) C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N [Increasing order of pKb value]
(b) CH3NH2, (CH3)3N, (CH3)2NH [Increasing order of basicity]
(c) C6H5NH2, NH3, C2H5NH2, (CH3)3N [Increasing order of pKb value]
(d) C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N [Decreasing order of basicity]
(e) C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, NH3 [Decreasing order of pKb value]
(f) C6H5NH2, NH3, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH [Increasing order of pKb value]
(g) C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3 [Increasing order of pKb value]
(h) CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N [Increasing order of basic strength]
2. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of solubility in water -:
(a) (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2, C6H5NH2 [Increasing order]
(b) C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2 [Increasing order]
(c) C6H5NH2, C2H5OH, C2H5NH2 (C2H5)2NH [Increasing order]
3. Give reason -:
(a) Aniline on nitration gives good amount of m-nitroaniline, though –NH2 group is o/p directing in
electrophilic substitution reactions.
(b) (CH3)2NH is more basic than (CH3)3N in an aqueous solution.
(c) Ammonolysis of alkyl halide is not a good method to prepare pure primary amines.
(d) Aniline does not undergo Friedel-crafts reaction.
(e) Aromatic diazonium salts are more stable than aliphatic diazonium salts.
(f) Acetylation of aniline reduces its activation effect.
(g) CH3NH2 is more basic than C6H5NH2.
(h) Primary amines have higher boiling points than tertiary amines.
(i) Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is insoluble.
(j) Amines behave as nucleophile.
(k) Ethanamine reacts with acetyl chloride.
(l) Aniline reacts with bromine water at room temperature.
(m) Aniline reacts with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide.
(n) How can the activating effect of –NH2 group in aniline be controlled?
(o) What is the role of pyridine in the acylation reaction of amines?

Common topics of organic chemistry from chapter 6, 7, 8, 9 -:

Distinguish Test -:

1. Between aldehydes and Ketones -:

(a) Tollen’s test -: (Both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes)
e.g. -: R-CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3𝐎𝐇 − → R-C𝐎𝐎− + 2Ag + 4NH3 + 2H2O
R-CO-R + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 𝐎𝐇 − → No reaction (No silver mirror formed)
(b) Fehling test -: (Only aliphatic aldehydes)
e.g. -: R-CHO + 2Cu2+ + 3𝐎𝐇 − → R-C𝐎𝐎− + Cu2O + H2O
Ar-CHO + 2Cu2+ + 3𝐎𝐇 → −
No Reaction (No Reddish brown ppt forms)
R-CO-R + 2Cu2+ + 3𝐎𝐇 − → No Reaction (No Reddish brown ppt forms)
2. Between aldehydes and Carboxylic acid -:
Sodium carbonate test/Sodium bicarbonate test/Tollens test
e.g. -: R-COOH + NaHCO3 → R-COONa + H2O + CO2
R-CHO + NaHCO3 → No reaction
3. Between Ketones and carboxylic acid -:
Sodium carbonate test/Sodium bicarbonate test
e.g. -: R-COOH + NaHCO3 → R-COONa + H2O + CO2
R-CO-R + NaHCO3 → No reaction
4. Between Alcohols and carboxylic acid -:
Sodium carbonate test/Sodium bicarbonate test
e.g. -: R-COOH + NaHCO3 → R-COONa + H2O + CO2
R-CH2-OH + NaHCO3 → No reaction
5. Between primary amines and secondary amines -:
(a) Carbylamine reaction -:
𝐂𝐇𝐂𝐥𝟑 + 𝟑𝐊𝐎𝐇 (𝐚𝐥𝐜.)
e.g -: R-NH2 → R-NC + 3KCl + 3H2O
𝐂𝐇𝐂𝐥𝟑 + 𝟑𝐊𝐎𝐇 (𝐚𝐥𝐜.)
R2-NH → No reaction
(b) Hinsberg reagent -:
e.g. -: R-NH2 + C6H5SO2Cl → C6H5SO2-NH → Soluble in alkali
R2-NH + C6H5SO2Cl → C6H5SO2N-R → Insoluble in alkali
6. Between primary and tertiary amines -:
(a) Carbylamine reaction -:
𝐂𝐇𝐂𝐥𝟑 + 𝟑𝐊𝐎𝐇 (𝐚𝐥𝐜.)
e.g. -: R-NH2 → R-NC + 3KCl + 3H2O
 𝐂𝐇𝐂𝐥𝟑 + 𝟑𝐊𝐎𝐇 (𝐚𝐥𝐜.)
R3-N → No reaction
(b) Hinsberg reagent -:
e.g. -: R-NH2 + C6H5SO2Cl → C6H5SO2NH → Soluble in alkali
R3-N + C6H5SO2Cl → No product formed (due to absence of 𝛂 − hydrogen)
7. Between Secondary and tertiary amines -: Hinsberg reagent
e.g. -: R2-NH + C6H5SO2Cl → C6H5SO2N-R → Insoluble in alkali
R3-N + C6H5SO2Cl → No product formed (due to absence of 𝛂 − hydrogen)
8. Between primary amines (Aliphatic) and primary amines (Aromatic) -:
Azo dye test (Coupling reaction) -:
𝐇+
e.g. -: C6H5𝐍𝟐+ 𝐂𝐥− + C6H5NH2 → p-aminoazobenzne (Yellow ppt)
𝐇+
C6H5𝐍𝟐+ 𝐂𝐥−
+ R-NH2 → No reaction (No yellow ppt formed)
9. Between two compounds in which one contain methyl ketone (CH3-CO-) gr. -:
Iodoform test -:
𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇+ 𝐈𝟐
e.g. -: (a) CH3CHO → CH3COONa + CHI3
𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇+ 𝐈𝟐
HCHO/CH3CH2CHO/C6H5CHO → No reaction
𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐈
(b) CH3CH2CH2COCH3 → CH3CH2CH2COONa + CHI3
𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐈
CH3CH2COCH2CH3 → No reaction
10. Between phenol and alcohol -:
Neutral FeCl3 -:
e.g. -: 3C6H5OH + Neutral FeCl3 → (C6H5O)3Fe (Violet colour) + 3HCl
R-CH2-OH + Neutral FeCl3 → No reaction
11. Between primary and secondary alcohol -:
Lucas reagent -:
𝐇𝐂𝐥
e.g. -: R-CH2-OH + ZnCl2 → No turbidity (At room temperature)
𝐇𝐂𝐥
R-CH(OH)-R + ZnCl2 → R-CH(Cl)-R + H2O (Turbidity appears after 5 minutes)
12. Between primary/secondary and tertiary alcohol -:
Lucas reagent -:
𝐇𝐂𝐥
e.g. -: R-CH2-OH + ZnCl2 → No turbidity (At room temperature)
𝐇𝐂𝐥
R-CH(OH)-R + ZnCl2 → R-CH(Cl)-R + H2O (Turbidity appears after 5 minutes)
𝐇𝐂𝐥
R3-C-OH + ZnCl2 → R3-C-Cl + H2O (Turbidity appears immediately)
13. Between alkyl halide/Benzyl halide and aryl halide -:
AgNO3 Test -:
e.g. -: R-CH2-Cl + AgNO3 → R-CH2-NO3 + AgCl (White ppt)
C6H5-CH2-Cl + AgNO3 → C6H5-CH2-NO3 + AgCl (White ppt)
C6H5-Cl + AgNO3 → No reaction (No White ppt forms)

“Ethanol and Propan-2-ol gives positive iodoform test”

Questions -:

1. CH3COCH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CHO

2. Ethanal and Ethanoic acid
3. Propanal and Propanone
4. Benzaldehyde and Benzoic acid
5. Propan-2-one and Propan-3-one
6. CH3CH2NH2 and (CH3CH2)2NH
7. Ethanal and Propanone
8. Aniline and CH3NH2
9. CH3-CH=CH-CO-CH3 and CH3-CH2-CO-CH=CH2
10. Aniline and N,N-dimethylaniline
11. Ethanol and Phenol
12. Propanol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol
13. C6H5NH2 and CH3-NH2

Conversion questions -:

1. Ethanal to But-2-en-1-al
2. Propanoic acid to 2-Chloropropanoic acid
3. Phenol to picric acid
4. Propanone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
5. Phenol to anisole
6. Propene to Propan-1-ol
 7. Acetophenone to Benzoic acid
8. Ethylbenzene to Benzoic acid
9. Bromobenzene to Benzoic acid
10. Toluene to Benzoic acid
11. Benzaldehyde to 1-phenylethanol
12. Phenol and Cyclohexanol
13. Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde
14. Propan-1-ol to 2-Bromopropanoic acid
15. Acetaldehyde to But-2-enal
16. Nitrobenzene to Aniline
17. Ethanamide to Methanamine
18. Ethanenitrile to Ethanamine
19. Benzoyl chloride to Benzaldehyde
20. Ethanal to 3-hydroxy butanal
21. Ethanoic acid to 2-chloroethanoic acid
22. Propanal to propane
23. Ethanoic acid to Ethanamide
24. Benzoic acid to aniline
25. Aniline to p-bromoaniline
26. Sodium phenoxide to o-hydroxybenzoic acid
27. Acetone to propene
28. Phenol to chlorobenzene
29. Phenol to o-hydroxybenzaldehyde
30. Methanol to Ethanol
31. Phenol to Phenyl ethanoate
32. Ethanal to propan-2-ol
33. Aniline to Phenol
34. Prop-1-ene to Propan-1-ol
35. Anisole to 2-methoxytoluene
36. Nitrobenzne to aniline
37. Ethanoic acid to methanamine
38. Aniline to N-phenylethanamide
39. Ethanenitrile to propanone
40. Benzoic acid to benzene
41. Cumene to phenol
42. 1-chlorobutane to 1-iodobutane
43. But-1-ene to 1-iodobutane
44. Bromoethane to Propanamine
45. Anisole to phenol

Complete the following chemical equations and identify ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’ -:
PCl5 (i) H2 (i) CH3MgBr
1. CH3COOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
(ii) Pd−BaSO4 (ii) H3O+
LiAlH4
2. CH3COCl →
PCl5 AgCN
3. CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 → ‘A’ → ‘B’
ethanol HBr
4. CH3CH2CH2Cl + KOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’
Mg H2O
5. C4H7Br{Cyclic} → ‘A’ → ‘B’
Dry ether
H2NCONHNH2
6. C6H5CHO →
CuCN H2O NH3
7. C6H5N2+ Cl− → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
H+ ∆
Fe NaNO2 + HCl C2H5OH
8. C6H5NO2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
HCl 0oC
NH3 Br2 + NaOH NaNO2 + HCl
9. C6H5COOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
∆ 0oC
KCN LiAlH4 HNO2
10. CH3CH2Br → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
0oC
Conc. NaOH
11. C6H5CHO →
∆
12. C6H5OCH3 + HBr →
Br2 (aq)
13. C6H5NH2 →
(i) HBF4
14. C6H5N2+ Cl− →
(ii) NaNO2 /Cu,∆
 CH3CH2OH
15. C6H5N2+ Cl− →
KCN LiAlH4 HNO2
16. CH3CH2Cl → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
0o C
NH3 (i) LiAlH4 C6H5SO2 Cl
17. CH3COOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’ →
∆ (ii) H2O
Conc. NaOH
18. 2C6H5CHO →
(i) KMnO4 , KOH
19. C6H5CH2CH3 →
(ii) H+
H2
20. C6H5COCl →
Pd−BaSO4
HNO3+ H2SO4
21. C6H5CHO →
273−278 K
NaOH+CaO
22. C6H11COONa →
∆
NH2OH
23. CH3CHO →
Sn+HCl Br2 water
24. C6H5NO2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’
Br2 + alc. KOH CH3COCl
25. CH3CH2CONH2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’
Pyridine
26. 2CH3COCl + (CH3)2Cd →
Zn (Hg)
27. CH3CH2CHO →
Conc HCl
(a) AlH−(i−Bu)2 H2N−OH
28. CH3CN → ‘A’ → ‘B’
(b) H2O H+
(i) HBr
29. CH3-CH=CH2 →
(ii) aq.KOH
Conc. H2SO4
30. C6H5Cl →
∆
HCl
31. p-Hydroxy Benzyl alcohol →
∆
Cu
32. (CH3)3C-OH →
573 K
H2O Mg alc. KOH HBr Na
33. ‘E’ ← ‘D’ → CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-Br → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
Dry ether Dry ether
CrO3 H2N−NH−CONH2
34. C6H11OH → ‘A’ → ‘B’
NaCN/HCl
35. C6H5CHO →
36. (C6H5CH2)2Cd + 2CH3COCl →
(i) Br2/Red P4
37. CH3CH(CH3)COOH →
(ii) H2O
H+
38. C6H5CH=CH2 + H2O →
39. C6H5OC2H5 + HI →
(CH3CO)2O
40. C6H5NH2 →
Pyridine
(CH3)2 NH
41. C6H5SO2Cl →
CH3CH2OH
42. C6H5N2+ Cl− →
Mg (i) CO2 PCl5
43. C6H5Br → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
Dry ether (ii) H3 O+
SnCl2/HCl dil. NaOH ∆
44. CH3CN → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
H 3 O+
(CH3CO)2O
45. Salicylic acid →
H+
HI
46. CH3CH(CH3)-O-CH2-CH3 →
PCC
47. CH3-CH=CH-CH2-OH →
48. (CH3)3C-O-CH3 + HI →
(i) B2 H6
49. CH3-CH=CH2 →
(ii) 3H2O2/ OH−
(i) aq. NaOH
50. C6H5OH →
(ii) CO2,H+
Br2+ aq.KOH NaNO2 + HCl KI
51. C6H5-CONH2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
(0−5)o C
KCN LiAlH4 CHCl3+ alc. KOH
52. CH3-Cl → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
∆
CH3COCl Zn−Hg (i) KMnO4 /KOH
53. C6H6 → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
Anhy AlCl3 Conc.HCl (ii) H3O+
NaOI
54. C6H5COCH3 →
 (i) DIBAL−H
55. CH3-CH=CH-CH2CN →
(ii) H2O
SOCl2
56. C6H11OH →
Peroxide
57. C6H5-CH2-CH=CH2 + HBr →
KCN LiAlH4 HNO2
58. CH3Br → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
273 K
NH3 Br2 + KOH CHCl3+ NaOH
59. CH3COOH → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
∆
H+
60. Cyclohexanone + H2N-OH →
61. 2C6H5CHO + Conc. NaOH →
Cl2/ P
62. CH3COOH →
?
63. C6H5-COCl → C6H5-CHO
?
64. CH3-COONa → CH4
HCN
65. CH3CHO →
(i) CO2
66. C6H5MgBr →
(ii) H3O+
LiAlH4
67. CH3-CN →
CH3 COCl Br2 H+
68. C6H5NH2 → ‘A’ → ‘B’ → ‘C’
Pyridine CH3COOH
CHCl3+ KOH
69. C6H5NH2 →
HNO3 + H2SO4
70. C6H5NHCOCH3 →

Biomolecules -: Prepare the topics from the table.

[INORGANIC CHEMISTRY]

d and f block elements -:

1. Give reason -:
(a) Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as transition elements.
(b) Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solution.
(c) Ti3+ is coloured whereas Sc3+ is colourless in aqueous solution.
(d) Cr2+ is strong reducing agent.
(e) Write two similarities between chemistry of lanthanoids and actinoids.
(f) Cu2+ salts are coloured while Zn2+ salts are colourless.
(g) Transition metals form complex compounds.
o o
(h) The EMn 2+ /Mn value for manganese is highly negative whereas EMn3+ /Mn2+ is highly positive.

(i) Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.

(j) Ce4+ is a strong oxidising agent.
(k) Cu+ ion is unstable in aqueous solution.
(l) Manganese exhibits the highest oxidation state of +7 among the 3d series of transition elements.
(m) Highest oxidation state of a metal is shown in its oxide or fluoride only.
2. Answer the following questions -:
(a) Which transition metal of 3d series does not show variable oxidation states?
(b) Why are melting point of transition elements high?
(c) E o value for Mn3+ /Mn2+ couple is much more positive than for Cr 3+ /Cr2+.
(d) E o value for Mn3+ /Mn2+ is negative whereas for Cu2+ /Cu is positive. Why?
(e) E o value for Mn3+ /Mn2+ is positive than that of Fe3+ /Fe2+. Why?
o
(f) Why is EMn 2+ /Mn value highly negative as compared to other elements?

(g)Transition metals form alloys.

(h)What is misch metal? Write its one use.
(i)Write one similarity and one difference between lanthanoids and actinoids.
(j)Write the chemical equation for the preparation of KMnO4 from pyrolusite ore (MnO2).
(k)Write the preparation of the following -:
(i) Na2Cr2O7 from Na2CrO4 (ii) K2MnO4 from MnO2
3. Complete the following ionic equations -:
(a) Cr2O2−7 + 2OH →
−

(b) Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ →

2−
Heat
(c) KMnO4 →
(d) Fe2+ + MnO−
4 + H →
+
 (e) MnO− 4 + H2O + I →
−

(f) 8 MnO4 + 3S2 O3 + H2O →

− 2−

(g) Cr2O2−7 + 3Sn

2+ + 14H+ →

(h) MnO4 + 8H + 5e− →

− +

4. When MnO2 is fused with KOH in the presence of KNO3 as an oxidising agent, it gives a dark green compound
(A). compound (A) disproportionate in acidic solution to give purple compound (B). An alkaline solution of
compound (B) oxidises KI to compound (C) whereas acidified solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to (D).
Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D).
5. When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused with NaOH in presence of air, a yellow coloured compound (A) is obtained
which on acidification with dilute sulphuric acid gives a compound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KCl
forms a orange coloured crystalline compound (C).
(a) Write the formulae of compound (A), (B) and (C).
(b) Write one use of compound (C).

Coordination compounds -:

1. Write the formula of -:

(a) Iron(III)hexacyanidoferrate(II)
(b) Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine) cobalt(III)
(c) Hexaamminecobalt(III) sulphate
(d) Potassium trioxalatochromate (III)
(e) Pentaamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III)
2. Write the IUPAC name of -:
(a) [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
(b) [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]2+
(c) K2[NiCl4]
(d) K2[PdCl4]
(e) [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl
(f) [CoBr2(en)2]+
(g) [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2
(h) [CoF6]3-
(i) [Co(NH3)5(CO3)]Cl
(j) K3[Fe(CN)6]
(k) [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+
(l) ionisation isomer of [Co(NH3)5(SO4)]Cl
3. Write the hybridisation, geometry(shape) and magnetic behaviour, number of unpaired electrons, spin nature
of -:
(a) [Ni(CN)4]2-
(b) [Ni(CO)4]
(c) [Fe(CN)6]3-
(d) [CoF6]3-
(e) [NiCl4]2-
(f) [Co(NH3)6]+
(g) [FeF6]3-
4. Using crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration of d 5 ion, if ∆o > P.
5. Using crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration of d 5 ion, if ∆o < P.
6. Using crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration of d 4 ion, if ∆o < P.
7. Which out of the two complexes is more stable and why?
[Fe(H2O)6]3+, [Fe(C2O4)3]3-
8. Which of the following is more stable and why?
[Co(NH3)6]3+ and [Co(en)3]3+
9. Out of [CoF6]3- and [Co(en)3]3+, which one complex is
(a) Paramagnetic (b) More stable (c) Inner orbital complex (d) High spin complex
10. What type of isomerism is exhibited by the complex [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4?
11. Low spin tetrahedral complexes are not formed.
12. [Co(NH3)6]3+ is an inner orbital complex whereas [Ni(NH3)6]3+ is an outer orbital complex.
13. [NiCl4]2- is paramagnetic while [Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic though both are tetrahedral. Why?
14. [Fe(CN)6]3- is weakly paramagnetic whereas [Fe(CN)6]4- is diamagnetic. Give reason to support this statement.
15. Write the number of ions produced from the complex [Co(NH3)6]Cl2 in solution.