KVS ZIET BHUBANESWAR

CBTI X SCIENCE CH_8_ Heredity

Q. NO QUESTION
MCQ s 1 MARK EACH
1. A plant heterozygous for tallness is self crossed, the F2 generation has both tall & Dwarf
plants. This proves the principle of

a) Dominance b) Sex Chromosomes

c)Independent assortment d) Incomplete Dominance
2. In a cross Tt X Tt , the percentage of offspring having same genotype as the parents would
be

a)50% b) 100% c) 75% d) 25%

3. The differences in traits among members of the same species is called

a) Heredity c) Variation
b) Allele d) Sex chromosome
4. Pea plants were more suitable than cats for Mendel’s experiment because

a) Cats have many genetic traits

b) No pedigree records of cats
c) Pea plants can be self- pollinated or Cross pollinated
d) Pea plants favor Cross pollination
5. ___________ is responsible for keeping the identity of a population
a) Variation c) Nucleus
b) Sex Chromosome d) Heredity
6. A gamete contains which of the following?

a)Both alleles of a gene

b)Only one allele of agene
c)All alleles of a gene
d)No allele of agene
7. If a round , green seeded pea plant (RRyy)is crossed with wrinkled, yellow seeded pea
plant (rrYY), the seeds produced in F1 generation are

a) Round & Yellow c) Round & Green

b) Wrinkled & green d) Wrinkled & Yellow
8. A pair of contrasting characters is called

a) Phenotype c) Genotype
b) Allele d) gene
9. In peas , a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plant to
short plants in F2 is

a) 1:3 b) 3:1 c) 1:1 d)2:1

10. Assertion- The sex of a child in human beings will be determined by the type of
chromosome he/she inherits from the father
Reason- A child who inherits X chromosome from his father would be a Boy while a child
who inherits Y chromosome from the father would be a Girl

a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
 c). A is true but R is false
d). A is False but R is true
11. On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a total of 1000 plants
were obtained in F1
generation. What will be the respective number of smooth and wrinkled seeds
obtained in F1 generation?
(a) 750, 250
(b) 500, 500
(C) 800, 200
(d) 950, 50

12. A normal cell of a human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes .The number of
chromosome in a sex cell (sperm or ovum cell) of a human being is most likely to be :-
(a) 46 (b) 23 (c) 21 (d) 42

13. The characters which appear in the first filial generation are called
(a) recessive characters
(b) dominant characters
(c) lethal characters
(d) non-mendelian characters.

14. If a round, green-seeded pea plant (RRyy) is crossed with wrinkled, yellow seeded pea
plant (rryy),the seeds produced in F1 generation are:

(a) wrinkled and yellow

(b) round and green
(c) wrinkled and green
(d) round and yellow

15. Dominant and recessive allele for position of flowers in a pea plant is respectively:
(a) axillary and terminal
(b)terminal and axillary
(c) on branches and on stem
(d) cluster and solitary

16. if a tall pea plant is crossed with a pure dwarf pea plant then,what percentage of F 1 and F2
generation respectively will be tall
(a) 25%,25%
(b) 50%,50%
(c) 75%,100%
(d) 100%,75%

17. A homogeneous dominant guinea pig with black fur is crossed with a homozygous guinea
pig with white fur. The F1 generation is crossed with itself.
What percentage of F2 generation is expected to show white fur coat?
 (a) 25% (b) 50%
(b) 75% (d) 100%

18. What is the scientific name ‘’PEA PLANT’’.

(a) Tagetes (b) Pisum sativum
(c) Rosa rubiginosa (d) Hibiscus rosasinesis
19. Assertion:-colour of flower is controlled by the enzymes which are presnt in genes .
Reason :- cellular DNA is the information source for making protein in the cell.

20. Assertion :- Recessive traits can only be expressed in homozygous condition .

Reason:- Dominant trait cannot be expressed in heterozygous condition .
21. Exchange of genetic material takes place in
a) Vegetative reproduction
b) Asexual reproduction
c) Sexual reproduction
d) budding

22. 1. How many types of gametes are produced by a dihybrid plant?

a) One
b) Two
c) Four

Eight
23. The questions given below consist of an assertion and a reason. Use the following key to
choose the appropriate answer.
a) Bothe assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
b) Bothe assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
e) Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: both father and the mother contribute practically equal amounts of genetic
material to the child. Reason: each trait is
influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA

24. The questions given below consist of an assertion and a reason. Use the following key to
choose the appropriate answer.
a) Bothe assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
b) Bothe assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
e) Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: in human being, the genes inherited from parents decide whether the child will be
a boy or girl. Reason: a child who inherits a Y chromosome from the father will be a girl, and
 one who inherits an X chromosome from him will be a boy

25. In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals, what will be percentage of
pure homozygous individuals obtained in F1Generation?

26.
Give reasons why acquired characters are nor inherited?

27. Ruby crossed a tall pea plant with white flowers and a dwarf plant with violet flowers. Which
type of cross she perform?

28. In mice, the allele for black fur colour is dominant over the allele for white fur colour. What
does this mean in a mouse population?

29. Why do we say that homozygous plants produce pure progeny?

30. A green stemmed rose plant denoted by GG and a brown stemmed rose plant denoted by
gg are allowed to undergo a cross with each other. What will be the Ratio of GG and Gg in
the F2 progeny.

31. If a pure tall plant (TT) with height 20cm cross with the pure dwarf plant (tt) with height 10cm, and
then find out the height of hybrid tall plant.
32. Mention the type of allele that expresses itself only in homozygous state in an Organism
33. Mention any two contrasting traits with respect to seeds in pea plant that were studied by Mendel.
34. A garden pea plant produced axial white flowers. Another of the same species produced terminal
violet flowers. Identify the dominant trait.
35. A couple has five sons. What is the possibility of their having a son next time?

36. In peas, a plant with round seed cross with a plant with wrinkled seed. What percentage of plant will
have round seed in F1 generation?
37. Who coined the term ‘Genetics’?
38. In peas, a pure tall plant crosses with pure dwarf plant. The F1 progeny then cross with pure tall
plant. What percentage of plant will have tall plant in F2 generation?
39. How many pairs of chromosomes control somatic characters in human being?
40. In peas, a plant with green inflated pod crosses with a plant with yellow constricted pod. What
percentage of plant will have green inflated pod in F1 generation?
41. Two pink coloured flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2 pink and 1 white flower progeny. The
nature of the cross will be
(a) double fertilization (b) self-pollination
(c) cross fertilisation (d) no fertilisation
42. A cross between a tall plant (TT) and short pea plant (tt) resulted in progeny that were all tall plants
because
(a) tallness is the dominant trait
(b) shortness is the dominant trait
(c) tallness is the recessive trait
(d) height of pea plant is not governed by gene ‘T’ or ‘t’
43. If a round, green seeded pea plant (RR yy) is crossed with wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant, (rr YY)
the seeds produced in F1 generation are
(a) round and yellow (b) round and green
(c) wrinkled and green (d) wrinkled and yellow
44. The maleness of a child is determined by
(a) the X chromosome in the zygote
(b) the Y chromosome in zygote
 (c) the cytoplasm of germ cell which determines the sex
(d) sex is determined by chance
45. A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a (a) boy (b) girl
(c) X- chromosome does not determine the sex of a child (d) either boy or girl
46. In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to short
plants in F2 is
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
47. Height of a plant is regulated by:
a) DNA which is directly influenced by growth hormone.
b) Genes which regulate the proteins directly.
c) Growth hormones under the influence of the enzymes coded by a gene.
d) Growth hormones directly under the influence a gene.

48. If a tall pea plant is crossed with a pure dwarf pea plant then, what percentage of F1 and F2
generation respectively will be tall?
(a) 25%, 25%
(b) 50%, 50%
(c) 75%,100%
(d) 100%, 75%

49. 2) The inheritance of color trait in flower is as shown.

R and r denote two different genes for color. Which law of Mendel can be explained
using the image?
(a) Only Law of segregation
(b) Only Law of independent assortment
(c) Law of segregation and Law of dominance
(d) Law of segregation and Law of independent assortment

50. Humans have two different sex chromosomes, X and Y. Based on the Mendel’s laws, a
male offspring will inherit which combination of chromosomes?
(a)Both the X chromosomes from one of its parents
(b) both the Y chromosomes from one of its parents
(c)combination of X chromosomes from either of its parents
(d)combination of X and Y chromosome from either of its parents

51.
Acquired traits are not influenced by which of the following?

(a) DNA (c) hair color

(b) Diminishedeye (d) muscular strength

52.
 Attached earlobes in humans is inherited condition. The allele for attached earlobes is recessive.

What are the chances of parents, both having attached earlobes, to have a child with attached
earlobes ?

(a) 0% (c) 25%

(b) 75% (d) 100%

53.
Two pea plants, one with round green seeds (RR yy) another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds,
produce F1 plants are self-pollinated, the F2 progeny will have a new combination of characters.
Choose the new combination from the following :

(i) Round, Yellow (iii) Round, green

(ii) Wrinkled, yellow (iv) Wrinkled, green

(a) (i) and (ii) (c) (i) and (iv)

(b) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iii)

54.
Which type of blood group is called a “universal donor” ?

(a) Blood group A

(b) Blood group AB
(c) Blood group B
(d) Blood group O

55.
If two pink – colored flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2 pink and 1 white – flower progeny. The
nature of the cross will be :

(a) Double fertilization

(b) Self – pollination
(c) Cross – fertilization
(d) No fertilization

56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
VSA 2 MARKS EACH
1. Give an example where Sex Determination is regulated by Environment.
2. Distinguish between Dominant & Recessive Traits. Also give examples of each
3. “A person has Blue eyes ,fair skin tone ,plays Volleyball although flat footed & is learning
French.”

Which of these traits are not genetically inherited & cannot be passed to the progeny? Justify
4. A man having blood group B marries a woman having blood group O and they have a child .
What will be the blood group of the child?
5. Why it is said that ‘’Sexual reproduction is beneficiary than the asexual reproduction.
6. What is (a) law of segregation? explain with an help of example
OR
What is law of independent assortment ? explain with an help, of example ?
7. How do Mendel’s experiments show that the: traits are inherited independently?

8. In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male or a female child is 50:50.
Give a suitable explanation
9. Why did Mendel choose pea plant for his experiments?

10. How many gametes will form from following genotypes?

a) TTRr b)TtYy

11. What will be expected percentages of blood groups in the offspring when there is a cross between AB
blood group mother and heterozygous B blood group father?
12. In childhood due to a severe accident Sumita got a huge scar on her right hand. After she heard the
lecture of Heredity in her class 10th, she was worried about what if her baby inherits the scar. She
asked her teacher about her concern. After an elaborate explanation from her teacher, now she
convinced successfully. What according to you could be the possible explanation which the teacher
gave to Sumita?
13. In an asexually reproducing species, if a trait X exists in 5% of a population and trait Y exists in 70%
of the same population, which of the two trait is likely to have arisen earlier? Give reason.

14. Mustard was growing in two fields- A and B. While Field A produced brown coloured seeds, field B
produced yellow coloured seeds.
It was observed that in field A, the offsprings showed only the parental trait for consecutive
generations, whereas in field B, majority of the offsprings showed a variation in the progeny.
What are the probable reasons for these?
15. A scientist cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant he will
get pea plants of F1 generation. If now self-cross the pea plant of F2 generation is done, then we obtain
pea plants of F2 generation
a.State the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F2 generation. Write the full form of DNA.

SA 3 MARKS EACH
1. A husband has 46 chromosomes , his wife has 46 chromosomes.
Then why don’t their offspring have 46 pairs of chromosome , which is obtained by the
fusion of male & female gamates? Support your answer with a neat illustration.
2. “It is a matter of chance whether a couple will give birth to a male or female child”.
Justify this statement with a flow chart & explain who decides the sex of the child.
3. Do all variations survive?
How do asexually reproducing organisms produce variations among their progeny ? Explain
giving suitable examples.
4. When a friend showed a picture toManoj and asked him to identify that the reason why the
son (offspring) eye is blue in colour& why the ear is similar to his parents .
5. Why Mendel choose Pea plants for his experiment ? which type of progeny obtained when
he crossed Tall and short plant in F1 & F2 generation ? Write the ratio he obtained in F1 &
F2 generation ?

6. It was observed that due to global warming is becoming concerns in reduction of

population of male turtles. Justify the statement .
Does temperature shows any effects in Human sex determination .

7. “It is possible that a trait is inherited but many not be expressed.” Give a suitable example
to justify this statement.

8. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?

9. In pea plant round seed is dominant over the wrinkled. If a cross is carried between these
two plants, give answer to the following questions:
a) Mention the genes for the traits of parents.
b) State the trait of F1 hybrids.
c) Write the ratio of F2 progeny obtained from this cross. What is the name of the
cross?

10. A hybridization experiment of garden pea plant was conducted between pure breeding pea plant with
round, yellow seeds and wrinkled and green seeds. Based on the above experiment answer the
following.
i) Write the phenotype of F1 progeny and state the reasons for your answer.
ii) What will be the type of phenotypes one would obtain in F2 progeny when F1 progeny was selfed?
 11. In a survey it is found that blue eye colour is recessive among human in contrast to the brown eye
colour. Answer the following questions if a brown eyed man has a blue eyed mother.
a) What are the possible genotypes of his father?
b) What is the genotype of the man and his mother?
c) Which Mendelian principle is used in determining the genotypes?

12. Answer the following questions, if a heterozygous tall pea plant crosses with homozygous dwarf pea
plant.
a) What will be the genotypic ratio of F1 generation?
b) Which Mendelian principle is used in determining the genotypes?
c) Define the law with example.

13. Two pea plants - one with round yellow seeds (RRYY) and another with wrinkled green (rryy) seeds
produce F1 progeny that have round, yellow (RrYy) seeds.
When F1 plants are self-pollinated, which new combination of characters is expected in F2 progeny?
How many seeds with these new combinations of characters will be produced when a total 160 seeds
are produced in F2 generation? Explain with reason.
14. In a pea plant, the trait of flowers bearing purple colour (PP) is dominant over white colour (pp).
Explain the inheritance pattern of F1 and F2 generations with the help of a cross following the rules
of inheritance of traits. State the visible characters of F1and F2 progenies.
15. Different species use very different strategies for this. Some rely entirely on environmental cues.
Thus, in some animals like a few reptiles, the temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept
determines whether the animals developing in the eggs will be male or female .However, in human
beings, the sex of the individual is largely genetically determined.
a. How many chromosomes are there in human beings?
b. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
16.
(a) Why did Mendel choose garden pea for his experiments ? Write two reasons.
(b) List two contrasting visible characters of garden pea Mendel used for his experiment.

17. Sex determination in humans happens through sex chromosomes.

Along with other parameters, such processes often help in forensic studies in crime investigation and
or identification of accidents and natural calamities, In order to determine whether an accident victim
is male or female, which cells can be used and why ?
18.
After self-pollination in pea plants with round, yellow seeds, following types of seeds were obtained
by Mendel :

Seeds Number
Round, yellow 630
Round, green 216
Wrinkled, yellow 202
Wrinkled, green 64

Analyze the result and describe the mechanism of inheritance which explains these results.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS 4 MARKS

1. In humans , the RBC have proteins with sugars attached to the surface of RBC & these act
 as Antigens & can activate the Immune system . These antigens come in two form Type A
antigen & Type B antigen, & based on the presence & absence of these antigens, due to
the allele i , IA ,IB,the blood group can be A, B, AB & O.
a) A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group B ,their daughter has
blood group O , explain.
b) What are the blood groups possible in their progeny if the parents are heterozygous
.
c) Which blood type is Universal Donor , write it’s genotype?
OR
Which blood type is Universal Recipient , write it’s genotype.
2. Mendel blended the knowledge of Science & Mathematics to keep the count of the
individuals exhibiting a particular trait in each generation. He observed a number of
contrasting visible characters controlled in Pea plants in a field. He conducted many
experiments to arrive at the laws of inheritance.
a) What do the F1 progeny of Tall plants with Round seeds (TTRR) &dwarf plantswith
wrinkled seeds (ttrr) look like?
b) Name the Recessive traits in this case.
c) Mention the type of New combination of plants obtained in F2 generation along with
their ratios , if F1 plants were self pollinated
OR
If 1600 plants were obtained in F2 generation , Write the phenotypic ratios & write
the number of plants with
i) Tall & round seeds
Dwarf & wrinkled seeds
3. When Paheli went to her village in summer vacation. In her neighbor hood a husband and
his whole family was yelling at his wife that she was not able to give birth to a baby boy
after 4 th delivery. When she enquired to her mother she came to know that the whole
family is pressurizing her to give birth to a baby boy . due to which she was force to
conceive 4 th time. Though Paheli was well educated ANGAN VADI female worker she
explained to them that their daughter in law is not responsible for determination of sex of a
child. Justify the statement by flow diagram.

4. Answer the following question

(a) How does the two factors that make up a character in diploid cells have during gamete
formation?
(b) in a zygote how is the chromosome number is restored?
(c)What will be the offspring formed from
22+ Y.
(d) Why in asexual reproduction the offspring are known a exact copy of their parents.

5. 1. Read the following and answer any four.

Pea plants can have smooth seeds or wrinkled seeds. One of the phenotypes
is completely dominant over the other. A farmer decides to pollinate one flower of a
plant with smooth seeds using pollen from plant with wrinkled seeds. The resulting
pea pod has all smooth seeds.
(i) Which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
(1) The allele for smooth seeds is dominated over that of wrinkled seeds.
(2) The plant with smooth seeds is heterozygous.
(3) The plant with wrinkled seeds is homozygous.
(a) 1 only
 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

(ii) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled seeds in same
proportion?
(a) RR X rr
(b) Rr x rr
(C) RRX Rr
(d) rrrr

(iii) Which of the following cross can be used to determine the genotype of a plant
with dominant phenotype?
(a) RR RR
(b) Rr x Rr
(c) Rr RR
(d) RR x rr

(iv) On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a total of 1000
plants were obtained in F1
generation. What will be the respective number of smooth and wrinkled seeds
obtained in F1 generation?
(a) 750, 250
(b) 500, 500
(C) 800, 200
(d) 950, 50

(v) The characters which appear in the first filial generation are called
(a) recessive characters
(b) dominant characters
(c) lethal characters
(d) non-mendelian characters.

6. Read the following and answer any four

The rules for inheritance of such traits in human beings are related to the fact
that both the father and the mother contribute practically equal amounts of genetic
material to the child. This means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal
and maternal DNA. Thus, for each trait there will be two versions in each child. What
will, then, the trait seen in the child be?
i) What were the contrasting traits used by mendel?
ii) What was the phenotypic ratio of monohybrid cross?
iii) What was the genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross?
iv) How does the traits get expressed?
v) Write the monohybrid cross between tall and dwarf plants?

7. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
Sex determination is the method by which distinction between males and females is established in
species. The sex of an individual is determined by specific chromosomes. These chromosomes are
called sex chromosomes. X and Y chromosomes of an individual are known as autosomes.
i)A couple has six daughters. What is the possibility of their having a girl next time?
 a)50% b)25% c)100% d)75%
ii)In human male all he chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This unpaired chromosome
is/are
a)X chromosome b)Y chromosome c) Large chromosome d)both (a) and (b)
iii) Select the incorrect statement.
a) In male grasshoppers, 50% of sperms have no sex chromosomes.
b) In animals like snails, individuals cannot change their sex.
c) Human male produces two types of sperms 50% having X chromosomes and 50% having Y
chromosomes.
d) In turtle,sex determination is regulated by environmental factors.
iv)Number of pair(s) of sex chromosomes in the zygote of human is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

8. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:
Pure breed pea plant with smooth seeds (dominated characteristic) was crossed with purebred pea
plant with wrinkled seeds (recessive characteristic). The F1 generation was self-pollinated to give
rise to the F2 generation.
i) If a genotype consists of different types of alleles, it is called
a) homozygous b) heterozygous c) monoallelic d) uniallelic
ii) The alternative form of gene is called
a)allele b)alternative genes c)dominant character d)recessive character
iii) Which of the following will be the genotypic ratio of given F2 generation?
a)1:2:1 b)3:1 c)1:3 d)1:1:1
iv) What is the expected observation of the F2 generation of plants?
a) 1/2 of them have smooth seeds and 1/2 of them have wrinkled seeds.
b) 1/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 3/4 of them have smooth seeds.
c) 3/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 1/4 of them have smooth seeds.
d) All of them have smooth seeds.

9. Pooja has green eyes while her parents and brother have black eyes. Pooja’s husband Ravi has black
eyes while his mother has green eyes and father has black eyes.
(a) On the basis of the above given information, is the green eye colour a dominant or recessive trait?
Justify your answer.
(b) What is the possible genetic makeup of Pooja’s brother’s eye colour?
(c) What is the probability that the offspring of Pooja and Ravi will have green eyes? Also, show the
inheritance of eye colour in the offspring with the help of a suitable cross.

10. Sahil performed an experiment to study the inheritance pattern of genes. He crossed tall pea plants
(TT) with short pea plants (tt) and obtained all tall plants in F1 generation.
a. What will be set of genes present in the F1 generation?
b. Give reason why only tall plants are observed in F1 progeny.
c. When F1 plants were self - pollinated, a total of 800 plants were produced. How many of these
would be tall, medium height or short plants? Give the genotype of F 2 generation.

11. “Sex determination is an important developmental event in the life cycle of all sexually reproducing
plants. Recent studies of sex determination in many plant species, from ferns to maize, have been
fruitful in identifying the diversity of genetic and epigenetic factors that are involved in determining
the sex of the flower or individual”.

The above is a passage from an article by two scientists Cristina Juarez and Jo Ann Banks.

(a) What is the most likely genetic factor for sex determination in unisexual plants ?
 (b) Epigenetic factors refer to factors external to the genetic component of an individual. Name
evidence of One epigenetic condition that determines sexuality in animals.
(c) State Mendel’s law of segregation and explain how sex determination violates the law.
(d) Which parent determines the sex of the offspring in human beings ?Why ?
12.
Mendel observed in one of his experiments with pea plants that when a pure tall pea plant is crossed
with a pure dwarf pea plants, in the first generation, F1 , only tall plants appear.

(i) What happens to the traits of the dwarf plants in this case ?
(ii) When the F1 generation plants were self-fertilized, he observed that in the plants of
second generation, F2 , both tall plants and dwarf plants were present. Why it happened ?
Explain briefly.

13.
14.
LA ( 5MARKS)
1 In a cross between Red coloured& white colouredflowers , when plants with Red coloured
flowers of F1 generation were self pollinated F2 generation of 1200 plants were obtained.

Explain the inheritance of traits in the above cross with the help of flow chart only along with
the ratios & number of plants with red & white flowers in F2 generation. Mention the Laws of
Inheritance being followed.
2 Amit was very fond of dogs .One day his friend called him to show a white dog and a a
black dog which he had recently got from his friends. Amit was wondering as to how
different dogs have different colours:

(a) Dogs having black coat colour when crossed with dogs having same colour ,produced
200 offspring .Out of this 150 were black and 50 were white. What would be the genotype of
the dogs?
(B)Harsh has two golden retriever dogs one male and one female. Now they have grown up
and he is surprised and curious to know whether his two golden retrievers can produce a
black puppy?
(c) It is possible that a trait is inherited but may not be expressed’? Explain by taking the
example of Amit dogs to justify this statement.
3 i) What is genetics?
ii) Give the common name of the plant on which Mendel performed its experiments.
 iii) What for did Mendel use the term factors and what are these factors called now?
iv) What are genes? Where are the genes located?

4 Sampriti appealed before the court for a divorce as his wife is unable to bear him a male child. Use
your understanding of principle of sex determination to answer the following.
i) What are sex chromosomes?
ii) How many types of sex chromosomes are there? What are they?
iii) By using your understanding about sex determination, give an appropriate verdict.
5 Mendel was educated in a monastery and went on to study science and mathematics at the University
of Vienna. Failure in the examinations for a teaching certificate did not suppress his zeal for
scientific quest. He went back to his monastery and started growing peas. Many others had studied
the inheritance of traits in peas and other organisms earlier, but Mendel blended his knowledge of
science and mathematics and was the first one to keep count of individuals exhibiting a particular
trait in each generation. This helped him to arrive at the laws of inheritance.

Gregor Johann Mendel regarded as the ‘Father of Genetics’ performed his experiments with garden
peas in the garden behind his monastery. He observed a number of contrasting characters in garden
peas and observed their inheritance.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

a. What is the scintific name of pea plant and how many chromosome it has ?
b. Which colour is the dominant trait for seed and flower ?
c. Why did Mendel select a pea plant for his experiments?

ANSWERS FOR MCQs

1. c
2. a
3. c
4. c
5. d
6. b
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. c
11. (A) 750 ,250 Though in result we will get 3:1 ratio .
12. (b) 23 , In a sex cell , there is only 23 chromosomes as it is haploid.
13. C. Dominant character
14. (D).round and yellow
15. (A) Axillary and terminal
16. (D) 100%,75%
17. (A) 25% In F2 generation there will be 75% dominant and 25% recessive allele , so only
25% will be white fur guinea pig., 3:1 ratio
18. (b) Pisum sativum
19. (C) Colour of the flower is controlled by the dominant gene enzymes. As we know series of
bases of forms DNA structure . Ribosome translates the Mrna into amino acids sequence
which create protein.
20. (C) Recessive characters can only express in homozygous condition . whereas dominant
trait can be expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous condition .
21. c) Sexual reproduction
22. c) four
23. a)Bothe assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
24. c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
25. In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals, percentage of pure
homozygous individuals obtained in F1 generation is 50%.

Therefore, percentage of pure homozygous individuals (TT and tt) obtained in F1

generation is 50%.

26. No change in DNA of germ cells is produced by acquired characters, so they cannot be
inherited. Only those characters are inherited which have a gene for them.
27. A cross in which two contrasting traits are considered is called a dihybrid cross
28. Most mice have black fur
29. Because of presence of same set of genes.
30. Genotype of F2 progeny – GG : Gg
1:2
31. Here tallness is the dominant character and dwarfness is the recessive character. In F1 generation the
dominant character is expressed. Thus, the height of the F1 hybrid is 20cm.
32. Recessive allele
33. Round /wrinkled ,yellow /green
34. Axial ,violet flowers
35. 50%
36. 100%
37. William Bateson
38. 100%
39. 22 pairs
40. 100%
41. (b) self-pollination
42. (a) tallness is the dominant trait
43. (a) round and yellow
44. (b) the Y chromosome in zygote
45. (b) girl
46. (c) 1 : 1
47. c) Growth hormones under the influence of the enzymes coded by a gene.
48. (d) 100%, 75%
 49. (c )Law of segregation and Law of dominance
50. (d)combination of X and Y chromosome from either of its parents
51. Ans.(a)
52. Ans. (d)
53. Ans.(b)
54. Ans.(d)
55. Ans.(c)
56.
ANSWERS FOR VSA ( 2 MARKS)
1 In some animals the temperature at which the fertilized eggs are kept determines the sex of
the newborn.
Ex- In most Turtles only females are produced at high temperature while males are
produced at low temperature
2 Dominant Recessive
1. The traits expressed in F1 1. The traits not expressed in F1
generation in a cross generation but are expressed in F2
2 Ex- Tall character in pea plant 2. Ex- Dwarf character in pea plant
3 The traits of –“ Playing Volleyball & Learning French” are not genetically inherited & cannot
be passed to the progeny because these traits do not cause any changes in the
genes(DNA) of the germ cell and cannot be passed to the progeny.
4 The offspring blood group will depend upon on the dominating father gene. if father have
blood group B which have combination of gene IB IB OR IBIO. Although father genes are
dominant and mother s blood genes are recessive therefore they are not able to express
during crossing over.
5 In sexual reproduction crossing over of genes take place due to which maximum variations
can be seen , which makes the offspring to more adaptive to the environment. But in
asexual reproduction only single parent is involved .it don’t show any variation due to which
the longevity is very less.
6 Mendel's law of segregation states that: “During the formation of gamete, each gene
separates from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

OR
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that the alleles of two (or more) different
genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.
7 When Mendel conducted a dihybrid cross having two sets of characters, he obtained only
one set of parental characters in F1 generation whereas in F2 generation he obtained both
the sets of parental characters, now recombined in the ratio of 9:3:3:1
8 The sex of an infant is determined by the type of sex chromosome contributed by male
gamete. Since the ratio of male gametes containing X chromosome and those containing Y
chromosome is 50:50, the static probability of male and female infant is 50:50
9 Self-pollinated,
Easily distinguishable character,
Short life span, easy to grow.

10 No of gametes=2n (where n=no of heterozygotes)

a) TTRr= 21=2 (here no of heterozygote=1, i.e Rr)
b) TtYy=22=4 (here no of heterozygote=2,i.e Tt,Yy)

11 Parents IAIB x IBi

Gametes I IBIB , i
A ,

IA IB
B
I IAIB IBIB
I IAi IBi
25% AB Blood group, 25% A blood group, 50% B blood group.
12 Traits are acquired due to interaction with the environment are called acquired traits which are not
inheritable. So the scar on sumita’s right hand was an acquired trait and that won’t be transferred to
her next generation.
13 Trait Y which exists in 70% (larger fraction) of the population, is likely to have arisen earlier because
in asexual reproduction, identical copies of DNA are produced and
variations do not occur.
New traits come in the population due to sudden mutation and then are inherited. 70 % of the
population with trait Y is likely to have been replicating that trait for a longer period than 5 % of
population with trait X.
14 In field A, the reason for parental trait in consecutive generations of the offsprings is
self-pollination.
In field B, variation is seen to occur because of recombination of genes as cross - pollination is
taking place.
15 a.3:1
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
ANSWERS FOR SA ( 3 MARKS)
1. During gamete formation , Meiotic (Reduction) division occurs so the gametes receives only
half the number of chromosomes. Therefore when the male & female gametes fuse, the
original 46 chromosomes of the parent is maintained & received by the Zygote & not the 46
pairs of chromosome.
PARENTS -----→ Father (46 chromosomes) X Mother (46 Chromosomes)

GAMETE --------→Sperm (23 chomosomes) Egg (23 Chromosomes)

(Reduction Division)

FERTILIZATION ----------→ Zygote (46 Chromosomes) Progeny

2. (i)In humans there are 22 pairs of Autosomes & 1 pair of sex chromosomes. The Father
has XY sex C
chromosome while mother has XX sex chromosome.
(ii)During gamete formation there is reduction division so in the Mother all the eggs have
22+X chromosomes while the father has two types of sperms- 22+X & 22+Y
(iii) All the children get 22+X egg from the mother but from father if sperm 22+X fuses then
it’s a Girl & if 22+Y sperm fuses then it’s a Boy.
So it’s a matter of chance 50-50 whether it’s a boy or girl

PARENTS -------→ Father (44+XY) X Mother (44+XX)

GAMATES -------→
Sperm (22+X) Sperm (22+Y) Egg (22+X) Egg
(22+X)

FERTILISATION---→
GIRL (44+XX) GIRL (44+XX) BOY (44+XY)
BOY(44+XY)
50%
50%

3. No all variations do not survive , only those variations which are most favorable to the
environment survive others perish.
In asexually reproducing organisms variations occur due to the errors in DNA copying at the
time of nuclear division. Example – In a bacteria asexual reproduction takes place & two
daughter bacteria are formed .These would look similar but minor differences are present
.When these daughter bacteria divide further there are differences present . Thus variations
occur in the progeny of asexually reproducing organisms
4. Cellular DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the main source for making proteins in the cell. As
we know the traits of both parents are inherited with the help of genes from parents to
progeny. During crossing over mainly the child iris colour of eye and ear resemble his
parents traits.
5. Mendel choose pea plant as their short life span and contrasting characters can be seen
while crossing over . He knows that he will able to get result very soon. Results outcome
will take very less time.
When MENDEL crossed pure tall plants ‘TT with pure short plant genotype tt’’, progeny
which was obtained were all Tall in first generation . when he crossed them again he was
surprised to see the result that 3 progeny were of tall height and 1 progeny was short.
 Phenotypic ratio:- 3:1
Genotypic ratio :- 1:2:1

6. In some reptiles the temperature plays a very vital role in sex determination . It was
observed that if the temperature is greater that 25 celsius during incubation period the it
may result in female progeny . and if temperature is less than 25 celsius then it may result
in male progeny. due to which the male progeny birth % is getting reduced .
In humans temperature don’t shows any effects in sex determination . only the father gene
iis responsible.

7. Yes, it is possible. Example: when pure tall pea plants are crossed with pure dwarf pea
plants, only tall pea plants are obtained in F1 generation. On seeing tall plants of F1, both
tall and dwarf plants are obtained in F2 generation in the ratio 3:1. Reappearance of the
dwarf character, a recessive trait in F2 generation shows that the dwarf trait character was
present in individuals of F1 but it did not express due to the present of tallness, a dominant
trait/character.

8. Human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs are autosomes and 23 rd pair is the
sex chromosome. The males have XY and the females have XX . all the gametes formed in
the females are of one type, i.e. X. in males there are two types of sperms that are formed
X and Y. if the sperms having X fertilize with the egg the zygote formed is XX. This will form
female child. If the sperm having Y fertilizes with the egg than the zygote formed is XY and
the offspring will be male child. So basically it’s the male gametes that decide the sex of the
unborn child
9. a) RR/rr.
b) Rr/hybrid Round.
c) 3:1

1:2:1
Monohybrid cross.
10. i) The phenotype of F1 progeny is pea plant with round and yellow seeds. The reason for my answer
is Round shape and yellow colour of the seed is the dominant traits over wrinkled shaped green
colour seeds. So in F1 generation dominant traits will express themselves by suppressing the
recessive traits which are wrinkled shaped green colour seeds.
ii) The phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1. Round yellow-9, Round green-3, Wrinkled yellow-3, wrinkled
green-1.

11. a) The possible genotype of father is- BB,Bb

b) Genotype of man-Bb
Genotype of mother-bb
c) Principle of dominance

12. a) Genotypic ratio- Tt:tt = 1:1

b) Law of dominance.
c) Mendel's law of dominance states that: “When parents with pure, contrasting traits are
crossed together, only one form of trait appears in the next generation. The hybrid offsprings
will exhibit only the dominant trait in the phenotype.” Law of dominance is known as the first
law of inheritance. Ex- brown eye colour in human.

13. Round green : 30

 Wrinkled yellow : 30

New combinations are produced because of the independent inheritance of seed shape and seed
colour trait.
14. Let purple trait be represented by: PP White trait be : pp
Parental PP X pp
↓
F1 Pp X Pp (Selfing)
F2
↓
Gametes P p
P PP Pp
p Pp pp
Visible characters of F1 progeny all flowers are purple coloured and in F2 progenies 3 are purple
coloured and 1 is white coloured flower
15. a.46
b.The sex of a child is determined by the type of chromosome he/she receiving from the father. If
sperm is having X chromosome, then the child will be a girl. If sperm is having Y chromosome, then
the child will be a boy.
16
(a) Reasons :
(i) Pea plant is small and easy to grow.
(ii) A large number of true breeding varieties of pea plant are available.
(iii) Short life cycle.
(iv) Both self and cross-pollination can be made possible.

(b) Contrasting characters :

Round / Wrinkled seeds
Tall / Short plants
White / Purple flowers
Green / Yellow seeds

17
Any cell of the body.
Every cell has the sex chromosomes as the 23rd pair

18
The ratio obtained is 9:3:3:1 in which parental as well as new combinations are observed. This
indicates that progeny plants have not inherited the whole set of genes from each parent.
Every germ cell takes on chromosome from the pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes. When
two germ cells combine, segregation of one pair of characters is independent of other pair of
characters.

ANSWERS FOR CBQ ( 4 MARKS)

1. a)The daughter has blood group O means the parents were heterozygous
PARENTS Father i IA(Ablood Gr) X Mother i IB(B blood Gr)
Daughterii(O Blood Gr)

b)Possible Blood groups- A B AB O

c)Universal Donor is O , genotype -ii

Universal recipient is AB , Genotype- IAIB
2. a) The F1 progeny looks like Tall Round (TtRr)
 b) The recessive traits – dwarf & Wrinkled
c) New combination of plants in F2-
Tall Wrinkled & Dwarf Round ratio 3:3
OR
1600 plants in F2 Phenotypic ratio – 9:3:3:1
(i) Number of plants with Tall Round seeds- 900
Number of plants with dwarf wrinkled seeds -100
3. In many areas still women’s are held responsible for sex of a baby . The main reason to be
explained to village people is necessary that If a sperm carrying X –chromosome fertilizes
an ovum carrying X chromosome ,then the child born will be girl

Therefore , it is the sperm from the father which determines the sex of the child. Thus in
human beings the sex of the child is determined by the type of sperm that fuses with ovum
.So there is 50% chances of having boy or 50% chances of girl.

4. (a) During gamete formation two factors called X and Y segregate . As a result the gamete
is either X or Y .
(B) As organism has 2n chromosome .It forms gametes. Due to the mitotic cell division in
gametic cell the genes are restored.
(c) BOY
(d) In asexual reproduction theoffsring are born from single parents ,therefore no variation
can be seen . example:-Ameoba binary fission
5. i) (c) 1 and 3 only
ii) (b) Rr x rr
iii) (d) RR x rr
iv) (a) 750, 250
(b) dominant characters
6. i) Tall and dwarf plant, round/ wrinkled seeds, white / violets flower and on the basis
of pod colour etc.
ii) 3:1 here, 3 is for tall plants and 1 is dwarf plants.
iii) 1:2:1
iv) Genes control traits, the diploid organism inherit two alleles from a gene i.e one is
from father and one is from mother.

TT × tt
7. i) (a) ii)(d) iii)( b) iv) (a)

8. i) (b) ii) (a) iii) (a) iv) (b)

9.
a. Yes, green eye colour is recessive as it will express only in homozygous condition

b. BB, Bb (

c. bb*Bb
 B b

b Bb bb

b Bb bb

Genetic cross -
50% of the offsprings can have green eye colour
10. a. Tt

b. Traits like ‘T’ are called dominant traits, while those that behave like ‘t’ are called recessive
traits./Alternatively accept the definition of dominant and recessive traits with examples of T and
t respectively /Alternatively accept the law of Dominance
with examples of T and t.
c. Out of 800 plants 600 plants will be tall and 200 plants will be small (1 mark), 1 TT: 2Tt: 1tt

11. (a) Sex chromosomes

(b) Temperature of the fertilized egg determines sex of the embryo in some reptiles.
(c) The law of segregation states that a diploid organism passes a randomly selected allele for a
trait to its offspring, such that the offspring receives one allele from each parent.
(d) The father
Because the father can pass either X or Y chromosome to the offspring.
(e)

12. Monohybrid cross :

Pure tall pea plant and pure dwarf pea plants.

KEY 5 MARKS
1 Gametes R r
F1--------------→ Rr ( Redcolour flower ) Dominant – red colour
( Law of Dominance) Recessive - White colour

F2-------------→ Rr (Red colour) X Rr (Red Colour)

Gametes R rRr

R r
R RR Rr
Law of Independent r Rr Rr Assortment

PHENOTYPE RATIO -------→ 3(Red) : 1 (white)

GENOTYPE RATIO ---------→ 1 (RR) : 2(Rr) : 1 (rr)

F2 has 1200 plants so Red flower plants – 900

White flower plants - 300

2 (A) Genotype of dog will be Bb and Bb (B ;Black, b:white) As the ratio of black :white dogs
=150:50=3:1, black coat colour is dominant over white .Further ,both black and white dogs
are homozygous (BB and bb).
Alleles for black coat colourBb .
Self pollination between Bb and Bb
Bb x Bb
 (B) No it is not possible for a pure bred golden retrievers to produce a black puppy as their
golden colour is a result of two recessive alleles.
(C) It is possible that a trait is inherited but may not be expressed .for example when lokesh
allowed to mate pure black dog with heterozygous black dog , he obtained homozygous
black and heterozygous black in the ratio of 1:1 in F1 generation .if he allowed to mate
heterozygous black dogs , he would obtained in F2generation in the ratio of 3:1 .
3 i) Science which deals with the study of heredity and variation is called genetic.
ii) Pea plant.
iii) Mendel used the term factors for ‘genes’.
iv) Gene is the unit of inheritance. It is a part of the chromosome which controls the
appearance of a set of heredity characters.

Genes are located on the chromosome

4 i) Sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for sex determination. These
chromosomes are the 23rd pair of chromosomes in human beings.
ii) These are of two types. X-chromosome and Y-chromosome
iii) I would deny his appeal for divorce, because the sex of the child is dependent on the type of the male
gamete fuses with the female gamete. Human beings have XX-XY sex determination system. In this, the
males have XY sex chromosomes. They produce two types of gametes having X and Y chromosome. The
females have XX chromosome. They produce only one type of gamete having X chromosome. The sex of a
child is determined by the type of chromosome he/she receiving from the father. If sperm is having X
chromosome, then the child will be a girl. If sperm is having Y chromosome, then the child will be a boy. The
Y chromosome carries factors responsible for triggering male development. The X chromosome carries
factors responsible

5 a) Pisum sativum
b) yellow,violet
c)Gregor Mendel choose pea plants to perform his experiments because they grow quickly, are easy
to breed, and have a variety of traits.