Formulaire de RDM-compressed

Machine Translated by Google
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Strength of materials M
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Form L
HAS
by Jean COURBON ÿ
Honorary General Engineer of Bridges and Roads
Honorary Professor at the National School of Bridges and Roads I
and Jean-Noël THEILLOUT
Engineer at the Central Laboratory of Bridges and Roads,
Section Operation of Structures
R
E
1. Geometric characteristics................................................ .............. C 2 060 - 2
2. Shear stresses and strains ................................ —8
3. Moment and effort........................................ ............................................. — 14
4. Arrows and moments ............................................. .................................. — 15
5. Critical buckling load ............................................. .............. — 21

6. Beams............................................... .................................................. ...... — 25
7. Porticos .............................................. .................................................. .. — 57

8. Rings............................................. .................................................. .... — 72
9. Bows............................................ .................................................. ............ — 78
10. Plates............................................ .................................................. ...... — 91
D In this article, we will give the resistance characteristics of materials such as

beams in particular stress situations.
Any reproduction without authorization from the French Center for the Exploitation of Copy
Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2060 ÿ 1
F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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M 1. characteristics
Geometric
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L Table 1 – Geometric characteristics of sections
HAS
I
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2 hours has has h

v ---------= v ----= v ----= v = -----
Center 3 2 2 2
of
ÿ h has ÿ has hours
v = ----- v
ÿ
----= v ----= v
ÿ
= -----
gravity 2
3 2 2
bh
Surface S = ---------- '2 S = bh
2 S = a2 S = a2 – a
4 4 –to 4
Polar Sa++
2b2( tbsp
)
2
has has bh b 2 h 2 ( ) +
= --------
GI = ---------------------------------------------
36
GI 6
GI = -----------------------
6
GI -----------------------------------=
12
inertia
4
bh 3 has bh 3
=------------ = -------- =------------
Ix1 12 Ix1 3 has 4 –to 4 Ix1
Inertia = -----------------------
bh 3 has
4 Ix 12 3 bh 3
by =------------ = -------- =------------
Ix 36
Ix 12
Ix 12
report has 4 –to 4
= -----------------------
with one axis b3h3 4 ID 12 b3:3
has
= ------------------- = -------- -------------------------------=
Iy ID ID
48 m2 12 6b2h2()+
3 4 –to 4
Module Ix bh 2 has has bh 2
of µx =
------ =------------ µ x = -------- µ x ----------------------= µ x ------------=
v 24 6 6 to
3
b 2h 2 has has
– 4
4 to has 4 –to 4 6b2h2
µ d ---------------=
=--------------------------------
resistance µd = = ---------------------- µd
----------------------------
µ y =----------------
minimal 24m 62 at 72 6 to 2 6b2h2+
h has 2 aÿ 2 + h
= ------------- has = -------------
rx rx = -------------
rx = ----------------------- rx
Ray 18 12 12 12
of
bh has bh
gyration = -------------------- rd = ------------- has 2 aÿ 2 + rd ------------------------------------=
ry rd = -----------------------
m 24 12 12 6b2h2()+
Central
core
= G ÿ = ----
has has 2 +aÿ 2 h
= G ÿ = -----
G ÿ G ÿ = Gÿ = ----------------------- G ÿ
m m 6 6a 6
G ÿ = ------- and ÿ = --------
G6 12 has has 2 aÿ 2 + b
G ÿ = G ÿ = ---- Gÿ = G ÿ = ----------------------- G ÿ = G ÿ = -----
6 6a 6
Form. C 2060 ÿ 2 Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
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Table 1 – Geometric characteristics of sections (continued)
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Section HAS
I
m = EF da = 3
R
1
E
ÿv.v. == ---- d
h h h 2Bb+ 2
v = ----- v = ----- v = ----- --------------------
Center 2 2
3 Bb+
of Or :
ÿ h ÿ hours
gravity v = ----- v = ----- ÿ h B+2b

2 2 v = ----- --------------------
3 Bb+ at 3
ÿv.v. == ----------------
2
bh h d23 3a 23
Area S = bh – b'h' S --------= S S ------------------------==
-------------------
2 = ----- ) B b +
(2 2 2
– bÿhÿ bÿ 2 hÿ 2 ( ) 4
Inertia bh b 2 h2 ( ) + + bh b 2 h 2 ( ) + 5d4 15 a
GI = ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- -----------------------------------= GI = ------------------- =---------------
12 IG
polar 48 24 3 83
h3
Ix1 = -------- )B + 3b
( 12 5d4 5a 43
bh3 Ix = ------------------- = ------------------------
Inertia Ix -----------= 16
– 48 + b2) +
h3 B( 2 4 Bb 48 3
by bh 3 bÿhÿ 3 Ix -------------------------------------------------- ----=
Ix ---------------------------------=
report 12 hb3 36 ( ) B b + 5d4 5a 43
Iy -----------= = ------------------- = ------------------------
with one axis 48 h3B4b4()–
Iy 16
Iy = -------------------------------------- 48 3
48 m2 ( ) B b–
5d3 5
Module µx = = 3 ----
bh 2 h 2( )B + 3b -------------------
-------------------------------=
of – µ x =------------ µ x1
12 24 3 to 8
bh 3 bÿhÿ 3 24
µx ---------------------------------=
6am hours 2 h 2 B 2 4 +Bb b 2 ) +
resistance (
µ y =------------ µx = ------------------------------------------------- ----- 5d3 5a 33
µy =
------------- = -----------------------
minimal 24 12 2( ) B b + 48 16
h B 2 4+ Bb b 2 + 5 5
rx --------------= rx = h ----------------------------------------- = -------- =at--------
72
2 rx d 24
Ray – 24 18 ( ) B b +
bh 3 bÿhÿ 3
of rx = ---------------------------------------
hours
gyration 12 ( bh b– ÿhÿ ) ry --------------= h B 2 b+ 2 5 5
ry = ------- -------------------- = -------- =at 72 --------
24 m 24 ry d 24
Core
central
–
bh 3 bÿhÿ 3 h 5d 5 to 3
Gÿ = Gÿ = ---------------------------------------- Gÿ = G ÿ = -------- Gÿ == =G---------------------
----------
ÿ
( 6 h bh b –
ÿhÿ ) hb 12 36 36
3 hÿbÿ– 3 ( b
= G ÿ = -------- 5d3 5a
Gÿ == ----------------------------------------
Gÿ Gÿ Gÿ == =G----------
ÿ ----------------------------
6 b bh b – ÿhÿ ) 12 72 24
Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2 060 ÿ 3
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M Table 1 – Geometric characteristics of sections (continued)
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Section
HAS
I
R f = R (1 – cos ÿ )
E Center 4 sin3 ÿ
v R ------------------------------------------
1 –=
v R 1--------- –=
3
4
ÿ v=R v=R
of 3 2( ÿ – sin 2 ÿ ) ' '
gravity 4R v =R v =R
' ÿv = ----------
v = R (1 – cos ÿ )–v 3 ÿ
R2 _ 1 2
Surface S S = ---- ÿ R2 _
2 = --------- ÿ – sin 2 ÿ ) 2 S= ÿ R S= ÿ (R2 – R' 2)
(2
Inertia ÿ 8 1 1
IG = Ix + Iy GI –= ---- --------- R 4 GI = ---- ÿ R4 _ GI = ---- ÿ
( R 4 –R ÿ 4 )
polar 4 9 ÿ 2 2
R4 _
Ix = --------- ( 4 ÿ – sin 4 ÿ ) 1
16 = ---- ÿ R4 _
R 4( 1 2 – cos ÿ
3 Ix1 8
– --------------------------------------------- 1 ÿ
= ---- R 4 R) (–4 ÿ4
Inertia = ---- ÿ R4 _
Ix
9 2( ÿ – sin 2 ÿ) ) ÿ 8
Ix 4
by –= ---- --------- R 4
Ix 8 9 ÿ 1
report = ---- ÿ
–
with one axis
R4 _ 4 Iy 4
ÿ R4 _
Iy = ( ----
4 R4Rÿ4 )
Iy (2 –=
---------
---- sinÿ2 8 ÿ 1
3 = ---- ÿ R4 _
1 Iy 8
+ ---- 4) sin ÿ
6
1
µ x1 =
---- ÿ R3
Module Ix 8 1 ÿ ( R 4 –R ÿ 4 )
µx =
---- ÿ R3
µ x =------
-----------------------------------=
of 2 9ÿ – 64 4 µx
v 4R
µ x = -------------------------------
Iy R 3 24 3(ÿ– 4 ) 1 ÿ ( R 4 –R ÿ 4 )
resistance µ -------------------= = ---- ÿ R3 µy -----------------------------------=
y µy
minimal R sin ÿ 1 4 4R
µy =
---- ÿ R3
8
Ix 2 1
=------ R 8 1 ÿ2
rx –= ----- rx = ---- R += ---- R 2 R
Ray S rx 1 ---------
2 rx 2
2 3 ÿ
of
1 1
R ---- R 2 R ÿ 2 +=
=------Iy
gyration = ----- = ---- R ry
ry ry ry 2 2
S 2
The central core is limited The central core is limited

by a circle with center G by a circle with center G
and radius ÿ : and radius ÿ :
1 R 2 +R ÿ 2
ÿ = ---- R ÿ -------------------------=
4 4R
Core
central
Ix
= -------------
Ix 3 ÿ 4
Gÿ ÿ
and G ÿ = --------- Gÿ ---------
--------- –= R
Sv Sv 16 3 ÿ
Gÿ = Gÿ Iy
= -------------------------
9 2ÿ – 64
SR sin ÿ Gÿ = ------------------------------------ R
12 (3
ÿ – 4)ÿ
1
Gÿ = G ÿ = ---- R
4
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

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Section
HAS
I
R
Center
of
2 sins ÿ
v R 1------------------- –=
3 ÿ
v ---------------
R1 –=
42
3 ÿ
v
2
1
1
= ---- h v
1
= ---- h
2
1
E
ÿ ÿ
gravity ÿ 2 R sin ÿ ÿ 4R2 v = ---- h v = ---- h

v = ------------------------- v = ---------------------- 2 2
3 ÿ 3 ÿ
1 ÿ ÿ
R2 S = ---- ÿ R2 _
S = ---- bh 4 S
Area S = ÿ 4 = ---- (bh b– ÿhÿ
)4
ÿ
Inertia 8 ÿ GI = -------- [bh b 2 h 2 ( ) +
ÿ
IG = Ix + Iy GI –= ---- --------- R 4 GI = -------- bh +
b 64
2h2() 64
polar 8 9 ÿ – bÿhÿ bÿ( 2) +
hÿ 2 ]
R4 _
Ix1 2 = --------- ÿ + sin 2 ÿ ) ÿ 1 8 ÿ ÿ
(8 Ix = -------- –+----
---------R 4 8
Inertia
16 9 ÿ Ix = -------- bh Ix = -------- 643 –bÿhÿ 3
( )bh
ÿ2 3 64
by Ix –=
Ix1 S v ÿ ÿ
report = -------- hb3
with one axis
ÿ –2
= -------------- R Iy 64 Iy = -------- 643 –hÿbÿ 3
( )hb
R4 _ Iy 4 16
Iy = --------- (2 ÿ – sin 2 ÿ )
8
Module Ix Ix Ix ÿ ÿ –
bh 3 bÿhÿ 3
µ x = ------ or µ x -------=ÿ µx =
------- -------- ---------------------------------
of v v
ÿ
µ x = -------- bh 32 h
v 2 32
ÿ ÿ –
hb 3 hÿbÿ 3
resistance 2 –ÿ sin 2 ( ÿ) – 2 2 µ y = -------- hb
µy = µy =
ÿ ----------------------------- R -------- ---------------------------------
minimal µ y = ---------------------------------- 3 16 2 32 32 b
R 3 8 sin ÿ
Ix Ix 1 = ----
1 –
bh 3 bÿhÿ 3
---------------------------------
rx =------ rx =------ rx = ---- h rx
Ray S S 4 4 bh b– ÿhÿ
of
1 –
gyration =------
Iy =
ÿ –2
-------------- ry = ---- b
= ----
1 hb 3 hÿbÿ 3
---------------------------------
ry S ry R 4 ÿ
4 ry 4 bh b– ÿhÿ
Core
central
Ix Ix Ix Ix h 2 Ix
Gÿ = ------------ and G ÿ = --------- Gÿ = ------------ and G ÿ = --------- Gÿ = G ÿ = ----- Gÿ = G ÿ = -----------
ÿ ÿ
Sv Sv Sv Sv 8 Sh
= Gÿ
Iy (–2)2 ÿ b
G ÿ = G ÿ = ----- 2 Iy
= G ÿ = -----------
Gÿ = ------------------------ Gÿ = G ÿ = ----------------------------- R Gÿ
SR sin ÿ 4 ÿ 8 Sb
O
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M Table 1 – Geometric characteristics of sections (continued)
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HAS Section
I
R
Parable
E v
4
1 --------- –= h
Half ellipse
v
3
= ---- a v
3
== ---- a
b and u
Half parabola
5
Center 3 ÿ 5 5 8
of
2 ÿ 2 ÿ 3
gravity ÿ 4 a.m.
---------= ÿv = ---- a v = ---- a and u = ---- b
v 5 5 8
3 ÿ
ÿ 4 2
Surface S = ---- hb 4 S = ---- ab 3 S = ---- ab
3
Polar
IG = Ix + Iy IG = Ix + Iy
inertia
16
Ix1 = ----------- ba
ÿ 32 3
Ix1 = -------- bh = ----------- ba
3 16 Ix1 3 105 8
Inertia Ix = ----------- ba
ÿ 4 105 16 3 175
by Ix –= -------- --------- bh 3 Ix = ----------- ba
report 16 9 ÿ 3 175 2
Iy1 = -------- ab
with one axis 4 3 15
ÿ = -------- ab
Iy = -------- hb Iy 3 15
3 64 19
Iy = ----------- ab
3 480
ÿ
µ x1 = -------- bh
Module 2 16 16 8
of 2 µ x = ----------- ba µ x = ----------- ba
9 ÿ – 64 2 2
µx = --------------------------------
ÿ –4)
bh 2 48 3( 105 4 105 19
resistance µ y = -------- ab µ y = ----------- ab
minimal ÿ 2 15 2 300
µ y = -------- hb
2 32
1 16 12 12
rx ----
–= -------------
h = ----------- = -----------
2 rx a rx a 175
Ray 4 9 ÿ 175
of
1 b 19
gyration ry ----------= =
ry = ---- b
ry b
-----------
4 5 320
Central
core
2
9 –ÿ 64 6
Gÿ = ------------------------- h Gÿ = -------- has
48 ÿ 35
2
9 –ÿ 64 4
Gÿ = ------------------------------------ h Gÿ = -------- has
12 (3
ÿ – 4)ÿ 35
1 1
Gÿ = G ÿ = ---- b Gÿ = G ÿ = ---- b
8 8

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Section
HAS
I
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Center
v
h2 + ( )) be – ( 2 he – -------=
--------------------------------------------------
2 ( ) hbe –+
v 3( 2 ) – ee +
= ----------------------------------------
2 2( )-e
v hv –=
2 2 h 2 ebÿ
+
ÿ
e1
E
of 2 2 2 –+ee ÿ
–+ e
h 2 be ÿ v = ----------------------------------------
gravity ----------------------------------= v = ---------------------------------- + )
ÿv 2 2( he bÿe1
2 ( ) hbe –+ 2 2( )-e
Area S = e (h + b – e) S = e (2 – e ) S = 2 he + b'e1
Polar
IG = Ix + Iy IG = If + Id IG = Ix + Iy
inertia
1 3 2 ÿ2
e –= [ ---- + ( Sv 1
Ix ) – ee ]
Ix1 –+ ---- h 3 be 2 = ( )
3
3rd _ e3 Ix1 3 =33( ----
ebÿ2eh + 1)
Inertia
ÿ2 1 4– 4
by Ix –= = -------- –= ÿ2
Ix1 S v Yew
12
[ ( )-e ] Ix Ix1 S v
report
with one axis e 2 2 1
= -------- b 3 ) he – e [ ( + 2)–e e = –
Iy 12
] (
Id If–= ---------------------------------- Iy -------- hb 3 h e1 ) –3 bÿ
[(]
12
2 2( )-e
Ix
µ x = -------
v
Module Ix Ix
of µ x = ------- µ x = -------
v If 2
=----------------
v
2 µf
eb[ 3+ ) he – e ( -- ] 2 Iy
resistance µ = -------------------------------------------------
y
6b ID µ y -----------=
minimal b
µ d ------------------=
ÿ
v 2
Ix Ix Ix
rx = ------- rx = ------- rx = -------
Ray S S S
of
gyration Iy 2)–e ID Iy
= ------- == ------- 2 ( + = -------
ry S
RF ---------------------------------- and rd
12 S ry S
Central
core
Ix Ix ID ID Ix Ix
Gÿ = ------------- and G ÿ = --------- Gÿ = ------------------------ and G ÿ = --------------------
Gÿ = ------------- and G ÿ = ---------
ÿ ÿ ÿ
Sv Sv Sv2 Sv 2 Sv Sv
Gÿ 2 Iy
= G ÿ = ----------- If 2 Gÿ 2 Iy
= G ÿ = -----------
Gÿ = G ÿ =----------------
Sb S Sb
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2. Shear stresses and strains
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L Table 2 – Shear stresses due to shear force (deduced from elasticity theory)
The values of the shear stresses, deduced from the theory of elasticity, are given in the table below for the circular, elliptical and rectangular
HAS sections. They were established from the following hypotheses (Gy and Gz being the main axes of inertia of the section of the part).
I ÿ The part has a constant section

In the case where the part has a variable section, the notion of reduced shear force must be brought into play.
R ÿ The resultant T (element of reduction of the shear force in the section) is carried by Gy
In the case where the resultant T is inclined with respect to the axes Gy and Gz, we will decompose T into
2 components Ty and T z following Gy and Gz. We will calculate the constraints separately under the action
E by Ty and Tz. The total constraints will be obtained by application of the principle of superposition.
ÿ The Gy axis is the axis of symmetry of the section

In the case where Gy is not an axis of symmetry, the notion of shear center must be brought into play.
The formulas given in this table will make it possible in particular to compare the exact formulas
below with the approximate formulas, given in table 3.
Section General values Special values
32+ ÿ T 12– ÿ in G:
ÿ = ------------------------- ----- R 2 – – 2 ------------------- z
3 2y
8 1( ) +ÿ I 32+ ÿ
32+ ÿ T
ÿ = ------------------------- -----
3 S
12+ ÿ T 2 1( ) +ÿ
ÿ –= ------------------------- -----
yz
2 I
4 1( ) +ÿ in A and B:
with ÿ Poisson's ratio, I moment of inertia with 12+ ÿ T

ÿ = ------------------- -----
3 1+ ÿ S
respect to Gz.
Circle
in G:
4 1( ) +ÿ has 2 2b 2 + T
ÿ = -------------------------------------------------- - -----
T 2 3
–= 2 1( ) +ÿ has 2 b2 + – (1 2 – 2 ÿ has
(1+ ÿ ( 3 a ) +2 b 2 ) S
ÿ -------------------------------------------------- ----
2 ----- a 2y --------------------------------------------
3 I
2 1( ) +ÿ ( 3 a )2+b 2 2 1( ) +ÿ za) 2 b 2 +
for b/a small:
(1+ ÿ 2)a+ ÿ b T
ÿ –= -------------------------------------------------- - -----
yz
2 I 4 T
(1+ ÿ 2 ) ( 3 a2) 2+ b ÿ = ---- -----
3 3 S
with ÿ Poisson's ratio, I moment of inertia with

for b/a large:
respect to Gz.
2 T
ÿ = -------------- -----
3 1+ ÿ S
Ellipse
ÿ 3T ÿ 3T
ÿ = ----------- k ÿ = ----------- k
3 1 3 2
2S 2S
ÿ ÿ
G point ÿ Points A and B ÿ

ÿ
ÿ =0 ÿ
ÿ =0
ÿ 2 ÿ 2
The coefficients k1 and k2 are a function of correspond ÿ and the a/b ratio; the values given in the table below
to = 0.25 .
a/b k1 k2 a/b k1 k2 b/a k1 k2 b/a k1 k2

0 0.800 ÿ 0.6 0.879 1.301 0.1 0.800 3.770 0.7 0.899 1.235 0.2 1 1 0.6 0.976 1.048
0.801 2.285 0.8 0.916 1.188 0.3 0.811 1.790 0.9 0.929 1.1 53 0 0.999 1.001 0.997 0.7 0.968 1.064
0.4 0.832 1.543 0.940 1.126 1 0.5 0.856 1,396 0.1 1.005 0.994 1.012 0.8 0.959 1.083
0.2 0.989 1.021 0.983 0.9 0.950 1.104
0.3 1.033 1 0.940 1.126
0.4 0.5
Rectangle
(0)
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Table 3 – Shear stresses and deformations due to shear force
(approximate formulas) M
The approximate formulas, giving for the usual sections the values of the shear stresses and the value of the reduced section S1 (involved in the calculation of the
deformations), were determined from the hypotheses mentioned in table 2 and additional hypotheses following. u
ÿ Case of solid sections ÿ Case of thin sections (closed or open) L
Along a line parallel to the axis of inertia Gz with ordinate y, Shear stress
intersecting the contour of the section at the two points a is tangent at each point to HAS
and B : the average line of the profile.
— the shear stresses all pass through the ÿ
point of intersection of the two tangents at a and b at
outline of the section;
I
— the shear component ÿ following Gy of the constraints of
ÿ 3 is constant.
R
E
Shear stress Deformation
Section
Hypotheses General value Maximum stress Diagram S1
6T 1 y 2 y 3 T
ÿ 3 = --------- ---- + ----- ---- – -----
ÿ 3 = ---- -----
S 3 h 3 h 2 S 5
----S
bh 6
S = --------- h
2 For y ----=
6
Isosceles triangle
3 T 4y
2 3 T
----
= ----
----- 1 ÿ 3 = -----
ÿ 3 – -------------
2 S 5
2 S h2 ----S
6
S = bh
for y = 0
Rectangle
T 2
ÿ 3 = ----- y
1 + -----
2y
– -------------
S h h2 9 T
----
ÿ 3 = -----
8 S 30
2 --------S
ÿ HAS
a 1ÿ += ------------- 31
34h2 h
For y ----=
4
S = ah
Diamond
3 T 1 kk 2 + +
ÿ 3 = ---- ----- ---------------------------
2 S 1k2+
for mm (y = 0)
Hollowed out square

a' = ka (with k < 1)
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M Table 3 – Shear stresses and deformations due to shear force
(approximate formulas) (continued)
u Section
L Hypotheses General value Maximum stress Diagram S1
HAS =
6
----
T
----- ) hy – 2 h 2 2 hy) y–+( (
2
T
ÿ 3 -------------------------------------------------- -------------------
ÿ 3 = 1,259 -----
5 S 2 hy – S
I S 2:=2 3
for y = 0.193 6 h
0.901S
R hexagon
E ÿ 3 =
4 T
---- -----
3 S
1 – ---------
y
R2 _
2
4
----
T
ÿ 3 = -----
2 3 S 9
4 T
---- ----- y --------S
ÿ in A –= --------- 1 10
3 S R2 _
along CD
S = ÿR2
Circle
2
4 T y 4 T
ÿ 3 = ---- ----- 1 --------– ÿ 3 ----
= -----
9
3 S 2a 3 S --------S
10
S = ÿ ab along CD
Ellipse
6 Te he ( ) –
ÿ 1 -------------------------------------------------=
bh 3 – ( 3 ) bb–ÿ hÿ
b
ÿ 2 = -------
max =
ÿ 1 ÿ ÿ
bÿ 3
3 T – ÿ
ÿ 3 = ---- ----------- b bb ()–

-------------------------------------------------- --
( ) hÿ/h 2
2 bÿh –
b bb ()–
ÿ
( ) hÿ/h 3
I-section
2T
ÿ M = --------- cos ÿ
S 2T
ÿ HAS
= ÿ B = --------- 0.5S
S
S = 2ÿ Re
Thin circular section
T
ÿ
2 A( )
= ----- bh
I
T T 1
ÿ ÿ = ÿ =----------------
-----
2 wing ( ) = ----- ( ) bz – h 3 A( ) 3 B( ) S ÿ
I 1 + ----
6 2h
T e ÿ
ÿ = ----- 2 beÿ h ---- h 2 2 + ( ) – y 1 ----+
3 soul ( ) I 2 T 4
ÿ =----------------
-----
3G( ) S ÿ
1 + ----
6
h2
Thin I-shaped profile I = -------- ) S + 6Sÿ
(3
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Table 4 – Shear stresses and deformations due to a twisting moment
(free left twist) (1) M
ÿ Shear stresses
The formulas giving the shear stresses in the parts of

u
usual section subjected to a torque C have been determined
in the following hypotheses: L
— the part is rectilinear and of constant section;
— during deformation, the sections do not remain flat and are HAS
free to warp (free left twist).
ÿ Deformation
In the same hypotheses as previously, if the section with abscissa x, ÿ is the angle of rotation
I
we have:
dÿ VS
R
–= ----------
E
--------
dx G.K.
with G transverse elastic modulus.
The value of K, modulus of inertia when twisting the part, is given in

the table below for the usual sections.
Section
Direction
General value Maximum stress Value of K
constraints
20 b4
ÿ max = -------- C = = -------------
b3 K 0.6 GI
46.2
at points m IG polar inertia
Equilateral triangle
dÿ VS
CG=has
– 3b _k1 and
--------- ÿ max = -------------------- ( ) ab <
dx
k2 a 2b _
b/a k1 k2 b/a k1 k2 b/a k1 k2

1 0.140 6 0.208 2 1.9 2.223 3 0.243 2 4.5 0.286 6 0.287 0
1.1 0.154 0 1.2 0.213 9 2 0.228 7 0.245 9 5 0.291 3 0.291 5
0.165 1 1.3 0.177 0.218 9 2.2 0.238 0 0.250 9 6 0.298 3 0.298 4
1 1.4 0.186 9 1.5 0.223 4 2.4 0.245 9 0.255 4 7 0.303 3 0.303 3
0.195 8 1.6 0.203 0.227 3 2.6 0.252 6 0.259 7 8 0.307 1 0.307 1
7 1.7 0.210 9 1.8 0.231 0 2.8 0.258 3 0.263 6 9 0.310 0 0.310 0
0.217 4 0.234 3 3 0.263 3 0.267 2 10 0.312 3 0.312 3
0.237 5 3.5 0.273 3 0.275 1 20 0.322 8 0.322 8
0.240 4 4 0.280 8 0.281 7 ÿ 1/3 1/3
Rectangle
We replace the trapezoid abcd by the equivalent rectangle a'b'c'd' to which

we apply the formulas relating to the rectangle (G center of gravity of the trapezoid).
Isosceles trapezoid
(1) In the event that sections of the part are no longer free to warp, consideration must be given (especially for thin-walled open sections)
torsion-flexion phenomena which have a significant influence on the distribution of stresses in the part. The example given in table 5
will allow us to realize this influence.
O
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M Table 4 – Shear stresses and deformations due to a twisting moment
(free left twist) (1) (continued)
u Section
L Direction
constraints General value Maximum stress Value of K
HAS ÿ max
VS
--------------------------------=
0.217 ( ) S d
I Section area K = 0.133 d

2
S
R Regular hexagon
1
S = ---- d 2
2
3
E
VS
ÿ max = --------------------------------------
0.223 S d ××
2
Section area K = 0.130 d S
S 2=21 ( )–d2
Regular octagon
Cr
-------=
ÿ 2C
K ÿ R4 _
ÿ max -------------= K --------------=
ÿ R3 2
K polar inertia
Full circular
Cr
-------= 4
ÿ 2 CR ÿ (R
K ÿ max =-------------------------------- ) –4 R 1
4 K =--------------------------------
ÿ (R
) –4 R 1 2
K polar inertia
Annular
ÿ has 3b3
K ---------------------=
2 Cz has 2 b+2
= ------------------
ÿ 3 2C
ÿ ab 3 ÿ max = ------------------ S4
ÿ ab 2 = --------------------
4 ÿ
2
ÿ 2
2 Cy
= ------------------ GI
ÿ has 3b _ points A and B
S area
IG polar inertia
Full ellipse
2C 1
ÿ max = ------------------ ------------------
ÿ has 3b3
ab 2 1– ÿ 4 K = 4
ÿ ---------------------
(1) – ÿ
has 2 b+2
points A and B
Hollow ellipse

F
O
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Table 4 – Shear stresses and deformations due to a twisting moment
(free left twist) (1) (continued) M
Section
u
Direction
constraints
L
An approximate value of the twist angle is obtained by replacing the real section with an equivalent elliptical section of the same area S and the
Any full section same polar inertia IG . HAS
having two orthogonal axes of S4
symmetry We have K = --------------------
4 ÿ
2
GI I
R
ÿ max
3C
-------------=
2 be
1
K = 3 ----
E
be 3
along the long sides
Narrow rectangle [(b/e) ÿ ÿ]
3C 1
ÿ max = ----------------- K = ----
ÿ 3 re
ÿ 2nd _ 3
Open thin circular dish
3C 1 3
ÿ max --------------------------------=
---- ( e
) 23 ae –
2–( e) 2 ae
Thin angle
3 C e1
= ------------------------------------------
ÿ max 3
3
b1 e 31 + 2 b2 e 2
b1 e 31 + 2 b2 e 2 ------------------------------------------
3
we assume e1 < e2
Parallel wings
U and I sections
Formulas identical to parallel wings in which we replace:
3 1 2
e 2 by ---- (e 2 ) +th( 3 2nd 2 _ ) +e 3
4
Chamfered wings
U and I sections
4 ÿ 2
-------------------
d
--------
ÿ e
ÿ interior surface
e low and the variation of e in the section is not
limited by the mean line ÿ,
abrupt.
Thin tubular section contour
of the section.
O
R
M Table 4 – Shear stresses and deformations due to a twisting moment
(free left twist) (1) (continued)
u Section
L Direction
constraints
HAS
dÿ
I We obtain ÿ 1 , ÿ 2 , ÿ 3 and ÿ = --------- by solving the four equations:

dx
R ( ) + 2 hours ÿ
2 hours ÿ ee+2
ee+1( ÿ 1
( ÿ 2 ) –ÿ –=
) –ÿ –=
1 2 Gh
2 2 Gh
ÿ
ÿ
E C 4=h ( ÿ 1 ) +ÿ 2
Tubular membrane with ÿ 3 = ÿ 1– ÿ 2

intermediate walls
of constant thickness
3. Timing and Effort
(0)
Table 5 – Moments and shear force in an I-section subjected to torsion

(left twist not free) and flexion
Let us study an I-beam, embedded at one end and subjected at its free end to a torque C.
ÿ Room characteristics ÿ Reduction elements in a section m of abscissa x
Bending moment in each wing:
–x
-------------
sh
has has
Mf = ----- VS -------------------------------
h
ch ----
has
Twisting moment in the play:

We pose:
–x
EJh 2 ch -------------
2a ------------------=
has
2 GKs –= -------------------------------
C2 C 1
ch ----
EJ bending rigidity of a wing:
has
3
e2 b2
J = ----------------- Shear force in each wing:
12
GK torsional rigidity of the beam: –x

ch -------------
3 3
b1 e 1 + 2 b2 e 3 2
VS has
-----
V –= -------------------------------
K = ------------------------------------------
h
ch ----
has
ÿ Example
beam I 300, = 180cm : C = 1 t · m.
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Arrows and moments
M
(0)
Table 6 – Deflections and moments in parts subjected to flexion-compression (1)

u
Room Features
Deformation
L
Load cases (2) Plan Elastic line. Arrows (3) HAS
1 – cos kx
ve = ------------------------
cos k I
vA = 0
1 – cos k
R
vB -----------------------------
ÿ e ==
cos k
=e ÿ 1
E
Values of the amplifier coefficients
k 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ /2
ÿ 1 0 0.020 0.086 0.212 0.435 0.851 1.760 4.883 ÿ
P sin k – sin k ( k )–x

v = ------ – x ------------------------------------------ --------------+
NOT k cos
P3 3 ( tan k – k ) P3
vB = ------------ ------------------------------------------ = ------------
ÿ2
3 IS () k 3 3 IS

k 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ/2
ÿ 2 1 1.016 1.068 1.169 1,346 1,672 2.382 4.808 ÿ
P
------ ---------
1 sin kx
from A to C: v = × ------------------------------
NOT 2k k/2 cos –( kx )
P3 3( tan u – u ) P3
vC == ÿ =
--------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------
ÿ 3
48 IS 3u 48 IS

u 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ /2
ÿ 3 1 1.016 1.068 1.169 1,346 1,672 2.382 4.808 ÿ
2x
---------–
4 cos u1 2
p
------------------------ p
from A to C: v –= --------------------- --------------------------------------------------
x( 4 -–1 )–x
16 EI u cos u 8 EI2u
4 4
5 p + u
24 1( 2 ) – cos u 12 cos u 5p
v VS == ----------- ------------ -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- -------------------
ÿ 4
384 EI 4 5 u cos u 384 IS

u 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ /2
ÿ 4 1 1,017 1.070 1.171 1,351 1.684 2.407 4.877 ÿ
(1) The above formulas have been established taking into account the additional moment produced by the axial loads as a result of the deformation of the part.
(2) length of the part, I moment of inertia, E longitudinal modulus of elasticity, N compressive force, p or P transverse bending load.
(3) k N = /( ) EI uk = /2
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prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2060 ÿ 15
O
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M Table 6 – Deflections and moments in parts subjected to flexion-compression (1) (continued)
Deformation
u Room Features
Load cases (2) Plan Elastic line. Arrows (3)
L v = M0
---------
sin kx
------------------ – ----
x
NOT sin k
HAS
I v is obtained by application of the principle of superposition, using the results of the two previous cases.
R We will take M0 = MB .
E v will also be obtained by application of the principle of superposition
Moment
Room Features
Load cases (2)
Diagram General and specific values (3)
cos kx
M Ne = -------------------
cos k
1
= = Do
------------------- ÿ 1
MA Ne not cos k
MB = Ne

k 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ /2
ÿ 1 1 1.020 1.086 1.212 1.435 1.851 2.760 5.883 ÿ
P sin k ( )–x
M = ----- ----------------------------------
k cos k
tan k
= = P (k ÿ )
-------------------
MA P 2

k 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ /2
ÿ 2 1 1.014 1,057 1,140 1,287 1.557 2.143 4.141 ÿ
P sin kx
M = --------- --------------------- from A to C
4 u cos u
P tan u P
= --------- ---------------- = ---------
ÿ 3
MC 4 u 4

u 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ /2
ÿ 3 1 1.014 1,057 1,140 1,287 1.557 2.143 4.141 ÿ
(3) k N = /( ) EI uk = /2
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Form. C 2060 ÿ 16 strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

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Table 6 – Deflections and moments in parts subjected to flexion-compression (1) (continued)
Moment
M
Room Features
Load cases (2)
u
cos u1
2x
---------–
L
2
p
-------------
M -------------------------------------------------- - –= 1
24u cos u HAS
MC =
p
2
------------ 2 1( ) – cos u
----------------------------------- = p
2
------------
ÿ 4
I
8 8
R
2 u cos u
u 0 0.2
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ /2

E
ÿ 4 1 1,017 1,071 1,176 1,360 1,702 2.444 4.983 ÿ
sin kx
= ------------------
M M0 sin k
M0 1 M0
MC = =
--------- ---------------- ---------
ÿ 5
2 cos u 2

u 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 ÿ /2
ÿ 5 1 1.020 1.086 1.212 1,435 1,851 2.760 5.883 ÿ
MA = 0
2 2
p 4 tan 2u ( tan – uu ) p
MB = =
------------ -------------------------------------------------- ----- – ------------
ÿ 6
8 u ( tan 2 2u – u ) 8

u 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 ÿ
ÿ 6 1 1.012 1,051 1,127 1,263 1.524 2.148 5.326 ÿ
ÿ is the smallest positive root of the equation

tan 2 u = 2 u; ÿ = 2.246 70
2 2
p 3( tan u – u ) p
==
MA MB
– ------------ ----------------------------------- =– -------------
ÿ 7
12 u 2 tan u 12
2 2
p 6( u – sin ) u p
MC = 24 = + -------------
------------- ----------------------------------
ÿ 8
u 2 sin u 24

u 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.8 ÿ
ÿÿ7 1 1.011 1.045 1.111 1.080 1,227 1.436 1.885 3.396 ÿ

8 1 1.019 1.198 1,408 1.799 2.659 5.632 ÿ
(3) k N = /( ) EI uk = /2
(0)
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F
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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M Table 7 – Deflections and moments in parts subjected to flexion-traction (1)
Deformation
u Room Features
Load cases (2)
Diagram Elastic line. Arrows (3)
L ch kx – 1
ve = --------------------------
ch k
HAS vA = 0
I vB -------------------------
ÿ e ==
ch k – 1
ch k
=e ÿ 1
R Reduction coefficient values
E k
ÿ 1
0
0 0.352
1 2
0.734 0.963 0.995 0.999

4 6 8 10
1,000
12
1,000
P sh k – sh k ( )–x
v = ----- x – ------------------------------------------------- ---
T k ch k
P3 3(k–thk ) P3
vB = ------------ ------------------------------------ = ------------
ÿ 2
3 IS )k3( 3 IS
Reduction coefficient values
k 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 2 1 0.715 0.388 0.141 0.069 0.041 0.027 0.019
P 1 sh kx
v = ×----- --------- kx ---------------------------– from A to C
T 2k ch ( ) k/2
P3 3( u – th u
) P3
vC = --------------- ------------------------------- = ---------------
ÿ 3
48 IS 3u 48 IS
u 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 3 1 0.715 0.388 0.141 0.069 0.041 0.027 0.019
---------–
2x
4 ch u 1 2
v p
------------------------ p
---------------------------------------------
4 – 1 += --------------------- x ( ch )–x
16 EI u u 8 EI2u
4 4
5 p 2 24 1 uch12( )u– + ch u 5 p
vC = ----------- ------------ -------------------------------------------------- -------------------- = ----------- ------------
ÿ 4
384 EI 5 u 4 ch u 384 EI
u 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 4 1 0.711 0.380 0.132 0.063 0.036 0.024 0.016
M0 x sh kx
v = --------- ---- –----------------
T sh k
(2) length of the part, I moment of inertia, E longitudinal modulus of elasticity, T tensile force, p or P transverse bending load.
(3) k T = /( ) EI uk = /2
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Table 7 – Deflections and moments in parts subjected to flexion-traction (1) (continued)
Deformation
M
Room Features
Load cases (2)
Diagram Elastic line. Arrows (3)
u
v is obtained, by application of the principle of superposition, using the results of the two previous cases.
L
We will take M0 = MA ; M0 = MB .
HAS
I
v will also be obtained by application of the principle of superposition
R
Room Features
Moment E
Load cases (2)
ch kx
M Te =----------------
ch k
MB = Te
You
MY = ----------------
= ÿ 1
Te ch k
k 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 1 1 0.648 0.266 0.037 0.005 0.001 0.000 0.000
P
----- sh k ( )–x
M =--------------------------------
k ch k
th k
= --------------- =P ÿ 2
MA P k
k 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 2 1 0.762 0.482 0.250 0.167 0.125 0.100 0.083
P sh kx
M = --------
× ------------------ (from
) u chAuto C
4
P th u P
MC = =
--------- ------------ ---------
ÿ 3
4 u 4
u 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 3 1 0.762 0.482 0.250 0.167 0.125 0.100 0.083
(3) k T = /( ) EI uk = /2

O
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M Table 7 – Deflections and moments in parts subjected to flexion-traction (1) (continued)
Moment
u Room Features
Load cases (2)
L 2 ch u 1
2x
---------–
= p
------------- 1
M – -----------------------------------------------
(from A to C )
HAS 24u ch u
I MC =
p
------------
8
2
2 ch ( )u–1
------------------------------- = p
2
------------
8
ÿ 4
u 2 rooms
R
E u 0 1
2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 4 1 0.704 0.367 0.120 0.055 0.031 0.020 0.014
sh kx
M = M0 ----------------
sh k
M0 1 M0
MC = =
--------- ------------- ---------
ÿ 5
2 ch u 2
u 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 5 1 0.648 0.266 0.037 0.005 0.001 0.000 0.000
2 2
p 3( u – th u ) p
==
MA MB
– ------------ -------------------------------- =– -------------
ÿ 6
12 u 2 th u 12
2 2
p 6 sh ( ) uu– p
MC = =
------------- -------------------------------- -------------
ÿ 7
24 u 2 sh u 24
u 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿÿ 6 0.939 0.806 0.563 0.417 0.894 0.673 0.320 0.328 0.270 0.229
7 11 0.162 0.093 0.060 0.042
u
----
th
P 2 P
=== = --------- --------------- ---------
MA MB MC 8 8
ÿ 8
( ) u/2
u 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
ÿ 8 1 0.924 0.762 0.482 0.332 0.250 0.200 0.167
(3) k T = /( ) EI uk = /2

F
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5. Critical load
buckling M
(0)
u
Table 8 – Critical buckling load of a bar with constant inertia, L
free to flex transversely between its ends (1)
HAS
Room Features
Critical buckling load Fc (2)
Load cases
I
R
E
ÿ 2EI
ÿ 2EI ÿ 2EI FC =---------------- ÿ 2EI
FC ---------------= FC --------------=
2 (ÿ 2) FC --------------------=
2
() 2 2 ( ) 0.5
with ÿ ÿ 0.7
ÿ 2EI EI
()q = ---------------------------
= --------
vs 2 2
7,837 ( ) 1,122
ÿ
ÿ 2EI
-------------- q
FC 2 – -------- ( )approximate
2 value
ÿ 2EI
FC ÿ --------------- – 0.3 q (approximate value
2)() 2
(1) E longitudinal modulus of elasticity, I moment of inertia of the cross section, (2) without length of the room.
taking into account deformations due to shear force
O
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M Table 8 – Critical buckling load of a bar with constant inertia,
free to flex transversely between its ends (1) (continued)
u Room Features
Load cases
L +P1 P2 ( ) vs
4u 2EI =
= -------------------
2
ÿ 2EI
-------------- And
L2
L
-----
ÿ
--------=
2u
HAS
P1 P2 +
If we pose --------------------= , u is the smallest positive root of the equation:
ÿ
I P1
u –12
R u ÿ cot --------- + u cot u
ÿ
(ÿ )
---------------------=
ÿ +1
E P1 P2 +
-------------------- 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 3
P1
L/ 1 0.949 0.914 0.888 0.869 0.823

u ÿ /2 1,655 1 1,718 6 1,768 1 1,807 8 1,909 6
VS VS
We have
= = /4
ÿ qxdx ÿ q0 qxdx
HAS B
q0
------------
ÿ 2EI
---------------------------=
4 2
vs ) 0.696 (
Beam elastically embedded at its ends. The rotations at the moments M0 ÿ 0 and ÿ 1 of the ends of the beam are proportional
and M1 of embedding:
M0
= --------------
ÿ 0 ÿ0 EI
M1
ÿ 1
= –
ÿ1
--------------
EI
ÿ ÿ 1 being dimensionless positive numbers; 0 and ÿ = 0 corresponds to embedding, and ÿ = ÿ corresponds to a joint.
The critical normal force has the value:
EI
Fc C= -------- 2
C being a coefficient dependent on ÿ 0 and ÿ 1 whose value is given by the following table.
ÿ0
ÿ1
0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 ÿ
0 39.478 0.1 38,199 37,004 33,981 30,550 26,958 23,452 21,933 21,092 20,559 20,191
38.199 0.2 36,981 35,841 32,950 29,647 26,166 22,745 21,257 20,431 19,907 19,546
37.004 0.5 35,841 34,752 31,984 28,804 25,429 22,092 20,635 19,825 19,311 18,955
33.981 1 30.550 32,950 31,984 29,517 26,648 23,554 20,495 19,073 18,307 17,819 17,482
2 26.958 29,647 28,804 26,648 24,121 21,353 18,521 17,250 16,545 16,091 15,777
23.452 5 10 26,166 25,429 23,554 21,353 18,916 16,382 15,236 14,589 14,174 13,886
21.933 22,745 22,092 20,495 18,521 16,382 14,134 13,107 12,523 12,148 11,887
20 21.092 50 21,257 20,635 19,073 17,250 15,236 13,107 12,130 11,574 11,217 10,967
20.559 ÿ 20.191 20,431 19,825 18,307 16,545 14,589 12,523 11,574 11,034 10,686 10,443
19,907 19,311 17,819 16,091 14,174 12,148 11,217 10,686 10,344 10,105
19,546 18,955 17,482 15,777 13,886 11,887 10,967 10,443 10,105 9,870
F
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Table 8 – Critical buckling load of a bar with constant inertia,
free to flex transversely between its ends (1) (continued) M
Room Features
Load cases
u
L
ÿ 2EI 1 HAS
FC = ---------------
2
-------------------------------------------------
2EI 1
I
ÿ
1+ -------------- --------------
2
G S1
with G modulus of elasticity in shear, S1 reduced area of the
cross section of the part

R
(see values of S1 in table 3).
E
Trellis I Trellis II Trellis III
ÿ 2EI 1
FC = --------------
2
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------
ÿ 2EI 1 1
-------------- --------------------------------------------
1 ---------------------------- ++
2 2 ÿ
ES sin cosÿ ÿ ES tan ÿ
with I inertia of the members relative to the axis yy,

S total section of the diagonals located in a panel of height a, S ' total section of the uprights located
in a panel of height a.
ÿ 2EI 1
FC = --------------
2
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
2
ÿ 2EI ab has
--------------
1 ----------------++-------------------
2 ÿ
12EJ 24EJ
with I moment of inertia of the members relative to the axis yy,

J moment of inertia of the frame (one frame) relative to the axis mm, J ' moment of inertia of the uprights (two
uprights) relative to the axis nn.
(0)
O
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M Table 9 – Critical buckling load of a bar subjected to certain transverse connections
between its ends (1)
u Room Features
Load cases
L FC
=
u 2EI
---------------
2
=
ÿ 2EI
---------------- and
2ÿ( )
ÿ -----=
u
ÿ
HAS u is the smallest positive root of the equation:

sin ÿ u sin ÿ u – ÿ ÿ sin u = 0
I ÿ u ÿ ÿ u ÿ
R 0.50
0.45
2ÿ
6.222 9
0.5
0.504 8
0.20
0.15
5.201 3
5.003 0
0.604 0
0.614 3
E 0.40
0.35
0.30
6.066 3
5.859 0
5.635 2
0.517 9
0.536 2
0.557 5
0.10
0.05
ÿ (1)
4.819 2
4.649 6
4.571 9
0.651 9
0.675 7
0.699 2
0.25 5.413 1 0.580 4
(1) If ÿ = ÿ , the support C is very close to A which then behaves like an embedding.
The bar is subjected over its entire length AB to the reaction of an elastic medium.
C coefficient of stiffness of the elastic medium
b width of the bar
ÿ =C×b
p pressure on the elastic medium produced by the deformation p = Cy = (/b)y ÿ
L wavelength of the deformation:
ÿ 2EI
--------------=
FC
L2
4 4 4 4
ÿ
-------------- nnn n ÿ
-------------- ÿ
-------------- ÿ
--------------
L/ L/ L/ L/
16EI 16EI 16EI 16EI
0 1 10 0.615 2 1 20 0.483 100 0.351 2 2 2,000 0.165 4,200 0.286 1 2 5,000 4

1 0.926 1 1 1 50 0.406 5 2 0.131 5,500 0.234 9 3 10,000 0.110 7 1,000 0.195 5
1 8 0.867 1 14 6
25 6 0.741 0 1
At the moment of buckling, the beam deforms in n half-waves.
The bar is subjected over its entire length AB to the reaction of an elastic medium.
C, L, , ÿp, b have the same meanings as above:
q0 ÿ 2EI
------------ --------------=
4 L2
vs
4 4 4 4
ÿ
-------------- ÿ
-------------- ÿ
-------------- ÿ
-------------- L/
L/ L/ L/
16EI 16EI 16EI 16EI
0 0.696 15 0.396 100 0.290 300 0.225

5 0.524 22.8 0.363 162.8 0.259 500 0.204
10 0.443 56.5 0.324 200 0.246 1,000 0.174
The previous case allows us to study the stability of the upper chord of a girder bridge
bottom apron truss, uniformly loaded.
We will set the span of the bridge and the inertia of the upper chord:
1
------
1
ÿ = × ------------------------------------------------ -------
VS has 3 ) ab + 2d
------------- ( + ---------------------------
3EI1 2EI2
(1) E longitudinal elastic modulus, (2) without I moment of inertia of the cross section, length of the room.
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F
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6. Beams
(0)
M
Table 10 – Moment, shear force and deformations of cantilever beams and straight beams
to a span of constant inertia
u
Definitions and assumptions (1)
L
Denomination
Reactions and moments
Deformation
HAS
Kind Representation
on support
I
Console beam I R
E
Beam
II
on simple supports
Embedded beam
on one side, on support III
simple on the other
Embedded beam
IV
on both sides
(1) The bending moments M and the shear forces T are counted in the usual sense of the Strength of materials. The vertical reactions R are
counted positively upwards. Rotations are counted positively in the ÿtrigonometric direction. Arrows v are counted positively towards
the top.
Features Moment Shear force

Reactions
Kind Charges Diagram Equations Diagram Equations
2
px 1
–= ------------
M
2
RA = p MB = 0 T = px1
2
p
–= ------------
MY
2
M = – Px1
MB = 0 T=P
RA = P
MA –= P
I
B to C: M = 0
C to A:M = P (x – ÿ ) B to C: T = 0
RA = P
MC = 0 C to A: T = P
MA = – P ÿ
3
p1x1 _ _
M –= ----------------
6
2
p1 p1x1 _ _
AR =------------
2
MB = 0 T =----------------
2
2
p1
–= ---------------
MY
6
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ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2060 ÿ 25
O
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M Table 10 – Moment, shear force and deformations of cantilever beams and straight beams
to a span of constant inertia (continued)
u Features
Reactions
Moment Shear force
L Kind Charges Diagram Equations
px
Diagram Equations
M = -------- )–x
p (2
HAS = = ---------
RA RB
2 p
2 T p= ---- – x
-------------= 2
MO
8
I P
R = = -----
P
A to O: M
O to B: M
= ----- x
2
P A to O: T = P/2
= ----- )–x
E RA RB
2
MO
(2
P
---------=
O to B: T = – P/2
ÿ
A to C: TP 1 ------ –=
P x( )–
ÿ
A to C: M = -----------------------
ÿ ÿ
RA P= 1 TA P= 1
– ------ – ------
P ( )–x
ÿ
C to B: M = -----------------------
ÿ ÿ
RB P=------ C to B: T – P= ------
ÿ ( ) –ÿ
MC P=
------------------------
ÿ
TB –= P
------
A to C:M = Px
A to C: T = P
C to C': M = Pa
RA = RB = P C to C': T = O
Cÿto B: MP = ( )–x
C' to B: T = – P
MC = MC' = Pa
p1x _
= ------------ 2
M ( ) –2x _
p1
------------=
6
AR 2
II 6 3 p1
= 2 p1x _
Mmax ---------- T –= ----------------
------------
p1
------------=
p1 27 6 2
R.B.
3 3
= ----------
for xm 3
3 A to O:
p1 p1x
A to O: M –= ---------------
------------ 2
x4 3 p1 p1x _
3 T –= ----------------
------------
p1 p1 x 1
4
p1
RA RB
= =------------ O to B: M –= ----------------
------------ x1
4 43 O to B:
2 2
p1 p1 p1x1 _ _
MO
=---------------- T –= ------------ +----------------
12 4
m 2 m1 – x
AR
-------------------------= M m1 m ( ) – 2m1 += -----
m2 – m1
– T -------------------------=
m1 m2 _ m1 m2 +
-------------------------= ------------------------=
R.B. MO 2
M=m
RA = RB = 0 T=0
MO = m
mx
A to C: M –= -----------
x
C to B: M = m1 – -----
m m
RA RB
= = ------- T –= -------
mÿ
–= -----------
Left MC
ÿm
=------------
Right MC
Table 10 – Moment, shear force and deformations of cantilever beams and straight beams at a span of constant inertia
(continued)
Features Moment Shear force

Reactions FORM
Kind Charges Diagram Equations Diagram Equations
px 1 x1
= --------------- – -------
2 34 ----
2
p
–= ------------
RA 58 = ---- p MMA 8 =
1
RB 9 T 38 ---- p – px
= ----------- 2
38 = ---- p Mmax p 128
for x
1.38 m = ----
P
A to O: M = -------- ( ) 11x – 3 16
11 3P 11
AR = -------- P –= ------------ A to O: T = -------- P
16 MY
16 16
5 5 5
R B = -------- P O to B: M = -------- P (16 ) – x O to B: T –= -------- P
16 16
5P
M O =------------
32
A to C: A to C:
2 2 2
ÿ ( ) –ÿ( 2 )–
–= ------------------------------------------ x P
ÿ ()– 32 ÿ
P------x ----------------------------------------=
2 23
2 2– 2 P 32(– 2
P ÿ 32( ) –ÿ P
ÿ ( ÿ ) ÿ ÿ )
= ---------------------------------------
= --------------------------------------- –= -----------------------------------
AR MY YOUR
23 22 23
P ÿ 2( 2 + ÿ ) C to B: C to B:
RB -----------------------------------=
23 ÿ 2+= ÿ) P ÿ 2( 2 + ÿ )
TT –= -----------------------------------
MM -----------------------------------
P ( )–x
2( 2 3 23
P ÿ 2 ÿ (2 + 2 ÿ ) P ÿ 2( 2 + ÿ )
–= ---------------------------------------------
M VS = ---------------------------------------- TB
3 23
III
x
= p1 1 ( –
--------------- 3 2 5 x 12 )
30
4
= = 2
AR -------- p MMA 1 – -------- p
1 10 1 15 p1 2
2 T = ------------
( 5x12 ) –
p1 p1 10
R B =------------ = ------------------
10 Mmax
15 5
for x 1 ----------=
5
3m m ( ) 3x –
= ------------------------------
----------= 2
AR
=m 3m
M.M.
B T ----------=
23m 2
R B –= ----------
2
MA m2 –= -------
A to C:
2 x
M 1 ------- 2 –= ÿ
---------–
m2 ------- 3 1 2
2
--------- –= 13 ÿ 2
2 2 3m ÿ
3m ÿ MY m2 ------- T –= ---------- 1 ---------–
–= ---------- – --------
2 2
AR 12 2 C to B:
3 2 x1 TA TB = 3 m
3m 2 M = 1 ÿ -------
ÿ
--------- –
R B = ---------- ---------– 2 2
12 2
m2----------
= – ----------
ÿ
1 ---------–
2 2
3 2
M Cright = 1 --------- –
ÿ ÿ
-----
m2---------- 2
2
M ------ –
ÿ ÿ –2
----
Left = m2 ----- 3 1 2

O
R
u Features
Reactions
Moment Shear force
L Kind Charges Diagram
1
Equations
1 2
Diagram Equations
M –= ----px(2 )–x --------

p 12
HAS p
2
= p
= -------- =
MA MB = – -------------
RA RB 12 T p---- x –=
I 2
p
MO -------------=
24
2
2
R A to O: M
P
---- ---------
–=
x
----
1
2
E O to B: M
P
----–=
---------
2
3
----
4
4
x
A to O: T
P
-----=
2
P
=
RA RB = -----
2 =
P
= – --------- –= -----
P
MA MB O to B: T
8 2
P
MO ---------=
8
A to C:
2
P()–=– ÿ
M ---------------------------
3 [ ÿ
A to C:
x] 2
–( ) + 2ÿ P ÿ
2 T = -------------
3 ( ) + 2ÿ
P ÿ( ) –ÿ
MY –= --------------------------------
2 2 2
Pÿ P ÿ
AR = -------------
3 ( ) + 2ÿ YOUR = -------------
3 ( ) + 2ÿ
C to B:
2 2
Pÿ Pÿ
M = – ------------- (3 – 2 ÿ )x C to B:
R.B. = -------------
3 ( +2 ÿ ) 3
2
–( 2– ÿ ) Pÿ
T = – -------------
3 ( ) + 2ÿ
Pÿ 2( ) –ÿ 2
MB –= --------------------------------
2 Pÿ
TB –= -------------
3 ( ) + 2ÿ
IV
2
2P 2( ) –ÿ
ÿ
MC --------------------------------------------=
3
A to C:
Pa
M ( ) – a--------
+= Px
C to Cÿ:
Pa 2
=------------
M A to C: T = P
RA = RB = P Cÿ to B: C to C': T = 0
Pa
M –= -------- ( ) – a + P ( ) – x C' to B: T = – P
Pa 2
MO = MC MCÿ
= =------------
Pa ( ) - has
MY –= ---------------------------
2
p1 x
M ---- –
–=---------------- 2 9
60
3
x
----
+10
3p1 2
AR =--------------- p1 2
20 –= ---------------- p1 x
MY T –= ----------- 3 10 ----
30
7p1
=--------------- 2 20
R.B.
20 p1
–= ----------------
and MB 20
2
= 44 p1
Mmax 0.021
3
for x = --------
10

F
O
R
to a span of constant inertia (continued) M
Features
Reactions
Moment Shear force
u
Kind Charges Diagram
A to O:
Equations Diagram Equations
L
2
p1 x
M –= ----
– ---------------- 5 24 HAS
96
O to B:
--------
32 +
x3
3
A to O:
x 2
I
T = p1 ------------
R
– --------
2 144 2
p1
= p1
=------------ M –= -------
– ---------------- 5 24 x1
RA RB 4 96 O to B:
+ 32
x1
--------
3
3
T = p1 ------------
144
– --------
x1
2
2
E
2
p1
----------------=
MO 32
IV = 5p1 2
= – -------------------
MA MB 96
A to C:
m ÿ ÿ –6 ÿ x
M ----------
--------- –= 2 3 -----
2 6m ÿÿ
T –= ------------------
6m ÿÿ mÿ 3
–= ------------------- = ---------- 2 3 ÿ – -----
AR 3 MY
6m ÿÿ
–= ------------------
6m ÿÿ C to B: YOUR 3
------------------=
R.B. 3 6m
mÿ ÿ ÿ x1 ÿÿ
–= ------------------
M ----------- ––=
----------- 2 3 ----- – 6 TB 3
2
ÿ ÿ
m-----------
----- ––= 23
MB
Deformations
Features
Elastic line. Arrows Rotation of sections
Kind Charges Equations Equations
px 2 px
v –= --------------- 6)2+–
4x x 2 ( ÿ ( ) +–----------- 3 2 3x x 2 –=
24EI 6EI
vA = 0 ÿ =0
HAS
p 4 ÿ
p 3
–= ------------
–= ------------
vB B 6EI
8EI
P P
v = 2 – ----------- x (3–x ) ÿ –= ----------- x ( 2 – x )
6EI 2EI
vA = 0 ÿ =0
HAS
P3 P2 _
–= ----------- ÿ –= -------------
vB B 2EI
3EI
I P
P A to C: ÿ –= ----------- x ( 2 ÿ –x )
A to C: v –= –x )
2 ----------- x ( 3 ÿ 2EI
6EI
ÿ =0
P HAS
C to B: v –= 2 ----------- x ) 3x –ÿ ( P
6EI C to B: ÿ –= ----------- ÿ 2
2EI
P
–= ----------- ÿ 2 ( 3 – ÿ ) Pÿ 2
vB 6EI ÿ –= --------------
B 2EI
3 4
4 p1 x1
x1 x1
5 ÿ –=– ---------------- 1 -------
v 4 5p1
+–=
– -------------------------- -------
24 IS
120 EI
4 ÿ =0
HAS
p1
–= ---------------- 3
vB p1
–= ----------------
30 IS ÿ
B 24 IS
O
R
u Features
Deformations
Rotation of sections
L Kind Charges
Elastic line. Arrows
Equations Equations
HAS ÿ –= p
---------------- 3 6x 2 4x 3 ) +–
(
p 24 IS
I v –= ---------------- x ( )–x( 2
) –+ 2 xx
24 IS p 3
–= ----------------
ÿ
5 p 4 HAS
24 IS
= – ----------- ------------
R vO 384 EI
ÿ
B
p 3
---------------=
24 IS
E P
A to O: ÿ = – --------------
16EI
P
( 2 –4x 2 )
A to O: v –= ( )x 3 2– 4x 2
---------------
48EI P2 _
ÿ –= --------------
P 2
HAS
16EI
O to B: v –= –
---------------
48EI ( x1 3 2 4x 1)
P
= 2 2– 4x 1
O to B: ÿ --------------
( )
P3 16EI
–= --------------
vO 48EI P2 _
ÿ --------------=
B 16EI
Px ( )– ÿ
A to C: v –= ----------------------------
[ ÿ (2 – ÿ ) ] –2x _
6EI
P( )– ÿ
A to C: ÿ –= ------------------------ – 3x 2 ]
[ ÿ (2 – ÿ )
P(ÿ ) – x 6EI
C to B: v –= – ÿ 2
[ ----------------------------x ( 2 – x ) ]
6EI P ÿ ( ) –ÿ 2–( ÿ )
ÿ –= ------------------------------------------------ ----
P ÿ 2( ) – ÿ 2 HAS
6EI
–= ----------------------------------
vC 3EI P ÿ
= [ -------------- ( ) +ÿ( –
II
C to B: ÿ ) –ÿ 3( ) – x 2]
6EI
P ( ) – –ÿ
= ------------------------
ÿ > ---- : vmax 3[ ÿ (2 – ÿ 3)]
2 27EI P ÿ ( ) –ÿ ( ) +ÿ
ÿ ------------------------------------------------=
B 6EI
Pÿ
ÿ < ---- : vmax ( 2 –
= – ------------------ 3 ÿ 2 )3
2 27EI
Px P
A to C: v –= [ ----------- 3a ( ) – ax ] –
2 = [ - ----------- has ( ) – ax ] – 2
A to C: ÿ
6EI 2EI
Pa Pa
C to Cÿ: v –= – 3x
2 ----------- a 3x 2 [ ] –+ C to Cÿ: ÿ
6EI –= ----------- ( ) – 2x
2EI
Pa P
vO
–= ( ) 3 2– 4a 2
-------------- Cÿ to B: ÿ = [ ----------- has ( 2 ) – ax ] – 1
24EI 2EI
ÿ Pa 2 Pa ( ) - has
= = – -----------(3 – 4a ) ÿ = – ÿ = – ---------------------------
vC v VS 6EI HAS B
Px1 2 = – ÿ Pa 2EI
( ) – 2a
= – ------------------------------
Cÿ to B: v –= [ ----------- 3a ( ) – ax ] – 1
ÿ ÿ
6EI
VS
VS 2EI
–= p1
ÿ --------------------- 7 4 30 2x 2 15x 4 ( ) +–
360EI
–=
p1x _
v ---------------------
( 7 4 10 2x 2 3x 4 ) +– 3
360EI 7p1
ÿ –= -------------------
4 HAS
360EI
–= p1 0.006 522 --------------- for x = 0.519 33
vmax EI 3
8p1
--------------------=
ÿ
B 360EI

F
O
R
Features
Deformations
u
Kind Charges
Equations
Equations
L
p1x HAS
A to O: v –= --------------------- 25+–
4 40 2x 2 16x 4 ) p1
( A to O: ÿ –= ---------------------
( ) +– 5 4 24 2x 2 16x 4
960EI
O to B: v
p1 x1
–= ---------------------
( 2516x
4 40 2x
) +–
2
1 4 1 O to B: ÿ
p1
192EI
= 2 ---------------------
2 (x 16x 5 4 )24+– 1 4 1
I
960EI 192EI
vO
p1
4
–= ------------------
120EI
ÿ HAS
= – ÿ
B
5p1
3
= – -------------------
192EI
R
ÿ –=
1 2 2
E
x (6EI
-------------- 2m1
m2 ) + 6m1 x 3 m1 m2 ( ) – x [ +– ]
v + 2
–= --------------
6EI [ ( )2m1 m2 2 3m1x m1 m2 ( ) – x +– ]
1
2
ÿ –= ( ----------- 2m1m2 ) +
HAS
6EI
vO
= ( – -------------- m1
) +m 2
16EI 1
ÿ B
= ( ----------- m1
+ 2m2 )
6EI
m
II mx
ÿ = – ----------- ( ) – 2x
2EI
v –= ----------- ( )–x
2EI m
ÿ –= -----------
m 2 2EI
HAS
–= --------------
vO m
8EI = -----------
ÿ B
2EI
m 2 x 2
A to C: ÿ
ÿ
= ----------- 1 3 -------- 3
–– --------
6EI 2 2
mx 2 2
ÿ x
A to C: v = -------------- --------––
1 3 --------
2
6EI 2 2
m
ÿ = ----------- 1 3 ÿ – --------
2 HAS
6EI 2
2 x1
mx1 ÿ
2
C to B: v –= ----------------- 13 -------- –– ---------
2 2 2 x1
6EI m ÿ
C to B: ÿ = ----------- 1 3 ---------
-------- ––
2
3 2
m ÿÿ ( ÿ – ÿ 6EI
= ----------------------------------
vC
3EI ( ÿ + ÿ ) ) m ÿ
2
ÿ B
= ----------- 13 – --------
6EI 2
= p –= px
---------------
v 2 – --------------- x ( – x ( ) 3 – 2x ) ÿ +– 6 2 15x 8x 2 ( )
48EI 48 IS
4 3
p p
vmax =
– 2.079 8 ------------------
384EI for x = 0.578 5 ÿ B
=----------------
48 IS
Px2
III A to O: v –= --------------(9 – 11x )
96EI Px
A to O: ÿ –= --------------(6 – 11x )
P()–x
–= ------------------------- 32EI
O to B: v 25x– (x )– 2 2
96EI P
O to B: ÿ –= --------------
+– 4 2 10x 5x 2 ( )
7P 3 32EI
–= ------------------
vO
768EI P2 _
ÿ --------------=
B
P3 1 32EI
vmax
–= ----------------------- for x = 1 ----------–
48EI 5 5
O
R
u Features
Deformations
L Kind Charges
Equations
Equations
HAS P x 2( ) –ÿ P ( ) –ÿ x
A to C: v ––= x-------------------------------- ÿ (2 – ÿ 3–x22)() A to C: ÿ ----------------------------- ÿ – ) ( ) ––=
ÿ x2 – x 2 2 ( 2
12EI 3 4EI 3
I C to B: v P) –2(x ÿ
2 ––=--------------------------------
12EI 3
– xx((3) –
2 ÿ )
2
ÿ C to B: ÿ –=
Pÿ 2
------------------
4EI 3
2 2 6x 3x 2 ( ) +– + ÿ x(2–x)
R vC
P ÿ 3( 2 )ÿ – (4 – ÿ )
–= ------------------------------------------------
12EI 3
--------- ÿ B
P ÿ 2( ) –ÿ
--------------------------------=
4EI
E v –= p1x1
--------------------- 2 2 2 p1 2 2
( ) –x 1 ÿ = ---------------------
( ) –x ( 1 2 2– 5x 1 )
120EI 120EI
4 3
2p1 p1
vmax
----------=–=
--------------------------- for x1 ÿ B
------------------=
375EI 5 5 120EI
III
v mx2 ( ) – x
–= -------------------------------- mx (3 – 2x
= -------------------------------------- )
4EI ÿ
4EI
m 2 2 m
vmax
–= -------------- for x = ----
ÿ ----------=
27EI 3 B
4EI
mx 2 x x ÿ
2
mx x x ÿ
2
A to C: v –== -------- --------------
v1 1 ----– 3 ----– 2 A to C: ÿ = =ÿ
1 ----------- 2–3---- 3 2– ----– ---------
4EI 4EI 2
2
mx( ) – +=
ÿ
C to B: mx( ) –
--------------------------+=
ÿ
C to B: v v1 -----------------------------
2EI
ÿ ÿ 1
EI
2 2
m ÿ ÿ ( ÿ 2 –2 ÿ ) m ÿ 3ÿ
vC
-------------------------------------------------= ÿ B
-------- –=
– ----------- 1 ----- –
1
4EI 3 4EI
2
v = –p x 2( ) – x
------------------------------
24EI
4 ÿ = –p x( ) – x ( ) – 2x
------------------------------------------------
p
–= ------------------ 24EI
vO
384EI
P
A to O: v = 2 – --------------- x
(3 – 4x )
48EI P
A to O: ÿ –= ----------- x ( – 2x )
P 8EI
O to B: v –= --------------- ( ) – x 2 ( ) 4x –
48EI P
O to B: ÿ –= ----------- ( ) – x ( ) – 2x
P3 8EI
–= ------------------
IV vO
192EI
A to C: v P ( ) – ÿ 2x2 _ x
----------------------------------
ÿ 3––= )( + 2
ÿ
6EI 3 P ( ) – ÿ 2x
2
A to C: ÿ ------------------------------ ÿ2––= ( ) + 2ÿ x
P )ÿ –2(
x 2EI 3
C to B: v ----------------------------------- 3x ––= ( + 2x) ÿ
6EI 3 P)ÿ –2( x 2
C to B: ÿ -------------------------------
––= (3 –2 ÿ )x
P ÿ 3( ) –ÿ 3 2EI 3
–= ----------------------------------
vC 2
3EI 3 Pÿ ÿ ÿ – ÿ ) 2(
-----------------------------------------=
ÿ VS
2 2EI 3
2P ÿ ) –ÿ2= ------------------ ÿ
vmax
= – -----------
( --------------------------- -- for ÿ >ÿ )
3EI 3( ) + ÿ2( x 2 + 2 ÿ

F
O
R
Features
Deformations
u
Kind Charges
Equations Equations
L
A to C: v
Px 2 HAS
( ) – a--------------
––= x 3a
6EI Px
C to Cÿ: v
Pa 2
( ) – x--------------
––= a
6EI
3x
A to C: ÿ -------------- x –= 2a (
2EI
Pa 2
) - has
I
vC
P a 3(
6EI
2 – 3a )
–= --------------------------------------
C to Cÿ: ÿ –= -------------- (
2EI
P a 2 vs
–= -----------------
) – 2x
R
ÿ
vO
P a 2(
24EI
3 – 4a )
–= --------------------------------------
Cÿ to B: ÿ
VS
P
( ) – x ––= 2a (
2EI
)–x
-----------------------
( ) - has
E
2EI
P ( ) – x –= 2
Cÿ to B: v ---------------------------- 3a ( ) - has - ( )–x
6EI
4
p1 x 2 x x x 2
v –= ------------------ ---- ----– 2 1 --------––
----
120EI 2 3
p1 x x x x 2
ÿ –= ------------------ ---- 1 ----– 4 5 –– --------
---- 5
4 120EI 2
1.308 5 p1 –
vmax = --------------------------------------
1,000EI
for x = 0.524 7
IV
4
p1 x 2 x x 3
A to O: v –= ------------------ ---- 25 40
--------
---- 16
3 +–
960EI 3
p1 x 2x x x 2
A to O: ÿ = – --------------- ---- 1 --------– 5 2 –– --------
---- 4
4 3 96EI 2
2 x1
–= p1
------------------ x1
------- x1
O to B:v 25 40
--------
-------
+–16
3 2
960EI 3 x1
= p1 x1
------- 2x1 x1
O to B: ÿ – ---------------
1 – ----------- 5 2 –– --------
------- 4
4 96EI 2
7p1
–= -----------------------
vO 3,840EI
mÿx 2 3 ÿ ÿ x
A to C: v – --------- –=
------------------ 1 --------
EI 2 2 x ÿ x
A to C: ÿ
ÿ –=
– ---------
m------------- ÿ 3
2 3 ----
2 EI 2
mx1ÿ _ 3ÿ ÿ x1
C to B: v ----------– ––=
------------------ 1 ---------
EI 2 2 mx1ÿ _ ÿ ÿ x1
C to B: ÿ – ----------- –=
------------------ 2 3 ----- 3
EI 2
m ÿ 2ÿ 2( ÿ)ÿ –
= ------------------------------------------
vC 2EI 3
(0)
(0)
O
R
M Table 11 – Line envelopes the maximum moments of a straight beam on two simple supports
subjected to two rolling loads
u
L
HAS
I The table below gives, depending on the value of the ratio a/ The absolute , the line envelops maximum moments in the span.
maximum moment (value in bold in the tables) is obtained by application of Barré's theorem:
the bending moment is maximum at the right of a load when this load and the general resultant of all the loads actually applied to the beam are in sections
R symmetrical with respect to the middle of the beam.
The maximum bending moment in the section with abscissa x < /2 has the value:
E ÿ
ÿ
P21ÿ ----–
x ----–has
x
---- if x < – a
M= ÿ
x x
ÿ
P1ÿ ----– ---- if x > – a

ÿ
The maximum bending moment in the span has the value:
has
2
ÿ P ---- 1 – --------
if a/ < 2 2 –
ÿ
2 2
M= ÿ
1
ÿ
---- P if a/ > 2 2 –
ÿ 4
Envelope line ordering
a/ = 0.10 a/ = 0.20 a/ = 0.25 a/ = 0.30
x/ M/P x/ M/P x/ M/P x/ M/P
0.05 0.090 0 0.05 0.085 0 0.05 0.082 5 0.05 0.080 0

0.10 0.170 0 0.10 0.160 0 0.10 0.155 0 0.10 0.150 0
0.15 0.240 0 0.15 0.225 0 0.15 0.217 5 0.15 0.210 0
0.20 0.300 0 0.20 0.280 0 0.20 0.270 0 0.20 0.260 0
0.25 0.350 0 0.25 0.325 0 0.25 0.312 5 0.25 0.300 0
0.30 0.390 0 0.30 0.360 0 0.30 0.345 0 0.30 0.330 0
0.35 0.420 0 0.35 0.385 0 0.35 0.367 5 0.35 0.350 0
0.40 0.440 0 0.40 0.400 0 0.40 0.380 0 0.40 0.360 0
0.45 0.450 0 0.45 0.405 0 0.437 5 0.382 81 0.425 0.361 25
0.475 0.451 25 0.50 0.400 0 0.45 0.382 5 0.45 0.360 0
0.50 0.450 0 0.50 0.375 0 0.50 0.350 0
a/ = 1/3 a/ = 0.40 a/ = 0.50 a/ = 2/3
x/ M/P x/ M/P x/ M/P x/ M/P
0.05 0.078 3 0.05 0.075 0 0.05 0.070 0 0.05 0.061 7 ÿ
0.10 0.146 7 0.10 0.140 0 0.10 0.130 0 0.10 0.113 3 ÿ
0.15 0.205 0 0.15 0.195 0 0.15 0.180 0 0.15 0.155 0 ÿ

segrahP
2c
0.20 0.253 3 0.20 0.240 0 0.20 0.220 0 0.20 0.186 7 ÿ
0.25 0.291 7 0.25 0.275 0 0.25 0.250 0 0.25 0.208 3 ÿ
0.30 0.320 0 0.30 0.300 0 0.30 0.270 0 0.30 0.220 0 ÿ
0.35 0.338 3 0.35 0.315 0 0.35 0.280 0 0.333 3 0.222 2 ÿ
0.40 0.346 7 0.40 0.320 0 0.375 0.281 25 0.35 0.227 5 ÿ
0.416 7 0.347 22 0.45 0.315 0 0.40 0.280 0 0.40 0.240 0 ÿ
ÿ
egrahP
1
c
0.45 0.345 0 0.50 0.300 0 0.45 0.270 0 0.45 0.247 5

ÿ
0.50 0.333 3 0.50 0.250 0 0.50 0.250 0 ÿ

F
O
R
M
u
Table 12 – Line envelopes the maximum moments of a continuous beam of spans
of equal length and equal inertia, subjected to two rolling loads L
HAS
I
R
The table below gives according to the ratio a/ :
E
— the values of the maximum negative moments MB and MC in absolute value on the supports B and C and the corresponding positions of the
convoy defined by x0 / ;
— the values of the maximum moments M1 and M2 in the bays AB and BC, and the corresponding positions of the convoy defined
x0 / ; when a/ > by ÿ ÿ( ÿ 0.615 ) , the maximum M1 of the positive moment in the first span is obtained by arranging a
single load on the span at the abscissa — x0 / ÿ 0.427 (the second load located on the left is outside the beam);
the maximum shear forces at the level of supports A and B of the first span and at the level of supports B and C of the second
span.
Although established for a large number of spans, the values below can be considered sufficiently accurate as soon as the number of spans
is greater than three.
MB MC M1 M2 Maximum shear force

has x0 measured x0 measured x0 measured x0 measured has
---- 1st span 2nd span ----
from A from B from A from B
x 0/ M – /P x0
B / MC – /P x0/ M1 /P x0/ M2 /P TA/P – TB/P TB/P – TC/P
0 0.577 0.206 3 0.616 0.172 5 0.427 0.409 4 0.494 0.345 7 0.05 0.552 0.205 7 0.591 2 2 2 2 0
0.172 0 0.417 0.386 1 0.486 0.321 6 1.93 6 6 1.974 8 1.963 6 1.966 3 0.05
0.10 0.525 0.204 0 0.563 0.170 3 0.407 0.363 9 0.478 0.299 3 1.873 5 1.945 8 1.922 6 1.927 8 0.10
0.15 0.497 0.201 1 0.535 0.167 5 0.398 0.342 9 0.471 0.278 7 1.810 7 1.913 2 1.877 5 1.884 9 0.15
0.20 0.469 0.197 1 0.504 0.153 7 0.389 0.323 1 0.463 0.259 9 1.748 6 1.877 2 1.828 9 1.838 2 0.20
0.25 0.439 0.191 9 0.472 0.158 9 0.381 0.304 4 0.455 0.242 7 1.687 2 1.837 9 1.777 3 1.788 2 0.25
0.30 0.408 0.185 7 0.438 0.153 0 0.373 0.287 0 0.448 0.227 2 1.626 8 1.795 7 1.723 3 1.735 4 0.30
0.35 0.375 0.178 5 0.403 0.146 3 0.366 0.270 7 0.441 0.213 3 1.567 7 1.750 6 1.667 3 1.680 4 0.35
0.40 0.342 0.170 3 0.365 0.138 8 0.361 0.255 6 0.435 0.201 0 1.510 0 1.702 9 1.609 8 1.623 7 0.40
0.45 0.307 0.161 1 0.773 0.146 0 0.356 0.241 7 0.429 0.190 1 1.453 8 1.652 8 1.551 5 1.565 8 0.45
0.50 0.725 0.159 8 0.748 0.153 6 0.352 0.229 1 0.423 0.180 6 1.399 5 0.600 5 1.492 8 1.507 2 0.50
0.55 0.700 0.166 8 0.723 0.159 7 0.349 0.217 7 0.419 0.172 4 1.347 2 1.546 2 1.434 2 1.448 5 0.55
0.60 0.675 0.172 4 0.698 0.164 4 0.348 0.207 5 0.415 0.165 5 1.297 1 1.490 0 1.376 3 1.390 2 0.60
0.65 0.651 0.176 6 0.673 0.167 8 0.427 0.204 7 0.413 0.159 7 1.249 4 1.432 3 1.319 6 1.332 7 0.65
0.70 0.627 0.179 6 0.648 0.169 9 0.427 0.204 7 0.412 0.155 0 1.204 3 1.373 2 1.264 6 1.276 7 0.70
0.75 0.603 0.181 4 0.623 0.170 8 0.427 0.204 7 0.413 0.151 2 1.162 1 1.312 8 1.211 8 1.222 7 0.75
0.80 0.579 0.182 1 0.598 0.170 6 0.427 0.204 7 0.415 0.148 4 1.122 8 1.251 4 1.161 8 1.171 1 0.80
0.85 0.555 0.181 6 0.574 0.169 3 0.427 0.204 7 0.420 0.146 4 1.086 8 1.189 3 1.115 1 1.122 5 0.85
0.90 0.532 0.180 1 0.549 0.167 0 0.427 0.204 7 0.426 0.145 3 1.054 2 1.126 5 1.072 2 1.077 4 0.90
0.95 0.509 0.177 6 0.524 0.163 7 0.427 0.204 7 0.434 0.145 0 1.025 2 1.063 4 1.033 7 1.036 4 0.95
1 0.487 0.174 2 0.499 0.159 6 0.427 0.204 7 0.444 0.145 4 1 1 1 1 1
O
R ÿ Continuous beams. Determination of bending moments • First method
M Tables 13, 14 and 15 are intended to determine the moments

bending and shear forces in the different sections
We can calculate the moments on supports using the relation
of the three moments whose most general expression appears in the
table 13. Table 14 gives the terms of the relationship of the three
u of a continuous beam.
To do this, it is enough to calculate the bending moments Mi at the right

moments in the cases most often encountered in practice.
We thus obtain as many linear equations as moments on
L
Ai supports . Indeed, if we know the moments on supports Mi , the
supports to be calculated. This particular method is only practical if one
bending moment mi (x) and the shear force ti (x) in section
has at most three moments on supports to be determined. This is the case of a
abscissa x = Ai – 1 X of span Ai – 1 Ai of length have for i continuous beam having at most 4 spans, or a continuous beam
HAS expressions: symmetrical and symmetrically loaded having at most 7 bays.
• Second method
I ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
mi ( ) x 1 +–+=
µ i ( ------
) x Mi –1
x
------ Mi
i
x
i
We first determine the foci of the spans by means of the
formulas given in table 15.
R ÿ
ÿ
ti ( ) x ÿ
Mi Mi – 1
----------------------------+=
ÿ i ()x
i
– The moments on supports due to the loads applied to a single
span are then calculated using the formulas given in
Table 16.
E
ÿ
The moments on supports due to all the applied loads

ÿ denoting respectively the bending moment and
µ i (x) and i (x)
are obtained by adding the moments on supports due to the loads
the shear force produced by the loads applied in the
applied successively to each span.
section X of beam Ai – 1 Ai assumed on simple supports.
This general method is easily applied to a number
any spans; it is very precise. (0)
Table 13 – Continuous beam. General relationship of the three moments
ÿ
The relationship of the three moments relative to the support Ai is: ÿ i And ÿ ÿÿi
rotations of the ends A i – 1 and Ai of the beam
ÿ
( bi Mi –++1 ci +ai + 1 ) E bi + 1 E + 1 –+–=

ÿ i+1 ÿ ÿÿi
ÿ i+1 ÿ i Ai – 1 Ai assumed on simple supports without the effect of the loads which
are applied to it:
with Mid moment bending on the Ai support ,
ai , bi and ci flexibility coefficients of the span Ai – 1Ai :
ÿ
ÿ
i x
------
dx
ÿ ––= --------
ÿ
i µi()x1
ÿ 0 i EI
i
ÿ x
------
2 dx ÿ
–= -------- 1
ÿ
have
EI
ÿ
i x dx
0 i ÿ –= µ i ()x
------ --------
ÿÿi
ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ 0 i EI
i
ÿ
x x
------
dx
ÿ –= -------------- 1
bi EI µ i (x) bending moment due to loads applied to the beam
ÿ 0 i i
ÿ Ai – 1Ai assumed on simple supports;
ÿ i
x 2 dx ÿ overall rotation of the segment Ai – 1Ai due to possible unevenness of support vi ,
ÿ
= ------ -------- i
this
ÿ 0 i EI counted positively towards the
high :
–
vi vi – 1
ÿ i -----------------------=
i
Note: in each span the abscissa x are always counted from the left support of the span. The unevenness of the supports in the deformation of the beams are considered
as weak with respect to the span of the beams, and the beam is supposed to remain attached to the supports.
(0) (0)

F
O
R
Table 14 – Continuous beam. Relationship of the three moments. Using Table 13
Continuous beam of variable inertia

M
In this very general case, if the flexibility coefficients a, b, c and the rotations are complicated to calculate,ÿ
we will determine them by means of numerical integration.
'
And ÿ
''
are too much u
L
Continuous beam of variable inertia from one span to another, but of constant inertia within each span
HAS
bi
-------------=
6EIi
i
ai + 1
i+1
= --------------------
3EIi + 1
I
this
3EIi
i
-------------=
bi + 1
i+1
= --------------------
6EIi + 1
R
The relationship of the three moments takes the following form: E
i i i+1 i+1
----- = ÿ
----- Mi – 1 ++6 E ( -------------+ 2Mi ------------- Mi + 1 ÿ i + 1 ÿi ÿ) –+–

ÿ ÿ i+1 ÿ i
II II II + 1 II + 1
ÿ ÿ
Rotation values ÿ ÿi
And ÿ i + 1 are given, for the most common load cases, in the table below:
Load case in the span i ÿÿi Load case in the span i+1 i+1
3
–
pi i 3 pi + 1 i + 1
---------------------------------
+ ------------------
24 EIi 24 EIi + 1
2
–
Pi i Pi + 1
---------------------------------
2i+1
+ ------------------
16 EIi 16 EIi + 1
Pi bi ai i ai() + – Pi + 1 bi + 1 ai + 1 ( i+1+
bi + 1 )
+ -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
6 EIi i 6 EIi + 1 i + 1
Pai ai( here

+ ) – Pi + 1 ai + 1 ai( + 1 ci ++1 )
---------------------------------+ -------------------------------------------------- ------------------
2 EIi 2 EIi + 1
3 3
8 ft i – 7 ft + 1
---------------------------------------
i+1
---------------------+
360 EIi 360 EIi + 1
3 3
5 ft i – 5 ft + 1
---------------------------------------
i+1
+ ---------------------
192 EIi 192 EIi + 1
Mid M22i+1
3a----------------------------
–+ i 2i
2 –+-----------------------------------
i+1 3b i + 1
6 EIi i 6 EIi + 1 i + 1
Continuous beam of constant inertia over its entire length
The relationship of the three moments takes the following form:
+ i
i ) 2Mi ( + i + 1 ) + Mi + 1 (
=
i + 1 ) 6 IS ( ÿ
ÿ
i + 1 ÿi ÿ) –+– ÿ i+1 ÿ i
Mi – 1 ( ÿ
ÿ
Relationship values ÿ ÿÿi and ÿ i + 1 will be deduced from the table above by setting Ii = Ii + 1 = I.
O
R
M Table 15 – Continuous beam. Determination of outbreaks
u
L In each bay Ai – 1 Ai , the position of the left focus Fi and the position of the right focus Fÿ are defined by the reports:
i
Fÿ
Ai – 1 Fi i Ai
HAS ÿ i
--------------------= And ÿ i
ÿ
= ----------------------
Fi Ai Ai – 1Fÿ i
I ÿ General case ÿ Case of a continuous beam of constant inertia having
R Reports ÿ i and ÿ i
ÿ
are calculated by recurrence using the relations:

n equal spans (1)
E
ÿ ÿ
= =0
ÿ 1 =0 ÿ not
=0 ÿ 1 ÿ not
ÿ 1
b2 ÿ 2 = ==
ÿ ----
-------- ac –+= b
bn – 1 –+=
ÿ
n –0.25
1 4
2 1 12
ÿ 1 -----------------
ÿ
cn – 1 year bn ÿ not
ÿ ÿ n–1
ÿ 4
ÿ 3 = ==
ÿ --------
n – 2 0.266 667
15
.................................................. .............. .................................................. ..............
ÿ 15
ÿ 4 = ==
ÿ --------
n – 3 0.267 857
bi bi ÿ 56
------- –+= --------- –+=
ai ci – 1 bi – 1 ÿ i–1 ÿ
ci ai + 1 bi + 1 ÿ i+1
ÿ i ÿ i ÿ 56
ÿ 5 = ==
ÿ ------------
n – 4 0.267 943
209
.................................................. .............. .................................................. .............
ÿ 209
ÿ 6 = ==
ÿ ------------
n – 5 0.267 945
780
bn –+= b1
--------- –+=
ÿ
-------- an cn – 1 bn – 1 ÿ n–1 ÿ
c1 a2 b2 ÿ 2
ÿ not
ÿ 1
(1) Note: = ÿ ÿ = =ÿ ÿ
23–
ÿ n 1 –+ i tends quickly towards the limit value ÿ which defines the foci of a continuous beam of unlimited constant inertia
i on the left and right, and made up of equal spans.
(0)
Table 16 – Continuous beam. Foci method. Calculation of moments on supports

We assume the span Ai – 1Ai alone loaded
ÿ
=– –=
Mi – 2 ÿ i – 1Mi – 1 1 ÿ ÿ 1 Mi + 1 ÿ i + 1 Mi
--------- ÿ
ÿÿiÿ+ ÿ + ------ ÿ ÿÿi ÿ
=–
ÿ
i i ÿ i –=
ÿ
Mi – 3 ÿ i – 2Mi – 2 1 ÿ i 1 Mi + 2 i + 2 Mi + 1
------
= -------------------------------------- -------
–= ---------------------------------
Mi – 1 1 Mid 1 –= ÿ
=– bi ---------------- –1 bi --------------- –1 Mi+3 ÿ i + 3 Mi + 2

Mi – 4 ÿ i – 3Mi – 3 ÿ ÿ
ÿÿ i i ÿÿ i i etc.
etc.
(0) (0)

F
O
R
M
u
L
HAS
Table 17 – Bending moments of continuous beams of constant inertia with equal spans
and linear charge density p I
R
E
Number of presses
Elastic effects
3 supports 4 supports 5 supports 6 supports 7 supports 8 supports 9 supports 10 supports
R0 0.375 00 p 0.400 00 p 0.392 86p 0.394 74p 0.394 23p 0.394 37 p 0.394 33p 0.394 34 p
R1 1,250 00 p 1,100 00 p 1,142 86 p 1.131 58 p 1.134 62 p 1.133 80 p 1.134 02 p 1,133 96 p
Support R2 0.375 00 p 1,100 00 p 0.928 57p 0.973 68p 0.961 54p 0.964 79p 0.963 92p 0.964 15p
reactions ......................... 0.400 00 p 1,142 86 p 0.973 68p 1.019 23 p 1.007 04 p 1.010 31 p 1.009 43 p
R3
R4 ......................... ......................... 0.392 86p 1.131 58 p 0.961 54p 1.007 04 p 0.994 85p 0.998 11p
R5 ......................... ......................... ......................... 0.394 74p 1.134 62 p 0.964 79p 1.010 31 p 0.998 11p
M0 00000000
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
M1 – 0.125 00 p M2 – 0.100 00 p – 0.107 14 p – 0.105 26 p – 0.105 77p – 0.105 63 p – 0.105 67 p – 0.105 66 p
Moments 0 – 0.100 00 p 2
– 0.071 43 p 2
– 0.078 95 p 2
– 0.076 92p 2
– 0.077 46 p 2
– 0.077 32 p 2
– 0.077 36 p
2
flexing
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
on supports M3 ............................. – 0.107 14 p – 0.078 95 p – 0.086 54 p – 0.084 51p – 0.085 05 p – 0.084 91 p
......................... 0 2 2 2 2 2
M4 ......................... – 0.105 26 p – 0.076 92p – 0.084 51p – 0.082 47 p – 0.083 02 p
......................... ......................... 0 2 2 2 2
M5 ............................. – 0.105 77p – 0.077 46 p – 0.085 05 p – 0.083 02 p
ÿ
M1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0.070 31p 0.080 00 p 0.077 17p 0.077 91p 0.077 71p 0.077 76p 0.077 75p 0.077 75p
ÿ
M 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Moments 0.070 31p 0.025 00 p 0.036 35p 0.033 24p 0.034 07p 0.033 85p 0.033 91p 0.033 89p
flexing ÿ
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
M3 ......................... 0.080 00 p 0.036 35p 0.046 05p 0.043 32p 0.044 04 p 0.043 84p 0.043 90p
positive maximums
ÿ
in the spans M4 ......................... ......................... 0.077 17p 2
0.033 24p 2
0.043 32p 2
0.040 49p 2
0.041 24p 2
0.041 04 p 2
ÿ
M5 ......................... ......................... ......................... 2 2 2 2 2
0.077 91p 0.034 07p 0.044 04 p 0.041 24p 0.041 98p
O
R
M in different load cases
u The first column indicates in bold the loaded spans.

The first line indicates the nature of the charges.
M B , MC , M D , ... designate the bending moments on the intermediate supports B, C, D,...
L Mik with i = 1, 2, 3,... and k = a, b, c designates the bending moment in span i at the point of possible application k of a load
concentrated P.
In the case of a uniformly distributed load of density p, Mia designates the maximum bending moment in span i. In the case
HAS of an intermediate span, this maximum moment takes place near the middle of the span. In the case of an extreme span, this
maximum moment takes place in the vicinity of the section located at 0.4 from one end of the continuous beam.
I The concentrated loads P are identical.

RA , RB , RC , ... designating the reactions exerted by the supports A, B, C,... counted positively upwards.
Maximum bending moments in absolute value are shown in bold.
R Moments
Loads occurring on loaded spans
E Loaded spans
flexing
Reactions
on supports
Two-span beams of equal span
M1a 0.070 31p 2 0.156 25 P 0.222 22 P 0.257 81 P

M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.111 11 P 0.265 62 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.023 44 P
MB – 0.125 00 p 2 – 0.187 50 P – 0.333 33 P – 0.468 75 P
AR 0.375 00 p 0.312 50P 0.666 67 P 1.031 25 P
R.B. 1,250 00 p P1,375,00 2.666 67 P P3,937.50
M1a 0.095 70p 2 0.203 12 P 0.277 78 P 0.316 41 P

M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.222 22 P 0.382 81 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.199 22 P
MB – 0.062 50p 2 – 0.093 75 P – 0.166 67 P – 0.234 38 P
AR 0.437 50p 0.406 25P 0.833 33 P 1.265 63 P
M1a ................................... – 0.046 88 P – 0.055 56 P – 0.058 59 P

M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... – 0.111 11 P – 0.117 19 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... – 0.175 78 P
MB – 0.062 50 p 2 – 0.093 75 P – 0.166 67 P – 0.234 38 P
AR – 0.062 50 p – 0.093 75 P – 0.166 67 P – 0.234 38 P
Three-span beams of equal span
M1a 0.080 00 p 2 0.175 00 P 0.244 44 P 0.281 25 P

M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.155 56 P 0.312 50 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.093 75 P
M2a 0.025 00 p 2 0.100 00 P 0.066 67 P 0
M2b ................................... ................................... 0.066 67 P 0.125 00 P
MB = MC – 0.100 00 p 2 – 0.150 00 P – 0.266 67 P – 0.375 00 P
AR 0.400 00 p 0.350 00 P 0.733 33 P P1,125,00
R.B. 1,100 00 p P1,150,00 2.266 67 P P3,375,00
M1a 0.101 25p 2 0.212 50 P 0.288 89 P 0.328 12 P

M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.244 44 P 0.406 25 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.234 38 P
M2a – 0.050 00 p 2 – 0.075 00 P – 0.133 33 P – 0.187 50 P
M2b ..................................... ............. ......................... – 0.133 33 P – 0.187 50 P
MB = MC – 0.050 00 p 2 – 0.075 00 P – 0.133 33 P – 0.187 50 P
AR 0.450 00 p 0.425 00 P 0.866 67 P 1,312 50 P
M1a ................................... – 0.037 50 P – 0.044 44 P – 0.046 88 P

M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... – 0.088 89 P – 0.093 75 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... – 0.140 62 P
M2a 0.075 00 p 2 0.175 00 P 0.200 00 P 0.187 50 P
M2b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.200 00 P 0.312 50 P
MB = MC – 0.050 00 p 2 – 0.075 00 P – 0.133 33 P – 0.187 50 P
AR – 0.050 00 p – 0.075 00 P – 0.133 33 P – 0.187 50 P
MB – 0.116 67 p 2 – 0.175 00 P – 0.311 11 P – 0.437 50 P

MC – 0.033 33 p 2 – 0.050 00 P – 0.088 89 P – 0.125 00 P
R.B. – 1.200 00 p P1,300,00 2.533 33 P 3.750 00 P
MB 0.016 67p – 2 0.025 00 P 0.044 44 P 0.062 50 P

MC 0.066 67p 2 – 0.100 00 P – 0.177 78 P – 0.250 00 P

F
O
R
in different load cases (continued) M
Moments
u
flexing
Loaded spans Reactions
on supports
L
HAS
Four-span beams of equal span
M1a
M1b
0.077 17p
2
0.169 64 P
..................................... ............. .........................
0.238 10 P
0.142 86 P
0.274 55 P
0.299 11 P
I
M1c
M2a
M2b
..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ...........
0.036 35p
2
0.116 07 P
..................................... ............. .........................
0.079 37 P
0.111 11 P
0.073 66 P
0.006 70 P
0.165 18 P
R
M2c
MB
..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ...........
– 0.107 14 p 2
2
– 0.160 71 P – 0.285 71 P
0.073 66 P
– 0.401 79 P
E
MC – 0.071 43 p – 0.107 14 P – 0.190 48 P – 0.267 86 P
AR 0.392 86 p 0.339 29 P 0.714 29 P 1.098 21P
R.B. 1,142 86 p 1.214 29 P 2,380 95 P 3,535 71 P
R.C. 0.928 57p 0.892 86 P 1,809 52 P 2.732 14P
2
M1a 0.099 65p 0.209 82 P 0.285 71 P 0.324 78 P
M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.238 10 P 0.399 55 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.224 33 P
M2a ................................... – 0.066 96 P – 0.126 98 P – 0.184 15 P
M2b ..................................... ............. ......................... – 0.111 11 P – 0.167 41 P
M2c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... – 0.150 67 P
2
MB – 0.053 57 p – 0.080 36 P – 0.142 86 P – 0.200 89 P
2
MC – 0.035 71 p – 0.053 57 P – 0.095 24 P – 0.133 93 P
AR 0.446 43 p 0.419 64 P 0.857 14P 1,299 11P
M1a ................................... – 0.040 18 P – 0.047 62 P – 0.050 22 P
M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... – 0.095 24 P – 0.100 46 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... – 0.150 67 P
2
M2a 0.080 52p 0.183 04 P 0.206 35 P 0.190 85 P
M2b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.222 22 P 0.332 58 P
M2c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.224 33 P
2
MB – 0.053 57 p – 0.080 36 P – 0.142 86 P – 0.200 89 P
2
MC – 0.035 71 p – 0.053 57 P – 0.095 24 P – 0.133 93 P
AR – 0.053 57 p – 0.080 36 P – 0.142 86 P – 0.200 89 P
2
MB – 0.120 54 p – 0.180 80 P – 0.321 43 P – 0.452 01 P
2
MC – 0.017 86 p – 0.026 79 P – 0.047 62 P – 0.066 96 P
2
MD – 0.058 04 p – 0.087 05 P – 0.154 76 P – 0.217 63 P
R.B. 1.223 21 p 1.334 82 P 2.595 24P 3.837 05 P
2
MB 0.013 39 p 0.020 09 P 0.035 71 P 0.050 22 P
2
MC – 0.053 57 p – 0.080 36 P – 0.142 86 P – 0.201 89 P
2
MD – 0.049 11 p – 0.073 66 P – 0.130 95 P – 0.184 15 P
R.B. – 0.080 36 p – 0.120 54 P – 0.214 29 P – 0.301 34 P
2
MB = MD – 0.035 71 p – 0.053 57 P – 0.095 24 P – 0.133 93 P
2
MC – 0.107 14 p – 0.160 71 P – 0.285 71 P – 0.401 78 P
R.C. 1.142 86 p 1.214 29 P 2,380 95 P 3,535 71 P
2
MB = MD – 0.071 43 p – 0.107 14 P – 0.190 48 P – 0.267 86 P
2
MC 0.035 71 p 0.053 57 P 0.095 24 P 0.133 93 P
R.C. – 0.214 29 p – 0.321 43 P – 0.571 43 P – 0.803 57 P
O
R
M Table 18 – Bending moments of continuous beams of constant inertia with equal spans
in different load cases (continued)
u Moments
flexing
L Loaded spans Reactions
on supports
HAS Beams with five spans of equal span
I
2
M1a 0.077 91 0.171 p 05 P 0.239 77 P 0.276 32 P
M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.146 20 P 0.302 63 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.078 95 P
R M2a
M2b
0.033 24p 2
0.111 84 P
..................................... ............. .........................
0.076 02 P
0.099 42 P
0.004 93 P
0.154 61 P
E M2c
M3a
M3b
..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ...........
0.046 05p 2
0.131 58 P
..................................... ............. .........................
0.122 81 P
0.122 81 P
0.054 28 P
0.078 95 P
0.203 95 P
2
MB = ME – 0.105 26 p – 0.157 89 P – 0.280 70 P – 0.394 74 P
2
MC = MD – 0.078 95 p – 0.118 42 P – 0.210 53 P – 0.296 05 P
AR 0.394 74 p 0.342 11P 0.719 30 P 1.105 26 P
R.B. 1.131 58 p 1,197 37 P 2,350 88 P 3,493 42 P
R.C. 0.973 68p 0.960 53 P P1,929.82 2.901 32 P
2
M1a 0.100 07 p 0.210 53 P 0.286 55 P 0.325 66 P
M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.239 77 P 0.401 32 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.226 97 P
2
M2a – 0.045 88 p – 0.069 08 P – 0.128 65 P – 0.185 03 P
M2b ..................................... ............. ......................... – 0.116 96 P – 0.172 70 P
M2c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... – 0.160 36 P
2
M3a 0.085 53p 0.190 79 P 0.228 07 P 0.226 97 P
M3b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.228 07 P 0.351 97 P
2
MB = ME – 0.052 63 p – 0.078 95 P – 0.140 35 P – 0.197 37 P
2
MC = MD – 0.039 47 p – 0.059 21 P – 0.105 26 P – 0.148 03 P
AR 0.447 37 p 0.421 05 P 0.859 65 P 1.302 63 P
M1a ................................... – 0.039 47 P – 0.046 78 P – 0.049 34 P
M1b ..................................... ............. ......................... – 0.093 97 P – 0.098 68 P
M1c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... – 0.148 03 P
2
M2a 0.079 09 p 0.180 92 P 0.204 68 P 0.189 97 P
M2b ..................................... ............. ......................... 0.216 37 P 0.327 30 P
M2c ..................................... ............. ........................ .......................... ........... 0.214 64 P
M3a ................................... – 0.059 21 P – 0.105 26 P – 0.148 03 P
M3b ..................................... ............. ......................... – 0.105 26 P – 0.148 03 P
2
MB = ME – 0.052 63 p – 0.078 95 P – 0.140 35 P – 0.197 37 P
2
MC = MD – 0.039 47 p – 0.059 21 P – 0.105 26 P – 0.148 03 P
AR – 0.052 63 p – 0.078 95 P – 0.140 35 P – 0.197 37 P
2
MB – 0.119 62 p – 0.179 43 P – 0.319 98 P – 0.448 56 P
2
MC – 0.021 53 p – 0.032 30 P – 0.057 42 P – 0.080 74 P
2
MD – 0.044 26 p – 0.066 39 P – 0.118 02 P – 0.165 97 P
2
ME – 0.051 44 p – 0.077 15 P – 0.137 16 P – 0.192 88 P
R.B. – 1.217 70 p 1.326 56 P – P2,580.54 3.816 39 P
2
MB 0.014 35 p 0.021 53 P 0.038 28 P 0.053 83 P
2
MC – 0.057 42 p – 0.086 12 P – 0.153 11 P – 0.215 31 P
2
MD – 0.034 69 p – 0.052 03 P – 0.092 50 P – 0.130 08 P
2
ME – 0.053 83 p – 0.080 74 P – 0.143 54 P – 0.201 85 P
R.B. – 0.086 12 p – 0.129 19 P – 0.229 65 P – 0.322 97 P
2
MB – 0.034 69 p – 0.052 03 P – 0.092 50 P – 0.130 08 P
2
MC – 0.111 24 p – 0.166 87 P – 0.296 65 P – 0.417 17 P
2
MD – 0.020 33 p – 0.030 50 P – 0.054 23 P – 0.076 26 P
2
ME – 0.057 42 p – 0.086 12 P – 0.153 11 P – 0.215 31 P
R.C. 1.167 46 p 1.251 20 P 2,446 57 P P3,627.99
2
MB – 0.070 57 p – 0.105 86 P – 0.188 20 P – 0.264 65 P
2
MC 0.032 29 p 0.048 44 P 0.086 12 P 0.121 11 P
2
MD – 0.058 62 p – 0.087 92 P – 0.156 30 P – 0.219 80 P
2
ME – 0.047 85 p – 0.071 77 P – 0.127 59 P – 0.179 43 P
R.C. – 0.193 78 p – 0.290 67 P – 0.516 75 P – 0.726 67 P

F
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in different load cases (continued) M
Moments
flexing
u
Loaded spans Reactions
on supports
L
Beams with an infinity of spans of equal span. Intermediate spans
HAS
Mi – 2
Mi – 1
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
I
R
– 0.083 33 p 2 – 0.125 00 P – 0.222 22 P – 0.312 50 P
Mid ÿ
Mi + 1 ÿ
Mi + 2
E
ÿ
i
=------ 2 P P P
M+ x – 0.041 67 p 0.125 00 0.111 11 0.187 50
2
Mi – 2 ÿ
Mi – 1
ÿ
– 0.041 67 p 2 – 0.062 50 P – 0.111 11 P – 0.156 25 P

Mid ÿ
Mi + 1 ÿ
Mi + 2 ÿ
M+ (middle of
loaded bays) 0.083 33p 2 0.187 50 P 0.222 22 P 0.343 75 P
M– (middle
unloaded spans) – 0.041 67 p 2 – 0.062 50 P – 0.111 11 P – 0.156 25 P
– 0.113 84 p – 2 – 0.170 75 P – 0.303 56 P – 0.426 88 P

Mid
0.022 33 p – 2 – 0.033 49 P – 0.059 54 P – 0.083 73 P
Mi – 1 = Mi + 1
0.046 85 p 2 – 0.070 27 P – 0.124 93 P – 0.175 68 P
Mi – 2 = Mi + 2
Beams with an infinity of spans of equal span. Shore spans
– 0.105 66 p – 2 – 0.158 49 P – 0.281 77 P – 0.396 23 P

M1
0.077 35 p – 2 – 0.116 02 P – 0.206 27 P – 0.290 06 P
M2
0.084 94 p – 2 – 0.127 40 P – 0.226 50 P – 0.318 51 P
M3
0.082 90 p 2 – 0.124 36 P – 0.221 08 P – 0.310 89 P
M4
0.099 98 p – 2 0.210 38 P 0.286 37 P 0.400 94 P
M0.1
0.052 83 p – 2 – 0.079 25 P – 0.140 88 P – 0.198 12 P
M1
M2 0.038 68 p 0.084 2 – 0.058 01 P – 0.103 13 P – 0.145 03 P
44 p – 0.042 0.189 14 P 0.226 83 P 0.347 86 P
M2, 3
47 p – 0.041 45 2 – 0.063 70 P – 0.113 25 P – 0.159 26 P
M3
p 2 – 0.062 18 P – 0.110 54 P – 0.155 44 P
M4
– 0.052 83 p – 2 – 0.079 25 P – 0.140 88 P – 0.198 12 P
M1
0.079 35 p – 2 0.181 37 P 0.217 62 P 0.328 43 P
M1, 2
0.038 68 p – 2 – 0.058 01 P – 0.103 13 P – 0.145 03 P
M2
M3 0.042 47 p 0.083 2 – 0.063 70 P – 0.113 25 P – 0.159 26 P
04 p – 0.041 2 – 0.187 06 P 0.221 89 P 0.342 65 P
M3, 4
45 p 2 – 0.062 18 P – 0.110 54 P – 0.155 44 P
M4
– 0.119 82 p – 2 – 0.179 73 P – 0.319 52 P – 0.449 32 P
M1
0.020 73 p – 2 – 0.031 09 P – 0.055 27 P – 0.077 72 P
M2
0.047 28 p – 2 – 0.070 92 P – 0.126 07 P – 0.177 29 P
M3
0.040 16 p 2 – 0.060 25 P – 0.107 10 P – 0.150 61 P
M4
– 0.034 88 p – 2 – 0.052 32 P – 0.093 02 P – 0.130 81 P
M1
0.110 47 p – 2 – 0.165 71 P – 0.294 59 P – 0.414 27 P
M2
0.023 23 p – 2 – 0.034 85 P – 0.061 95 P – 0.087 11 P
M3
0.046 61 p 2 – 0.069 91 P – 0.124 28 P – 0.174 78 P
M4

O
R ÿ Continuous articulated beams. may adopt an arrangement of the joints slightly
M Determination of bending moments
We can, using joints, transform the continuous beam

different, giving a reduction in less favorable moments,
but acceptable flexibility.
u hyperstatic in beams, Cantilever type, isostatic. The number

of articulations will be equal to the number of spans of the continuous beam,
minus one unit. In choosing the location of the joints,
In the general case of any loads and spans, we will trace
in each span assumed to be free the moments curve and we
will choose as rectilinear closing line of the moments that
L we will seek to obtain, as absolute value of the moment

maximum bending, the lowest possible value. If, in this
giving an optimal reduction in the maximum bending moment.
For special cases, please refer to tables 19 and 20.
optimal layout, the flexibility of the Cantilever beams (more
(0)
HAS larger than that of the continuous beam) becomes too important, we
I Table 19 – Bending moments of articulated continuous beams with equal spans uniformly loaded.
R Preliminary results
= 2
( ) P maximum ordinate parabola p 2/8 0.125 p
Line Aa coming from A such that M1 MB =

322 – 2 2
=
We have M1 MB = ------------------------
ÿ
0.085 79p
p2
= ÿ
0.171 57
x1 ( ) 322 – ( x 0= ) 2 1 – ÿ 0.414 21
= 2
= = 2
Line Aa such that MB p 2/16 0.062 5 p
2
Line MN parallel to Aa such that AM p 2/16 0.062 5 p = =
49 2 2 1 2 2
= ------------ ÿ
0.095 70p MB == -------- 0.062 5p
We have M1
p 512 p 16
1
== =-----
7
-------- = 0.437 5
17
x1 0.125 x0 u = ------------- ÿ 0.257 69
8 16 16
= 2
=== = 2
Right MN such that M1 MA MB p 2/16 0.062 5 p
22– 2
x1 = -------------------- ÿ
0.146 45 x0 = ---------- ÿ 0.707 11
4 2
(0) (0)
(0)

F
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Table 20 – Bending moments and position of joints of hinged continuous beams
with equal spans uniformly loaded

M
Number of
Selected closing line, moment curve Joint moments and position
u
spans
L
HAS
322 – 2 2
M === M2
1 MB
ÿ
2
x1 = ( ) 322 –
------------------------
ÿ 0.171 57
p2
0.085 79p
I
R
1
E
=== = 2 2
M B M2 MC -------- 0.062 5p
p 16
49 2 2
M =
1 M3 = ----------- ÿ
0.095 70p
p 512
1
xx = = 1 = ---- 0.125
3
8
322 – 2 2
M ====MC M
1 MB 3 ------------------------
ÿ
0.085 79p
p2
11 2 2
M2 = 2 – -------- p 8
ÿ
0.039 21p
1 8 2 11 ––
x2 = -------------------------------------------- ÿ 0.219 95
_
2
3 22 – 2ÿ 2
M =
1 MB = ----------------------- 0.085 79p
p2
1 2 2
=== =
MC M 3 MD --------
p 16
0.062 5p
49 2 2
M4 = ------------ ÿ
0.095 70p
p 512
705 480 2–
= 2 ÿ 2
M2 0.051 13p
-------------------------------------- p 512
4
31 16 2 705 480 2 –––

x2 = ------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ÿ 0.203 51
_
16
ÿ 16 2 15 705 480 2 –––

x2 = ------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ÿ 0.156 94
_
16
1
x4
_ ----- == 0.125 8
49 2 2
M =
1 M5 = ----------- ÿ
0.095 70p
p 512
MB M2
3 MD
MCM4
M ME ======
1 2 2
== -------- 0.062 5p
5 p 16
1
x1 ---- x===
5 0.125 8
ÿ 22–
x3 == x3
-------------------- ÿ 0.146 45 4
_ _
Note : the compensation of the moments in the intermediate spans was obtained in the previous examples by adopting a distance x of the joints
22–
lations to support -----------------
4 . This optimal moment compensation has the following disadvantage: spans without Cantilever beam (EF) articulation
(table 21) are much more flexible than the following spans with two joints (FG). In the event that this flexibility is too great, we
22–
--------------------
gives up completely compensating for moments. We adopt for x a value greater than 4 and we thus obtain better equalization of the arrows.

O
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M Table 20 – Bending moments and position of joints of hinged continuous beams
with equal spans uniformly loaded (continued)
u Number
of Selected closing line, moment curve Joint moments and position
L spans
322 – 2 2
====
M1 MB ME M5 ------------------------
ÿ
0.085 79p
HAS p2
1 2 2
=== = 3 MD
I MC M
–
705 480 2
-------
p 16
2 ÿ
0.062 5p
2
M=
2 M4 = 0.051 13p
R 5
x 4
ÿ
-------------------------------------- p 512
31 16 2 705 480 2 –––

x2 == ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ÿ 0.203
E ÿ
x 0.156
16 2 15 705 480 2 –––
51 16
== ------------------------------------------------
94 2 x4 ------------------------------ ÿ
16
We adopt in the first two spans and the last span = = ÿ 2

the same closing line as mentioned for the beam M1 MB 0.085 79p
with 4 bays. In the intermediate spans, we adopt a line of ÿ 2
M2 0.051 13p
= M = 2
horizontal closure such that M support p span /16 1 2
MC = M 3 =MD
== =... Mn – 1 M L = -------
snapfo
s
p 16
ÿ 2
Mn 0.095 70p
avn
reebngmeru L
e
x2 ÿ 0.203 51
ÿ
x2
_ ÿ 0.156 94
x4 = ==x =ÿ 4 ... xn – 2
ÿ
x n – 2 ÿ 0.146 45
xn = 0.125
1st solution:
= 0.095 70 p ÿ 2
M1 Mn
1 2
= 2 MC =...==Mn
MB M = –1 M L = --------
p 16
ÿ
x 1 x n = = 0.125
x3 = ==x =ÿ 3 ... xn – 2
ÿ
x n – 2 ÿ 0.146 45
_
2nd solution:
===M L Mn 0.085 79 p M2 Mn – 1 ÿ 2
M1 MB
m
bng apfo
daru
d L
n
s
2
rese
= 3
MC M
ÿ
0.051 13p
1 2
= Mn – 2= == =
MD ... M K = --------
p 16
x2 =
ÿ
xn–1 ÿ 0.203 51
ÿ
=
x2
_ xn – 1 ÿ 0.156 94
x4 = ==x =ÿ 4 ... xn – 3 xn–3
ÿ
ÿ 0.146 45
Note : the compensation of the moments in the intermediate spans was obtained in the previous examples by adopting a distance x of the joints
22–
lations to support -----------------
4 . This optimal moment compensation has the following disadvantage: spans without Cantilever beam (EF) articulation
(table 21) are much more flexible than the following spans with two joints (FG). In the event that this flexibility is too great, we
22–
--------------------
gives up completely compensating for moments. We adopt for x a value greater than 4 and we thus obtain better equalization of the arrows.
(0) (0)
Form. C 2 060 ÿ 46 is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

F
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Table 21 – Bending moments and deflections of a Cantilever beam
depending on the position of the joints (1) M
x/ My /p
2
M t/w
2
v1
p
EI
4
------------
v2
p 4
------------
EI
u
0.146 45
0.15
– 0.062 5
– 0.063 75 –
0.062 5
0.061 25
– 0.005 208 –
0.005 052 –
– 0.002 157
– 0.002 115
L
0.16 0.067 2 – 0.057 8 0.004 621 – – 0.002 039
0.17 0.070 55 – 0.054 45 0.004 202 – – 0.002 029 HAS
0.18 0.073 8 – 0.051 2 0.003 796 – – 0.002 080
0.19
0.20
0.076 95 –
0.080 –
0.048 05
0.045
0.003 402 –
0.003 021 –
– 0.002 189
– 0.002 354
I
0.21
0.211 32
0.082 95 –
0.083 33
0.042 05
0.041 67
0.002 652 –
0.002 604
– 0.002 572
– 0.002 604 R
(1) This table gives, depending on the position of the joints of the Cantilever beam, the moment Ma on support, the moment M t in the middle of the span, and the
arrows v1 in the middle of a span without joints and v2 in the middle of a span with joints. E
22–
There is equalization in absolute value of the moments for x = -------------------- ÿ 0.146 45 .
4
33–
There is equalization of the arrows for x = -------------------- ÿ 0.211 32 .
6
Table 22 – Shear force, bending moment and deformation of a continuous beam

on infinitely close elastic supports
Charging case Shear force Bending moment Rotation Arrow
1 P P 2 Pÿ
T –= ---- P2 ÿ ÿ( M = --------- ÿ ÿÿ( ) x ÿ
= ------------- v –= --------- ÿÿ (
)x ÿ ÿ ÿ( )x )x
4 k 2k
Submissive infinite beam

at a concentrated load P
1
T = ----- ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ( xM) –= -----
1
ÿ ÿ ÿ( ÿÿ 3
ÿÿ 2
)x ÿ = --------------
ÿ ÿ( )x v = ------------- ÿ ÿ( )x
2 2 k k
Submissive infinite beam
to a concentrated couple ÿ
P 2P ÿ 2 2P ÿ
T = – P ÿ ÿ ( x) M –= ----- ( )x
ÿ ÿÿ ÿ = -----------------
ÿÿ ( )x v –= ------------- ÿ ÿ( )x
k k
Submitted semi-infinite beam

at a concentrated load P
4 ÿÿ 3 2ÿ ÿ 2
T = 2 ÿÿÿ ÿ (x) M = – ÿ ÿ ÿ (x) ÿ = -----------------
ÿ ÿ( )x v –= ----------------- ÿ ÿ( )x
k k
Submitted semi-infinite beam
to a concentrated couple ÿ
ÿ constant defined by: T (x) shear force in the sections of the beam
k M(x) bending moment in beam sections
ÿ = 4 -----------
4EI ÿ (x) = dv/dx rotation of the sections of the beam, counted positively
in the trigonometric direction
The constant has ÿthe dimensions of the reciprocal of a length, sometimes called the elastic length of the
v (x) arrow of the sections of the beam counted positively upwards
beam.
k reaction module of elastic supports defined by:
The functions (u), (u),
ÿ (u) and
ÿ E elastic
ÿ ÿ (u) are defined in Table 23.
modulus of the beam r(x) = – kv(x)
I moment of inertia of the beam section Note: elastic supports are assumed to be bilateral; they therefore exert a density of
r (x) reaction density exerted by the elastic supports reaction directed upwards when v (x) < 0, and a reaction density directed upwards
low when v (x) > 0.
(0) (0)
Any reproduction without authorization from the French Center for the Exploitation of Copy Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ
© Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise
Form. C 2 060 ÿ 47
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M Table 23 – Continuous beam on infinitely close elastic supports.
Functions (u), (u), (u), and (u)
u ÿ Definitions
u
Function values
(u) (u)
(u), (u), (u), and (u)
(u) (u)
L • for u > 0
01 0
0.05 0.997 58 0.047 54 1 0.902 50
1
0.950 04
= u cos u + sin u ( )
ÿ ÿ ( ) u e– ÿ ( ) eu = – u sin u 0.10 0.990 65 0.090 33 0.809 98 0.900 32
HAS ÿ
= u ÿ ( ) eu= – u cos u
ÿÿ ( ) u e– (cos u–sin u) 0.15 0.979 67 0.128 62 0.722 42 0.851 04
I • for u < 0
0.20
0.25
0.965 07
0.947 27
0.162 66
0.192 68
0.639 75
0.561 91
0.802 41
0.754 59
0.30
R ÿ ÿ ()u= ÿ ()–u ÿ ( ) u –= ÿ ()–u
0.35
0.40
0.926 66
0.903 60
0.878 44
0.218 93
0.241 64
0.261 03
0.488 80
0.420 33
0.356 37
0.707 73
0.661 96
0.617 41
E
ÿ
ÿÿ ()u= ÿ ()–u ÿ ( ) u –= ÿ ()–u 0.45 0.851 50 0.277 35 0.296 80 0.574 15
0.50 0.823 07 0.290 79 0.241 49 0.532 28

ÿ Abscissa of zeros and maxima 0.55 0.793 43 0.301 56 0.190 30 0.491 86
0.60 0.762 84 0.309 88 0.143 07 0.452 95
or minimums for u > 0
0.65 0.731 53 0.315 94 0.099 66 0.415 59
0.70 0.699 72 0.319 91 0.059 90 0.379 81
Function Zeros Maximums or minimums 0.75 0.667 61 0.321 98 0.023 64 0.345 63

0.80 0.635 38 0.322 33 – 0.009 28 – 0.313 05
0.85 0.603 20 0.321 11 0.039 02 – 0.282 09
3 0.90 0.571 20 0.318 48 0.065 75 – 0.252 73
---- ÿ +n
ÿ (u) 4
ÿ not ÿ
0.95 0.539 54 0.314 58 0.089 62 0.224 96
0.508 33 0.309 56 – 0.110 78 – 0.198 77

1 0.477 66 0.303 54 0.129 43 – 0.174 12
1
---- ÿ
ÿ (u) not ÿ +n ÿ 1.05 0.447 65 0.296 66 0.145 67 – 0.150 99
4
1.10 0.418 36 0.289 01 0.159 67 – 0.129 34
1.15 1.20 0.389 86 0.280 72 0.171 58 0.109 14
1
---- ÿ
1
---- ÿ 1.25 0.362 23 0.271 89 – 0.181 55 – 0.090 34
ÿ (u) +n ÿ +n ÿ
4 2 1.30 0.335 50 0.262 60 0.189 70 – 0.072 90
1.35 0.309 72 0.252 95 0.196 17 – 0.056 78
1.40 0.284 92 0.243 01 0.201 10 – 0.041 91
1
---- ÿ
3
---- ÿ 1.45 0.261 13 0.232 86 0.204 59 0.028 27
ÿ (u) +n ÿ +n ÿ
2 4
1.50 0.238 35 0.222 57 – 0.206 79 – 0.015 78
1.55 0.216 62 0.212 20 0.207 79 – 0.004 41
1.60 0.195 92 0.201 81 0.207 71 – – 0.005 90
ÿ Derivatives of functions 1.65 0.176 25 0.191 45 0.206 64 – – 0.015 20
1.70 0.157 62 0.181 16 0.204 70 – 0.023 54
ÿ d
ÿ =
d--------- –= ÿ ( ) u --------- 1.75 0.140 02 0.170 99 – 0.201 97 – – 0.030 97
ÿ ()u
2du of
1.80 0.123 42 0.160 98 0.198 53 – – 0.037 56
ÿ dÿ
--------- –=
1.85 0.107 82 0.151 15 0.194 48 – – 0.043 33
d--------- –= ÿ ()u ÿ ()u
2du of 1.90 0.093 18 0.141 54 0.189 89 – – 0.048 35
1.95 0.079 50 0.132 17 0.184 83 – 0.052 67
0.066 74 0.123 06 – 0.179 38 – – 0.056 32

2 0.043 88 0.105 71 0.167 53 – – 0.061 82
2.1 0.024 38 0.089 58 0.154 79 – – 0.065 21
2.2 0.007 96 0.074 76 0.141 56 – – 0.066 80
2.3 2.4 – 0.005 62 0.061 28 0.128 17 – 0.066 89

F
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Table 23 – Continuous beam on infinitely close elastic supports.
Functions (u), (u), (u), and (u) (continued) M
ÿ Representative curves
u
Function values
(u) (u)
(u), (u), (u), and (u)
(u) (u)
u
2.5
2.6
– 0.016 64 –
0.025 36 –
0.049 13
0.038 29
– 0.114 89 –
0.101 93 –
– 0.065 76
– 0.063 64
L
2.7 0.032 04 – 0.028 72 0.089 48 – – 0.060 76
HAS
2.8 0.036 93 – 0.020 37 0.077 67 – – 0.057 30
2.9 0.040 26
– 0.042 26 –
0.013 16
0.007 03
0.066 59
– 0.056 31 –
– 0.053 43
– 0.049 29
I
R
3 0.043 14 – 0.001 87 0.046 88 – – 0.045 01
3.1 0.043 07 – – 0.002 38 – 0.038 31 – – 0.040 69
3.2 0.042 24 – 0.005 82 – 0.030 60 – – 0.036 42
3.3 3.4
3.5
0.040 79
– 0.038 87 –
0.008 53
– 0.010 59 –
0.023 74
– 0.017 69 –
– 0.032 27
– 0.028 28
E
3.6 0.036 59 – 0.012 09 – 0.012 41 – – 0.024 50
3.7 0.034 07 – 0.013 10 – 0.007 87 – – 0.020 97
3.8 0.031 38 – 0.013 69 – 0.004 01 – – 0.017 69
3.9 0.028 62 0.013 92 0.000 77 – 0.014 69
– 0.025 83 – – 0.013 86 – 0.001 89 – 0.011 97

4 0.020 42 – 0.013 07 – 0.005 72 – 0.007 35
4.2 0.015 46 – 0.011 68 – 0.007 91 – 0.003 77
4.4 0.011 12 – 0.009 99 – 0.008 86 – 0.001 13
4.6 4.8 0.007 48 0.008 20 0.008 92 0.000 72
– 0.004 55 – – 0.006 46 – 0.008 37 0.001 91

5 0.002 29 – 0.004 87 – 0.007 46 0.002 58
5.2 0.000 62 0.003 49 – 0.006 36 0.002 87
5.4 0.000 53 0.002 33 – 0.005 20 0.002 87
5.6 5.8 0.001 27 0.001 41 0.004 09 0.002 68
0.001 69 – 0.000 69 – 0.003 07 0.002 38

6 0.001 85 0.000 17 0.002 19 0.002 02
6.2 0.001 84 0.000 19 0.001 46 0.001 65
6.4 0.001 72 0.000 42 0.000 87 0.001 29
6.6 6.8 0.001 52 0.000 55 0.000 42 0.000 97
0.001 29 0.000 60 0.000 09 0.000 69

7 0.001 05 0.000 59 – 0.000 14 – 0.000 45
7.2 0.000 82 0.000 55 0.000 28 – 0.000 27
7.4 0.000 61 0.000 48 0.000 36 – 0.000 13
7.6 7.8 0.000 43 0.000 41 0.000 39 0.000 02
(0)
(0)
(0)
O
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M
u
L
HAS Table 24 – Lines of influence in a console beam of constant section, embedded for x = 0
and free for x = , under the action of a vertical load unit P (1)
I ÿ Line of influence of the shear force ÿ Line of influence of the rotation of a section (2)
R The load P produces in the section of abscissa x a shear force equal to: The load P causes a rotation of the section with abscissa x equal to:
E T (ÿ , x ) =
ÿ
ÿ1
0 For
For
ÿ
ÿ >x
<x
ÿ (ÿ ,x) =
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
–
1
----------- ÿ
2EI
2
For ÿ <x
1
ÿ
– ----------- x ( 2ÿ ÿ –x ) For ÿ >x

2EI
The line segment AB is tangent to the arc of parabola OA

at point A.
ÿ Line of influence of the bending moment ÿ Line of influence of the arrow (3)
The load P produces in the section of abscissa x a bending moment equal to: The load P causes a deflection of the section with abscissa x equal to:
1
ÿ 0 For ÿ <x ÿ – ----------- ÿ 2( ) 3x –ÿ For ÿ <x
M(ÿ , x ) = 6EI
v (ÿ , x ) =
ÿ
ÿx – ÿ For ÿ >x ÿ
1
ÿ
– ----------- x 2( 3ÿ ÿ )–x For ÿ >x

6EI
The line segment AB is tangent at A to the arc of the cubic OA.

(1) The unit vertical load P is applied in the abscissa section ÿ . (3) Arrows are counted positively upwards.
(2) Rotations are counted positively in the trigonometric direction.
Form. C 2060 ÿ 50 is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

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Table 25 – Lines of influence of a straight beam of constant section on simple supports
under the action of a vertical load unit P (1) u
ÿ Line of influence of the shear force
The load P produces in the section of abscissa x a shear

ÿ Lines of influence of the rotations of the ends of the beam (2)
The load P causes rotation and rotation ÿ 0( ÿ ) from the end x = 0

L
force equal to: 1( ) of the end ÿ ÿ x= :
HAS
ÿ
ÿ <x ÿ ( ) –ÿ (2 – ÿ )
For
I
– -----
ÿ
ÿ –= -----------------------------------------------
0( ÿ) 6EI
T (ÿ , x ) =
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
1 – -----
For ÿ >x
ÿ
R
E
ÿ Line of influence of the bending moment ÿ ( ) –ÿ ( ) +ÿ

--------------------------------------------=
ÿ 1( ÿ) 6EI
The load P produces in the section of abscissa x a bending
moment equal to:
ÿ ( )–x
ÿ ----------------------- <x
For ÿ
, x ) =
ÿ
M( ÿ ÿ
x()– ÿ
ÿ
For ÿ >x
----------------------- ÿ
ÿ Line of influence of the rotation of a section (2) ÿ Line of influence of the arrow (3)
The load P causes a rotation of the section of abscissa x The load P causes a deflection of the section with abscissa x
equal to : equal to :
1 –
ÿ ()–x – ÿ 2
ÿ
-------------- ( ) –ÿ ( ) +ÿ 3( )–x2 ÿ For ÿ <x ÿ
– ----------------------- x ( 2 – x ) ÿ For ÿ <x
6EI 6EI
(ÿ , ) x = v (ÿ , ) x = ÿ
ÿ
ÿ ÿ
–
1 – 3x2 _ x ( ) –ÿ –
ÿ -------------- ÿ (2 – ÿ ) ( ) –ÿ For ÿ >x ÿ – -----------------------
ÿ (2 – ÿ ) 2x _ For ÿ >x
ÿ 6EI ÿ 6EI
is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2 060 ÿ 51
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Table 26 – Lines of influence of a beam of constant section, embedded for x = 0
u and simply pressed to x= , under the action of a vertical load unit P (1)
L ÿ Line of influence of the embedding moment ÿ Line of influence of tip rotation x= (2)
x=
The load P produced in the embedding section x = 0 The load P causes rotation of the end equal to :
a moment equal to:
HAS ÿ 2( ) –ÿ
ÿ = ----------------------------
ÿ ( ) –ÿ ( 2 – 2 2 ÿ ) 1( ÿ) 4EI
I
–= -----------------------------------------------
M0( )ÿ
R
E
ÿ Line of influence of the shear force ÿ Line of influence of the rotation of a section (2)
The load P produced in the section of abscissa x The load P causes a rotation of the section of abscissa x
a shear force equal to: equal to :
ÿ ÿ 2
ÿ
– ----- 1 ( ) –ÿ ) – 2ÿ
----------------------------------------------------– <x ÿ
ÿ For ÿ ÿ
------------------- 2 23x 2 ( ) –+ –
– 6x ÿ x(2–x) For ÿ <x
(22 4EI 3
T (ÿ , ) x = (ÿ , ) x =
ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
– ÿ
--------------
ÿ (2– ÿ ) >x x ( ) –ÿ 2 – x – 2 2x ) ( ) >x
For (2 – For
ÿ ÿ
+ ---------------------------- ÿ – -----------------------
ÿ ÿ ÿ
1ÿ 22 ÿ
4EI 3
ÿ ÿ
ÿ Line of influence of the bending moment ÿ Line of influence of the arrow (3)
The load P produces in the section of abscissa x a bending The load P causes a deflection of the section with abscissa x equal to:
moment equal to:
ÿ ÿ ÿ
()–x ( ) –ÿ ( 2 – ÿ ) <x ÿ 2( ) – x
–
ÿ
------------------------ 1 ----------------------------------------------------–
For ÿ ÿ
– --------------------------xx((3) –2 ÿ– ÿ ) 22 ÿ For ÿ <x
22 12EI 3 ÿ
, )x = v (ÿ , ) x =
ÿ
M( ÿ ÿ
– ÿ ÿ (2 – ÿ ) )–x >x x 2( ) –ÿ >x
-------------- x ------------------------------------------------ For ÿ x 3–x22)()– For
ÿ ÿ
– --------------------------
ÿ (2 – ÿ ÿ
ÿ
(22 ÿ
12EI 3
ÿ ÿ
(1) The unit vertical load P is applied in the abscissa section (2) The rotations are ÿ . (3) Arrows are counted positively upwards.
counted positively in the trigonometric direction.

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Table 27 – Lines of influence of a beam of constant section embedded at its ends
under the action of a vertical load unit P (1) M
ÿ Lines of influence of embedding moments ÿ Line of influence of the bending moment
u
The load P produces in the section x = 0 a bending moment
M0( )ÿand in the section x= a bending moment M1(
2
ÿ ):
The load P produces in the section of abscissa x a bending moment
equal to: L
ÿ
( )– ÿ
–= --------------------------- ÿ
ÿ 2
M0( ) ÿ 2 ÿ --------- 2 2 – 3x +– 2ÿ
3
ÿ ÿ x For ÿ <x HAS
M( ÿ , )x =
I
ÿ
2
( ) –ÿ 3 >x
ÿ
2---------------------+–
x ÿ ÿ x For ÿ
ÿ
R
E
ÿ
2( ) – ÿ
–= --------------------------
M1( ) ÿ 2
ÿ Line of influence of the rotation of a section (2)
The load P causes a rotation of the section with abscissa x equal to:
ÿ
ÿ 2( )–x 2 – 3x + 2 x ÿ <x
ÿ
– --------------------------
ÿ For
ÿ
2EI 3
ÿ (ÿ , ) x = ÿ
2
x()–– ÿ >x
ÿ
------------------------- ÿ –x–2 ÿ x For ÿ

2ÿ 2EI 3 ÿ
ÿ Line of influence of the shear force ÿ
The load P produced in the section of abscissa x

a shear force equal to:
ÿ ÿ
– ----- 1 ( ) –ÿ ( 2 ) – 2ÿ
----------------------------------------------------– ÿ <x
ÿ For
ÿ
T (ÿ , x ) = ÿ
– ÿ ÿ ( ) – 2ÿ
ÿ
-------------- 1 + ---------------------------- For ÿ >x

ÿ
2
ÿ ÿ Line of influence of the arrow (3)
The load P causes a deflection of the section with abscissa x

equal to :
ÿ
ÿ 2( ) – x ÿ 2
– ----------------------------- 3x – ( ÿ ) + 2x ÿ For ÿ <x
6EI 3 ÿ
v( ÿ , x ) =
x2 ( 2 ) – –ÿ >x
ÿ
--------------------------------------- ÿ –( ) + 2ÿ x For ÿ
3ÿ
6EI 3 ÿ
is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2060 ÿ 53
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Table 28 – Lines of influence in continuous beams under the action of a unit vertical load P. Notations
u
L ÿ General
The continuous beam with n spans Ai – 1 Ai rests on n + 1 simple supports A0 , A1 , A2 , ..., An .

HAS
A section of any span Ai – 1 Ai is identified by its abscissa counted from the left end Ai – 1 .
I The unit load P is applied in the abscissa section of any span.
We designate by:
ÿ
R ÿ bending moment on the support Ai ;

• Mi () the
• T (, x),
ÿ M (, x), (x)ÿ and v (any
ÿ ÿone
, under ÿ , x) the shear force, the bending moment, the rotation and the deflection of the section with abscissa x of a span
the action of the charge P.
E
e
ÿ Characteristics of the span Ai – 1 Ai (i span) ÿ Case where inertia Ii is constant
Length : i Inertia: Ii (x) The previous formulas become in this case:
Flexibility coefficients:
i i
i i i
have this
= = ------------
3EIi
bi ------------=
6EIi
x 2 dx x x dx x 2 dx
= 1 – ----- = 1 – ----- ----- = ----- ---------
have --------- bi --------- here – ÿ – ÿ – ÿ
0 i EIi 0 i i EIi 0 i EIi ÿ
ÿ (
i )2( i ) ÿ (
i )( i+ ÿ )
ÿ –= ------------------------------------------------ -- ----------------------------------------------=
i ( )ÿ ÿ ÿÿi (ÿ)
6EIi i 6EIi i
When we assume the load P applied to the span Ai – 1 Ai
assumed on simple supports : ÿ 1
------------------- – ÿ <x
— the shear force in the section of abscissa x is: ÿ ( i )( i + ÿ )–3( i2)–x
ÿ For ÿ
ÿ 6EIi i
ÿ (ÿ , x ) = ÿ
ÿ 1
ÿ – ----- <x – ÿ – ÿ
For ÿ – -------------------
ÿ 2( i ( – 3x2 ) ) ÿ >x
ÿ
i For
ÿ ÿ
6EIi i
ÿ (ÿ , ) x = ÿ ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
1 – -----
For ÿ >x
ÿ ÿ
ÿ i()–x – ÿ 2 ÿ <x
ÿ
– ------------------------- x 2i ( ) – x ÿ For
6EIi i
— the bending moment in the section with abscissa x is:
V (ÿ , x ) = ÿ
– ÿ
x( i )
ÿ
– -------------------------
ÿ – ÿ – 2x _ ÿ >x
ÿ
( )–x 2( i ) For
ÿ ----------------------- <x ÿ
For ÿ 6EIi i
ÿ
ÿ
µ (ÿ , ) x = ÿ
x()– ÿ
ÿ
For ÿ >x
----------------------- ÿ
ÿ Fireplaces
ÿ
— rotations ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿi (ÿ) of the ends Ai – 1 and Ai are:
i ( ) And In each bay Ai – 1 Ai the left focus Fi and the focus
RIGHT Fÿi are defined by the reports:
ÿ
i x dx
ÿ –= µ (ÿ , ) x 1
------------------
i ( )ÿ
------ –
Fÿ
0 i EIi ( ) x Ai – 1Fi
ÿ i ----------------------=
ÿ
ÿ i
i Ai
= ----------------------
i x dx Fi Ai Ai – 1Fÿ i
ÿ ÿÿi (ÿ) = µ (ÿ , ) x
------ ------------------
ÿ
0 i EIi ( ) x Table 15 allows the calculation of the ratios ÿ i and ÿ i .
— the rotation of the section with abscissa x is:
ÿ (ÿ , x ) = –
i ÿ ( ) x,
ÿµÿ ÿ , ÿ )
( --------------------------------------------
ÿ d
0 E Ii ( )
— the arrow of the section with abscissa x is:
–
i µ ( ) x, ÿ µ ÿ ÿ , ÿ )
V (ÿ , x ) = ( --------------------------------------------
ÿ d
0 E Ii ( )

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Table 29 – Lines of influence in continuous beams under the action of a unit vertical load P
M
ÿ Line of influence of a moment on support
Under the action of the load P, the bending moment Mi ( • when P is on the span Ai – ÿ ) on the support Ai has the value:
u
1 Ai :
ÿ 1
------- ÿ
L
ÿ i ( )ÿ +
ÿÿi (ÿ )
1 ÿ i
Mi ( ) ÿ
= – ------- ÿ ------------------------------------------------- -----
1
HAS
bi --------------- –1
I
ÿ
ÿÿ i i
R
• when P is on the span Ai Ai + 1 :
1 ÿ ÿÿ
E
---------------- ÿ + ÿ
ÿ i + 1( ) ÿ ÿ
i + 1( )
1 ÿ i+1
= -------------
Mi ( ) ÿ
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
1
bi + 1 ------------------------------
ÿ
–1
ÿ i+1ÿ i+1
• when P is on the span Ar –1 Ar (with r < i):
ÿ ÿ ÿ
= ( ) – 1 ir – ÿ r + 1 ÿ r+2 ...
Mi ( ) ÿ ÿ i Mr ( ) ÿ
• when P is on the span As – 1 As (with s > i + 1):
Mi ( ÿ ) = (– 1)s – i – 1 ÿ i + 1 ÿ i + 2 ... ÿ s – 1 Ms – 1( ÿ )
ÿ Line of influence of the rotation of a section
The load P causes a rotation of the section X with abscissa x of the span Ai – 1 Ai equal to:
2 2i +– 6i x 3x 2 ) x Mi – 3x2 _
2i
ÿ ÿ ( ÿ , – 1 (–)
( ÿ , x ) –= ------------------------- ÿ ------------------------------------------------ Miÿ ( )
6EIi i 6EIi i
ÿ Line of influence of the arrow
The load P causes a deflection of the section X with abscissa x of the span Ai – 1 Ai equal to:
– ÿ – ÿ – ÿ
–
ÿ (
i )2( i ) ÿ (
i )( i+ ÿ )
v (ÿ , ) x V (–= ---------------------------------------------
ÿ , ) x Mi –1() ÿ -------------------------------------------------- Miÿ ( )
6EIi i 6EIi i
O
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M Table 29 – Lines of influence in continuous beams under the action of a vertical load unit P (continued)
u ÿ Line of influence of the bending moment
The load P produces in the section X with abscissa x of the span Ai – 1 Ai a bending moment equal to:
L M ( ÿ , x ) = µ ( ÿ , x Mi
) +– 1( ) ÿ 1 ----- –
x
+ Mi ( )ÿ
x
------
i i
HAS
The shape of the line of influence depends on the position of the section X relative to the foci Fi and the span. Fÿ
i
I
R
E
ÿ Line of influence of the shear force
The load P produces in the section X with abscissa x of the span Ai – 1 Ai a shear force equal to:
1
T (ÿ , ÿ (
–+= Miÿ ,– )1(
x ) ) ------
x Mi ( ÿ) ÿ
i

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7. Porticos M
(0)
Table 30 – Moments and reactions on supports in a single-span, rectangular, symmetrical gantry,

u
with two articulated supports L
Fixed values:
HAS
cross stiffness I2 h
K = ---------------------------------------------- = ×------
------
N = 2K + 3
column stiffness I1
I
R
E
Charging case
Diagram
moments
1 3 1 1
RA =RD = ---- p
2
AR = ----
8
p RD = ----
8
p RA =RD = ---- P
2
Reactions
2 2
on supports p p 3P
Q = -------------- Q = -------------- Q = --------------
4Nh 8Nh 8Nh
2 2
= p p = = p
--------
MB MC – 2= ÿ ------------
8
=
MB MC – 2= ÿ ------------
16
MB MC – ÿ
4
3
ÿ -------------------= ÿ -------------------= ÿ -------------------=
2K+3 2K+3 4K+6
K ÿ K ÿ K ÿ
0 0.666 67 0 0.666 67 0 0.5

0.1 0.625 0.1 0.625 0.1 0.468 75
0.2 0.588 24 0.2 0.588 24 0.2 0.441 18
0.4 0.526 32 0.4 0.526 32 0.4 0.394 74
0.6 0.476 19 0.6 0.476 19 0.6 0.357 14
0.8 0.434 78 0.8 0.434 78 0.8 0.326 09
Moments 0.4 0.4 0.3
at nodes B and C 1 0.333 33 1 0.333 33 1 0.25
for values 0.285 71 0.285 71 0.214 29
particulars of K
1.5 0.25 1.5 0.25 1.5 0.187 5
2 0.222 22 2 0.222 22 2 0.166 67
2.5 0.2 2.5 0.2 2.5 0.15
3 0.181 82 3 0.181 82 3 0.136 36
3.5 0.166 67 3.5 0.166 67 3.5 0.125
4 0.153 85 4 0.153 85 4 0.115 38
0.1 33 33 0.1 33 33 0.1
0.117 65 0.117 65 0.088 24
0.105 26 0.105 26 0.078 95
0.095 24 0.095 24 0.071 43
4.5 0.086 96 4.5 0.086 96 4.5 0.065 22
5 6 7 8 9 10 20 0.046 51 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 0.046 51 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 0.034 88
ÿ ÿ ÿ
0
O
R
M Table 30 – Moments and reactions on supports in a single-span, rectangular, symmetrical gantry,
with two articulated supports (continued)
u
L Charging case
HAS
I
R Diagram
moments
E
Pb Pa ph
= --------- --------= = RD – = – ---------
AR RD AR
Reactions
on supports 3Pab 1
Q = ------------------
2N h QA =QD = ---- P
2
1 3
Particular case : has = ---- , b = ----
4 4
3P 1
MB =MC =------------
ÿ MB =MC – = ---- Ph
2
16
3
-------------------=
ÿ
4K+6
K ÿ
Moments
0 0.5
at nodes B and C 0.1 0.468 75
for values 0.2 0.441 18
particulars of K 0.4 0.394 74
0.6 0.357 14
0.8 0.326 09
0.3
1 0.25
0.214 29
1.5 0.187 5
2 0.166 67
2.5 0.15
3 0.136 36
3.5 0.125
4 0.115 38
0.1
0.088 24
0.078 95
0.071 43
4.5 0.065 22
5 6 7 8 9 10 20 0.034 88
ÿ 0

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with two articulated supports (continued) M
u
Charging case
L
HAS
I
Diagram
moments R
E
2
qh M
AR = RD – = – ------------ AR = RD – = -------
Reactions 2
3M
on supports 11K+18 5K+6 Q –= --------------
QA = ------------------------- qh Q.D. = ------------------- qh 2Nh
8N 8N
2 2
qh qh MB1 = = MC
ÿ
M MB2 –= ÿM
MC –=
= ----------- -----------
MB ÿ ÿ 2
2
3
-------------------=
4K+3
3K+6 5K+6
= ----------------------
ÿ ÿ -------------------=
ÿ = ---------------------- ÿ 4K+6 4K+6
8K+12 8K+12
K ÿ ÿ K ÿ ÿ
0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5
0.1 0.492 19 0.507 81 0.1 0.468 75 0.531 25
0.2 0.485 29 0.514 71 0.2 0.441 18 0.558 82
0.4 0.473 68 0.526 32 0.4 0.394 74 0.605 26
0.6 0.464 29 0.535 71 0.6 0.357 14 0.642 66
0.8 0.456 52 0.543 48 0.8 0.326 09 0.673 91
Moments 0.45 0.55 0.3 0.7
at nodes B and C
1 0.437 5 0.562 5 1 0.25 0.75
for values
particulars of K 0.428 57 0.571 43 0.214 29 0.785 71
1.5 0.421 88 0.578 13 1.5 0.187 5 0.812 5
2 0.416 67 0.583 33 2 0.166 67 0.833 33
2.5 0.412 5 0.587 5 2.5 0.15 0.85
3 0.409 09 0.590 91 3 0.136 36 0.863 64
3.5 0.406 25 0.593 75 3.5 0.125 0.875
4 0.403 85 0.596 15 4 0.115 38 0.884 62
0.4 0.6 0.1 0.9
0.397 06 0.602 94 0.08 8 24 0.911 76
0.394 74 0.605 26 0.078 95 0.921 05
0.392 86 0.607 14 0.071 43 0.928 57
4.5 0.391 30 0.608 70 4.5 0.065 22 0.934 78
5 6 7 8 9 10 20 0.383 72 0.616 28 5 6 7 8 9 10 200.034 88 0.965 12
ÿ ÿ
0.375 0.625 0 1
(0)
(0)
(0)
O
R
with two recessed supports
u Fixed values:
I2 h
cross stiffness
L K = ----------------------------------------------
column stiffness
= ×------
------
I1
N1 = K + 2
HAS
N2 = 6K + 1
I
R Charging case
Diagram
moments
1 p 1 p 1
=
RA RD = ---- p AR = -------- 3 + ------------- RD = -------- 1 – -------------
2 8 4N 2 8 4N 2
Reactions 2 2
p
Q ----------------= p
and times Q ----------------=
4N1h p 8N1h
on supports 2
2 2
=
MA MD =---------------- p 1 1 p 1 1
12N1 MY = ------------ ------------- – -------------
MD = ------------ ------------- + -------------

8 3N 1 8N 2 8 3N 1 8N 2
2 2 2 2
2 p = p p p
p MY = ------------
ÿ ÿ ------------ MC –= ÿ ------------ MD =------------
ÿ
=
MA MD =------------
ÿ 16 MB – 16 16 16
2 2 1 4 1
= –2 = 8p
------------ ÿ ------------–=
------------ ------------
ÿ ------------+=
MB MC ÿ 3N1 4N2 3N1 4N2
8
4 2 1 4 1
ÿ = ------------------------ = -----------------------
ÿ ------------
ÿ ------------+= ------------
ÿ ------------+=
3( ) K + 2 3( ) K + 2
3N1 4N2 3N1 4N2
K ÿ ÿ K ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
0 0.333 33 0.666 67 0 0.083 33 0.916 67 0.416 67 0.1 0.161 21 0.791 17 0.583 33

0.1 0.317 46 0.634 92 0.478 67 0.2 0.189 39 0.719 70 0.492 42 0.4 0.204 25 0.473 71
0.2 0.303 03 0.606 06 0.629 08 0.482 03 0.6 0.202 06 0.567 17 0.458 47 0.8 0.416 67
0.4 0.277 78 0.555 56 0.194 99 0.519 29 0.433 09 1 0.186 51 0.480 16 0.408 0.351 31
Moments 0.6 0.256 41 0.512 82 73 1.5 0.165 48 0.405 95 0.355 95 2 0.147 44 0.352 56 0.310 76
at the nodes 0.8 0.238 10 0.476 19 0.314 10 2.5 0.132 52 0.311 92 0 .280 67 3 0.120 18 0.281 20
A, B, C and D 0.222 22 0.444 44 0.279 82 0.253 51 3.5 0.109 85 0.253 79 0.231 06 4 0.257 94
for particular values 1 0.190 48 0.380 95 0.101 11 0.232 22 0.212 22 4.5 0.093 64 0.214 06 0.196 0.215 48
of K
0.166 67 0.333 33 20 5 0.087 17 0.198 54 0.182 41 6 0.076 58 0.173 42 0.185 90
1.5 0.148 15 0.296 30 0.159 91 0.0 68 26 0.153 96 0.142 33 7 8 0.061 56 0.163 77
2 0.133 33 0.266 67 0.138 44 0.128 23 9 0.056 06 0.125 76 0.116 67 10 0.146 49
2.5 0.121 21 0.242 42 0.051 46 0.115 21 0.107 01 20 0.028 24 0.062 67 0.058 0.132 58
3 0.111 11 0.222 22 54 ÿ 00 0 0.121 11
3.5 0.10 2 56 0.20 5 13 0.111 49
4 0.095 24 0.190 48 0.103 30
0.083 33 0.166 67 0.090 09
0.074 07 0.148 15 0.079 89
0.066 67 0.133 33 0.071 77
0.060 61 0.121 21 0.065 15
4.5 0.055 56 0.111 11 0.059 65
5 6 7 8 9 10 20 0.030 30 0 0.060 61 0 0.032 37
ÿ
0
F
O
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with two recessed supports (continued) M
u
Charging case
L
HAS
I
R
Diagram
moments E
1 b ab a ( ) – has
ba b ( ) –
=
RA RD = ---- P RA P+= ------------------------
----- 1 2 RD P+= ------------------------
---- 1 2
2 N2 N2
Reactions 3P 3Pab
Q ----------------= Q = ---------------------
and times 4N1h 2N1 h
on supports P Pab 1 Pab 1
=
MA MD =------------ ba – ba –
MY = ------------- ------------ – -----------------
MD = ------------- ------------ + -----------------
8N1 2N1 2N2 2N1 2N2
3
Particular case : has ----= , b = --------
4 4
P
=
MA MD = --------
ÿ 3P 3P 3P 3P
4 MY = ------------
ÿ = ÿ ------------ MC –= ÿ ------------ MD =------------
ÿ
16 MB – 16 16 16
P
= –
MB MC = ÿ
-------- 1 1 1 1
4 ÿ ------------–=
------------
ÿ ------------+=
--------
2N1 4N2 N1 4N2

1 1
ÿ = ----------------------- = --------------
ÿ 1 1 1 1
K+2
2( ) K + 2 ÿ ------------+= ÿ ------------–=
------------ --------
2N1 4N2 N1 4N2
K ÿ ÿ K ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
0 0.25 0.5 0 0 0.75 0.25 0.1 0.081 85 0.632 44 0.319 94 0.5
0.1 0.238 10 0.476 19 0.2 0.113 64 0.568 18 0.340 91 0.4 0.134 80 0.490 0.394 35
0.2 0.227 27 0.454 55 20 0.343 14 0.6 0.137 96 0 .438 96 0.330 27 0.8 0.340 91
Moments 0.4 0.208 33 0.416 67 0.135 47 0.400 25 0.314 04 1 0.130 95 0.369 05 0.281 86
at the nodes 0.6 0.192 31 0.384 62 0.297 62 1.5 0.117 66 0.310 71 0.260 71 2 0.105 77 0.246 66
A, B, C and D 0.8 0.178 57 0.357 14 0.269 23 0.230 77 2.5 0.095 49 0.237 8 5 0.206 60 3 0.221 67
for values 0.166 67 0.333 33 0.086 84 0.213 16 0.186 84 3.5 0.079 55 0.193 18 0.202 38
particulars of K 1 0.142 86 0.285 71 0.170 45 4 0.073 33 0.176 67 0.156 67 4.5 0.067 99 0.167 86
0.125 0.25 0.162 77 0.144 92 5 0.063 36 0.150 92 0.134 79 6 0.144 23
1.5 0.111 11 0.222 22 0.055 74 0.131 76 0.118 24 7 0.049 74 0.116 93 0.126 74
2 0.1 0.2 0.105 30 8 0.044 90 0.105 10 0.094 90 9 0.040 91 0.113 16
2.5 0.090 91 0.181 82 0.095 45 0.086 36 10 0.037 57 0.087 43 0.079 23 20 0.102 27
3 0.083 33 0.166 67 0.020 66 0.047 52 0.043 39 ÿ 00 0 0.093 33
3.5 0.076 92 0.153 85 0.085 85
4 0.071 4 3 0.142 86 0.079 49
0.062 5 0.125 0.069 26
0.055 56 0.111 11 0.061 37
0.05 0.1 0.055 10
0.045 45 0.090 91 0.05
4.5 0.041 67 0.083 33 0.045 77
5 6 7 8 9 10 20 0.022 73 0.045 45 0.024 79
ÿ
0 0 0
O
R
with two recessed supports (continued)
u
L Charging case
HAS
I
R Diagram
moments
E
= RD – qh 2K
= – ------------------
AR
3PhK N2 6MK
= RD – = – ------------------ = RD – = – ---------------
AR qh 6K+13 2K+3
qh ------------------- AR
N2 = --------- = --------- N2
QA 4 ---------------------- QD 4
Reactions 1 2N1 2N1 3M
and times = = ---- P Q –= -----------------
QA QD 2 qh
2 K+3 4K+1 2N1 h
on supports –= ------------- --------------- -------------------+
3K+1 MY 4 M M M M
= = – -------------------
ph 6N1 N2 ---------- -----------––=
----------
MA MD – MY ----------+–= MD
2N2 qh
2 K+3 4K+1 2N1 2N2 2N1 2N2
–= ------------- --------------- -------------------–
MD 4 6N1 N2
2 2
qh
–= ------------
ÿ
qh
=------------
MY MB ÿ = –Mÿ 2
2 2 MA = ÿ
M MB1 ÿ MB2
= 1M
– = – ÿ ph 2 2
MA MD = qh
ÿ
MC –= ------------ ÿ qh
=------------ MC = – ÿ M MD = – 1 ÿM
– = ÿ ph 2 MD 2 1 1 1
MB MC = –=== 1 ÿ1
4K+1 K+3 K K ÿ ----------
----------+ ÿ 1 ------ ----------+ ÿ 2
3K+1 3K ÿ ----------------+=
-------------------
ÿ –= --------------
------ 2N1 2N2 N1 2N2
ÿ -------------------=
ÿ ------------= 2N2 12N1 N2 12N1 1 1 1 1
2N2 2N2 ÿ ------------–=
-------- ÿ ------------+=
------------
4K+1 K+3 K K N1 2N2 2N1 2N2
ÿ ----------------–=
-------------------
ÿ += ----------------
--------
2N2 12N1 N2 12N1
K ÿÿÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ1 ÿ2 ÿ ÿ
0
0 0.5 0.375 0.1 0.406 25 0.093 750.625 0 0.066 47 0.314
0.560 52 0.058 53 0 48 0.074 0.25 1 0 0 0.75
40 0.788 69 0.211 31 0.163 69 0.550 60
0.2 0.363 64 0.136 36 0.530 30 0.083 33 0.098 48 0.287 88 0.681 82 0.318 18 0.227 27 0.4540 55
Moments 0.4 0.323 53 0.176 47 0.500 41 0.103 76 0.131 54 0.264 30 – 0.061 27 0.563 73 0.436 27 0.269 61 0.355 39
at the nodes 0.6 0.304 35 0.195 65 0.484 95 0.111 20 0.149 67 0.254 18 – 0.083 61 0.493 31 0.506 69 0.275 92 0.301 00
A, B, C and D 0.8 0.293 10 0.206 90 0.475 16 0.114 12 0.161 74 0.248 97 – 0.092 36 0.443 35 0.556 65 0.270 94 0.264 78
for values
1 0.286 71 0.214 29 0.468 25 0.115 08 0.170 63 0.246 03 – 0.095 24 0.404 76 0.595 24 0.261 90 0.238 10
particulars of K
1.5 0.275 0.457 14 0.114
0.225
29 0.185 71 0.242 86 – 0.092 86 0.335 71 0.664 29 0.235 71 0.192 86
2 0.269 23 0.230 77 0.450 32 0.112 18 0.195 51 0.241 99 – 0.086 54 0.288 46 0.711 54 0.211 54 0.163 46
2.5 0.265 63 0.234 38 0.445 60 0.109 95 0.202 55 0.241 90 – 0.079 86 0.253 47 0.746 53 0.190 97 0.142 36
3 0.263 16 0.236 84 0.442 11 0.107 89 0.207 89 0.242 11 – 0.073 67 0.226 32 0.773 68 0.173 68 0.126 32
3.5 0.261 36 0.238 64 0.439 39 0.106 06 0.212 12 0.242 42 – 0.068 18 0.204 55 0.795 45 0.159 09 0.113 64
4 0.26 0.437 22 0.1040.24
44 0.215 56 0.242 78 – 0.063 33 0.186 67 0.813 33 0.146 67 0.103 33
4.5 0.258 93 0.241 07 0.435 44 0.103 02 0.218 41 0.243 13 – 0.059 07 0.171 70 0.828 30 0.135 99 0.094 78
5 0.258 06 0.241 94 0.433 95 0.101 77 0.220 81 0.243 47 – 0.055 30 0.158 99 0.841 01 0.126 73 0.087 56
6 0.256 76 0.243 24 0.431 59 0.099 66 0.224 66 0.244 09 – 0.048 99 0.138 51 0.861 49 0.111 49 0.076 01
7 0.255 81 0.244 19 0.429 80 0.097 98 0.227 61 0.244 62 – 0.043 93 0.122 74 0.877 26 0.099 48 0.067 18
8 0.255 10 0.244 90 0.428 40 0.096 60 0.229 93 0.245 07 – 0.039 80 0.110 20 0.889 80 0.089 60 0.060 20
9 0.254 55 0.245 45 0.427 27 0.095 45 0.231 82 0.245 45 – 0.036 36 0.1 0.9 0.081 82 0.054 55
10 0.254 10 0.245 90 0.426 34 0.094 49 0.233 38 0.245 79 – 0.033 47 0.091 53 0.908 47 0.075 14 0.049 86
20 0.252 07 0.247 93 0.421 83 0.089 53 0.241 05 0.247 59 – 0.018 60 0.049 59 0.950 41 0.041 32 0.026 86
ÿ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.416 67 0.083 33 0.25 0 0 1 0 0
F
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
O
R
Table 32 – Moments and reactions on supports in a single-span, symmetrical, two-slope gantry
and vertical crutches on two joints

M
I2
u
h 2
Fixed values: K = creeping stiffness
------------------------------------------------
crutch stiffness
= ×------
------
S I1
ÿ = F H ; ÿ + K 3 3= ++ ÿ ÿ
L
HAS
I
Charging case
R
E
Diagram
moments
Reactions 2 2
1 85+ ÿ 3 1 85+ ÿ 1 P 32+ ÿ
and times RA RE
= = ---- p Q 2 = p ------------------ AR = ---- p RE = ---- p Q 8 8 =
p ------------------ RA RE
= = ---- PK 2 = -------- ------------------
h------------ 32 ÿ h------------ 64 ÿ h 8ÿ
on supports
Moments 2 2 2 2
p p p p P P
= –
MB MD = --------
at the nodes = –
MB MD = ÿ ------------ MC =------------
ÿ = –
MB MD = ÿ ------------ MC =------------
ÿ ÿ MC
= -------- 4
ÿ
4
B, C and D 8 8 16 16
for values 85+ ÿ ( 1+ ÿ (4 85+) ÿ ) 85+ ÿ ( 1+ ÿ +)( 85 ÿ ) 32+ ÿ ( 1+ ÿ (2 32+) ÿ )
ÿ ------------------=
ÿ 1
–= -------------------------------------------
ÿ ------------------=
ÿ 1
–= -------------------------------------------
ÿ ------------------=
ÿ 1
–= -------------------------------------------
particulars of K 4ÿ ÿ 4ÿ ÿ 2ÿ ÿ
and of
K ÿ ÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿ
0 0.666 67 0.333 33 0.666 67 0.333 33 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.552 63 0.171 05 0.552 63 0.171 05 0.421 05 0.368 42
0 0.464 29 0.071 43 0.464 29 0.071 43 0.357 14 0.285 71
12 0.346 15 0 – 0.038 46 – 0.346 15 0 – 0.038 46 – 0.269 23 0.192 31
ÿ
0.25 0.25 0 0
0 0.645 16 0.354 84 0.645 16 0.354 84 0.483 87 0.516 13

0.5 0.541 24 0.188 14 0.541 24 0.188 14 0.412 37 0.381 44
0.1 0.457 75 0.084 51 0.457 75 0.084 51 0.352 11 0.295 77
12 0.343 51 0 – 0.030 53 – 0.343 51 0 – 0.030 53 – 0.267 18 0 0.198 47
ÿ
0.25 0.25 0
0 0.571 43 0.428 57 0.571 43 0.428 57 0.428 57 0.571 43

0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.380 95 0.428 57
0.5 0.433 33 0.133 33 0.433 33 0.133 33 0.333 33 0.333 33
12 0.333 33 0.333 33 0.259 26 0 0.222 22
ÿ
0 0 – 0.25 0 0 – 0.25 0
0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.375 0.625

0.5 0.456 52 0.315 22 0.456 52 0.315 22 0.347 83 0.478 26
1 0.406 25 0.187 5 0.406 25 0.187 5 0.312 5 0.375
12 0.321 43 0.035 71 0.321 43 0.035 71 0.25 0.25
ÿ
0 – 0.25 0 – 0.25 0 0
0 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.7

0.5 0.388 89 0.416 67 0.388 89 0.416 67 0.296 30 0.555 56
2 0.361 11 0.277 78 0.361 11 0.277 78 0.277 78 0.444 44
12 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.233 33 0.3
ÿ
0 – 0.25 0 – 0.25 0 0
0 0.153 85 0.846 15 0.153 85 0.846 15 0.115 38 0.884 62

0.5 0.177 97 0.733 05 0.177 97 0.733 05 0.135 59 0.796 61
10 0.191 18 0.617 65 0.191 18 0.617 65 0.147 06 0.705 88
12 0.195 65 0 0.413 04 0.195 65 0 0.413 04 0.152 17 0 0.543 48
ÿ
– 0.25 – 0.25 0
ÿ 99 0 1 0 1 0 1
O
R
M Table 32 – Moments and reactions on supports in a single-span, symmetrical, two-slope gantry
and vertical crutches on two joints (continued)
u
L Charging case
HAS
I
R Diagram
moments
E
ph qfh (2 + 2 ÿ )
AR = RE – = – --------- AR = RE – = – --------------------------------
Reactions
and times P ÿ ( 3 2 +ÿ ) 1 ÿ ( 4) +=
3+ÿ
on supports QA += ----
----------------------------
1 QB P QA –= QA ----------------------------
---- qf 1 8 QB qf QA –=
2 2ÿ 2 ÿ
2
MB = ÿ Ph MC = – ÿ Ph MD = – ÿ ph qfh
= ----------- = qf = qfh
Moments MB ÿ MC – ÿ ------------ MD – ÿ -----------
at the nodes 2 2
1 ÿ (32+ ÿ ) 1 ÿ ( 3 2 +ÿ )
ÿ +=---- 1
---------------------------- ÿ –= ----
----------------------------
1 43+ 4 3 + ÿ 2)
B, C and D 2 ÿ 2 ÿ 1 ÿ ( ) += ÿ81
ÿ ---------------------------- 1 ÿ
ÿ –= ----------------------------
for particular values ÿ (8 ÿ
of K ÿ 1 ( 1 + ÿ ) (3 2 + 2 ÿ ) ( 1 + ÿ ) (4 3 + 8 ÿ )
and of ÿ –= -------------------------------------------
-----
ÿ
----
–= -------------------------------------------
2 ÿ 2 ÿ
K ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
0 0.5 0.5 0.333 33 1
0.5 0.605 26 0 0.092 0.394 74 1 1.072 0.282 89 0.927 63
0 0.678 57 11 0.142 0.321 43 37 0.25 0.875
12 0.769 23 1 86 0.192 0.230 77 1.125 0.211 54 0.807 69
ÿ
31 0.25 0 1.192 31 1.375 0.125 0.625
0 0.5 0.5 0.338 71 1
0.5 0.603 09 0 0.095 0.396 91 1 1.070 0.287 37 0.929 12
0.1 0.676 06 36 0.147 0.323 94 88 1.123 0.253 52 0.876 76
12 0.767 18 1 89 0.198 0.232 82 24 1.190 0.213 74 0.809 16
ÿ
47 0.25 0 84 1.375 0.125 0.625
0 0.5 0.5 0.357 14 1
0.5 0.595 24 0 0.107 0.404 76 1 1.065 0.303 57 0.934 52
0.5 0.666 67 14 0.166 0.333 33 48 1.116 0.266 67 0.883 33
12 0.759 26 1 67 0.222 0.240 74 67 1.185 0.222 22 0.814 81
ÿ
22 0.25 0 19 1.375 0.125 0.625
0 0.5 0.5 0.375 1
0.5 0.586 96 0 0.119 0.413 04 1 1.059 0.320 65 0.940 22
1 0.656 25 57 0.187 0.343 75 78 1.109 0.281 25 0.890 63
12 0.75 5 0.25 38 1.178 0.232 14 0.821 43
ÿ
1 0.25 0.25 0 57 1.375 0.125 0.625
0 0.5 0.5 0.4 1
0.5 0.574 07 0 0.138 0.425 93 1 1.050 0.347 22 0.949 07
2 0.638 89 89 0.222 0.361 11 93 1.097 0.305 56 0.904 78
12 0.733 33 22 0.266 67 22 1.166 0.25 0.833 33
ÿ
1 0.3 0.25 0 67 1.375 0.125 0.625
0 0.5 0.5 0.461 54 1

0.5 0.533 90 0 0.199 0.466 10 1 1.023 0.430 08 0.976 69
10 0.573 53 15 0.352 0.426 47 31 1.051 0.397 06 0.948 53
12 0.652 17 1 94 0.543 0.347 83 47 1.108 0.336 96 0.891 30
ÿ
48 0.25 0 70 1.375 0.125 0.625
ÿ 99 0.5 ÿ /2 0.5 1 0.5 1

F
O
R
Table 32 – Moments and reactions on supports in a single-span, symmetrical, two-slope gantry
and vertical crutches on two joints (continued)

M
u
Charging case
L
HAS
I
Diagram
moments R
E
qh 2 M
= RE – = – ------------- = RE – = -------
Reactions AR 2 AR
and times 3M 2+
qh 5K + + 12 6 ÿ Q = ÿ
--------------
on supports = --------- ------------------------------------
– ----------
QA qh QE –= QE 2 8ÿ h 4ÿ
qh 2
= qh 2 qh 2 MB1 = MD = – ÿ 1M MB2 = – ÿ 2M Mc = ÿM
Moments ÿ
MB = ------------- MC – 2 ÿ ------------- MD =–-------------
2 ÿ 2
at the nodes
5K + + 12 6 ÿ 3( ÿÿ +2 )
B, C and D
ÿ = 1–ÿ ÿ = --------------------------------------------- ÿ1 = -----------------------
ÿ 2 –= 1 ÿ1
for particular values 8ÿ 4
of K ( 1 + ÿ ( 5K + + 12 6) ÿ ) 1 3 1( ) +ÿÿ ( 2 + ÿ ) 1
ÿ ----–= ÿ ----–=
--------------------------------------------
and of -------------------------------------------------- ----------
8ÿ 2 2
K ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ1 ÿ2 ÿ
0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
0.5 0.605 26 0 0.092 0.394 74 0.394 74 0.605 26 0.092 11
0 0.678 57 11 0.142 0.321 43 0.321 43 0.678 57 0.142 86
12 0.769 23 1 86 0.192 0.230 77 0.230 77 0.769 23 1 0.192 31
ÿ
31 0.25 0 0 0.25
0 0.495 97 0.004 03 0.504 03 0.483 87 0.516 13 – 0.016 13
0.5 0.600 52 0.099 23 0.399 48 0.386 60 0.613 40 0.079 90
0.1 0.674 30 0.151 41 0.325 70 0.316 90 0.683 10 0.133 80
12 0.766 22 1 0.201 34 0.233 78 0.229 01 0.770 99 1 0.187 02
ÿ
0.25 0 0 0.25
0 0.482 14 0.017 86 0.517 86 0.428 57 0.571 43 – 0.071 43
0.5 0.583 33 0.125 0.416 67 0.357 14 0.642 86 0.035 71
0.5 0.658 33 0.183 33 0.341 67 0.3 0.7 0.1
12 0.754 63 1 0.236 11 0.245 37 0.222 22 0.777 78 1 0.166 67
ÿ
0.25 0 0 0.25
0 0.468 75 0.031 25 0.531 25 0.375 0.625 – 0.125
0.5 0.565 22 0.152 17 0.434 78 0.326 09 0.673 91 – 0.010 87
1 0.640 63 0.218 75 0.359 38 0.281 25 0.718 75 0.062 5
12 0.741 07 1 0.276 79 0.258 93 0.214 29 0.785 71 0.142 86
ÿ
0.25 0 0 1 0.25
0 0.45 0.05 0.55 0.3 0.7 – 0.2
0.5 0.537 04 0.194 44 0.462 96 0.277 78 0.722 22 – 0.083 33
2 0.611 11 0.277 78 0.388 89 0.25 0.75 0
12 0.716 67 1 0.35 0.283 33 0.2 0.8 0.1
ÿ
0.25 0 0 1 0.25
0 0.403 85 0.096 15 0.596 15 0.115 38 0.884 62 – 0.384 62
0.5 0.449 15 0.326 27 0.550 85 0.127 12 0.872 88 – 0.309 32
10 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.132 35 0.867 65 – 0.235 29
12 0.597 83 1 0.706 52 0.402 17 0.130 43 0.869 57 1 – 0.108 70
ÿ
0.25 0 0 0.25
1
ÿ
ÿ 0.375 ---- (1 5 + ÿ ) 0.625 0 1 – 0.5
8

O
R
M Table 33 – Bending moments in 2, 3 and 4 span frames,
with vertical crutches on joints
u The crutches have the same height h and the same constant
inertia I1 .
bending at the nodes for the different load cases indicated on the diagrams according
to the dimensionless ratio:
L
The horizontal crosspieces have the same length and the same constant hI2
K = ----------
HAS inertia I2 . I1
I The numerical tables give the values of the moments

The bending moment diagrams appear in fine lines on the frame diagrams.
R
E
M D ME M F M.G.
------------------- -------------------= ------------------- -------------------= 2 2 2 2
K 2 2 2 2 p
M /D ------------ p
------------ p
------------ p
M /E ------------
p
------------ p
------------ p
------------ p
------------ 4 MF / 4 MG / 4 4
4 4 4 4
0 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 0

0.1 – 0.294 12 – 0.352 94 – 0.298 57 – 0.327 99 0 – 0.024 0.004 46
0.2 – 0.263 16 – 0.368 42 – 0.270 47 – 0.323 10 96 – 0.045 0.007 31
0.3 – 0.238 10 – 0.380 95 – 0.247 25 – 0.318 68 32 – 0.062 0.009 16
0.4 – 0.217 39 – 0.391 30 – 0.227 74 – 0.314 70 27 – 0.076 0.010 35
0.6 – 0.185 19 – 0.407 41 – 0.196 76 – 0.307 87 60 – 0.099 0.011 57
0.8 – 0.161 29 – 0.419 35 – 0.173 24 – 0.302 27 54 – 0.117 0.011 95
– 0.142 86 – 0.428 57 – 0.154 76 – 0.297 62 08 – 0.130 0.011 90
1 – 0.111 11 – 0.444 44 – 0.122 22 – 0.288 89 95 – 0.155 0.011 11
– 0.090 91 – 0.454 55 – 0.101 01 – 0.282 83 56 – 0.171 0.010 10
1.5 – 0.076 92 – 0.461 54 – 0.086 08 – 0.278 39 72 – 0.183 0.009 16
2 – 0.066 67 – 0.466 67 – 0.075 – 0.275 15 – 0.191 0.008 33
2.5 – 0.058 82 – 0.470 59 – 0.0 66 45 – 0.2 72 33 67 – 0.198 0.007 63
3 – 0.052 63 – 0.473 68 – 0.059 65 – 0.270 18 26 – 0.203 0.007 02
3.5 – 0.047 62 – 0.476 19 – 0.054 11 – 0.268 40 51 – 0.207 0.006 49
4 – 0.043 48 – 0.478 26 – 0.049 52 – 0.266 91 79 – 0.211 0.006 04
– 0.037 04 – 0.481 48 – 0.042 33 – 0.264 55 35 – 0.216 0.005 29
– 0.032 26 – 0.483 87 – 0.036 96 – 0.262 77 93 – 0.221 0.004 70
– 0.028 57 – 0.485 71 – 0.032 80 – 0.261 38 10 – 0.224 0.004 23
– 0.025 64 – 0.487 18 – 0.029 49 – 0.260 26 34 – 0.226 0.003 85
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 – 0.023 26 – 0.488 37 – 0.026 78 – 0.259 34 92 – 0.229 0.003 52
ÿ
0 – 0.5 0 – 0.25 03 – 0.25 0

F
O
R
Table 33 – Bending moments in 2, 3 and 4 span frames,
with vertical crutches on joints (continued) M
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
M D ME M.F. M.G.
K MD/ph2 MF/ph2 MG/ph2 ME/ph2 ----------- –= ---------- --------- –= ----------
ph ph ph ph
0 0.125 – 0.125 0.125 – 0.125 0.25 – 0.25

0.1 0.119 40 – 0.119 60 0.126 78 – 0.134 25 0.257 58 – 0.242 42
0.2 0.115 31 – 0.114 95 0.128 11 – 0.141 63 0.263 89 – 0.236 11
0.3 0.111 95 – 0.111 26 0.129 12 – 0.147 66 0.269 23 – 0.230 77
0.4 0.109 21 – 0.108 18 0.129 92 – 0.152 69 0.273 81 – 0.226 19
0.6 0.105 03 – 0.103 30 0.131 08 – 0.160 59 0.281 25 – 0.218 75
0.8 0.102 00 – 0.099 61 0.131 87 – 0.166 52 0.287 04 – 0.212 96
0.099 70 – 0.096 73 0.132 44 – 0.171 13 0.291 67 – 0.208 33
1 0.095 83 – 0.091 67 0.133 33 – 0.179 17 0.3 – 0.2
0.093 43 – 0.088 38 0.133 84 – 0.184 34 0.305 56 – 0.194 44
1.5 0.091 80 – 0.086 08 0.134 16 – 0.187 96 0.309 52 – 0.190 48
2 0.090 63 – 0.084 38 0.134 38 – 0.190 63 0.312 5 – 0.187 5
2.5 0.089 73 – 0.0 83 06 0.134 53 – 0.1 92 67 0.314 81 – 0.185 19
3 0.089 0 4 – 0.082 02 0.134 6 5 – 0.194 30 0.316 67 – 0.183 33
3.5 0.088 47 – 0.081 17 0.134 74 – 0.195 62 0.318 18 – 0.181 82
4 0.088 01 – 0.080 46 0.134 81 – 0.196 71 0.319 44 – 0.180 56
0.087 30 – 0.079 37 0.134 92 – 0.198 41 0.321 43 – 0.178 57
0.086 78 – 0.078 55 0.135 00 – 0.199 68 0.322 92 – 0.177 08
0.086 38 – 0.077 91 0.135 05 – 0.200 66 0.324 07 – 0.175 93
0.086 06 – 0.077 40 0.135 10 – 0.201 44 0.325 – 0.175
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.085 80 – 0.076 99 0.135 13 – 0.202 08 0.325 40 – 0.174 60
ÿ
0.083 33 – 0.072 92 0.135 42 – 0.208 33 0.333 33 – 0.166 67
O
R
with vertical crutches on joints (continued)
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
M M M M M M M
D
------------------- K
-------------------= F
------------------- MH
-------------------= M.G.
------------------- E
-------------------= D
-------------------- K
= -------------------- M.F.
-------------------- MH
= -------------------- M.G.
-------------------- E
= --------------------
K p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 0 – 0.333 33

0.1 – 0.295 08 – 0.350 82 – 0.334 43 0 0.016 – 0.036 07 – 0.314 75
0.2 – 0.265 82 – 0.362 03 – 0.336 71 39 0.025 – 0.060 76 – 0.301 27
0.3 – 0.242 42 – 0.369 70 – 0.339 39 92 0.030 – 0.078 79 – 0.290 91
0.4 – 0.223 14 – 0.375 21 – 0.342 15 30 0.033 – 0.092 56 – 0.282 64
0.6 – 0.192 98 – 0.382 46 – 0.347 37 06 0.035 – 0.112 28 – 0.270 18
0.8 – 0.170 31 – 0.386 90 – 0.351 97 09 0.034 – 0.125 76 – 0.261 14
– 0.152 54 – 0.389 83 – 0.355 93 99 0.033 – 0.135 59 – 0.254 24
1 – 0.121 21 – 0.393 94 – 0.363 64 90 0.030 – 0.151 52 – 0.242 42
– 0.100 67 – 0.395 97 – 0.369 13 30 0.026 – 0.161 07 – 0.234 90
1.5 – 0.086 12 – 0.397 13 – 0.373 21 85 0.023 – 0.167 46 – 0.229 67
2 – 0.075 27 – 0.397 85 – 0.376 34 92 0.021 – 0.172 04 – 0.225 81
2.5 – 0.066 85 – 0.398 33 – 0.378 83 51 0.019 – 0.175 49 – 0.222 84
3 – 0.060 13 – 0.398 66 – 0.380 85 50 0.017 – 0.178 17 – 0.220 49
3.5 – 0.054 54 – 0.398 91 – 0.382 51 82 0, 016 – 0.180 33 – 0.218 58
4 – 0.050 08 – 0.399 09 – 0.383 92 39 0.015 – 0.182 09 – 0.217 00
– 0.042 90 – 0.399 34 – 0.386 14 17 0.013 – 0.184 82 – 0.214 52
– 0.037 53 – 0.399 50 – 0.387 82 20 0.011 – 0.186 82 – 0.212 68
– 0.033 36 – 0.399 61 – 0.389 14 68 0.010 – 0.188 36 – 0.211 25
– 0.030 02 – 0.399 68 – 0.390 21 46 0.009 – 0.189 57 – 0.210 11
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 – 0.027 28 – 0.399 74 – 0.391 08 48 0.008 – 0.190 56 – 0.209 48
ÿ 0 – 0.4 – 0.4 66 0 – 0.2 – 0.2

F
O
R
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
K MD/ph2 MF/ph2 MG/ph2 ME/ph2 MH/ph2 MK/ph2

0 0.083 33 – 0.083 33 0.083 33 – 0.083 33 0.083 33 – 0.083 33
0.1 0.077 39 – 0.080 05 0.082 31 – 0.081 90 0.086 61 – 0.091 73
0.2 0.072 87 – 0.077 95 0.081 77 – 0.080 51 0.088 71 – 0.098 18
0.3 0.069 26 – 0.076 52 0.081 49 – 0.079 22 0.090 15 – 0.103 35
0.4 0.066 30 – 0.075 48 0.081 36 – 0.078 06 0.091 18 – 0.107 62
0.6 0.061 65 – 0.074 12 0.081 34 – 0.076 07 0.092 54 – 0.114 28
0.8 0.058 14 – 0.073 29 0.081 45 – 0.074 46 0.093 38 – 0.119 28
0.055 39 – 0.072 74 0.081 62 – 0.073 14 0.093 93 – 0.123 18
1 0.050 51 – 0.071 97 0.082 07 – 0.070 71 0.094 70 – 0.130 05
0.047 28 – 0.071 59 0.082 47 – 0.069 05 0.095 08 – 0.134 53
1.5 0.044 99 – 0.071 37 0.082 80 – 0.067 84 0.095 30 – 0.137 70
2 0.043 28 – 0.071 24 0.083 06 – 0.066 94 0.095 43 – 0.140 05
2.5 0.041 95 – 0.071 15 0.083 29 – 0.066 22 0.095 52 – 0.141 88
3 0.04 0 88 – 0.071 08 0.08 3 47 – 0.065 65 0.09 5 58 – 0.143 33
3.5 0.040 01 – 0.071 04 0.083 63 – 0.065 18 0.095 63 – 0.144 52
4 0.039 28 – 0.071 00 0.083 76 – 0.064 79 0.095 66 – 0.145 50
0.038 14 – 0.070 96 0.083 98 – 0.064 17 0.095 71 – 0.147 05
0.037 28 – 0.070 93 0.084 14 – 0.063 71 0.095 74 – 0.148 20
0.036 61 – 0.070 91 0.084 27 – 0.063 35 0.095 76 – 0.149 10
0.036 08 – 0.070 89 0.084 38 – 0.063 05 0.095 77 – 0.149 82
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.035 64 – 0.070 88 0.084 47 – 0.062 82 0.095 78 – 0.150 41
ÿ
0.031 25 – 0.070 83 0.085 42 – 0.060 42 0.095 83 – 0.156 25

O
R
with vertical crutches on joints (continued)
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
M D M Y M F M X M.G. M K ME MH
2 2 -------------------- = -------------------- -------------------- -------------------= -------------------- -------------------= -------------------- = --------------------
K p
------------ p
------------ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
MF / 4 MG / 4 p
------------ p
------------ p
------------ p
------------ p
------------ p
------------ p
------------ p
------------
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33 – 0.333 33

0.1 – 0.360 11 – 0.344 20 – 0.295 03 – 0.350 93 – 0.335 40 – 0.332 30
0.2 – 0.378 06 – 0.354 08 – 0.265 59 – 0.362 59 – 0.339 49 – 0.330 25
0.3 – 0.390 91 – 0.362 77 – 0.241 94 – 0.370 97 – 0.344 09 – 0.327 96
0.4 – 0.400 55 – 0.370 37 – 0.222 38 – 0.377 33 – 0.348 64 – 0.325 68
0.6 – 0.414 04 – 0.382 85 – 0.191 74 – 0.386 43 – 0.356 93 – 0.321 53
0.8 – 0.423 00 – 0.392 57 – 0.168 70 – 0.392 68 – 0.363 96 – 0.318 02
– 0.429 38 – 0.400 32 – 0.150 68 – 0.397 26 – 0.369 86 – 0.315 07
1 – 0.439 39 – 0.414 14 – 0.119 05 – 0.404 76 – 0.380 95 – 0.309 52
– 0.445 19 – 0.423 23 – 0.098 45 – 0.409 33 – 0.388 60 – 0.305 70
1.5 – 0.448 96 – 0.429 64 – 0.083 94 – 0.412 41 – 0.394 16 – 0.302 92
2 – 0.451 61 – 0.434 41 – 0.073 17 – 0.414 63 – 0.398 37 – 0.300 81
2.5 – 0.453 57 – 0.438 09 – 0.064 85 – 0.416 32 – 0.401 67 – 0.299 16
3 – 0.455 09 – 0.441 02 – 0.058 24 – 0.417 64 – 0.404 33 – 0.297 84
3.5 – 0.456 28 – 0.443 40 – 0.052 85 – 0.418 70 – 0.406 50 – 0.296 75
4 – 0.457 26 – 0.445 38 – 0.048 37 – 0.419 57 – 0.408 32 – 0.295 84
– 0.458 75 – 0.448 48 – 0.041 36 – 0.420 92 – 0.411 19 – 0.294 40
– 0.459 83 – 0.450 79 – 0.036 13 – 0.421 92 – 0.413 35 – 0.293 33
– 0.460 65 – 0.452 58 – 0.032 07 – 0.422 69 – 0.415 03 – 0.292 48
– 0.461 30 – 0.454 00 – 0.028 84 – 0.423 30 – 0.416 38 – 0.291 81
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 – 0.461 82 – 0.455 17 – 0.026 19 – 0.423 79 – 0.417 48 – 0.291 26
ÿ
– 0.466 67 – 0.466 67 0 – 0.428 57 – 0.428 57 – 0.285 71

F
O
R
u
L
HAS
I
K MD/ph2 MF/ph2 MG/ph2 ME/ph2 MH/ph2 MK/ph2 MX/ph2 MY/ph2
R
0
0.1
0.062 50
0.055 32
– 0.062 50
– 0.059 20
0.062 50
0.062 89
– 0.062 50
– 0.062 69
0.062 50
0.062 31
– 0.062 50
– 0.062 11
0.062 50
0.065 80
– 0.062 50
– 0.069 68
E
0.2 0.049 80 – 0.057 02 0.063 65 – 0.063 08 0.061 92 – 0.061 35 0.067 98 – 0.075 20
0.3 0.045 36 – 0.055 44 0.064 52 – 0.063 51 0.061 49 – 0.060 48 0.069 56 – 0.079 64
0.4 0.041 70 – 0.054 25 0.065 37 – 0.063 93 0.061 07 – 0.059 63 0.070 75 – 0.083 30
0.6 0.035 95 – 0.052 54 0.066 92 – 0.064 71 0.060 29 – 0.058 08 0.072 46 – 0.089 05
0.8 0.031 63 – 0.051 37 0.068 24 – 0.065 37 0.059 63 – 0.056 76 0.073 63 – 0.093 37
0.028 25 – 0.050 51 0.069 35 – 0.065 92 0.059 08 – 0.055 65 0.074 49 – 0.096 75
1 0.022 32 – 0.049 11 0.071 43 – 0.066 96 0.058 04 – 0.053 57 0.075 89 – 0.102 68
0.018 46 – 0.048 25 0.072 86 – 0.067 68 0.057 32 – 0.052 14 0.076 75 – 0.106 54
1.5 0.015 74 – 0.047 67 0.073 91 – 0.068 20 0.056 80 – 0.051 09 0.077 33 – 0.109 26
2 0.013 72 – 0.047 26 0.074 70 – 0.068 60 0.056 40 – 0.050 30 0.077 74 – 0.111 28
2.5 0.012 16 – 0.046 94 0.075 31 – 0.068 91 0.056 09 – 0.049 69 0.078 06 – 0.112 84
3 0.01 0 92 – 0.046 69 0.07 5 81 – 0.069 16 0.05 5 84 – 0.049 19 0.07 8 31 – 0.114 08
3.5 0.009 91 – 0.046 49 0.076 22 – 0.069 36 0.055 64 – 0.048 78 0.078 51 – 0.115 09
4 0.009 07 – 0.046 33 0.076 56 – 0.069 53 0.055 47 – 0.048 44 0.078 67 – 0.115 93
0.007 76 – 0.046 08 0.077 10 – 0.069 80 0.055 20 – 0.047 90 0.078 92 – 0.117 24
0.006 77 – 0.045 89 0.077 50 – 0.070 00 0.055 00 – 0.047 50 0.079 11 – 0.118 23
0.006 01 – 0.045 75 0.077 82 – 0.070 16 0.054 84 – 0.047 18 0.079 25 – 0.118 99
0.005 41 – 0.045 63 0.078 07 – 0.070 29 0.054 71 – 0.046 93 0.079 37 – 0.119 59
4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.004 91 – 0.045 54 0.078 28 – 0.070 39 0.054 61 – 0.046 72 0.079 46 – 0.120 09
ÿ
0 – 0.044 64 0.080 36 – 0.071 43 0.053 57 – 0.044 64 0.080 36 – 0.125
O
R
M
u
L 8. Rings
HAS
I The elastic circular ring of constant section meets

Circular ring
R particularly in the calculation of circular pipes subject to

various force systems such as: own weight, pressure of a
E
internal or external liquid, weight of the embankments, thrust of the earth,
etc.
ÿ Ratings. Calculation method
ÿ
A circular ring of radius r and constant inertia I is subjected to a system of external forces in
equilibrium S.
A section X of the ring is identified by the angle ÿ = (IO, IX).
To calculate the bending moment M (), the normal force Nÿ() in the section ÿÿ) And
the shear force T (isostatic ÿÿ there
structure fixed support, and • Ring subjected to a system of symmetrical forces

0 constituted by the recessed O ring on a
cut in the diametrically opposite section A. Due to the symmetry, we can limit ourselves to finding: 0 . We
The hyperstatic unknowns are the bending moment M1,

the normal force N1 and the shear force T1 in section A. 1 2
M1 = ---- ( ) 2G F – ÿ
ÿ
We also calculate the relative displacement of section A ÿ N1 = -------
ÿ r
G T1 = 0
with respect to section O: translation of horizontal component u1 ÿ
r 2 2
and vertical component v1 and rotation 1 . It will be noted that the ÿ ÿ
== --------
0 ---- FH– ÿ
u1 = 0 v1 EI ÿ 1
shortening of the vertical diameter OA is ÿ = – v1.
ÿ
We denote by m ( ÿ ), n () the
ÿ )bending
and t ( ÿmoment, ÿ M ( )ÿm ( M1
) ÿ
N1 –+= r ( 1 + cos ÿ ÿ)
the normal force and the shear force in section X of the structure under the effect of the forces ÿ
0 ÿ
N ( )ÿn ( )N1 –= cos
ÿ ÿ ÿ
applied to the ring ÿ . We ask :
ÿT ÿ
+=( )sin t ( ÿ) N1 ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
F=m()d0 ÿ ÿ G = m ( ) cos dÿ 0 ÿ ÿ H = m ( ) sin d ÿ0 ÿ ÿ • Ring subjected to a system of antisymmetric forces
Due to the antisymmetry, we can limit ourselves to finding: 0 . We

We greatly simplify the calculation by decomposing the system S of
forces applied to the ring in sum of systemsÿ S' of forces
2
symmetric with respect to OA and systems S'' of anti-symmetric forces with respect to OA. Since ÿ = ------- H
M1 = 0 N1 = 0 T1 ÿ r
the system S is in equilibrium, ÿ
the sum of the support reactions in O due to the systems S' and S'' is
ÿ
r 2 4 r 4
nothing.
ÿ
--------FG–+ ---- H v1 = 0 u1 = – ÿ ÿ = -------F – ---- H

EIÿ ÿ 1 EI ÿ
_
ÿ M ( )ÿm ( T1 ÿ ÿ
) –= r sin ÿ
We neglect the deformations due to the normal force and the effort
sharp. ÿ
N ( )ÿn ( )T1 –= sin
ÿ ÿ ÿ
–=( ÿcos
ÿT ) T1ÿ t ( ) ÿ
(0)
(0)
(0)

F
O
R
Table 34 – Circular ring. Elemental force systems
M
ÿ Two vertical symmetrical forces P:
Pr
u
M 1 += – ------- f 1( )ÿ
sin2
P
– sin2
ÿ
ÿ
L
#1 = ----- ÿ
ÿ
HAS
=
Pr 3
------------
2 1
v1
EI ----
ÿ
f1(ÿ ) – ---- f 4( )ÿ 2
I
ÿ Two horizontal symmetrical forces P:
R
M 1 –= 3(
Pr
--------
ÿ
) f 2( )ÿ f ÿ
E
P
#1 ----- f =2( ÿ)
ÿ
–=
Pr 3
------------
2 1 2
v1 ---- (1 – cos
EI ----
ÿ
f 3( )ÿ 2
ÿ )
ÿ Two symmetrical radial forces P:
Pr
= --------f 1( ÿ)
M1 –
ÿ
P
= ----- ÿ ÿ sin ÿ
N1
Pr 3
------------
2 1
v1 ---- f –= ---- ( 1 – cos ÿ ) ÿ
EI 3( ) 2ÿ
ÿ Two symmetrical tangential forces P:
Pr
M 1 = ( -------- f 3( )ÿ – ÿ – sin ÿ )
ÿ
P
N1 ----- f = 3( ) ÿ
ÿ
=
Pr 3
-----------
ÿ2 1 ÿ
v1 ÿ ---- ( ÿ ÿ – sin ÿ ) ---- ÿ

cosf 21( ) 1 –+– ÿ ÿ
EI ÿ
ÿ
ÿ Two symmetrical couples :
ÿ
M1 = ----- (2 sin ÿ – ÿ )
ÿ
ÿ
N1 2 = ---------
ÿ r
sinÿ
ÿ r2
– ----------- 2ÿ
v1 = 1 – cos ÿ – ---------
EI ÿ
Functions . They are defined for f 1( ) , f 2( ) , f 3( ) and f 4( ) 0 ÿ ÿ :
f1( ÿ ) = 1 – cos ÿ – ÿ sin ÿ
f2( ÿ ) = ÿ – sin ÿ cos ÿ
f3( ÿ ) = sin ÿ – ÿ cos ÿ
f4( ÿ ) = ÿ + sin ÿ cos ÿ – 2 sins ÿ
Note: these solutions play the same role as the lines of influence. They make it possible to obtain by superposition the solution relating to any system of forces applied to the ring.
Any reproduction without authorization from the French Center for the Exploitation of Copy Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ ©
Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2 060 ÿ 73
O
R
M Table 34 – Circular ring. Elemental force systems (continued)
u ÿ Two vertical antisymmetric forces P:
L T1 ----- f = 4( ) ÿ
ÿ
Pr 3 2 1
u1 –= –
---- sin2 ------------
ÿ f 1( ) ---- f – 4(
ÿ ) ÿ
EI ÿ 2
HAS
Pr 2 2
ÿ f –= 4( ) f 1(ÿ) ÿ
I 1 ---- ------------
EI ÿ
R
E
ÿ Two horizontal antisymmetric forces P:
P
T1 = ----- (1 – cos ÿ 2)
ÿ
u1 +=
– Pr 3 ÿ )
1
ÿ
2
---- (1 – cos – ÿ 2)
------------
EI f 3( ----
2 f 2( ) ÿ
–=
Pr 2 2
ÿ 1 ------------ ÿ )
f 3( ---- (1 – cos ÿ 2)
EI ÿ
ÿ Two radial antisymmetric forces P:
P
T1 ----- f =3( )ÿ
ÿ
u1 – Pr 3
------------ 1 – cos ÿ
1
---- ÿ sin ÿ
2
ÿ
---- f –+=EI3( ) 2 ÿ
Pr 2 2
ÿ 1 ---- ------------
f –= 1 – cos ÿ ÿ
EI 3( ) ÿ
ÿ Two antisymmetric tangential forces P:
P
T 1 += 1(
-----
) 1 – cos f ÿ ÿ
ÿ
=
Pr 3
– ------------ ÿ 1 ÿ2
u1 ÿ
ÿ ( 1 – cos ÿ – ---- sin ) ÿ +–----
1( )1ÿ–ÿcos f ÿ ÿ
EI 2 ÿ
ÿ
=
Pr 2
------------
ÿ ÿ2
ÿ 1 ÿ
ÿ – sin ÿ +–ÿ1(----
) ÿ1 – cos f ÿ ÿ
EI ÿ
ÿ
ÿ Two antisymmetric couples :
ÿ
T1 2 = ---------- (1 – cos ÿ )
ÿ r
ÿ r 2 4
u1 – ------------
–+= ---- (1 – cosÿ sin ÿ ÿ )
EI ÿ
ÿ r
-------
4
ÿ 1 –= ---- (1 –ÿ cos ÿ )
EI ÿ
Functions . They are defined for f 1( ) , f 2( ) , f 3( ) and f 4( ) 0 ÿ ÿ :
f1( ÿ ) = 1 – cos ÿ – ÿ sin ÿ
ÿ )= ÿ – sin ÿ cos ÿ
f2( ÿf3() = sin ÿ – ÿ cos ÿ
f4( ÿ ) = ÿ + sin ÿ cos ÿ – 2 sins ÿ
Note: these solutions play the same role as the lines of influence. They make it possible to obtain by superposition the solution relating to any system of forces applied to the ring.
Any reproduction without authorization from the French Center for the Exploitation of Copy Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ ©
Form. C 2060 ÿ 74 Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

F
O
R
M
Table 35 – Functions f 1( ) , f 2( ) , f 3( ) and f 4( ) from table 34 u
(1)
f1( ) f2( ) f3( ) f4( )
(1)
f1( ) f2( ) f3( ) f4( )
L
(degree) (degree)
HAS
00 0 2 – 0.000 61 0.000 03 4 – 0.002 0
43 0.000 23 6 – 0.005 47 0.000 76 8 – 0.009
70 0.001 81 10 – 0.015 12 0.003 52
0 0.000 01
0.000 11
– 0.000 01 –
0.000 11 –
92
94
– 0.569 83 –
0.566 86 –
1.640 58
1.710 20
1.055 43
1.112 01
– 0.427 96
– 0.424 11 I
0.000 38 0.000 38 – 96 0.561 81 – 1.779 47 1.169 66 – 0.417 48
0.000 91
0.001 77
0.000 90 –
0.001 75
98
100
0.554 60 –
0.545 17
1.848 24
1.916 34
1.228 31
1.287 88
– 0.407 93
– 0.395 30
R
12
14
– 0.021 69 –
0.029 41 –
0.006 07
0.009 61
0.003 05
0.004 83
– 0.003 02 –
0.004 76 –
102
104
– 0.533 42 –
0.519 30 –
1.983 60
2.049 88
1.348 28
1.409 42
– 0.379 43
– 0.360 18
E
16 0.038 23 – 0.014 29 0.007 20 0.007 06 – 106 0.502 74 – 2.115 01 1.471 20 – 0.337 43
18 0.048 14 – 0.020 27 0.010 23 0.009 98 – 108 0.483 68 – 2.178 85 1.533 54 – 0.311 05
20 0.059 08 0.027 67 0.014 01 0.013 58 110 0.462 06 2.241 26 1.596 32 – 0.280 92
22 – 0.071 02 – 0.036 64 0.018 59 – 0.017 91 – 112 – 0.437 82 – 2.302 10 1.659 45 – 0.246 93

24 0.083 92 – 0.047 31 0.024 07 0.023 02 – 114 0.410 92 – 2.361 25 1.722 82 – 0.208 99
26 0.097 72 – 0.059 78 0.030 51 0.028 95 – 116 0.381 31 – 2.418 59 1.786 31 – 0.167 01
28 0.112 37 – 0.074 17 0.037 98 0.035 73 – 118 0.348 95 – 2.474 01 1.849 82 – 0.120 93
30 0.127 82 0.090 59 0.046 55 0.043 39 120 0.313 80 2.527 41 1.913 22 – 0.070 67
32 – 0.144 01 – 0.109 11 0.056 28 – 0.051 94 – 122 – 0.275 83 – 2.578 70 1.976 41 – 0.016 19

34 0.160 87 – 0.129 82 0.067 23 0.061 38 – 124 0.235 02 – 2.627 80 2.039 25 0.042 54
36 0.178 33 – 0.152 79 0.079 46 0.071 72 – 126 0.191 34 – 2.674 64 2.101 62 0.105 55
38 0.196 33 – 0.178 08 0.093 03 0.082 95 – 128 0.144 77 – 2.719 17 2.163 41 0.172 85
40 0.214 79 0.205 73 0.107 99 0.095 04 130 0.095 31 2.761 33 2.224 48 0.244 44
42 – 0.233 64 – 0.235 78 0.124 38 – 0.107 96 – 132 – 0.042 95 2.801 10 2.284 71 0.320 28

44 0.252 80 – 0.268 25 0.142 25 0.121 68 – 134 0.012 31 2.838 44 2.343 97 0.400 37
46 0.272 18 – 0.303 16 0.161 63 0.136 13 – 136 0.070 47 2.873 34 2.402 12 0.484 64
48 0.291 71 – 0.340 50 0.182 58 0.151 27 – 138 0.131 51 2.905 82 2.459 04 0.573 03
50 0.311 29 0.380 26 0.205 11 0.167 02 140 0.195 42 2.935 86 2.514 59 0.665 48
52 – 0.330 84 – 0.422 42 0.229 25 – 0.183 30 – 142 0.262 18 2.963 52 2.568 64 0.761 90

54 0.350 27 – 0.466 95 0.255 04 0.200 03 – 144 0.331 75 2.988 80 2.621 07 0.862 18
56 0.369 48 – 0.513 79 0.282 49 0.217 10 – 146 0.404 11 3.011 77 2.671 73 0.966 20
58 0.388 39 – 0.562 89 0.311 62 0.234 41 – 148 0.479 22 3.032 48 2.720 50 1,073 85
60 0.406 90 0.614 18 0.342 43 0.251 84 150 0.557 03 3.051 01 2.767 25 1,184 98
62 – 0.424 91 – 0.667 59 0.374 93 – 0.269 27 – 152 0.637 49 3.067 42 2.811 84 1,299 44

64 0.442 33 – 0.723 01 0.409 13 0.286 57 – 154 0.720 54 3.081 81 2.854 16 1,417 06
66 0.459 07 – 0.780 34 0.445 02 0.303 60 – 156 0.806 12 3.094 29 2.894 06 1,537 67
68 0.475 01 – 0.839 49 0.482 59 0.320 21 – 158 0.894 16 3.104 95 2.931 43 1,661 08
70 0.490 07 0.900 34 0.521 84 0.336 26 160 0.984 59 3.113 92 2.966 14 1,787 09
72 – 0.504 15 – 0.962 74 0.562 73 – 0.351 58 – 162 1.077 33 3.121 33 2.998 07 1,915 51

74 0.517 15 – 1.026 58 0.605 26 0.366 02 – 164 1.172 29 3.127 30 3.027 10 2,046 11
76 0.528 97 – 1.091 71 0.649 40 0.379 41 – 166 1.269 39 3.131 98 3.053 11 2,178 67
78 0.539 52 – 1.157 99 0.695 11 0.391 57 – 168 1.368 52 3.135 52 3.075 99 2,312 96
80 0.548 70 1.225 25 0.742 35 0.402 34 170 1.469 58 3.138 07 3.095 63 2,448 75
82 – 0.556 42 – 1.293 35 0.791 09 – 0.411 55 – 172 1.572 48 3.139 78 3.111 92 2,585 80

84 0.562 57 – 1.362 12 0.841 28 0.419 01 – 174 1.677 08 3.140 83 3.124 77 2,723 86
86 0.567 08 – 1.431 40 0.892 86 0.424 56 – 176 1.783 29 3.141 37 3.134 05 2,862 68
88 0.569 85 – 1.501 01 0.945 79 1 0.428 01 – 178 1.890 97 2 3.141 56 3.139 69 3.002 01
90 0.570 80 1.570 80 0.429 20 180 3.141 59 3.141 59 3,141 59
(1) In the formulas given in table 34, ÿ is expressed in radians.
prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2060 ÿ 75

O
R
M Table 36 – Circular ring subjected to various force systems
ÿ
Proper weight. P = 2 rp designates the total weight of the ring:
u M1 –
= --------
4ÿ
Pr
N1 –
= --------
P
4ÿ
L v1 – =
Pr 3
------------
ÿ
---- ----–
1 ÿ
– 0.074 39
Pr 3
-----------
EI 8 ÿ EI
HAS
The moment and the normal force at O have the values:
I MO –
= -----------
3Pr
4ÿ
NO --------=
P
4ÿ
R The ring is subjected to the weight of a piece of land, of specific weight ÿ , distributed over zones ABC and AB'C':
E M1 –
= ÿ r
3
9ÿ
4
-------- – --------
48
5 ÿ
– 0.037 30 ÿ 3r
1 1
N1 = – ÿ
ÿ
2r -------- ÿ 2r
– --------
– 0.043 60
3ÿ 16
5 2 5
ÿ r
– -----------
== -----------
1
---- ---- ------------
--------
ÿ 2 ÿ ÿ r
v1 3––+ 32 – 0.039 39
EI 4 4 9ÿ EI
The upper part of the ring is subjected to a charge density p directed downwards :
2 4 ----–
1 ÿ 2
= --------
– 0.299 41 pr
M1 – pr
3ÿ 8
N1 – pr
= -------- ÿ – 0.106 10 pr
3ÿ
4 4
= – pr
-----------
ÿ
----
1
--------
2 ÿ pr
------------
v1 ----–+ – 0.232 11 4
EI 12 ÿ EI
The lower part of the ring is subjected to a charge density p directed upwards :
2 4 3 ÿ 2
= --------
----– 0.049 41 pr
M1 pr
3ÿ 8
pr
N1 = -------- ÿ 0.106 10 pr
3ÿ
4 4
pr
– ------------ ÿ 1 ----–2 ÿ pr
v1 = ---- – --------
– 0.065 45 ------------
EI 4 12 ÿ EI
The ring is subjected to a uniform pressure p on the arc DD' of opening 2 ÿ :

2
pr
M1 –= ------------ 2 sin ÿ ÿ (1 + cos ÿ )
ÿ
pr
N1 –= ------- sin ÿ ÿ cos ÿ
ÿ
4
pr
------------
2 1
----
v1 ---- ( ÿ– sin sin 1ÿ–+=
) ( – cos ÿ )
EI ÿ 2 ÿ ÿ
ÿ
When ÿ ----= :
2
=
2
2 ---- 1 ÿ
M1 pr 2 ----– 0.136 62 pr
ÿ 2
pr
N1 = ------- ÿ 0.318 31 pr
ÿ
4 4
= pr
------------
ÿ
----
2 ÿ pr
-----------
v1 ----– 0.148 78 4
EI ÿ EI
(1) In the formulas, ÿ is expressed in radians.
Form. C 2 060 ÿ 76 strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

F
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Table 36 – Circular ring subjected to various force systems (continued)
M
Pressure of an external liquid of specific weight for an
internal liquid):
ÿ below DD'. (Replace ÿ by - ÿ
u
M1 K=
1
ÿ 3r N1 K=
ÿ
ÿ 2r v1 K=
ÿÿ ÿ r 5
------------
EI L
K sin--------
4 5 ( ÿ+ cos + –=
2 3+ 4 cos 2 ÿcos ÿ ) ÿ ( ÿ )
4ÿ
HAS
1
K
ÿ
sin ( ) 1 +
= 3-------- 2 cos2 – ÿ ÿ cos ÿ
4 ÿ
K
ÿÿ 1
ÿ
---- [2( +sin

+––= cos
ÿ ÿ ) – ÿ (1 2 + cos ÿ
1
----sin cos
1
---- ( 3 5 – cos ÿ ) (1 – cos ÿ )
1
---- 2
I
)]
4 ÿ ÿ ÿ
8 8ÿ
ÿ
R
(1) 0o
K0
30o
0.000 39
60o
0.010 38
90o
0.056 69
120o
0.146 63
150o
0.228 95 0.25
180o
E
K' 0 0.000 79 0.021 63 0.125 0.353 37 0.624 21 0.75
K'' 0 0.000 66 0.014 96 0.070 04 0.157 28 0.220 89 0.233 70
Horizontal thrust of constant density p on either side of the ring below DD':
= pr 4
ÿÿ ------------
M1 Kpr 2
N1 = K ÿpr v1 K= EI
1 1 1 4 5 cos 2 cos –= ( 1 4
2 2 ---- ----
sin
K ---- cos 2 cos
ÿ (+ + 6 ÿ ÿ ) 4 ÿ + ÿ + ÿ )
ÿ
1
–= ----sin
1
K
ÿ
ÿ 1 ---- sin2 – ÿ ÿ cos ÿ

ÿ 3
1
–= -------- ÿ ( 1+ 2 cos2
1
K
ÿÿ
ÿ – 3 sin ) ÿ cos ÿ ---- (1 – cos ÿ 3)

2ÿ 6
(1) 0o 30o 60o 90o 120o 150o 180o

K0 0.012 25 0.029 94 0.087 21 0.175 22 0.231 89 0.25
K' 0 0.001 55 0.040 08 0.212 21 0.540 08 0.867 58 1
K'' 0 0.001 18 0.022 42 0.083 33 0.144 25 0.165 48 0.166 67
Horizontal thrust of an embankment of density p = ÿ (h – y) acting on either side of the ring:

ÿr5
M1 K= N1 K= v1 K=
ÿ ÿÿ
ÿ 3r ÿ 2r -----------
EI
ÿ sin 2ÿ --------------- 8 39 cos 22
K cos3 –= ( ----------- 3 6ÿ cos 12 cos2(ÿ4) ++ + )6++ +ÿ 241 cos 72
cos3 ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ
K
ÿ
----------- 3ÿ ( sin
1 4–=
cos2
( + 24ÿ ) +
ÿ 2 cosÿ 13 2 cos ÿ )
ÿ
1
–= [ ( -----------
1
ÿsin 4+11 cos ÿ ) – 3 ÿ cos 3ÿ 2( cos2 +
ÿÿ
K 2 ÿ )] -------- (1 – cos ÿ ) 4
18 ÿ 24
(1) 0o 30o 60o 90o 120o 150o 180o

K0 0.000 039 0.002 73 0.027 13 0.095 29 0.175 15 0.208 33
K' 0 0.000 060 0.005 80 0.062 5 0.244 20 0.499 94 0.625
K'' 0 0.000 047 0.003 55 0.029 07 0.086 88 0.144 38 0.166 67
(1) In the formulas, ÿ is expressed in radians.
strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2 060 ÿ 77
O
R
9. Bows
M
u Table 37 – Three-jointed arch subjected to vertical loads
(0)
L
HAS
I
R
E
ÿ General formulas
The end joints are located on the same horizontal.
In addition to the notations indicated in the figure, either in the beam µ (x) the bending moment produced by the loads applied to the arc
on simple supports AB of the same span as the arch.
The thrust Q has the value:

µ ( ) has
Q =---------------
f
The bending moment M (x), the normal force N (x) and the shear force T (x) have the values:
ÿ M x( ) ( ) x –=µ Qy x( )
µ
ÿ
ÿ
N x( ) d--------sin
+= Q cos dx ÿ ÿ
ÿ
dµ
ÿ
T x( ) –= Q sin --------ÿcos dx ÿ
ÿ
ÿ Equations of the lines of influence of Q, and of M, N and T in the section X of abscissa x; the unit load is applied in the section
abscissa ÿ :
1
= ----
Q ( )ÿ µ ( ÿ ) ,has M( ÿ , x) = µ (ÿ , x) – Q ( ÿ ) y (x)
f
NOT ( ÿ , x) = µ , x (ÿ , x) sin ÿ +Q( ÿ ) cos ÿ T ( ÿ , x) = µ , x (ÿ , x) cos ÿ –Q( ÿ ) sin ÿ
with :
ÿ ( )–x ÿ
ÿ ------------------------ if ÿ <x ÿ – ----- if ÿ <x
ÿ ÿµ ÿ
, x ) = µ ,x ( ÿ , x ) = =
--------
µÿ ( ÿ ÿ
x( )– ÿ ÿx ÿ
ÿ ------------------------ if ÿ >x ÿ
1 – ----- if ÿ >x
ÿ ÿ
(0) (0)

F
O
R
M
u
Table 38 – Two-jointed arch subjected to vertical loads
L
HAS
I
R
E
ÿ General formulas
The end joints are located on the same horizontal.
In addition to the notations indicated in the figure, either:

• S (x) and I (x) the reduced area and moment of inertia of the section X with abscissa x of the arc (the reduced values are the real values
multiplied by cos (x) the ÿ ),
•
µ bending moment produced by the loads applied to the arc in the simply supported beam AB of the same span as
the bow.
The thrust Q is given by the formula:
ÿ µ ( ) xyx( )
Q = ----- ---------------------------- dx
D 0 EI ( ) x
in which :
D y 2( ) x dx
= --------------------
ÿ =---------------- D = ------------------ dx d
Dd+ 0 EI ( ) x 0 ES x( )
ÿ M x( ) ( ) x –=
µ Qy x( )
dÿ
ÿ
N x( ) Qµ
+= ---------
cos ÿsin ÿ ÿ
dx
ÿ
dÿ µ
T x( ) –= Q sin ---------
ÿ cos ÿ ÿ
dx
A dilation ÿ due to a rise in temperature causes a surge:
ÿ
Q = -------
ÿ
ÿ D
and efforts:
M(x) = –Q ÿ y(x)N(x)=Q ÿ
cos ÿ T(x) = –Q ÿ
sin ÿ
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
O
R
M Table 39 – Parabolic arch with two joints, of constant reduced section, subjected to vertical loads
u
L
HAS
I
R The notations are shown in the figure; the Oy axis is the axis of symmetry of the arc. We have :
2
– 2f x
E xyf –=
1 --------
tan 2 a ÿ =
dy
---------
dx
=------------
2a
2
We find, by setting r = I/S (r radius of gyration of the key section):
16 af 2 1
D = -------- -----------
ÿ = ----------------------------------
15 EI 15 r 2
1+ -------- ----
8 f
The line of influence of Q has the ordinate, putting ÿ = my:
5 has
= -------- – –
Q ( )ÿ ÿ 2 ( ---- 1 mf 2 ) (5m )
64
The thrust due to a load of uniform density p applied over the entire span of the arc is:
pa 2
Q =------------ ÿ
2F
The Q thrust ÿ
due to expansion ÿ East :
15 EI
Q = --------
ÿÿ
-------
ÿ 8 f2 _
Equations of the lines of influence of Q, and of M, N and T in the section X of abscissa x; the unit load is applied in the section
abscissa ÿ :
ÿ
= ----- yx( )
Q ( )ÿ µ ( ÿ , x ) ------------------ dx NOT ( ÿ , x) = µ ,x (ÿ , x) sin ÿ + Q ( ÿ ) cos ÿ
D 0 EI ( ) x
M ( ÿ , x) = µ (ÿ , x) – Q( ÿ )y(x) T ( ÿ , x) = µ ,x (ÿ , x) cos ÿ – Q ( ÿ ) sin ÿ
with ( = 2a):
ÿ ( )–x ÿ
ÿ ------------------------ if ÿ <x ÿ – ----- if ÿ <x
ÿ ÿ µ ÿ
= =
µ (ÿ , x ) =
--------
ÿ µ ,x (ÿ , ) x ÿ
x( )– ÿ ÿx ÿ
ÿ ------------------------ if ÿ >x ÿ
1 – ----- if ÿ >x
ÿ ÿ

F
O
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Table 40 – Circular arc with two joints, of constant real section, subjected to vertical loads
M
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
The angular opening of the arc is 2 ÿ0.

• S the real section and I the real inertia of the arc section,
• r = I/O
the radius of gyration of the arc section.
We have :
af 2 1
D = ----------- f ( ÿ ) ÿ --------------------------------------------=
EI 0 r 2
1k (+ ÿ ----
0) f
ÿ 1 2+ cos2 ( ÿ ) – 3 sins ÿ 0 cos ÿ 2

0 0 ----------------------------------------------
0
with f(ÿ ) = ------------------------------------------------- k ( ÿ ) ---------------=
0 0 f(ÿ )
sin ÿ – cos ÿ 0
01( 02 )
Table giving f (
0 ) and k ( 0)
0 (1) f( k( 0 (1) f( k(
0) 0) 0) 0)
(degree) (degree)
15 1.077 84 1.855 57 55 1.221 92 1,636 77

20 1.085 41 1.842 62 60 1.255 20 1,593 37
25 1.096 26 1.824 39 65 1.292 94 1,546 87
30 1.109 66 1.802 35 70 1.335 65 1,497 40
35 1.125 81 1.776 49 75 1.383 96 1,445 13
40 1.144 90 1.746 88 80 1.438 61 1,390 23
45 1.167 10 1.713 66 85 1.500 51 1,332 88
50 1.192 67 1.676 90 90 1.570 80 1,273 24
A unit load applied to the abscissa section ÿ = my gives the push:
sin2 ÿ sin2 – ÿ 2 + cos ÿ ( ÿ sin cos

ÿ sin ) ––+ÿcos ÿ ÿ ÿ
0 0 0 0 0
= ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------
Q ( )ÿ ÿ
2ÿ 1 2+ cos2 ( ÿ ) – 6 sins ÿ 0 cos ÿ
0 0 0
either :
Q( ÿ ) = ÿ H (m) with ÿ = arcsin (m sin ÿ 0)
H(m) is an even function: H(–m) = H(m).
(1) In the formulas, ÿ 0 is expressed in radians.
© Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2 060 ÿ 81
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M Table 40 – Circular arc with two joints, of constant real section, subjected to vertical loads (continued)
Table of the function H (m)
u 0 (1)
L m
15o 20o 25o 30o 35o 40o 45o 50o
0 2.954 45 1.435 96 1.213 28 0.1 2.919

2.20135
011.419 17 1.199
1.743
2183
0.2 2.814 72 1.369 06 1.157 22 0.3 2.642 1.043 80 0.909 76 0.800 48
HAS
01 1.286 46 1.087 94 0.4 2.404 75 1.172
2.17477
860.992 46 0.5
1.723
2.108
2967 1.029 99 0.872 35 0.6 1.758 68 0.860 1.031 82 0.899 43 0.791 49
I 76 0.729 72 0.7 1.362 65 0.668 46 0.567

56 10000 0
2.09727
040.8 0.930 55
1.969 08
1.793 26
1.661
0.457
9929 0.388 45 0.9 0.472 29 0.232 38 0.197
1.561 09
1.422 31
0.996 03
0.936 92
0.855 36
0.868 56
0.817 53
0.747 01
0.764 64
0.720 21
0.658 72
R 1.572 94
1.312 58
1.248 25
1.042 35
0.752 56
0.630 22
0.657 95
0.551 70
0.580 89
0.487 80
E 1.017 81
0.695 29
0.352 97
0.808 83
0.552 85
0.280 78
0.490 52
0.336 29
0.171 20 0
0.430 01
0.295 24
0.150 49 0
0.380 83
0.261 92
0.133 72
0
0 (1)
m
55o 60o 65o 70o 75o 80o 85o 90o
0 0.709 15 0.504 06 0.450 85 0.1 0.701

0.63130
260.498 72 0.446
0.56314650.2 0.677 81 0.482 71 0.432 04 0.3 0.638 0.402 76 0.358 83 0.318 31
90 0.456 11 0.408 58 0.4 0.584 95 0.419
0.62407
370.375 86 0.5
0.557
0.5165854 0.371 78 0.334 00 0.6 0.434 46 0.314 0.398 62 0.355 19 0.315 13
54 0.283 20 0.7 0.339 84 0.247 80 0.223
0.60375
730.8 0.234 21
0.539
0.1724123 0.156 07 0.9 0.119 80 0.088 90 0.080 0.386 20 0.344 29 0.305 58
93 10000 0 0.569 52 0.509 27 0.365 54 0.326 12 0.289 66
0.522 01 0.467 33 0.336 67 0.300 72 0.267 38
0.461 63 0.413 92 0.299 68 0.268 11 0.238 73
0.388 98 0.349 46 0.254 67 0.228 34 0.203 72
0.304 92 0.274 59 0.201 80 0.181 46 0.162 34
0.210 65 0.190 23 0.141 32 0.127 60 0.114 59
0.108 01 0.097 83 0.073 68 0 0.066 93 0 0.060 48
0
A load of uniform density p applied over the entire span of the arc gives the thrust:
– sin ÿ 7 – sin2 (
2 + ---- sin3 ÿ 0 + ÿ 0 cos ÿ 0 1 2 ÿ 0)
pa 03
Q = ÿ -------------
ÿÿ ( 0 ) with ÿÿ ( 0 ) = ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------
2F ÿ 0) ÿ + cos2 ( 0
12 ÿ 0 ) – 3 sins ÿ 0 cos ÿ 0
(1 + cos
Table giving ( 0)
0 (1) 0 (1) 0 (1) 0 (1)

( 0) ( 0) ( 0) ( 0)
(degree) (degree) (degree) (degree)
15 0.996 92 35 0.985 67 55 0.960 44 75 0.912 47

20 0.995 59 40 0.980 86 60 0.951 14 80 0.894 77
25 0.992 96 45 0.975 13 65 0.940 25 85 0.873 81
30 0.989 68 50 0.968 37 70 0.927 48 90 0.848 83
Form. C 2 060 ÿ 82 © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

F
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Table 41 – Symmetrical recessed arch subjected to vertical loads
M
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
ÿ General formulas
• S (x) and I (x) the reduced area and moment of inertia of the section X with abscissa x of the arc (the reduced values are the real values
multiplied by cos (x) the ÿ ),
•
µ bending moment produced by the loads applied to the arc in the simply supported beam AB of the same span as
the bow.
The Oxy axes come from the elastic center; Oy is the axis of symmetry of the arc. If Y is the ordinate of the average fiber counted
from AB, the distance c from the elastic center to AB is:
has has
Y dx dx
vs = -------------- --------
0
I 0
I
M x( ) = ( ) xµ+ + ÿ R x Qy –
ÿ
dÿ µ
ÿ
N x( ) += Q---------
cos ÿ + R sin ÿ ÿ
dx
ÿ
dÿ µ
T x( ) –= Q---------
sin ÿ + R cos ÿ ÿ
dx
To determine the unknowns ÿ , R and Q, we calculate the constants:
has has has

ÿ dx x 2dx y 2( ) x dx
ÿ
HAS = ------------------ B = ---------------- D = ---------------------------
ÿ - has
EI ( ) x - has
EI( ) x - has
EI ( ) x
ÿ
has
dx D
d =
ÿ
ÿ =----------------
-------------------
ÿ
ES x( ) Dd+
ÿ - has
ÿ , R and Q are then defined by the formulas:
1 has
µ ( ) x dx 1 has
µ ( ) x ÿ x dx ÿ
has
µ ( ) xyx( ) dx
ÿ = – -----
------------------------ R –= ------ ------------------------------- Q = ----- ----------------------------------------
HAS EI ( ) x B EI ( ) x D EI ( ) x
- has - has
- has
A uniform expansion due to a rise in temperature gives a thrust:
2 ÿ has
Q =------------
ÿ
ÿ D
and efforts:
M (x) = – Qy (x)ÿ N (x) = Q ÿ
cos ÿ T(x) = –Q ÿ
sin ÿ
O
R
M Table 41 – Symmetrical embedded arch subjected to vertical loads (continued)
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
ÿ Lines of influence
The unit load is applied to the abscissa section ÿ . The ordinates of the lines of influence of ÿ , R and Q are given by:
ÿ has
1 µ ( , ) x dx
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ ( ÿ) – = ----- ---------------------------------
ÿ HAS
- has EI ( ) x
ÿ
has
ÿ
1
– ----- µ ( ÿ , ) xx dx
ÿ R ( ÿ) = --------------------------------------------
ÿ B - has EI ( ) x
ÿ
has
ÿ
ÿ ÿµ
( , ) xyx( ) dx
ÿ Q ( )ÿÿ = ----- ------------------------------------------------
D - has EI ( ) x
ÿ (ÿ ) and Q ( ÿ ) are even functions; R ( ÿ ) is an odd function.
The ordinates of the lines of influence of M, N and T in the section X of abscissa x are given by:
ÿ M ( ÿÿ , x =) µ ( ÿ , x +) ÿ ( ÿ) R (+) x Q–ÿ( ) yx( ) ÿ
N(ÿ ÿ , ) x += Qµ (, )x ) ( ÿ , x + R ( ) sinÿ ÿ ÿ cos ÿ

ÿ
ÿ T ( ÿ , x ) ( –=
)xQ+µR )ÿ ,
(, )x(sin ÿ cos ÿ ÿ ÿ
with ( = 2a):
ÿ ( )–x ÿ
ÿ ------------------------ if ÿ <x ÿ – ----- if ÿ <x
ÿ ÿµ ÿ
µ (ÿ , x ) = ÿ µ ,x (ÿ , ) x = -------- = ÿ
x( )– ÿ ÿx ÿ
ÿ ------------------------ if ÿ >x ÿ
1 – ----- if ÿ >x
ÿ ÿ

F
O
R
M
u
Table 42 – Symmetrical recessed arch, of constant reduced section, with parabolic medium fiber,
subjected to vertical loads L
HAS
I
R
E
The notations are shown in the figure. We have :
2 1 x 2 dy – 2fx
yf = ÿ =
vs = ---- f 3 ---- – --------
tan --------- = -----------
3 2a dx 2a
2
We find, by setting r = I/S (with r radius of gyration of the key section):
8 af 2 1
D = -------- -----------
ÿ = -----------------------------------
45 EI 45 r 2
1+ -------- ----
4 f
By asking ÿ = ma, the lines of influence of ÿ , R and Q are defined by:
ÿ 1
ÿ 2 ÿ( ) – =
( ---- at4 1 m )–
ÿ
1
= – 2 ( ---- m 1 )m– 4
ÿ
ÿ R ( )ÿ ÿ
ÿ
15 has
22
ÿ
Q ( )ÿÿ = --------
ÿ ---- –1 fm ( )
32
In the case of a load of constant density p applied over the entire span of the arc, we have:
1
= – 2 ---- pa 2
=------------
ÿ R=0Q ÿ
pa 3 2F
The Q thrust due to uniform expansion ÿ East :

ÿ
45 EI
Q = --------
ÿÿ
-------
ÿ 4 f2 _
O
R
M Table 43 – Symmetrical recessed arc, of constant real section, with circular average fiber,
subjected to vertical loads
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
The angular opening of the arc is 2 In addition to ÿ0.
the notations indicated in the figure, namely:

• S the real section and I the real inertia of the arc section,
• r = I/O
the radius of gyration of the arc section.
We have :
af 2 1
cf = ( ÿÿ0 ) D = ------------ f ( ÿ 0 ) ÿ = ------------------------------------------
EI r 2
1k (+ ÿ 0) ----
f
sin ÿ 00(1
– cos
ÿ ÿ0 2 2 sin2
ÿ 0 ÿ 0 0sin cos
ÿ –+ ÿ0 ÿ0 2
with ( ÿÿ0 ) -------------------------------------------------- -= f(ÿ0) = ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- k ( ÿ 0 ) ---------------=
ÿ0 – cos ÿ 0) ÿ 0 sin ÿ 2 f ( ÿ 0)
(1 – cos 0 ÿ ) 0
Table giving ( 0 ), f ( 0 ) and k ( 0)
(1) (1)
( 0) f( 0) k ( 0) ( 0) f( 0) k ( 0)
0 (degree) 0 (degree)
15 0.665 90 0.180 319 11.091 5 55 0.656 08 0.213 084 9,386 0

20 0.665 31 0.181 885 10.996 0 60 0.653 99 0.220 852 9,055 9
25 0.664 54 0.184 405 10.845 7 65 0.651 68 0.229 739 8,705 5
30 0.663 53 0.187 398 10.672 5 70 0.649 15 0.239 898 8,336 9
35 0.662 46 0.191 046 10.468 7 75 0.646 39 0.251 509 7,952 0
40 0.661 16 0.195 370 10.237 0 80 0.643 39 0.264 796 7,553 0
45 0.659 66 0.200 434 9.978 4 85 0.640 14 0.280 032 7,142 0
50 0.657 97 0.206 318 9.693 8 90 0.636 62 0.297 557 6,721 4
ÿ Lines of influence of , R and Q
The unit load is applied in the abscissa section ÿ = ma corresponding to the angle ÿ = arcsin (m sin ÿ 0):
ÿ 0 sin ÿ 0 sincos
–+ cos
– ÿ0 ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ ( ÿ) – a =
2 = ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- – aF m( )
ÿ 0 sin ÿ 0
F(m) is an even function: F(m) = F(–m).
Form. C 2 060 ÿ 86 © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

F
O
R
Table 43 – Symmetrical recessed arc, of constant real section, with circular average fiber,
subjected to vertical loads (continued) M
Table of function F (m) u
m
15o 20o 25o 30o
0 (1)
35o 40o 45o 50o

L
0.248 56 0.247 43 0.245 96 0.244 13 0.241 92 0.239 33 0.244 98 0.243 53 0.241 74 0.239 58 0.236 30 0.232 83 HAS
0 0.246 09 0.237 02 0.237 63 0.236 27 0.234 57 0.23 2 52 0.230 11 0.225 36 0.224 13 0.222 60 0.234 05 0.230 63
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.238 67
0.226 31
0.208 98
0.220 75 0.218 54 0.208 18 0.207 12 0.205 80 0.204 20 0.202 29 0.186 04 0.185 19
0.184 13 0.182 83 0.181 27 0.158 93 0.158 31 0.157 52 0.156 55 0.155 38 0.126 82
0.126 42 0.125 91 0.12 5 28 0.124 51 0.089 66 0.089 46 0.089 20 0.088 87 0.088 47
0.227 29
0.215 97
0.200 04
0.224 03
0.212 99
0.197 43
I
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.186 69
0.159 41
0.127 12
0.047 40 0.047 35 0.047 27 0.047 18 0.047 06 0 000 0 0.179 42
0.153 99
0.123 58
0.177 26
0.152 33
0.122 46
R
0.7
0.8
0.9 1
0.089 81
0.047 45
0
0.087 98
0.046 91
0
0.087 38
0.046 73
0
E
0 (1)
m
55o 60o 65o 70o 75o 80o 85o 90o
0.228 85 0.224 34 0.219 22 0.213 44 0.206 90 0.199 52 0.222 27 0.217 22 0.211 51 0.205 06 0.191 17 0.181 69
0 0.226 72 0.197 75 0.216 04 0.211 21 0.205 72 0.19 9 50 0.192 44 0.205 62 0.201 13 0.196 01 0.189 49 0.180 10
0.1 0.220 30 0.190 18 0.183 53 0.190 91 0.186 90 0.182 29 0.177 00 0.170 92 0.171 79 0.168 38 0.184 43 0.175 30
0.2 0.209 55 0.164 41 0.159 82 0.154 47 0.148 08 0.145 37 0.142 17 0.138 41 0.133 96 0.119 51 0.175 94 0.167 26
0.3 0.194 40 0.117 59 0.115 26 0.11 2 46 0.109 07 0.085 74 0.084 62 0.083 23 0.081 48 0.079 27 0.163 93 0.155 87
0.4 0.174 73 0.046 20 0.045 81 0.045 31 0.044 62 0.043 68 0 000 0 0.148 26 0.141 00
0.5 0.150 38 0.128 70 0.122 45
0.6 0.121 12 0.104 94 0.099 91
0.7 0.086 64 0.076 47 0.072 88
0.8 0.046 50 0.042 35 0.040 46
0.9 1 0 0 0
sin (ÿ ÿ 0 + sin ÿ 0 cos ÿ 0 ) – sin ( ÿ 0 ÿ + sin cos

ÿ ÿ)
R ( ÿ) = = ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
– G m( )
2 sin ÿ ( 0 ÿ 0 – sin ÿ 0 cos ÿ ) 0
G(m) is an odd function: G(– m) = – G(+ m).
Table of the function G (m)
0 (1)
m
15o 20o 25o 30o 35o 40o 45o 50o
0 000 0 0.024 298 0.024 039 0.023 719 0.023 334 0.022 883 0.047 148 0.046 0
0 0 0.024 660 0.046 055 0.045 327 0.044 471 0.067 099 0.0 66 438 0.065 616 0.064 624 0.063 0 0.022 0.021 764
0.1 497 0.047 453 0.082 689 0.081 931 0.080 987 0.079 842 0.078 484 0.092 438 0.091 676 0.090 361 0.043 0.042 341
0.2 523 0.067 720 0.089 556 0.088 164 0.094 848 0.094 174 0.093 323 0.092 279 0.091 020 0.088 479 0.062 0.060 521
0.3 607 0.083 392 0.087 885 0.087 240 0.086 442 0.085 468 0.071 5 08 0.071 214 0.070 837 0.070 090 0.076 0.075 052
0.4 268 0.093 365 0.069 781 0.042 597 0.042 501 0.042 379 0.042 224 0.042 029 0 000 0 893 0.086 0.084 605
0.5 019 0.095 523 0.089 0.087 747
0.6 359 0.088 520 0.084 0.082 884
0.7 774 0.071 293 0.069 0.068 188
0.8 728 0.042 065 0.041 0.041 478
0.9 1 664 0 785 0 0
0 (1)
m
55o 60o 65o 70o 75o 80o 85o 90o
0 000 0 0.020 326 0.019 472 0.018 520 0.017 462 0.016 289 0.039 588 0.037 0
0 0 0.021 948 0.036 113 0.034 067 0.031 792 0.056 698 0.0 54 404 0.051 824 0.048 933 0.045 0 0.014 0.013 556
0.1 087 0.041 701 0.070 515 0.067 764 0.064 646 0.061 124 0.057 155 0.079 813 0.076 861 0.073 990 0.029 0.026 470
0.2 048 0.058 478 0.069 612 0.065 205 0.083 227 0.080 383 0.077 071 0.073 222 0.068 757 0.079 267 0.042 0.038 081
0.3 730 0.072 189 0.076 792 0.073 936 0.070 532 0.066 479 0.065 7 98 0.064 178 0.062 176 0.059 095 0.052 0.047 684
0.4 934 0.082 691 0.056 600 0.040 592 0.039 947 0.039 099 0.037 961 0.036 412 0 000 0 692 0.060 0.054 499
0.5 381 0.085 191 0.063 0.057 622
0.6 665 0.081 590 0.061 0.055 940
0.7 199 0.067 659 0.052 0.047 956
0.8 115 0.041 748 0.034 0.031 307
0.9 1 089 0 274 0 0
© Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2 060 ÿ 87
O
R
M Table 43 – Symmetrical recessed arc, of constant real section, with circular average fiber,
subjected to vertical loads (continued)
u Q ( )ÿ = ÿ
2 sins ÿ ( ÿ sin cos
0
ÿ – sin ) –+
ÿ cos
ÿ +(
0
2
ÿ
0
ÿ
0
ÿ
0
sin2 ÿ
0
– sin2 ÿ )
= ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------
ÿ H m( )
2( ÿ ÿ ÿ 0 cos ÿ 2 sin2 ÿ
L H (m) is an even function: H (– m) = H (m).
0 sin )0–+ 0 0
HAS Table of the function H (m)
I m
0
(1)
R 15o
3.554 75
20o 25o
2.657 50 2.111 22 1.745 92 1.482 63 1.283 26 2.605 14 2.070 31 1.712 57 1.454 73 1.259 55
30o 35o 40o 45o
1.126 52
50o
0.999 49
E 0
0.1
3.485 16
3.280 73
2.452 08 1.949 95 1.614 30 1.37 2 46 1.189 49 2.207 74 1.757 24 1.456 49 1.240 11 1.076 64
1.886 42 1.503 27 1.248 26 1.065 09 0.926 94 1.508 87 1.204 64 1.002 69 0.857 93 0.749 13
1.106 10
1.045 77
0.981 78
0.929 39
0.2 2.949 97 1.103 02 0.882 91 0.737 00 0.632 90 0.554 93 0.703 77 0.565 12 0.473 38 0.40 8 25 0.359 88 0.948 39 0.844 67
0.3 2.515 03 0.352 67 0.284 01 0.239 07 0.207 28 0.183 93 0.099 16 0.079 71 0.067 60 0.059 03 0.052 80 0 0.818 80 0.731 54
0.4 2.010 37 000 0 0.664 22 0.595 98
0.5 1.466 52 0.494 48 0.446 20
0.6 0.931 20 0.322 69 0.293 36
0.7 0.465 83 0.166 26 0.152 62
0.8 0.130 70 0 0.048 26 0 0.044 86
0.9 1 0
0
(1)
m
55o 60o 65o 70o 75o 80o 85o 90o
0.894 20 0.805 10 0.728 48 0.661 63 0.602 59 0.549 87 0.791 58 0.716 61 0.651 21 0.593 45 0.541 86 0.502 35 0.459 14
0 0.878 74 0.751 49 0.681 40 0.620 27 0.56 6 27 0.518 03 0.686 34 0.624 06 0.569 77 0.521 80 0.478 94 0.495 35 0.453 04
0.1 0.833 00 0.598 78 0.546 72 0.501 39 0.461 39 0.425 65 0.492 79 0.452 59 0.417 73 0.387 07 0.359 75 0.474 49 0.434 86
0.2 0.758 84 0.374 04 0.346 34 0.322 57 0.301 88 0.283 61 0.250 54 0.234 65 0.221 41 0.21 0 26 0.200 79 0.440 23 0.404 93
0.3 0.659 51 0.133 73 0.127 36 0.122 56 0.119 12 0.116 84 0.040 79 0.039 88 0.039 69 0.040 25 0.041 64 0 0.393 35 0.363 84
0.4 0.539 88 000 0 0.335 08 0.312 53
0.5 0.406 81 0.267 26 0.252 37
0.6 0.269 78 0.192 62 0.185 45
0.7 0.142 00 0.115 55 0.115 07
0.8 0.042 43 0 0.043 96 0 0.047 31
0.9 1 0
ÿ Constant density load p applied over the entire arc span

We find :
2
= 2 – pa = ÿ pa
-------------
ÿ ( ÿÿ0 ) R=0Q ÿ (ÿ 0 )
2F
sin 2 ÿ – 2 ÿ 2 cos ÿ
with 0 0 0
ÿ (ÿ 0 ) -------------------------------------------------- -------------=
8 ÿ sin2 ÿ
0 0
ÿ ( 02 cos2 ÿ – ÿ 0 cos ÿ ÿ )
0 ) + 1 3 sin 1 ( – cos
0 --------------------------------
0
( ÿÿ0 ) = ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
2
3 sins ÿ ( ÿ sinÿ) –+ ÿ cos ÿ 2 sin2 ÿ
0 0 0 0 0 0
Table giving ( 0 ) and ( 0)
0
(1) 0
(1)
( 0) ( 0) ( )0 ( 0)
(degree) (degree)
15 0.331 80 1.001 96 55 0.309 79 1,036 59

20 0.330 58 1.004 82 60 0.304 50 1,044 48
25 0.328 98 1.006 83 65 0.298 40 1,053 46
30 0.326 99 1.010 08 70 0.291 36 1,063 64
35 0.324 58 1.013 89 75 0.283 23 1.075 20
40 0.321 70 1.018 39 80 0.273 80 1,088 32
45 0.318 31 1.023 64 85 0.262 83 1,103 23
50 0.314 36 1.029 66 90 0.25 1,120 23
Form. C 2060 ÿ 88 © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

F
O
(0)
R
Table 44 – Symmetrical recessed arch, with medium fiber of the 4th degree, subjected to vertical loads M
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
The equation for the average arc fiber is:

xxx2 + –= c 2 2
---------– ÿ --------- 1 ---------–
yf 1 2 2 2 aaa
ÿ denoting a parameter and c the distance from the elastic center O to AB.
The reduced inertia and the reduced section of the arc are defined by:
I0 S0
I -------------------------------= S -------------------------------=
x 2 x 2
1k– ----- 1k– -----
has has
The inertia of the key section (x = 0) is I0 , and the inertia of the birth sections (x = ± a) is I1 = I0 /(1 – k). We generally choose k = 2/3 or k = 4/5 corresponding to values 3 or
5 of the ratio I1/ I0 .
ÿ Elastic center:
vs
---- 2 5( ) – k
+= ----------------------- 27 3 (– )k
--------------------------- ÿ
f 5 3( ) – k 35 3( ) – k
either :
----
vs 26 6 2
-----=
+= ---------
--------- 35 ÿ for k
f 49 3
42 46 4
----
vs
+= ---------
------------ ÿ for k -----=
f 55,385 5
ÿ Constants D, d and :
8af 2 35 30 – k 3k 2 + 2 (15 6 – k 6k–2 ) 693 434 – + 2
k 53k
D += ---------------- ----------------------------------------- – -----------------------------------------------
ÿ -------------------------------------------------- --
ÿ2
EI0 525 3( ) – k 1,575 3( ) – k 121 275 3( ) – k
either :
af 2 8 16 6,152 2
-----=
D += ------------ --------- – ------------
ÿ ------------------------ ÿ2 for k
E I0 75,441 509 355 3
af 2 2,584 848 6,904 4

------------
D += for k -------------------- – --------------------
ÿ ------------------------ ÿ2 -----=
E I0 28,875 28,875 606 375 5
2a 1 D
d = ------------- 1 – -----
ÿ ÿ ----------------=
ES0 3 Dd+
Note: the calculations are carried out leaving stresses ÿ undetermined. We can then, in view of the results, choose ÿ so as to obtain the most satisfactory distribution
in the arch (for example, in the case of a reinforced concrete arch, reduce as much as possible, or even eliminate, the tensile stresses).
prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2 060 ÿ 89
O
R
M Table 44 – Symmetrical recessed arch, with medium fiber of the 4th degree, subjected to vertical loads (continued)
u ÿ Lines of influence of , R and Q
The unit load is applied to the abscissa section ÿ = my:
L ÿ ( ÿ) = – aF m( ) with F m( )
2 (1–m) +2 6 k 1 m [ – ( ) ]
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------=
8 3( ) – k
HAS (m 1 m) – 2
3k 1–m)
(10+ 2
= ------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------
R ( )ÿ = – G m( ) with G m( )
85 3 (k) –
I Q ( )ÿ ( ) m –=
ÿ
------
D
a 2f
----------- ÿ ÿÿ ()m
EI0
R with –=m
ÿ (()m1 2 2
15 12 – kk 2 +
--------------------------------------------
k
2 ---------
)–
E ÿ 2m –
60 3( ) – k
) 2 – k ( 21 + k ) 14
2 ( )-------------------------------------------- – k+=
– m
m 30
k
2 4 ------------------
---------
(()m1
840 3( ) – k m 420 56
The functions F (m), ÿ (m) and ÿ (m) are even; the function G(m) is odd.
Table of functions F (m), G (m), ( ) m and ()m
k = 2/3 k = 4/5
m F(m) G(m) ()m ()m m F(m) G(m) ()m ()m
0 0.285 71 0 0.1 0.282 50 0.053 175 0.014 739 0.295 45 0 0.051 899 0.014 136 0.292 05 0.036 059 0.048 187 0.045 758 0.014 156
0.032 918 0.2 0.272 91 0.063 360 0 919 0.265 14 0.096 915 0.035 011 0.007 031
0.012 431 0.281 89 0.069 268 0.042 378 0, 009 0.044 586 0.013 568
0.3 0.257 08 0.088 953 0.4 0.235 20 0.242 07 0.116 566 0.026 786 0.004 245 0.2130.1
07 0.126 202 0.018 504 0.001 988 0.178 62 0.041 187 0.011 909
0.107 520 0.5 0.207 59 0.1 17,188 0.124 357 0.010 999 0.000 531 0.139 32 0.1100.2
258 0.005 048 – 0.000 091 0.095 89 0.083 963 0.035 904 0.009 476
0.6 0.174 63 0.116 480 0.7 0.136 79 0.001 270 – 0.000 11 4 0.049 14 0.046 499 0 00.3
10 0 0.029 276 0.006 698
0.104 423 0.8 0.094 63 0.080 640 0.4 0.021,989 0.004,045
0.9 0.048 79 0.045 458 10 0 0.5 0.014 810 0.001 922
0.6 0.008 503 0.000 569
0.7 0.003 718 – 0.000 014
0.8 0.9 0.000 872 – 0.000 070
00
Note: the calculations are carried out leaving stresses ÿ undetermined. We can then, in view of the results, choose ÿ so as to obtain the most satisfactory distribution
in the arch (for example, in the case of a reinforced concrete arch, reduce as much as possible, or even eliminate, the tensile stresses).
Form. C 2060 ÿ 90 prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

F
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R
10.Plates M
Table 45 – Thin elastic plates. General notations and formulas
(0)
u
ÿ Ratings
L
E modulus of elasticity HAS
ÿ Poisson coefficient
h plate thickness
Eh 3
I
D = ------------------------ bending rigidity of the plate
( 12 1
– ÿ 2
)
p surface charge density, positive downwards

R
w plate arrow, positive upwards
A plate can be considered thin if the following two conditions are met:
E
• h is small compared to the plan dimensions of the plate;
• w is small compared to the thickness h of the plate.
ÿ General formulas in Cartesian coordinates
• Components of the bending tensor
A section normal to Ox supports, per unit length, a bending moment M1

and a torque C; a section normal to Oy supports, per unit of length, a
bending moment M2 and a torque C:
ÿ2w _ ÿ2w _ ÿ2w _ ÿ2w _ ÿ2w _

= ------------- + -------------
ÿ = ------------- + -------------
ÿ CD =(1 – ÿ )
----------------
M1 D M2 D
ÿx2 _ 2 ÿy ÿy 2 ÿx2 _ ÿx ÿy
• Shear forces
A section normal to Ox supports, per unit of length, a shear force T1 and a section normal to Oy supports, per unit
in length, a shear force T2 :
ÿ ÿ( ) w ÿ ÿ( ) w ÿ2 ÿ2
= ------------------- = ------------------- with ÿ ------------
------------+=
T1 D T2 D
ÿx ÿy ÿx2 _ ÿy 2
• Supportive reactions
Either ÿ the angle of Ox and the interior normal at the edge of the plate, and s the curvilinear abscissa of the edge. Shear force and torque
of torsion, per unit length, which are exerted on an element of the plate tangent to the contour are functions T (reaction density R ( ÿ ) etc ( ÿ ). There
ÿ ) is given by Kirchhoff's formula:
dC ( ) ÿ
-------------------+=
R ( )ÿ T ( ÿ)
ds
At an angular point m of the contour, there is a concentrated reaction Rm :
Rm = C ( ÿ 2) – C ( 1)
ÿ
with ÿ 1 angle of Ox with the interior normal in m at the arc Am, 2 angle of Ox with the
ÿ interior normal in m at the arc mB,
AmB is traveled in the trigonometric direction on the contour.
• Calculation of w
w is the integral of the Lagrange equation:
ÿ4w _ ÿ4w _ ÿ4w _ 1

ÿÿw = -------------
2 ------------------------ + ------------- =– ----- px( ) , y
ÿx2 _ ÿy 2 D
+ ÿx 4 ÿy 4
which checks the boundary conditions on the edge of the plate:

— recessed edge:
w = 0 and ÿw/ÿn = 0
— simply pressed edge:

w = 0 and M ( ÿ )=0
— free edge:
M ( ÿ ) = 0 and R ( ÿ ) = 0
with ÿw/ ÿn derived according to the interior normal,
M ( ÿ ) bending moment, per unit length, which is exerted on an element tangent to the contour.
O
R
M Table 45 – Thin elastic plates. General notations and formulas (continued)
u ÿ General formulas in polar coordinates

• Case of a circular or annular plate supporting a load of density p (r)
L not depending on w (r) is
only a function of r.
— Bending moments
HAS In m, the normal section at Om supports a bending moment Mr per unit

of length, and the section directed along Om supports a bending moment M per unit of length: ÿ
I
d2w ÿ dw 1 dw d2w
R Mr D
= -------------
dr 2
----
+ ----------
dr r
and M
ÿ
= D ---- ----------
r Dr.
+ -------------
ÿ
dr 2
E — Shear force
The section normal to Om supports a shear force:
d( ) ÿw d3w 1 d2w 1 dw
=
T.D. ------------------- -------------
= –+ ---------- ---- ------------- -------
Dr. dr 3 r dr 2 2r Dr.
— Calculation of w
The arrow w (r) is an integral of the Lagrange equation:
d4w 2 ------------- 1 -------------

d3w dr ------- d2w 1 dw pr( )
ÿÿw = ------------- --------------
+–+ ------- =– --------------
dr 4 r dr 3 2r dr 2 3r D
therefore, if w0(r) is a particular integral:

2 2
w (r) = w0(r) + A1 + A2r + A3 In r + A 4 r In r
A1 , A2 , A3 and A4 being constants determined by the boundary conditions on the edge of the plate:
— edge r = a recessed:
w(a) = 0 and w'(a) = 0
— edge r = simply pressed:

ÿ
= w ÿÿ( ) a + ---- w ÿ( ) a 0
wa( ) 0 and =
has
— edge r = a free:
ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿÿ 1 ÿÿ
1
w ( ) a + ---- wa ( ) has–+0 -------- has 0 -----
and w w ÿ( ) a( ) == ( ) has
wa 2a
• General case
The arrow is a function w (r, ÿ ) of r and of ÿ . We find :
ÿ2w _
-------------
1 ÿw
---- ---------
1
-------
ÿ2w _
D
Mr. + -------------
ÿr 2
+= ÿ
2 r ÿr 2r ÿÿ
1 ÿw 1 ÿ2w _ ÿ2w _
M = D ---- --------- + ------- -------------
+ -------------
ÿ
ÿ r ÿr 2r ÿÿ 2 ÿr 2
1 ÿ2w _
---- ----------------
1
-------
ÿw
VS ---------
D (1–=– ÿ )
r ÿr ÿ ÿ 2r ÿÿ
ÿ3w _ 1 -------------
ÿ2w _ 1 ---------
ÿw 1 ÿ3w _ 2 ÿ2w _
= ------------- -----------------
––+ 2-------
2 2 ÿr -------
ÿr + -------------------- -------
Tr D r ÿr 2
ÿr 3 2r ÿr ÿ 3r ÿÿ
1 ÿ3w _ 1 ÿ2w _ 1 ÿ3w _

T = D ---- ------------------- + ------- --------------- + ------- -------------
ÿ r ÿr 2 ÿ ÿ 2r ÿr ÿ ÿ 3r ÿÿ 3
(0) (0)

F
O
R
Table 46 – Circular plates simply supported
M
ÿ Simply supported plate supporting a load of constant density p:
p 5+2ÿ
u
––= 2 ------------
( a ) –r r
L
2 -------------- 2
wr( )
64D to 1 +ÿ
3+ ÿ
Mr ( ) r = pa 162 (1 --------------) –2 r
M = 2 [ -------- p ( ) ÿ3 + – 2r
HAS
ÿ ( )r (13+ ÿ ) ]
a 16
T r( )
1
–= ---- pr
2
I
Especially :
4
R
5+ pa
E
ÿ
w()0 –= -------------- ------------
1+ ÿ 64D
3+ ÿ 1 – 2ÿ--------------
= ( ) 0 = pa 16
2 and M------------- =
Mr ( ) 0 M ÿ ÿ ( ) has pa 8
ÿ Simply supported plate supporting a uniformly distributed total load Q

on a radius circumference :
ÿ
Q –
( 2 a ) –ÿ[ 2( 3 + 2 ÿ 2)a (1 – ÿ 2 )r ]
+ ( 2 r ) +ÿIn2 ÿ
----
ÿ
– ------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
if r < ÿ
8ÿ D 1( ) ) +ÿ 2a has
=
ÿ
wr( ) ÿ
Q ( 2 a – [2(r 3 + 2 1( ÿ ) 2a – (1 – ÿ )ÿ 2
] r
ÿ
– ------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
( + 2 r ) +ÿIn2 --- if r > ÿ

ÿ
8ÿ D ) +ÿ 2a has
ÿ
ÿ Q ÿ 2 ÿ
1 – -------- –2 1( ) + In ----
-------- ÿ ÿ if r <
ÿ
(1 – ) ÿ
8ÿ 2a has
=
ÿ
Mr ( ) r ÿ
Q ÿ 2
ÿ 2 r
– -------- –2 1( ) + a ÿ
ÿ
-------- ÿ -------- In --- if r >
(1 – ) ÿ
ÿ
8ÿ 2r 2a
ÿ
ÿ
Q ÿ 2 ÿ
ÿ
-------- (1 – ÿ ) 1 – -------- –2 1( ) + ÿ In ---- if r < ÿ
8ÿ 2a has
=
ÿ
M ( )r ÿ
ÿ
Q ÿ 2
ÿ 2 r
– -------- –2 1( ) +
--- if r >
) 2 In
ÿ
-------- (1 – ÿ – --------
ÿ ÿ
ÿ
8ÿ 2a 2r has
ÿ 0 if r < ÿ
=
ÿ
T r( ) ÿ Q
– ----------- if r > ÿ
ÿ
2ÿ r
ÿ
Especially :
Q 3 + 2ÿ ÿ
w ( ) 0 ( +=–----------------
---- -------------- ) –ÿ 2 2 ÿ 2 In
16 ÿ D has to 1 +ÿ
The deflection due to a load Q applied to the center of the plate is ( ÿ = 0):
3+ ÿ Qa 2
w ( ) 0 –=
-------------- ----------------
1+ ÿ 16 ÿ D
O
R
M Table 46 – Circular plates simply supported (continued)
u ÿ Simply supported plate subjected to a linear load density:
L pr( ) , ÿ = ----
q cos a
qa
4
ÿ
r2 7+ ÿ r2 r
wr( ) , ÿ –= ---------------- 1 --------– -------------- --------– ---- cos ÿ
192D 2a 3+ ÿ 2a a
HAS 2
(5+ ÿ
) qa r2 r
Mr ( )r, ÿ
= ------------------------------- 1 --------– ---- cos ÿ
I qa
48
2
2a a
–
r2 r
( r, ÿ ) = --------------------------
M -------- ---- cos ÿ
R (13 ÿ ) ( ) 5 +ÿ ( )( 1
) 35 ++ ÿ ÿ
ÿ
+ 48 3( ) +ÿ 2a a
2 r2 r
qa 5+ ÿ
E C r( ), ÿ = ------------- (1 ÿ )
-------- – --------------
----sin ÿ
– 48 2a 3+ ÿ has
1 2 5( ) + ÿ r2
= --------
Tr ( ) r, ÿ ----------------------- cos ÿ
– --------
qa 24 9 3 +ÿ 2a
1 r2 2 5( ) + ÿ
T ÿ ( ) r, ÿ = -------- qa 3 -------- ------------------– sin ÿ
24 2a 3+ ÿ
ÿ Simply supported plate supporting a load of constant density p for c < a:
ÿ 2 r4 4 3a 2c– 2 arc – 2c 2r 2 2 –2 4a 2
pc vs 2
ÿ
– ------------ ------------ 2 + ++ ---- 4a 2 1 + a
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
-------------------- --------– ( 2r 2 ) +vsIn if rc <
ÿ
16D 4c 2 ÿ 2a
wr( ) = ÿ
2 2 2– ar 2 r
( 2a 2 ) +tbsp
2
pc ( 2 a ) –2 r vs
– ------------ + ------------------- 2 --------– + ( 2r 2 ) +vsIn2 ---- if rc >
ÿ
-------------------------------------------------- -----
16D 2a 2 1+ ÿ 2a has
ÿ
ÿ 2 2 2 2
pc vs vs vs
ÿ
– ------------
(3+ ÿ r ) -------- 2 2
---- –– – --------
(1+ ÿ ) --------– 4 In if rc <
ÿ
16 2c 2a 2a has
=
Mr ( ) r ÿ
2 2 2 2
pc vs vs vs r
– ------------ -------- ------- --------– 4 In if rc >
ÿ
---- ––
(1 – ÿ ) (1+ ÿ )
ÿ
2 16 2a 2r 2a has
ÿ
ÿ 2 2 2 2
pc vs vs vs
ÿ
– ------------ (1 3 + ÿ r ) -------- 2 2
– -------- ---- ––
(1+ ÿ ) --------– 4 In if rc <
ÿ
16 2c 2a 2a has
M ( )r =
ÿ ÿ
2 2 2 2 r
pc vs
--------–
vs
– ------------ --------– 4 In if rc >
ÿ
ÿ +(1– ÿ c ) ------- 2 2
---- ––
(1+ ÿ )
ÿ
416 2r 2a 2a has
ÿ
1
ÿ – ---- pr if rc <
ÿ
2
T r( ) = ÿ
1 2
pc
ÿ
---------------- –
if rc >
ÿ 2 r
Especially :
2
pc
– 2
4a 2 3c ac2-------------- 2 vs
w()0 –= ------------- ----------------------------- 2 + +c 1 + 2 a
--------– 2 In ----
16D 4 ÿ has
2 2 2
pc vs vs vs
=
Mr ( ) 0 M ( ) 0 ÿ
= ------------ 2 2 --------– + (1 + ÿ ) --------– 4 In ----
16 2a 2a has
ÿ vs
2
(1 – ) 2 2
= ------------------
M ÿ ( ) has
– --------
pc 8 2a
(0) (0)
(0) (0)
(0) (0)
(0)

F
O
R
Table 47 – Circular recessed plates
M
ÿ Recessed plate supporting a load of constant density p:
p
u
wr( ) –= 2 -------------
64D 1
= [ -------- p ( 1 +
( a 2 )2–r
ÿ 2)a –
2 ( ) 3 ÿ+ r ]
L
Mr ( ) r 16
1
= [ -------- p ( 1 + –
HAS
M ÿ ( )r ÿ ) 2a (13+ ÿ ) 2r ]
16
T r( ) –= ---- pr
2
1
I
Especially :
4
R
pa
w()0 –= -------------
64D
1+ ÿ
2 --------------
E
= ( ) 0 = pa 16
Mr ( ) 0 M ÿ
1 ÿ
–==---- pa 8 2 and M– 2 ----
Mr ( ) has ÿ ( ) has
pa 8
ÿ Recessed plate supporting a total load Q uniformly distributed over a circumference

of radius :
ÿ 2
Q 2 (a ) +2 r 2 (a ) –ÿ 2 ÿ
----
ÿ
– ------------- -------------------------------------------------- -
( + 2 r ) +ÿIn if r < ÿ
ÿ
8ÿ D 2a 2 has
wr( ) =
ÿ
2 r
Q ( 2 a ) –2 r ( 2 a ) +ÿ 2 --- if r >
ÿ
( + 2 r ) +ÿIn
– ------------- -------------------------------------------------- -
ÿ
ÿ
8ÿ D 2a 2 has
ÿ
ÿ
Q 2
ÿ
--------– ÿ
2 In 1 + ----
ÿ
– -------- (1 + ÿ ) if r < ÿ
ÿ
8ÿ 2a has
=
Mr ( ) r ÿ
2
Q 2 r
ÿ
ÿ
------- – ÿ – 2 In
-------- --- if r >
– -------- 2 1 – ( ) – 8 ÿ (1+ ÿ ) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ 2r 2a has
ÿ
ÿ
Q 2
ÿ
1 – -------- ÿ
22 In + ----
-------- (1 + ÿ ÿ ) if r < ÿ
a
ÿ
ÿ has
M ( )r =
ÿ 8ÿ
2 2 r
Q ÿ – ÿ – 2 In ---
ÿ
– -------- 28 ÿ + ( 1 – ÿ ------- ÿ -------- if r >

) (1+ ) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ 2r 2a has
ÿ
ÿ 0 if r < ÿ
ÿ
T r( ) = Q
ÿ
– -----------
if r > ÿ
ÿ
2ÿ r
ÿ
Especially :
Q 1 2 ÿ
a ---- += 2 ---- ÿ 2 In
– -------------
w()0 ( ) –ÿ
8ÿ D2 has
The deflection due to a concentrated load Q applied to the center of the plate is ( ÿ = 0):
Qa 2
w()0 –= ----------------
16 ÿ D
O
R
M Table 47 – Circular recessed plates (continued)
u ÿ Recessed plate subjected to a linear load density:
x r
L pr( ) , ÿ ---- qcos

----aq ==
has
qa
4 r2
ÿ
2
r
wr( ) , ÿ –= ---------------- 1 – --------
---- cos ÿ
192D 2a a
HAS
1 –
r2 r
= 2 -------- -------- ---- cos ÿ
Mr ( )r, ÿ
I (3+ ÿ ) (5+ ÿ )
qa 48 2a a
1 –
r2 r
M ( ) r, ÿ = 2 -------- -------- ---- cos ÿ
R ÿ (13+ ÿ ) (1 5 + ÿ)
qa 48 2a a
1 r2 r
C r( ) , ÿ = – -------- qa 2( 1 – 1 ----sin ÿ
E
ÿ )
– --------
48 2a has
1 r2
Tr ( ) r, ÿ = -------- qa 2 9 24 – --------
cos ÿ
2a
1 r 2
T ÿ ( ) r, ÿ = -------- qa 3 -------- – 2 sin ÿ
24 2 a
In particular, the embedding moment at A has the value:
1
–= 2 --------
Mr ( ) a, 0 qa 24
ÿ Embedded plate supporting a load of constant density p for c < a:
2 r4
ÿ
pc 4a 4 3a– 2 2 –
2c 2 2 r vs
2In2 4a 2
tbsp
– ------------ ------------ + --------------------------------------------- --------------- ---- if rc <
ÿ
(+ )2r+vs
ÿ
16D 4c 2 has
wr( ) = ÿ
2 2
( 2 a 2 )r– 2a r
2
– pc
------------ ) +tbsp ----
2
if rc >
ÿ
--------------------------------------------------
( +----- 2r 2 In tbsp
)+
ÿ
16D ( 2a 2 has
ÿ
ÿ 2 r2 – vs
2 vs
pc
ÿ – ------------ ( ) 3 +ÿÿ --------
(1+ ÿ ) --------– 4 In ---- if rc <
16ÿ tbsp
2
2a has
=
Mr ( ) r 2 2 2
pc vs vs r
------- --------– 4 In
ÿ
– ------------ 4 1( ) – ÿ
---- ––
ÿ (1+ ÿ ) if rc >
16ÿ 2r 2a has
ÿ 2 r2 – vs
2 vs
pc
ÿ 13+–
------------ ÿ )
--------
(1+ ÿ ) --------– 4 In ---- if rc <
ÿ
( 16 tbsp
2
2a has
M ( )r =
ÿ ÿ
2 vs
2 vs
2 r
pc –
– ------------ ------- --------– 4 In ---- if rc >
ÿ
ÿ +(1– ÿ ) (1+ ÿ )
ÿ
416 2r has
2 has
ÿ
1
ÿ – ---- pr if rc <
ÿ
2
T r( ) = ÿ
1 pc 2
– ---- ------------
ÿ
if rc >
ÿ 2 r
Especially :
2 – 24
4a 2 3c vs
= pc
w()0
– ------------
+ c 2 In ----
----------------------------
16D has
1 + 2ÿ tbsp 2 vs
=
Mr ( ) 0 M ( ) 0 ÿ
= -------------- --------–4 In ----
pc 16 2 a has
1 c 2
Mr –==----
Mr ( ) a --------– aM8( 2) a2
( )pc
and ÿ ÿ
2a

F
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R
Table 48 – Annular plates
M
ÿ Characteristic coefficients
u
The plate is limited by the circles r = b and r = a with a > b. We denote by w (r) the arrow
of the plate and by ÿ (r) rotation dw/dr. L
It is interesting to include the characteristic coefficients in the calculation
without dimensions: HAS
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
A1
(1 –
(1
ÿ ) 2a+
has
(1+
-------------------------------------------------- ---------=
) –ÿ (
2 –2)
2b
ÿ 2 )b
ÿ
1
-----------------------
B1 In += -----
1
--------------
b2
---------------------
has
I
R
ÿ
(1 – ÿ 2 )b+ (1+ ÿ 2) ÿ
2 1( ) +ÿ 1– ÿ –
has 2 b 2 b
-------------------------------------------------- ---------=
ÿ A2 2 ÿ
2
(1 ) –ÿ ( has a2
2b)– 1 1 has has
B2 In += ----- b ) + 1 – --------------
----------------------- ---------------------
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ 2 –b 2
E
ÿ
2ab 2 1( ÿ ÿ has
-------------------------------------------------=
ÿ
A3 2
ÿ (1 ) –ÿ ( has 2b
–2)
2
1 3+ ÿ has 2 –b 2 1+ ÿ 2ab has
K+= ---- -------------- --------------------- -------------- --------------------- -----
2 1+ ÿ ab 1– ÿ –
has In 2 b 2 b
ÿ First fundamental problem
The edge r = a is stressed by a torque density M1 and the edge r = b is stressed by a

torque density M2 .
The arrow w1(r) is only defined up to an additive constant that can be determined
assuming one of the edges is fixed.
ÿ
If the edge r = a is fixed, we have w1( ) rw = 1 ( )r :
2– 2b2
ÿ 1 M1a M2 b 2 2a – 2r M1 M2
–() has
has
w 1 ( )r –= ----- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ----
----------------------------------------------
D 2 1( ) +ÿ has 2 –b 2 In + 2 b 2 ÿ(1)–( ) has
– r
If the edge r = b is fixed, we have w1( ) rw ÿÿ1 = ( ) r :
2– 2b2
1 M1a M2 b 2 r 2 –b 2 –M1 M2 ( ) has
r
= ----- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- -----
----------------------------------------------
w ÿÿ1 ( ) r D 2 1( ) +ÿ has 2 –b 2 In + 2 b 2 1 ÿ –) (( )has– b
SO :
2
M1 has M2 b 2
w 1( ) b
ÿ
= – = +– ------------------ B1
w ÿÿ1 ( ) a ------------------ B2
D D
The rotation ÿ 1(r) has the value:

2– 2 2b2
1 M1a M2b M1 M2
– a( ) 1
---
ÿ = ----- r ----------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------
1( ) r D – r
( )1–+ ÿ ) ( has + 2 b 2 ( 1 – ÿ ) ( has 2 b 2 )
SO :
ÿ ÿ
M1 has M2b _
1( ) a ---------------
--------------A3
D A1–=
D
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
M1 has M2b _
ÿ 1( ) b
--------------- A2 --------------
–=Dÿ A3
D
Finally :
2– 2b2
ÿ
M1 has M2 b 2 M1 M2
– a( ) 1
------- –=
----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
ÿ
M1r ( ) r
ÿ
–
has 2 b 2 has 2 –b 2 2r
ÿ
2– 2b2
ÿ
M1 has M2 b 2 M1 M2
–() has
----------------------------------------------
1
-----------------------------------------
------- +=
M1 ÿ ( )r –2a 2 –b 2
ÿ
ÿ 2b has 2r
Note: The solution of any problem for the annular plate (b < r < a) is obtained by adding the solution of that problem for the circular plate
simply supported or recessed with radius a and the solutions of the two fundamental problems; the parameters M1 , M2 and Q are determined by the
conditions to the limits.
O
R
M Table 48 – Annular plates (continued)
u ÿ Second fundamental problem

The plate is subjected to a total load Q uniformly distributed along the edge r = a
L and at a total charge – Q uniformly distributed along the edge r = b.
The arrow w2(r) is only defined up to an additive constant that can be determined
assuming one of the edges is fixed.
ÿ
HAS If the edge r = a is fixed, we have w2( ) rw = :

2 ( )r
I ÿ Q
w 2 ( )r = -------------
8ÿ D
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
2
1
----
3+
1+
ÿ
--------------
ÿ
b2
---------------------
In + ----- a 2 b 2 b
has
–
has
( 2
) –2 r
1+ ÿ
+ -----------------
1– ÿ
2a 2b 2
--------------------- In
has 2 –b 2 b
has
r
has
----- In --- r – 2 In
r
has ÿ
ÿ
R If the edge r = b is fixed, we have w2( ) rw ÿÿ2 = ( ) r :
E w ÿÿ2 ( ) r
Q
–= -------------
8ÿ D
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
2
1
----
3+
1+
ÿ
--------------
ÿ
In +
has
---------------------
----- r 2 b 2 b
has
–
2 has 1+ ÿ
--------------
( 2 bIn2) – ----- r –+ -----
1– ÿ
2a 2b 2
--------------------- In
has 2 –b 2 b
has
-----
r
b
2 In
b
r ÿ
ÿ
SO :
Qab
w 2 ( ) bw=ÿÿ2–
ÿ
() = ------------- K
at 8 ÿ D
The rotation ÿ 2(r) has the value:
Q ÿ r aa2 1+ ÿ b2 r ÿ
ÿ –= ------------- -------------- r + –+ -------------
--------------------- In r In -------------------
2( )r 4ÿ D
ÿ
1+ – 1– ÿ br
ÿ
ÿ has 2 b 2 b
ÿ ÿ
SO :
Qa Qb
ÿ 2( ) a 2(–) -------------
b– ------------- ÿ
2 ÿ D B2B1 ==and 2ÿ D
Finally :
ÿ
1+ ÿ 2 r – r
–= Q( ) has has 2b2
ÿ
M2r ( ) r
------------------------- --------------------- ----- -------------------- – -----
In
ÿ
4ÿ –
has In 2 b 2 b 2r b
ÿ
Q (1 + ) ÿ 1– ÿ has
2 has r 2b2+ r
ÿ
( )r –= ------------------------- -------------- ---------------------+ ----- --------------------- – -----

In
M2 ÿ 4ÿ 1+ – b b
ÿ has In 2 b 2 2r
ÿ

F
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R
Table 48 – Annular plates (continued)
M
ÿ Annular plates having a free edge stressed by a constant linear load density P
ÿ
w 1( ) r , w ÿÿ1 ( ) r ,
ÿ
w 2 ( ) r and w ÿÿ2 ( ) r are the solutions to fundamental problems.
u
L
HAS
• Edge r = a simply pressed and edge r = b free :
wr( ) w 2=
ÿ
( )r with: Q –= 2 ÿ bP I
wb( )
Pab 2
–= ---------------- K
4D
ÿ ( ) has
=
Pab
D------------- B1
ÿ ()b =
Pb2
D------------- B2 R
E
• Edge r = b simply pressed and edge r = a free :
wr( ) w ÿÿ2 = ( ) r with: Q = 2 ÿ aP
Pa 2b Pa 2 Pab
wa( ) –= ---------------- K ÿ = ÿ ( ) b = – ------------- B2
4D
( ) has – ------------
D B1 D
• Edge r = a recessed and edge r = b free :

ÿ ÿ
wr( ) w ( ) rw +=
1()r 2
B1
with M1 = 0–Q--------
–== 2M2
Pb ÿ bP
A1
2
Pab 2 has
B1
––= ---------
----------------K 4 ----
wb( )
4D b A1
Pb 2 has
---- B1A3
ÿ ( ) b –= ---------------
D------------ B2 b A1
–= --------
B1
Mr ( ) has Pb
A1
• Edge r = b recessed and edge r = a free :
wr( ) w ÿÿ1 ( ) rw ÿÿ2 += ( ) r
with B2
M1 –= 0--------
M2 Pa Q == 2 ÿ aP
A2
2
Pab 2 b B2
_
––= ---------
----------------K 4 -----
wa( )
4D has
A2
Pa 2 b B2 A3
ÿ –= ---------------- -----
( ) has – ------------
D B1 has
A2
–= --------
B2
Mr ( ) b Pa
A2
O
R
u ÿ Annular plates supporting a load of constant density p

In the formulas given for each case:
L ÿ ÿ
w 1( ) r , w ÿÿ1 ( ) r ,( ) rwand
2 w ÿÿ2 ( ) r are the solutions to fundamental problems,
w0(r) is the solution relating to the embedded plate of radius a:
p p
HAS w0( ) r
–= ( a ) –r
2 ------------ 2 2 ÿ 0( )r
= 2 ------------
( ra ) –r
2
64D 16D
I =
M0( ) r Mr ( ) r
1
= [ -------- p ( 1
+ 16
ÿ 2)a –
2 ( ) 3ÿ + r ]
R We limit ourselves to giving in each case the expression of w (r).
E
• Edge r = a simply pressed and edge r = b free :
= +
ÿ ÿ
wr( ) w0( ) rw 1 ( ) rw + 2 ( )r
with M1 = – M0(a) M2 = – M0(b) Q = ÿ b2p
• Edge r = a free and edge r = b simply pressed :
=
wr( ) w0( ) rw ÿÿ1 ( )+rw ÿÿ2 ( ) r +
with M1 = – M0(a) M2 = – M0(b) Q = ÿ a2p
• Edge r = a recessed and edge r = b free :
= +
ÿ
+
ÿ
wr( ) w0( ) rw 1 ( ) rw 2 ( )r
with M2 = – M0(b) and Q = ÿ b2p
and M1 defined by the equation:

M1a – M2b –
Qa
------------- B1 =0
D------------- A1 D-------------- A3 2 ÿ D
• Edge r = a free and edge r = b recessed :
=
wr( ) w0( ) rw ÿÿ1 ( )+rw ÿÿ2 ( ) r +
with M1 = – M0(a) and Q = ÿ a2p
and M2 defined by the equation:
M1a – M2b Qb
ÿ 0( ) b ------------- B2 –+D--------------
=0
D------------- A3 A2 2ÿ D

F
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R
Table 48 – Annular plates (continued)
M
• Edges r = a and r = b simply supported :
=
wr( ) w0( ) rw +
ÿ
1 ( ) rw + 2
ÿ
( )r
u
with M1 = – M0(a) and M2 = – M0(b) L
and Q defined by the equation:
HAS
2
– M1 has M2 b 2 Qab
w0( ) b ------------------ B1
D
+ ------------------
D B2 + ------------- K = 0
8ÿ D
I
• Edge r = a recessed and edge r = b simply pressed :
R
=
wr( ) w0( ) rw +
ÿ ÿ
1 ( ) rw +2 ( ) r E
with M2 = – M0(b)
and M1 and Q defined by the equations:
ÿ
M1 has – M2b _ –
Qa
ÿ
-------------- A1 --------------- A3 ------------- B1 =0

ÿ
D D 2ÿ D
ÿ
2
ÿ M1 has M2 b 2 Qab
ÿ w0( ) b –+– -------------B1K = ------------------
------------------
D
0
D8 B2
ÿ D
ÿ
• Edge r = a simply supported and edge r = b recessed :
= +
ÿ ÿ
wr( ) w0( ) rw 1 ( ) rw + 2 ( )r
with M1 = – M0(a)
and M2 and Q defined by the equations:
ÿ
M1 has – M2 b
Qb
ÿ
ÿ 0( ) b -------------
--------------B2
A3 –+ ---------------
= 0D A2
ÿ
D 2ÿ D
ÿ
2
ÿ
– M1 has M2 b 2 Qab
w0( ) b ------------------ B1 + ------------------ B2 + ------------- K = 0
ÿ
D D 8ÿ D
ÿ
• Recessed edges r = a and r = b :
= +
ÿ
+
ÿ
wr( ) w0( ) rw 1 ( ) rw 2 ( )r
M1 , M2 and Q are defined by the equations:
ÿ M1 has – M2 b –
Qa
-------------- A1 --------------- A3 ------------- B1 =0
ÿ
D D 2 ÿ D
ÿ
ÿ
M1 has – M2 b
Qb
ÿ ÿ 0( ) b -------------
--------------B2
A3 –+ ---------------
= 0D A2
D 2ÿ D
ÿ
ÿ
2
– M1a M2 b 2 Qab
ÿ
w0( ) b ----------------- B1 + ------------------ B2 + ------------- K = 0

ÿ D D 8ÿ D
O
R
u ÿ Annular plates subjected to any loads
L
HAS
• Annular plate embedded along the edge r = a and integral along the edge r = b of a block
I non-deformable requested by a couple :
ÿ B r
R wr( ) , ÿ –= ++ -------------
+
8ÿ D
Ar
–
----- Cr 3 2r In
r
--- cos b ÿ
has 2 b 2
E
has
with HAS –= ----
--------------------- 2 In
has 2 +b 2 b
has 2b2
B = ----------------------
has 2 +b2
1
VS –= ----------------------
has 2b2+
The largest bending moment in absolute value is obtained along the edge r = b for
ÿ = 0 or ÿ = ÿ :
ÿ has 2 –b 2
= ------------ ---------------------
Mr ( )max 2ÿ b 2 +b 2
has
• Annular foundation slab subjected to an overturning torque
We can compare the foundation slab to a free annular plate for r = a and embedded
on a circular post for r = b.
We can assume that this plate is subject to the charge density:
x r 4ÿ
pr( ) , ÿ = q ---- q =---- cos a ÿ with q =------------
has ÿ 2a
We find :
2 5 3
ÿ has r
---
r has
---
r r r
wr( ) , ÿ = – -----------------
+ +HASa --- B ++ ---- VS 12 --- In --- cos ÿ
48 ÿ D has r has a has
with, setting b = ka:
ÿ –
ÿ +3 k 2 ( ) 4 2( ) + ÿ k2 _
ÿ B 2k= 2 ( ) 3 + -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------
ÿ
()3 +ÿ + (1 – ÿ k
ÿ
4 2( ) +ÿ + (1 – ÿ ( ) 4 )+3 k 4 k 2 )
C –=2
ÿ
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
(3 + ÿ ÿ _ k4 )
ÿ
) (1 – +
ÿ
The constant A, which corresponds to an overall rotation, can only be determined if

we know the reaction modulus of the foundation soil. But the constant A does not intervene
in the calculation of forces. So :
ÿ r3 has has
3 r
Mr ( r, ÿ ) =+++
– ------------ 5 4( ) ÿ+ -------- 12
1( 48
) +ÿ ---- 2B (1 –
r
ÿ ) ------- 2C ( ) 3 + ÿ --- cos a ÿ
ÿ 3a 3r
This moment is maximum in absolute value for r = b and ÿ = 0 or ÿ = ÿ .
Form. C 2 060 ÿ 102 is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

F
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R
Table 49 – Rectangular plates. General
M
u
Consider a rectangular plate with sides a and b subjected to a charge density p (x, y).
We know two formal solutions w (x, y) of the Lagrange equation.
L
HAS
I
ÿ Navier solution (valid only for a plate simply supported on its four sides)
The arrow is given by the double trigonometric series:

R
wx( ), y = – -------------
1
ÿ
ÿ ÿ
Am, n
ÿ
m ÿ x
---------------------------- sin ------------ ----sin
not ÿ y
--------------
(1)
E
ÿ 4D m 2 n 2 2 has b
m=1 n=1 ---------- --------+
2a b2
4 has b m ÿ x not ÿ y
with = --------
px( ) , y sin ---------------- sin -------------- dx dy (2)
Am,n ab b
0 0 has
This solution is not practical, because it requires calculating the sum of double series which do not always converge quickly.
ÿ Maurice Lévy's solution (valid only for a plate simply supported on two opposite sides x = 0 and x = a)
The arrow is given by a simple trigonometric series:
1
-----
m ÿ x
----------------
wx( ), y –= ÿ Fm ( ) y sin (3)
D has
m=1
If we ask:
2 has
mx ÿ
= ---- px( ) ,sin
y ---------------- dx (4)
pm ( ) y has 0 has
the function Fm (y) is an integral of the differential equation:
d4Fm m ÿ 2 d2Fm m ÿ 4
---------------- 2 ---------- ---------------- ----------
(5)
4 +– Fm = has pm ( ) y 2 has
dy dy
m ÿ y
therefore, by posing Y --------------= , we see that Fm (y) is of the form:
has
Fm (y) = ÿ m (Y) + (Am ch Y + Bm Y sh Y) + (Cm sh Y + Dm Y ch Y) (6)

m ÿ y
--------------
ÿ m being a particular integral of equation (5).
has
We can then determine the constants Am , Bm , Cm and Dm to satisfy the support conditions along the sides y = 0 and y = b.
Maurice Lévy's solution leads to the calculation of the sum of simple series almost always converging quickly.
ÿ Ratings
To simplify the writing, we put:

ÿ
ÿ fm( ) =ÿ fm( )
m m=1
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
fm( ) =ÿ fm( )
m m = 1, 3, 5, …
ÿ
ÿ
ÿÿ
fm( ) =ÿ fm( )
m m = 2, 4, 6, …
Note: when the plate is not simply supported on two opposite sides (for example recessed on all four sides), we must resort to
very long numerical approximation methods such as the finite element method.
O
R
M Table 50 – Infinitely long rectangular plates
u ÿ Plate simply supported on its edges x = 0 and x = a supporting a linear density

constant load P on axis Ox
We can, due to symmetry, assume y > 0.
L • The arrow w (x,y) has the value:

Pa 3 x y
wx( ), y –= f ----,
----
D------------ has has
HAS
x y
---- ÿ 1 m ÿ y m ÿ y mx ÿ
I
with f ----, ------------------ 1 ---------------+ exp 4 – ---------------
sin ----------------
has has
=ÿ 4m ÿ has has has
m
R The following table gives the values of
has
f
x
----,
has
y
----
has
along Ox and along the longitudinal axis
x ----=
E 2
of the plate.
x
----
x y 1 y y 1 y
f ----, 0 ---- f ----, ---- ---- f ----, ----
has has has 2 has has 2 has
0.010 152 1.2 0.001 129

0 0 0.001 682 0 0.009 766 1.4 0.000 682
0.05 0.003 295 0.1 0.008 865 1.6 0.000 406
0.10 0.004 795 0.2 0.007 743 1.8 0.000 239
0.15 0.006 150 0.3 0.006 580 0.000 140
0.20 0.007 335 0.4 0.005 480 2 0.000 081
0.25 0.008 330 0.5 0.004 494 2.2 0.000 047
0.30 0.009 119 0.6 0.003 641 2.4 0.000 027
0.35 0.009 691 0.7 0.002 921 2.6 0.000 015
0.40 0.010 037 0.8 0.002 324 0.000 009
0.45 0.50 0.010 152 0.9 1 0.001 837 2.8 3 3.2 0.000 005
• The bending moments M1(x, y) and M2(x, y) have the values:
ÿ
x y x y
= 1+ ÿ F) ----,
----
+ (1– ÿ G) ----,
----
M1( ) x, y Pa ( ÿ
ÿ
has has has has
ÿ
x y
ÿ
x y
ÿ
= 1+ ÿ F) ---- – G ----
M2( ) x, y Pa ( ÿ ----, (1 ) –ÿ ----,
has has has has
ÿ
ÿ x y
---- ÿ 1 m ÿ y m ÿ x
F ----, ------------------ exp
– ---------------
sin ---------------
ÿ
has has
=ÿ m 22 ÿ has has
ÿ
m
with ÿ
x y ÿ 1 my ÿ m y ÿ m ÿ x
G ---- ------------------ –---------------- sin ----------------
--------------- exp
ÿ
----,
ÿ has has
=ÿ 2m _ ÿ 2 a has has
ÿ m
Especially :
x
= = (1+ ÿ ) Pa F ----, 0
M1( ) x, 0 M2( ) x, 0 has
x
----
x y 1 y 1 y
F ----, 0 ---- F ----, ---- G ----, ----
has has has 2 has 2 has
0.092 807 0
0 0 0.028 198 0 0.070 286 0.020 080
0.05 0.045 331 0.1 0.052 498 0.031 199
0.10 0.058 234 0.2 0.038 849 0.035 482
0.15 0.068 333 0.3 0.028 585 0.035 304
0.20 0.076 283 0.4 0.020 963 0.032 620
0.25 0.082 454 0.5 0.015 345 0.028 779
0.30 0.087 074 0.6 0.011 221 0.024 610
0.35 0.090 286 0.7 0.008 201 0.020 582
0.40 0.092 180 0.8 0.005 992 0.016 930
0.45 0.50 0.092 807 0.9 1 0.004 378 0.013 747

F
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R
Table 50 – Infinitely long rectangular plates (continued)
M
ÿ Plate simply supported on its edges x = 0 and x = a supporting a surface density
of constant charge p for – ka y ka
u
• The arrow in the center C
has
----, 0
2
of the loaded zone has the value:
L
5 4
----------- pa
w –= ------------ fk( )
384 D HAS
with fk( ) 1
–= ÿ
768
-----------
5
m
ÿ 2 + mk ÿ
------------------------
m5 2ÿ 5
exp k ÿ)-----------
m (sin –
m ÿ
I
k f(k) k f(k) k f(k) k f(k)
R
0 0 0.077 69
0.35
0.40
0.482 30
0.535 05
0.90 0.856 65
0.888 48
2.5 0.998 08
0.999 54 E
0.05 0.153 87 0.45 0.583 41 1 0.933 23 3 0.999 89
0.10 0.227 37 0.50 0.627 54 1.2 0.960 50 0.999 97
0.15 0.297 39 0.60 0.703 98 1.4 0.976 86 3.5 0.999 99
0.20 0.363 40 0.70 0.766 28 1.6 0.986 55 4 4.5 5 1,000 00
0.25 0.30 0.425 08 0.80 0.816 51 1.8 2 0.992 24 ÿ 1
• The bending moments M1 and M2 at the center of the loaded zone have the values:
1
ÿ = 2 ---- [ F k( ) – ( 1 – ÿ ) G k( ) ]
M1 pa 8
ÿ
ÿ
1
ÿ
= 2 ---- [ F k( ) + ( 1 – ÿ ) G k( ) ]
ÿ
M2 pa 8
ÿ ÿ 32k m ÿ
F k( ) 1 ------------------ ÿ k2sin -----------
exp ( ) –m
ÿ
–= ÿ 3m _ ÿ 3
ÿ
m
with ÿ
ÿ 16k m ÿ
Gk() ------------------ k )ÿ –-----------
expm( sin
ÿ
ÿ
=ÿ 3m _ ÿ 3 2
ÿ
m
k F(k) G(k) k F(k) G(k)
0.90 0.938 95 0.086 29

0 0 0.138 82 0 0.064 74 0.955 40 0.070 04
0.05 0.259 64 0.112 46 1 0.976 21 0.044 85
0.10 0.364 37 0.146 00 1.2 0.987 31 0.027 91
0.15 0.454 89 0.167 99 1.4 0.993 23 0.017 02
0.20 0.532 92 0.180 81 1.6 0.996 39 0.010 21
0.25 0.600 04 0.186 47 0.998 07 0.006 05
0.30 0.657 69 0.186 71 1.8 0.999 60 0.001 57
0.35 0.707 14 0.182 94 2 0.999 92 0.000 39
0.40 0.749 51 0.176 30 2.5 0.999 98 0.000 10
0.45 0.785 80 0.167 70 3 1, 000 00 0.000 02
0.50 0.843 43 0.147 31 3.5 1, 000 00 0.000 01
0.60 0.885 60 0.125 68 4 4.5 5 1, 000 00 1 0.000 00
ÿ
0.70 0.80 0.916 42 0.104 98 0
Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise Form. C 2,060 ÿ 105
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M Table 50 – Infinitely long rectangular plates (continued)
u ÿ Plate embedded on its edges x = 0 and x = a supporting a linear load density

constant P on the Ox axis
L The solution to this problem is obtained by studying, using Maurice Lévy's solution, the
rectangular plate embedded on the sides x = 0 and x = a, and simply supported on the sides
1 1
y =–= ----
----b b and y , and then by making b tend towards infinity (with ÿ = a /b).
2 2
HAS has
• The w arrow in the center VS ----, 0 of the loaded zone has the value:
I 2
Pa 3
w –= ------------ f
D
R ÿ
1 2
m ÿ m ÿ
----------- ch -----------
22ÿ
+ sh
m ÿ
-----------
2ÿ
ÿ
3 ÿ
E
ÿ
with f = lim -------- ------------------ -------------------------------------------------- -------------
ÿ 4
48 – ÿm
ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿÿ 4m _ ÿ m ÿ m ÿ
-----------
m ÿ
sh ----------- ch -----------+
ÿÿÿ 2ÿ 2ÿ 2ÿ ÿÿÿ
We find :
f ÿ 0.003 452 5
• The bending moments M1 and M2 at the center C of the loaded zone have the values:
M1 = Pa [F + ÿG] and M2 = Pa [ÿF + G]
ÿ
m ÿ m ÿ m ÿ
ÿ
ÿ – sh
----------- ch ----------- ----------- ÿ
2 22ÿ 2ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
F = lim
ÿ ÿÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
------------------
2m _ ÿ
2 m ÿ
ÿ
-------------------------------------------------- -------------
m ÿ m ÿ
ÿ
m sh ----------- ch 2 ----------- + -----------

ÿ
ÿ
ÿÿÿ
ÿ 2ÿ 2ÿ ÿÿÿ
with ÿ
ÿ
mmmÿ ----------- ÿch ----------- ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
sh + -----------
1 ÿ 2 222
ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ
G = lim ---- ------------------ -------------------------------------------------- -------------
ÿ 2
4 – ÿm
ÿ ÿ
ÿ
ÿ ÿÿ 2m _ ÿ m ÿ m ÿ
-----------
m ÿ
sh ----------- ch 2 -----------+
2ÿ 2ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿÿÿ
ÿ ÿÿÿ
We find :
F ÿ 0.049 016 and G ÿ 0.070 269
• The moment of embedding M1 in O has the value:
M1 –= PaH
ÿ
m ÿ
----------- ÿ
1 ÿ 4 ÿ
with H = lim ---- ------------------ ------------------------------------------
ÿ 2
4 – ÿm
ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿÿ 2m _ ÿ m ÿ
-----------
m ÿ
sh + -----------
ÿÿÿ 2ÿ ÿ ÿÿÿ
We find :
H ÿ 0.163 87

F
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Table 50 – Infinitely long rectangular plates (continued)
ÿ Plate embedded on its edges x = 0 and x = a supporting a surface load density

M
constant p for – ka y ka
The solution to this problem is obtained by studying, using Maurice Lévy's solution, the
u
rectangular plate embedded on the sides x = 0 and x = a, and simply supported on the sides
1
y =–= ---- b b and y
----
1
, and then making b tend to infinity.
L
2 2
• The arrow w at the center C (a/2, 0) of the loaded zone has the value: HAS
4
pa
w –= ---------------- fk( )
384D I
with fk( ) = lim ÿ
ÿ
768 ÿ 4 ÿ
k
----
–ÿ
ÿ 2
m ÿ
22ÿ
m ÿ
----------- ch -----------+ sh
ÿ
m ÿ
-----------
ÿ
------------------ 2------------------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------
5 m ÿ sin mmÿ +
m ÿ k
ÿ
ÿ
R
m5 ÿ
E
ÿ ÿÿ ÿ m ÿ
sh ----------- ch ----------- ----------- ÿ
ÿÿÿ 2ÿ 2ÿ 2ÿ ÿÿÿ
2
k 1 2k k k2 _
ÿ
---- = ----------- – 1 --------– 5 4--------
---- 4 2–+
ÿ 5,768 ÿ ÿ ÿ
k f(k) k f(k) k f(k) k f(k)
0.5 0.870 2 1.001 3 1,000 2

0 0 0.257 6 0.6 0.927 7 1 1.003 9 2 1,000 1
0.1 0.480 3 0.7 0.963 4 1.2 1.002 8 1,000 0
0.2 0.654 8 0.8 0.984 4 1.4 1.001 5 2.5 3 3.5 1,000 0
ÿ
0.3 0.4 0.782 3 0.9 0.995 7 1.6 1.8 1.000 6 1
• The bending moments M1 and M2 at the center C of the loaded zone have the values:
1 1
== [-------- pa 2[ F k( ) + ] ÿ G k( ) and M2 2 -------- ÿ F k( ) + G k( ) ]
M1 24 pa 24
m ÿ m ÿ m ÿ
ÿ ÿ ----------- ch ----------- sh – -----------
ÿ
4 22ÿ m k
------------------ 2------------------------------------------------- ÿ
ÿ ÿ
ÿ
F k( ) = lim ÿ ÿ 24 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
2 ÿ ÿ
3 m ÿ m ÿ
-------------- sin--------------
m ÿ
ÿ
ÿ ÿÿ m 3m _ ÿ
sh ----------- ch ----------- + -----------
ÿ ÿ
2ÿ 2ÿ 2ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ ÿÿÿ
ÿ m ÿ m ÿ m ÿ
with ÿ ÿ ----------- ch ----------- sh + ----------- ÿ
4 222------------------------------------------------
ÿ ÿ ÿ m ÿ k
k k ÿ
------------------ --------------
24 ÿ 2 -------- 1 -----–
ÿ
= lim -------------- sin mm + -----------

G k( ) ÿ –ÿ 3 m ÿ ÿ ÿ
2ÿ 3m _ ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ ÿÿ ÿ m sh ----------- ch -----------
ÿ ÿ
2ÿ 2ÿ 2ÿ ÿÿÿ
k F(k) G(k) k F(k) G(k)
0.998 6 0.020 5
0 0 0.231 4 0 0.231 9 1 1.003 3 0.005 0
0.1 0.441 1 0.307 7 1.2 1.002 8 0.000 1
0.2 0.614 9 0.297 1 1.4 1.001 6 – 0.000 9
0.3 0.748 3 0.248 1 1.6 1.000 7 – 0.000 7
0.4 0.844 1 0.189 4 1.000 2 – 0.000 4
0.5 0.909 1 0.135 4 1.8 1.000 0 0.000 0
0.6 0.951 0 0.091 6 2 1.000 0 0.000 0
0.7 0.970 4 0.058 8 2.5 3 3.5 1.000 0 1 0.000 0
ÿ
0.8 0.9 0.991 0 0.035 8 0
• The moment of embedding M1 in O has the value:
1
M1 -------- pa –= 12 2 H k( )
m ÿ
-----------
ÿ ÿ
k k ÿ 8 ÿ 2
------------------ -----------------------------------------
m ÿ k
with 2 -------- 1 ----– sin ---------------
H k( ) = lim ÿ ÿ 12 ÿ ÿ ÿ –ÿ 3 m ÿ m ÿ
ÿ ÿÿ 2ÿ ÿ m 3m _ ÿ
sh ----------- + -----------
ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿÿÿ
k H(k) k H(k) k H(k) k H(k)
0.5 0.920 8 1.005 6 1,000 1

0 0 0.337 2 0.6 0.962 4 1 1.004 7 2 1,000 0
0.1 0.577 5 0.7 0.985 9 1.2 1.002 6 1,000 0
0.2 0.742 6 0.8 0.998 2 1.4 1.001 1 2.5 3 3.5 1,000 0
ÿ
0.3 0.4 0.851 7 0.9 1.003 8 1.6 1.8 1.000 4 1
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M Table 51 – Rectangular plates supported on 4 sides
u The plate is simply supported on its sides:
L x 0,====
x, y ---- b
1
– ---- b, y
2
1
2
HAS We pose:
has m ÿ b m ÿ
ÿ = ÿ =
I ---- and ---------------- = -----------
B 2a 2ÿ
R
E ÿ Plate supporting a constant charge density p over its entire surface
• The arrow w at the center C of the plate has the value:
2 b –2 ------------------------- 4 4
w h ( f) ( )5pa 5pa
– ---------------- ÿg ( ) = == – ----------------
ÿ
5bp
ÿ
384D 384D 384D
768 ÿ 1 2 + thÿ ÿ m ÿ
with g ( )ÿ 1 ----------- ------------------ -------------------- sin -----------
–= ÿ 5 m5 ÿ
5 ch ÿ 2
m
1 1
f ( ÿ) = ÿ 2g ( )ÿ , h ( )ÿ f ( ) = ÿ==2 hf ( ÿ) , g, f ----
ÿ
----
ÿ
ÿ ÿ
We can therefore assume ÿ <1.
ÿ f(ÿ ) g(ÿ ) h(ÿ )

00 1 0
0.1 0.010 00 1.000 00 0.000 10
0.2 0.039 85 0.996 16 0.001 59
0.3 0.086 52 0.961 35 0.007 79
0.4 0.141 26 0.882 88 0.022 60
0.5 0.194 47 0.777 88 0.048 62
0.6 0.239 63 0.665 65 0.086 27
0.7 0.273 70 0.558 57 0.134 11
0.8 0.296 24 0.462 88 0.189 59
0.9 0.308 39 0.380 73 0.249 79
1 0.311 99 0.311 99 0.311 99
• The bending moments at the center C of the plate have the following values:
M1 = pab [F ( ÿ )+ ÿ G ( ÿ )] and M2 = pab [ ÿ F ( ÿ ) + G ( ÿ )]
ÿ 1
---- ÿ 2 2 + thÿ ÿ m ÿ
F ( ÿ)
------------------ -------------------- sin -----------
ÿ – ÿÿ= 8 3m _ ÿ
3 ch ÿ 2
ÿ
m
with ÿ
ÿ 1 th ÿ m ÿ
ÿ
G() ÿ
------------------ ------------ sin -----------
ÿ
=ÿ 3m _ ÿ
3 ch ÿ 2
ÿ
m
1
By permuting a and b, we see that F ---- = G(); weÿ can therefore assume ÿ <1.
ÿ
ÿ F (ÿ ) G (ÿ ) ÿ F (ÿ ) G (ÿ )
0.55 0.049 086 0.011 532

0 0 0.006 250 0 0.000 000 0.60 0.049 229 0.014 540
0.05 0.012 500 0.000 000 0.65 0.048 771 0.017 638
0.10 0.018 743 0.000 006 0.70 0.047 821 0.020 749
0.15 0.024 901 0.000 079 0.75 0.046 484 0.023 805
0.20 0.030 751 0.000 378 0.80 0.044 853 0.026 755
0.25 0.036 010 0.001 078 0.85 0.043 009 0.029 557
0.30 0.040 457 0.002 277 0.90 0.041 021 0.032 183
0.35 0.043 980 0.003 988 0.95 0.038 947 0.034 613
0.40 0.046 586 0.006 159 1 0.036 836 0.036 836
0.45 0.50 0.048 230 0.008 706
Form. C 2,060 ÿ 108 Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

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Table 51 – Rectangular plates supported on 4 sides (continued)
M
ÿ Plate supporting a linear density of constant load P on • The arrow at the center of
1
x = ---- a
2
u
the plate has the value:
Pa 3
w –= ------------- f ÿ( )
48D
L
ÿ 48
------------------
2 + ÿ th ÿ
--------------------------
HAS
with f ( ÿ) 1
–= ÿ 4 ch ÿ
I
4m _ ÿ
m
ÿ f (ÿ ) f (1/ ÿ ) ÿ f (ÿ ) f (1/ ÿ ) R
0
0.1
1 1.000
00 0.996
0 0.000
49 0.003
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.671 69
0.566 46
0.472 33
0.098 27
0.146 71
0.202 21
E
0.2 23 0.962 90 0.013 0.9 0.391 40 0.262 02
0.3 05 0.885 15 0.030 1 0.323 56 0.323 56
0.4 0.5 01 0.781 92 97 0.059 25
• The bending moments at the center of the plate have the following values:
1 1
+ ÿ M2
== ---- Pa [F[4 ( )ÿ] and G ( ÿ) ÿ F ( ÿ) ] + G ( )ÿ
M1 4
4 2 + ÿ ÿth 4 ÿ th ÿ
ÿ
ÿ ÿ
------------------ -------------------------- ------------------ ----------------
with F ( ÿ) and G1()
=–= ÿ ÿ
2m _ ÿ 2 ch ÿ 2m _ ÿ 2 ch ÿ
m m
ÿ F (ÿ ) G (ÿ ) F (1/ ÿ ) G (1/ ÿ )
01 0 0
0.1 1.000 00 0.000 00 0 0.037 0.037 12
0.2 0.996 90 0.002 47 12 0.074 0.074 24
0.3 0.968 79 0.022 58 25 0.111 0.111 29
0.4 0.905 42 0.062 65 43 0.149 0.147 38
0.5 0.820 56 0.109 50 35 0.189 0.180 12
0.6 0.729 67 0.152 63 60 0.233 0.206 75
0.7 0.642 59 0.187 21 57 0.281 0.225 55
0.8 0.564 24 0.212 10 55 0.332 0.236 21
0.9 0.496 31 0.228 06 70 0.385 0.239 46
1 0.438 70 0.236 61 60 0.438 70 0.236 61
O
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M Table 51 – Rectangular plates supported on 4 sides (continued)
u ÿ Plate supporting a charge density p (x, y) p 1 =

2x
--------–
L
has
• The arrow w (x) along Ox has the value:

4
pa x
wx( ) –= ---------------- f ÿ , ----
HAS 360D has
I with
x
f ÿ , ----
has
–= ÿÿ
x
----
has
m
ÿÿ 720
------------------
m5 ÿ 5
2 + ÿ ÿth
--------------------------
ch ÿ
mx ÿ
sin ----------------
has
R ÿ
x
----
has
x
= ---- 1
has
x
----–
has
2x
1 --------–
has
x
1 3 ---- 1 +
has
x
----–
has
E
x
----
1 x x x
f ---- ---- ----
----, f 1, f 2,
has 2 has has has
00 0 0.05 0.048 14 0.038 75 0.10 0.090 10 0.072 25 0.15 0

0.121 55 0.097 00 0.20 0.139 92 0.111 09 0.25 0.144 21 0.113 0.017 06
95 0 .30 0.134 76 0.106 02 0.35 0.112 99 0.088 57 0.40 0.081 0.031 18
22 0.063 50 0.45 0.042 42 0.033 11 0.50 0 0 0.040 85
0.045 62
0.045 70
0.041 65
0.034 22
0.024 23
0.012 54
0
• The bending moments M1(x) and M2(x) along Ox have the values:
1 x x 1 2 x x
M1( ) x ---- += and 2F , ----
M2(_ ) xÿ ---- pa 6 ÿ G ÿ , += pa ---- ÿ F ÿ , ---- G ---- ÿ ,
has has 6 has has
ÿ x x x 2x 12 2 + ÿ th ÿ m ÿ x
F ÿ , ---- ---- 1 ----– 1 --------–
ÿ
------------------ -------------------------- sin ----------------
–= ÿhas 3
ÿ
has has has

m 3m _ ÿ ch ÿ has
ÿ
with ÿ
x
----
1
---- ÿ 6
------------------
th ÿ
------------
m ÿ x
G sin ----------------
ÿ
ÿ , =ÿ 3
ÿ
has
ÿ m 3m _ ÿ ch ÿ has
ÿ
x
----
1 x
----
1 x
----
x
----
x
----
x
----
x
----
F ----, G ----, F 1, G 1, F 2, G 2,
has 2 has 2 has has has has has
00 0 0
0.05 0.042 287 0.000 351 0 0.039 022 0 0.004 122 0 0.020 478 0.009 685
0.10 0.071 120 0.000 668 0.059 235 0.007 815 0.030 244 0.018 034
0.15 0.088 039 0.000 919 0.071 751 0.010 703 0.032 988 0.024 058
0.20 0.094 576 0.001 080 0.075 531 0.012 505 0.031 486 0.027 271
0.25 0.092 253 0.001 135 0.072 345 0.013 059 0.027 627 0.027 627
0.30 0.082 577 0.001 079 0.063 751 0.012 338 0.022 588 0.025 384
0.35 0.067 040 0.000 918 0.051 107 0.010 433 0.017 050 0.020 974
0.40 0.047 121 0.000 667 0.035 591 0.007 545 0.011 362 0.014 908
0.45 0.024 288 0 0.000 351 0 0.018 242 0 0.003 955 0 0.005 669 0 0.007 731
0.50 0

F
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Table 52 – Rectangular plates supported on 2 sides and recessed on the other 2
M
The plate is simply supported on the sides x = 0 and x = a, and recessed
on the coast : u
1 1
y = – ---- b, y = ---- b
22 L
We pose:
has m ÿ b m ÿ HAS
ÿ = ==-----
-----------
and ÿ ----------------
B 2a 2ÿ
I
ÿ Plate supporting a constant charge density p over its entire surface
• The arrow w at the center C of the plate has the value:
5pa
4
pb
4
R
w = – -----------------
with 1
1,536
---------------- ÿ
384 D
1
ÿf ( ) = – ----------------- gÿ( )
------------------
384 D
ÿ ch ÿ +sh ÿ
-----------------------------------
m ÿ 4
sin and ----------- g ( ÿ) 2 = 5 ÿ f ( ÿ)
E
f ( ÿ) –= ÿ 5 m m5 ÿ 5 sh ÿ ch ÿ + ÿ
ÿ f (ÿ ) g(ÿ) f (1/ ÿ ) g (1/ ÿ )

01 0 0.1 0.999 99 0.000 50 0.2 0.993 10 0.007 1
94 0.3 0.933 41 0.037 80 0.4 0.806 24 0.103 20 0.5 0 0.000 02 1,000 04
0.648 58 0.202 68 0.6 0. 496 90 0.321 99 0.7 0.370 0.000 32 0.999 98
00 0.444 19 0.8 0.272 04 0.557 13 0.9 0.199 64 0.654 0.001 62 1.002 19
92 1 0.147 24 0.736 18 0.005 16 1.007 50
0.012 53 1.002 55
0.025 35 0.997 98
0.044 86 0.934 20
0.071 75 0.875 90
0.106 07 0.808 37
0.147 24 0.736 18
• The bending moments M1 and M2 at the center of the plate and the embedding moment M2 in the middle of the recessed sides
have the following values:
ÿ 32 ÿ ch ÿ +sh ÿ m ÿ
1 1 ÿ
------------------ ----------------------------------- 2
ÿ
= ---- pa 2[ F ( ÿ) 8 + = -------- 2 F ( ÿ) 1 sin and ----------- F1( ÿ) = F (ÿ) 3 ÿ
M1 ÿ G ( ÿ) ] F1( ÿ) [ + ÿ G1 (ÿ) ]
ÿ
–= ÿ 3 sh ÿ ch ÿ + ÿ 2
ÿ
pb 24 ÿ m 3m _ ÿ
ÿ ÿ
1 1 2 32 ÿ ch ÿ –sh ÿ m ÿ
= ---- pa 2[ = -------- ÿ
= 3 ÿ 2 G ( )ÿ
ÿ ÿ
------------------ ----------------------------------- sin and -----------

M2 ÿ F ( ÿ) + G ( )ÿ] [ ÿ F1( ÿ) G1 + ( )ÿ ] with G()ÿÿ G1( )ÿ 2
ÿ
8 pb 24
ÿ =ÿ 3m _ ÿ
3 sh ÿ ch ÿ + ÿ
ÿ
m
ÿ
1 2 1 2
ÿ
M2 – H1 –
-------- 64 2ÿ m ÿ 3
ÿ
==8(pb) ---- paHÿ( ÿ) ÿ ÿ
H ( ÿ) ÿ –= ÿ1
ÿ
------------------ ------------------------------ sin and ----------- = ----
ÿ 2 H ( )ÿ
12 3 sh 2 ÿ + 2 ÿ 2
H1( )ÿ 2
m 3m _ ÿ
ÿ
ÿ F (ÿ ) G (ÿ ) H(ÿ ) F (1/ ÿ ) G (1/ ÿ ) H (1/ ÿ )

01 0 0.1 0.000 00 0.2 0.005 49 0.3 0.046 50 0
0.4 0.118 39 0.50.999
0.18799
27 0.6 0.233 32 0.7 0.254 07 1 1.000 0 0.000 00 0 0.003 33 0.006 67
0.8 0.255 46 0.90.992
0.24491
82 1 0.227 94 00 0.999 0.000 00 0.013 33 0.026 67
0.931 54 99 0.998 – 0.000 05 0.030 07 0.060 10
0.800 80 78 0.987 0.000 33 0.053 70 0.107 55
0.638 76 49 0.952 0.003 41 0.083 10 0.168 53
0.483 00 67 0.891 0.012 05 0.115 75 0.240 31
0.352 93 04 0.810 0.028 24 0.148 75 0.318 98
0.252 88 77 0.723 0.052 89 0.179 62 0.400 56
0.173 39 31 0.637 0.085 97 0.206 44 0.481 45
0.126 72 60 0.558 70 0.126 72 0.227 94 0.558 70
ÿ F1(ÿ ) G1(ÿ ) H1( ÿ ) F1(1/ ÿ ) G1(1/ ÿ ) H1(1/ ÿ )

00 0 1
0.1 0.030 00 0.000 00 0 0.015 00 0 0.000 00 1 1.000 1,000 00
0.2 0.119 15 0.000 66 0.060 00 – 0.000 06 – 00 0.999 0.999 97
0.3 0.251 52 0.012 56 0.134 83 0.001 74 99 1.002 1.001 65
0.4 0.384 38 0.056 83 0.237 00 0.006 18 45 1.006 1.008 24
0.5 0.479 07 0.140 45 0.357 25 0.040 95 79 0.997 1.011 15
0.6 0.521 64 0.251 98 0.481 16 0.100 40 22 0.964 1.001 28
0.7 0.518 81 0.373 48 0.595 92 0.172 91 55 0.910 0.976 48
0.8 0.485 52 0.490 48 0.694 38 0.247 94 73 0.841 0.938 81
0.9 0.435 92 0.594 90 0.774 69 0.318 42 98 0.764 0.891 57
1 0.380 15 0.683 83 0.838 05 0.380 15 61 0.683 83 0.838 05
O
R
M Table 52 – Rectangular plates supported on 2 sides and embedded on the other 2 (continued)
u ÿ Plate supporting a linear density of constant load P on • The arrow at the center of
the plate has the value:
x = ---- a
2
L Pa 3 Pb 3
w = – -------------- fÿ( ) = – ----------------- gÿ( )
48D 192D
96 ÿ ch ÿ + sh ÿ
with f ( ÿ) 1
ÿ
------------------
----------------------------------- and ÿ
g = 4 ÿ 3 f ( ÿ)
HAS –= ÿ 4m _ ÿ 4 ( ) shÿ ch ÿ + ÿ
m
I ÿ f (ÿ ) g(ÿ ) f (1/ ÿ ) g (1/ ÿ )
R 0 1 1.000 0 0.004 00 0 0.000 17

0.662 88
0.662 88
E
0.1 00 0.993 0.031 78 0.001 33 0.662 88
0.2 23 0.934 0.100 94 0.004 47 0.662 87
0.3 63 0.809 0.207 30 0.010 61 0.662 89
0.4 77 0.654 0.327 48 0.020 73 0.663 50
0.5 96 0.505 0.437 16 0.035 92 0.665 19
0.6 97 0.381 0.523 01 0.057 16 0.666 58
0.7 20 0.284 0.583 07 0.085 12 0.665 00
0.8 70 0.213 0.621 60 0.119 93 0.658 07
0.9 1 17 0.161 13 0.644 52 0.161 13 0.644 52
• The bending moments M1 and M2 at the center of the plate and the embedding moment M2 in the middle of the recessed sides
have the following values:
ÿ 8 ÿ ch ÿ +sh ÿ
1 1 F ( ÿ) 1
ÿ
------------------ = ÿ F ( ÿ)
ÿ
= ---- Pa F[ ( )ÿ4 + = +
ÿ
–= ÿ ----------------------------------- and ÿ
ÿ G ( ÿ) ] ---- [ ÿ ÿ G1 (ÿ) ] 2 F1( )ÿsh ch ÿ + ÿ
4 Pb F1( ) ÿ
M1 2m _ ÿ
ÿ
m
ÿ ÿ
1 1 8 ÿ ch ÿ –sh ÿ
ÿ
= ÿ G ( ÿ)
ÿ
= ---- Pa = ---- Pb [ 4ÿ
ÿ
------------------
ÿ ÿ F ( ÿ) + G ( )ÿ] F1( ÿ) G1 + ( )ÿ ] with ÿ G()ÿÿ =ÿ ----------------------------------- and ÿ
M2 [4 2m _ ÿ 2 G1( )ÿsh ch ÿ + ÿ
ÿ
m
ÿ
1 1 ÿ
16 2ÿ
ÿ
M2 – ----
– ---- Pa ==
PbH1 H ( () )ÿ ÿ ÿ
H ( ÿ) ÿ –= ÿ1
ÿ
------------------ = ÿ H ( ÿ)
ÿ 4 4 ------------------------------ and ÿ
2m _ ÿ 2 H1( ) shÿ 2+ 2 ÿ
ÿ m
ÿ F (ÿ ) G (ÿ ) H(ÿ ) F (1/ ÿ ) G (1/ ÿ ) H (1/ ÿ )

01 0 0
0.1 1.000 00 0.000 00 1 1.000 0 0.028 0 0.019 0.065 65
0.2 0.994 43 0.004 31 00 0.999 11 0.056 61 0.039 0.131 10
0.3 0.946 23 0.036 52 99 0.999 21 0.084 21 0.058 0.196 65
0.4 0.843 53 0.093 00 04 0.990 32 0.112 82 0.078 0.262 19
0.5 0.716 08 0.147 24 17 0.962 42 0.140 43 0.098 0.327 88
0.6 0.593 12 0.183 89 83 0.914 42 0.168 15 0.118 0.394 11
0.7 0.489 57 0.201 19 42 0.851 57 0.197 12 0.137 0.460 87
0.8 0.408 60 0.203 91 37 0.782 76 0.229 99 0.156 0.527 29
0.9 0.347 45 0.197 76 65 0.715 17 0.263 86 0.173 0.591 89
1 0.301 63 0.187 17 23 0.653 04 69 0.301 63 59 0.187 17 0.653 04
ÿ F1(ÿ ) G1(ÿ ) H1( ÿ ) F1(1/ ÿ ) G1(1/ ÿ ) H1(1/ ÿ )

0.281 07 0.196 06 0.655 49
0 0 0.100 00 0 0.000 00 0 0.100 00 0.281 07 0.196 06 0.655 49
0.1 0.198 89 0.000 86 0.200 00 0.281 07 0.196 06 0.655 49
0.2 0.283 87 0.010 96 0.299 71 0.281 08 0.196 06 0.655 48
0.3 0.337 41 0.037 20 0.396 07 0.281 04 0.196 07 0.655 48
0.4 0.358 04 0.073 62 0.481 41 0.280 85 0.196 30 0.655 77
0.5 0.355 87 0.110 33 0.548 65 0.280 95 0.196 86 0.656 85
0.6 0.342 70 0.140 84 0.595 96 0.282 51 0.197 13 0.658 38
0.7 0.326 88 0.163 13 0.626 12 0.286 46 0.196 08 0.659 11
0.8 0.312 70 0.177 98 0.643 71 0.292 99 0.192 88 0.657 66
0.9 1 0.301 63 0.187 17 0.653 04 0.301 63 0.187 17 0.653 04

F
O
R
Table 53 – Rectangular plates supported on 2 sides and free on the other 2
M
The plate is simply supported on the sides x = 0 and x = a, and free on the sides:
1 1
u
y = – ---- b and y = ---- b
22
L
We pose:
m ÿ b m ÿ
ÿ = ==-----
has
-----------
and ÿ ----------------- HAS
B 2a 2ÿ
(this is the case for a simply supported slab bridge). I

ÿ Plate subjected to a charge density p (x, y) p = --------2y
R
b
• The w arrow in the middle of the free side

1
y = ---- b has the value:
E
2
4
5pa
w –= ----------------- fÿ( )
384 D
2 ÿÿ 3+ ÿ
2 ÿ 2 --------------+ + 2 (--------------
)1– 1–e–2 ÿ
3– ÿ 2– ÿ ÿ 3,072 2– ÿ ÿ m ÿ
with f ( ÿ) += ÿ-------------------------------------------- ÿ
-------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
sin ----------- – A
(( ( ) 3 +ÿ 1– ÿ ) ( ) 3 +ÿ 1– ÿ ) 5m6 ÿ 6 3+ ÿ 2
m -------------- sh ÿ + 2 ÿ
21 – ÿ
ÿ 6,144
----------------------------
m ÿ
HAS sin -----------
ÿ == 1,276,469,934
5m6 ÿ 6 2
m
f(ÿ ) f (1/ ÿ )
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
1.039 43 1.093 75 1.168 83 0

0 0.952 50 1.004 00 1.074 89 0 0.004 43 0 0.004 98 0.005 69
0.1 0.865 57 0.914 25 0.980 95 0.017 51 0.019 66 0.022 42
0.2 0.778 71 0.824 57 0.887 10 0.038 63 0.043 27 0.049 24
0.3 0.692 73 0.735 81 0.794 19 0.066 80 0.074 58 0.084 58
0.4 0.609 83 0.650 19 0.704 50 0.100 64 0.111 97 0.126 49
0.5 0.532 76 0.570 43 0.620 74 0.138 81 0.153 69 0.172 89
0.6 0.463 49 0.498 38 0.544 86 0.179 67 0.198 06 0.221 82
0.7 0.402 80 0.435 12 0.477 69 0.221 89 0.243 54 0.271 60
0.8 0.350 53 0.380 24 0.419 16 0.264 25 0.288 90 0.320 88
0.9 1 0.305 96 0.333 16 0.368 66 0.305 96 0.333 16 0.368 66
1
• The moment M1 in the middle of the free side = ---- b y has the value:
2
1
= 2 ---- F ( )ÿ
M1 pa 8
ÿÿ 3+ ÿ
2 ÿ 22 -------------- 2 (--------------
+1– 1–e–2 ÿ )
(1+ ÿ ) (3– ÿ ) (1+ ÿ ) (2 – ÿ ) 64 + 2 –ÿ ÿ m ÿ
ÿ
with -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ------------------ -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
sin ----------- – B
F ( )ÿ += ÿ ÿ
3+ ÿ 3+ ÿ 4m _ ÿ 4 3+ ÿ 2
m -------------- sh ÿ + 2 ÿ
21 – ÿ
ÿ 128
----------------------------
m ÿ
sin -----------
B ÿ == 1.299 5185m 3604 ÿ 4 2
m
F(ÿ ) F (1/ ÿ )
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
1.029 03 1.05 1.063 64 0

0 0.941 42 0.962 28 0.976 61 0 0.003 67 0 0.004 00 0.004 33
0.1 0.853 81 0.874 56 0.889 58 0.014 67 0.016 00 0.017 33
0.2 0.766 27 0.786 92 0.802 63 0.032 98 0.035 96 0.038 92
0.3 0.679 61 0.700 18 0.716 57 0.058 38 0.063 48 0.068 53
0.4 0.596 10 0.616 55 0.633 52 0.089 99 0.097 46 0.104 80
0.5 0.518 52 0.538 69 0.556 01 0.126 44 0.136 28 0.145 85
0.6 0.448 88 0.468 54 0.485 87 0.166 17 0.178 20 0.189 78
0.7 0.387 97 0.406 87 0.423 89 0.207 68 0.221 63 0.234 89
0.8 0.335 64 0.353 26 0.369 99 0.249 67 0.265 22 0.279 83
0.9 1 0.291 13 0.307 96 0.323 59 0.291 13 0.307 96 0.323 59
O
R
M Table 53 – Rectangular plates supported on 2 sides and free on the other 2 (continued)
u ÿ Plate supporting linear load density

xb
2y
P -------- on = ---- has
1
2
L
1
• The w arrow in the middle of the free side y = ---- b has the value:
2
Pa 3
w –= ------------- f ÿ( )
48D
HAS
23ÿÿ+ -------------- ÿ – ÿ
2 ÿ +2(+2–1– 1 e–2 2 -------------- )
I with f ( ÿ) ) += ÿ
(( (3+
3–
ÿ
ÿ
--------------------------------------------
1– ÿ )
ÿ
(3+ ÿ
2–
)
ÿ
--------------------------------------------
1– ÿ ) m
ÿ 192
5m _ ÿ
5 3+ ÿ
ÿ
-------------- sh ÿ + 2 ÿ
ÿ
------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- - HAS'
21 – ÿ
R HAS'
ÿ
ÿ == 1,260
m
384
------------------
497 747
5m _ ÿ
5
E f(ÿ ) f (1/ ÿ )
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
1.039 43 1.093 75 1.168 83 0

0 0.953 59 1.005 12 1.076 07 0 0.005 31 0 0.005 96 0.006 80
0.1 0.867 75 0.916 49 0.983 30 0.020 26 0.022 68 0.025 79
0.2 0.781 98 0.827 94 0.890 62 0.043 38 0.048 42 0.054 90
0.3 0.697 06 0.740 28 0.798 87 0.073 21 0.081 44 0.092 05
0.4 0.615 18 0.655 71 0.710 28 0.108 26 0.120 01 0.135 16
0.5 0.539 01 0.576 90 0.627 51 0.147 09 0.162 43 0.182 24
0.6 0.470 51 0.515 74 0.552 47 0.188 29 0.207 11 0.231 47
0.7 0.410 43 0.443 02 0.485 99 0.230 60 0.252 64 0.281 26
0.8 0.358 62 0.388 62 0.427 99 0.272 91 0.297 87 0.330 37
0.9 1 0.314 36 0.341 89 0.377 87 0.314 36 0.341 89 0.377 87
1
• The moment M1 in the middle of the free side y = ---- b has the value:
2
1
M1 = ---- Pa F ( ) 4ÿ
23ÿÿ+ 2 2 2 --------------ÿ ÿ
ÿ ( ) --------------+ + 1 – 2 –
1 e–2 –
( 1 + ÿ ) ( ) 3 –ÿ (1+ ÿ )( 2– ÿ ) ÿ 16 ÿ ÿ
with F ( )ÿ
--------------------------------------------
ÿ
-------------------------------------------- ------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- – Bÿ
+= ÿ 3+ ÿ 3+ ÿ 3 3+ ÿ
m 3m _ ÿ
-------------- sh ÿ + 2 ÿ
21 – ÿ
ÿ 32
------------------
Bÿ ÿ == 1,085,509,028 3
3m _ ÿ
m
F(ÿ ) F (1/) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
1.029 03 1.05 1.063 64 0

0 0.955 85 0.976 73 0.990 94 0 0.041 43 0 0.043 48 0.045 34
0.1 0.882 66 0.903 46 0.918 24 0.082 85 0.086 95 0.090 69
0.2 0.809 54 0.830 24 0.845 61 0.124 28 0.130 43 0.136 03
0.3 0.737 10 0.757 74 0.773 67 0.165 70 0.173 90 0.181 36
0.4 0.667 14 0.687 67 0.704 10 0.207 11 0.217 33 0.226 61
0.5 0.601 84 0.622 15 0.638 88 0.248 40 0.260 53 0.271 51
0.6 0.542 77 0.562 67 0.579 45 0.289 30 0.303 18 0.315 68
0.7 0.490 56 0.509 86 0.526 43 0.329 44 0.344 83 0.358 61
0.8 0.445 09 0.463 62 0.479 76 0.368 40 0.385 05 0.399 84
0.9 1 0.405 77 0.423 44 0.438 99 0.405 77 0.423 44 0.438 99

F
O
R
Table 54 – Rectangular plates supported on 3 sides and embedded on the 4th
M
u
The plate is simply supported on the sides x = 0 and x = a, y = 0 and recessed on the side y = b.
We pose:
L
has m ÿ b m ÿ
ÿ -----= and ÿ =
b
------------- = ---------- HAS
has
ÿ
I
R
E
• The moment of embedding M 2 in the middle of the side y = ba for value:
1 1 32 ÿ (ch ÿ ÿ
) – 2 + sh mÿ
M2 = – 2 ----
pa 8
F ( ÿ) = – ---- pb 2 G ( )ÿ 8 with F ( ÿ) –= 1 ÿ ÿ
-----------------
3m _ ÿ 3
-------------------------------------------------
sh ÿ ch ÿ – ÿ 2
2
sin ---------- and G ÿ( ) = Fÿ ( ) ÿ
m
ÿ F (ÿ ) G (ÿ ) F (1/ ÿ ) G (1/ ÿ )
0 1 0 0 1
0.1 1,000 00 0.010 00 0.010 00 1,000 00
0.2 0.999 99 0.040 00 0.040 01 1,000 19
0.3 0.999 33 0.089 94 0.090 11 1.001 28
0.4 0.992 92 0.158 87 0.159 11 0.994 43
0.5 0.972 10 0.243 03 0.242 38 0.969 52
0.6 0.932 69 0.335 77 0.333 47 0.926 30
0.7 0.877 04 0.429 75 0.426 15 0.869 70
0.8 0.811 02 0.519 05 0.515 42 0.805 35
0.9 0.740 76 0.600 02 0.597 74 0.737 95
1 0.671 00 0.671 00 0.671 00 0.671 00
1
ÿ Plate supporting a linear density of constant load P on x = ---- has
2
• The moment of embedding M2 in the middle of the side y = ba for value:
1 1 8 ÿ ch ÿ – 2 + sh)
( ÿ mÿ
M2 = – ---- Pa F ( )ÿ4 = – ---- Pb G ( ) ÿ
4
with F ( ÿ) –= 1 ÿ ÿ
-----------------
2m _ ÿ
2
-------------------------------------------------
sh ÿ ch ÿ – ÿ
sin ---------- and G ÿ( ) = ÿ F ( ÿ)
2
m
ÿ F (ÿ ) G (ÿ ) F (1/ ÿ ) G (1/ ÿ )
0 1 0 0 0.785 12
0.1 1,000 00 0.010 00 0.078 51 0.785 12
0.2 1,000 00 0.020 00 0.157 02 0.785 12
0.3 0.999 47 0.299 84 0.235 54 0.785 12
0.4 0.994 44 0.397 77 0.314 11 0.785 29
0.5 0.978 09 0.489 05 0.392 80 0.785 61
0.6 0.947 13 0.568 28 0.470 93 0.784 89
0.7 0.903 42 0.632 39 0.546 81 0.781 16
0.8 0.851 55 0.681 24 0.618 32 0.772 90
0.9 0.796 32 0.716 68 0.683 59 0.759 15
1 0.741 40 0.741 40 0.741 40 0.741 40
ÿ Plate subjected to hydrostatic pressure p (x, y) = • The moment of y

embedding M 2 in the middle of the side y = ba for value:
1 1
M 2 = ÿa – 8 2b F ( )ÿ= – -------- ÿb 3 G ( ) ----ÿ
15
ÿ
32 2ÿ (2 ÿ – 2 21 2 ) +– ( sh )
2– e–2 m ÿ 64 mÿ 15
with F ( ÿ) –= 1 C ÿ + ÿÿ
ÿ
-----------------
4m _ ÿ
4
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------
ÿ ÿ
sin ---------- C ÿ 2= ÿ -----------------
4m _ ÿ
4
= 2
0.649 ---------- ÿ =
759 181 and G ( ) sin
-------
8
ÿ
2
F ( ÿ)
m m
ÿ F (ÿ ) G (ÿ ) F (1/ ÿ ) G (1/ ÿ )
0 1 0 0 1
0.1 0.935 02 0.017 53 0.005 33 1,000 01
0.2 0.870 05 0.065 25 0.021 34 1,000 15
0.3 0.805 07 0.135 86 0.048 06 1.001 18
0.4 0.740 10 0.222 03 0.085 01 0.996 16
0.5 0.675 27 0.316 54 0.130 21 0.976 61
0.6 0.611 16 0.412 53 0.180 81 0.941 72
0.7 0.548 93 0.504 33 0.233 90 0.895 04
0.8 0.490 04 0.588 05 0.287 04 0.840 93
0.9 0.435 69 0.661 70 0.338 34 0.783 20
1 0.386 56 0.724 80 0.386 56 0.724 80
O
R (0)
M Table 55 – Rectangular plates supported on 3 sides and free on the 4th
u
L The plate is simply supported on the sides x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and free on the side y = b.
HAS We pose:
has m ÿ b m ÿ
ÿ -----= and ÿ = = ----------
---------------
I b has
ÿ
R
E ÿ Plate supporting a constant charge density p over its entire surface
• The arrow w in the middle of the free side y = ba for value:
5pa 4
w –= ----------------- f (ÿ)
384 D
3– ÿ 2ÿ ÿ
ÿ ch ÿ --------------–+
-------------- ÿ
1
--------------
3– ÿ
-------------- ÿ 1,536
-----------------------
sh 1 ÿ– 3+ ÿ m ÿ
with f ( ÿ)
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
sin ----------
–= ÿ1 – ÿ 3+ ÿ 5m 5 ÿ 5 3+ ÿ 2
m -------------- ÿ ch ÿ + ÿ
sh 1 ÿ–
f() ÿ= f (1/) ÿ
ÿ ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1,039 43 1,093 75 1,168 83 0 0 0
0.1 1,039 43 1,093 75 1,168 83 0.026 26 0.029 48 0.033 62
0.2 1,039 42 1,093 75 1,168 83 0.100 14 0.111 73 0.126 65
0.3 1,039 18 1,093 50 1,168 58 0.207 81 0.229 81 0.258 19
0.4 1,036 64 1,090 98 1,166 06 0.331 24 0.362 86 0.403 86
0.5 1,027 93 1,082 29 1,157 32 0.454 62 0.493 72 0.544 83
0.6 1,010 29 1,064 61 1,139 43 0.567 52 0.611 89 0.670 41
0.7 0.983 37 1,037 52 1,111 90 0.664 94 0.712 84 0.776 54
0.8 0.948 48 1.002 32 1.075 98 0.745 78 0.795 97 0.863 25
0.9 0.907 67 0.961 00 1,033 67 0.811 12 0.862 80 0.932 52
1 0.863 02 0.915 66 0.987 06 0.863 02 0.915 66 0.987 06
• The moment M1 in the middle of the free side y = ba for value:
1
M 1 = ---- pa 2 F ( ÿ)
8
3 – 2-------------
ÿ sh ÿ ÿ
ÿ ch ÿ + --------------– ÿ
3– ÿ
-------------- ÿ 32
-------------------
1–3
ÿ + ÿ ÿ
with F ( ÿ) ÿ )
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
msin ----------
–= (ÿ1 + 3+ ÿ 3m _ ÿ 3 3+ ÿ 2
m ------------ ÿ ch ÿ + ÿ
sh 1 ÿ–
f() ÿ= f (1/) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1.029 03 1.05 1,063 64 0 0 0
0.1 1.029 03 1,050 00 1,063 64 0.022 00 0.024 00 0.026 00
0.2 1.029 03 1,050 00 1,063 64 0.087 61 0.095 25 0.102 81
0.3 1,028 78 1,049 80 1.063 40 0.189 92 0.204 50 0.218 65
0.4 1.026 20 1,047 27 1.061 05 0.311 64 0.331 95 0.351 16
0.5 1,017 33 1,038 69 1,052 86 0.435 34 0.459 27 0.481 27
0.6 0.999 38 1.024 24 1.036 13 0.549 39 0.575 08 0.597 95
0.7 0.971 78 0.994 51 1,010 37 0.648 17 0.674 34 0.696 89
0.8 0.936 47 0.959 76 0.976 77 0.730 28 0.756 22 0.777 86
0.9 0.894 94 0.918 99 0.937 19 0.796 72 0.822 11 0.842 60
1 0.849 50 0.870 26 0.893 60 0.849 50 0.870 26 0.893 60

F
O
R
Table 55 – Rectangular plates supported on 3 sides and free on the 4th (continued)
M
ÿ Plate supporting a linear density of constant load P on
1
x = ---- a
2 u
Pa 3
w –= -------------- f ( ÿ)
48D
L
3 – 2-------------
ÿ sh ÿ ÿ HAS
ÿ ch ÿ + --------------– ÿ
1 3– ÿ 96 1–3
ÿ +
I
ÿ ÿ
with -------------- -------------- -------------------
f ( ÿ)
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
–= ÿ1 – ÿ 3 + ÿ 4m _ ÿ
4 3+ ÿ
m -------------- ÿ ch ÿ + ÿ
sh 1 ÿ–
R
f() ÿ= f (1/) ÿ
E
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1,039 43 1,093 75 1,168 83 0 0 0
0.1 1,039 43 1,093 75 1,168 83 0.030 34 0.033 95 0.038 60
0.2 1,039 43 1,093 75 1,168 83 0.109 40 0.121 61 0.137 36
0.3 1,039 18 1,093 51 1,168 59 0.219 23 0.241 78 0.270 93
0.4 1,036 69 1,091 04 1,166 12 0.342 37 0.374 49 0.416 09
0.5 1.028 14 1,082 50 1,157 52 0.464 54 0.503 92 0.555 46
0.6 1,010 82 1.065 14 1,139 96 0.575 81 0.620 36 0.679 18
0.7 0.984 39 1,038 55 1,112 94 0.671 64 0.719 66 0.783 56
0.8 0.950 14 1.003 98 1,077 67 0.751 08 0.801 35 0.868 76
0.9 0.910 07 0.963 42 1.036 13 0.815 27 0.866 99 0.936 81
1 0.866 23 0.918 90 0.990 37 0.866 23 0.918 90 0.990 37
• The moment M1 in the middle of the free side y = ba for value:
1
M1 = ---- Pa F ( ) 4ÿ
3 – 2-------------
ÿ sh ÿ ÿ
ÿ ch ÿ + --------------– ÿ
3– ÿ
-------------- ÿ 8
-------------------
1 + 3ÿ + ÿ
with F ( ÿ) ÿ )
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------
–= (ÿ1 + 3+ ÿ 2m _ ÿ
2 3+ ÿ
m ------------ ÿ ch ÿ + ÿ
sh 1 ÿ–
F() ÿ= F (1/) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1.029 03 1.05 1,063 64 0 0 0
0.1 1.029 03 1,050 00 1,063 64 0.113 93 0.119 53 0.124 60
0.2 1.029 03 1,050 00 1,063 64 0.227 87 0.239 05 0.249 19
0.3 1,028 83 1,049 81 1,063 46 0.341 60 0.358 11 0.373 00
0.4 1,026 81 1,047 86 1,061 60 0.452 96 0.473 72 0.492 18
0.5 1,019 84 1,041 12 1.055 18 0.557 21 0.580 67 0.601 09
0.6 1.005 74 1,027 41 1,042 03 0.649 92 0.674 67 0.695 67
0.7 0.984 22 1.006 41 1,021 80 0.728 88 0.753 96 0.774 65
0.8 0.956 33 0.979 12 0.995 40 0.793 96 0.818 85 0.838 78
0.9 0.923 69 0.947 08 0.964 30 0.846 39 0.870 84 0.889 87
1 0.887 95 0.911 90 0.930 02 0.887 95 0.911 90 0.930 02
O
R
M Table 55 – Rectangular plates supported on 3 sides and free on the 4th (continued)
ÿ Plate subjected to hydrostatic pressure p (x, y) = • The arrow w in y

u the middle of the free side y = ba for value:
5ÿa 4b
L w –= -------------------- fÿ( )
384D
ÿÿ 3+ ÿ
2ÿ 22 --------------+ 2+ -------------- –
1 e–2 ( ÿ) ÿ
1 1,536 2– ÿ 1– ÿ m ÿ
HAS with f ( )ÿ = ------------------------------------
ÿÿÿ 3–(ÿ
ÿ ) ÿ –+ 2–
ÿ (A ÿ )
ÿ
---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
sin ----------
ÿ 5m 6 6 3+ ÿ 2 ÿ
(1 – ) ( ) 3 +ÿ m ÿ
-------------- sh ÿ + 2 ÿ
I HAS
3,072
ÿ
----------------------------
mÿ
sin ----------
21 – ÿ ÿÿÿ
R ÿ == 0.638
5m 234
m
6 ÿ 967 6 2
E
f() ÿ= f (1/) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1,039 43 1,093 75 1,168 83 0 0 0
0.1 0.995 66 1,048 87 1,121 86 0.017 51 0.019 66 0.022 42
0.2 0.952 50 1.004 00 1,074 89 0.066 80 0.074 58 0.084 58
0.3 0.909 03 0.959 12 1,027 92 0.138 81 0.153 69 0.172 89
0.4 0.865 57 0.914 25 0.980 95 0.221 89 0.243 54 0.271 60
0.5 0.822 12 0.869 38 0.933 99 0.305 96 0.333 16 0.368 66
0.6 0.778 41 0.824 57 0.887 10 0.384 47 0.415 91 0.457 24
0.7 0.735 50 0.779 96 0.840 41 0.454 29 0.488 89 0.534 72
0.8 0.692 73 0.735 81 0.794 19 0.514 66 0.551 66 0.600 98
0.9 0.650 71 0.692 43 0.748 76 0.566 14 0.605 01 0.657 08
1 0.609 83 0.650 19 0.704 50 0.609 83 0.650 19 0.704 50
• The moment M1 in the middle of the free side has the value:
1
M 1 ---- ÿa = 8 2 b F ( ) ÿ
2 ÿÿ 3+ ÿ
-------------- – ÿ
2ÿ 2 --------------+ + 2 (1
) ÿe–2
–+ C
ÿ
1+ ÿ 32 2– ÿ 1– ÿ m ÿ
with F ( ÿ) = --------------
ÿÿÿ(3–ÿ
ÿ ) ÿ (2 – ÿ )
ÿ
------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
sin ----------
3+ ÿ m 4ÿ 4 3+ ÿ 2 ÿ
m -------------- sh ÿ + 2 ÿ
ÿ 21 – ÿ ÿÿÿ
64
ÿ mÿ
------------------ sin ----------
VS
ÿ == 0.649
4m _ ÿ
7594 181 2
m
F() ÿ= F (1/) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1.029 03 1.05 1,063 64 0 0 0
0.1 0.985 23 1.006 14 1.020 12 0.014 67 0.016 00 0.017 33
0.2 0.941 42 0.962 28 0.976 61 0.058 38 0.063 48 0.068 53
0.3 0.897 61 0.918 42 0.933 09 0.126 44 0.136 28 0.145 85
0.4 0.853 81 0.874 56 0.889 58 0.207 68 0.221 63 0.234 89
0.5 0.810 01 0.830 72 0.846 08 0.291 13 0.307 96 0.323 59
0.6 0.766 27 0.786 92 0.802 63 0.369 60 0.388 19 0.405 04
0.7 0.722 72 0.743 33 0.759 38 0.439 64 0.459 20 0.476 51
0.8 0.679 61 0.700 18 0.716 57 0.500 32 0.520 38 0.537 74
0.9 0.637 28 0.657 80 0.674 50 0.552 12 0.572 43 0.589 63
1 0.596 10 0.616 55 0.633 52 0.596 10 0.616 55 0.633 52
(0) (0)
(0)
(0) (0)
(0) (0)

F
O
R
Table 56 – Rectangular plates supported on 2 sides, embedded on the 3rd and free on the 4th
M
The plate is simply supported on the sides x = 0 and x = a, embedded on the side y = 0 and free on the side y = b.
u
We pose:
L
has m ÿ b m ÿ
ÿ -----= and ÿ = = ----------
---------------
b has
ÿ HAS
I

5pa
w = – ------------------
384 D
ÿf ( )
4
R
1 3,072
( ) 3 +ÿ ÿ sh ÿ 2 +
3+ ÿ
--------------
ch 1 ÿ–
ÿ – ÿ
ÿ
2( 1 + ) 2 +
(1 – ÿ )
ÿ
ÿ -----------------------------
2 m ÿ
E
with f ( ÿ) –= ---------------------------------------
3 – ( ) 3ÿ + ( ) 1 – ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
-----------------------
5m 5 ÿ
5
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------
3+ ÿ 4
sin ----------
2
m -------------- ÿ 2 +ÿ+ ---------------------
sh2 1ÿ – –2
( )1 ÿ
f() ÿ= f (1/) ÿ
ÿ ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1,039 43 1,093 75 1,168 83 0 0 0
0.1 1,039 43 1,093 75 1,168 83 0.000 96 0.000 96 0.000 96
0.2 1,039 42 1,093 74 1,168 83 0.013 99 0.014 34 0.014 70
0.3 1,038 96 1,093 29 1,168 37 0.057 05 0.059 21 0.063 13
0.4 1,034 36 1,088 71 1,163 77 0.135 24 0.144 23 0.154 92
0.5 1,018 87 1,073 19 1,148 09 0.239 64 0.257 46 0.279 49
0.6 0.988 13 1,042 24 1,116 61 0.356 11 0.383 25 0.417 72
0.7 0.942 22 0.995 79 1,069 04 0.471 87 0.507 11 0.552 73
0.8 0.884 22 0.936 78 1.008 19 0.578 28 0.619 74 0.674 18
0.9 0.813 33 0.869 31 0.938 11 0.670 96 0.716 82 0.777 72
1 0.748 66 0.797 50 0.862 02 0.748 66 0.797 50 0.862 02
• The moment M1 in the middle of the free side y = b and the embedding moment M 2 in the middle of the recessed side y = 0 have the values:
1 1
= 2 ---- F ( ÿ) and M 2 ---- pa –= 8 2 G ( )ÿ
M1
pa 8
3+ ÿ 2 ÿ (1+ ÿ )
( ) 3 +ÿ ÿ sh ÿ + 2 -------------- ch ÿ – ÿ ÿ 2 + -----------------------------
1+ÿ 64 1– ÿ 2 m
(1 – ÿ ) ÿ
with F ( ÿ) –= -------------- 3
–3+ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
-------------------
3m _ ÿ
3
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
3+ ÿ 4
sin ----------
2
m -------------- ÿ 2 +ÿ+ ---------------------
sh2 ÿ ( 2 1 –ÿ )
1 + ÿ ch1 –– (1 ÿ)
----------------------------------------- 2
ÿ ÿ sh ÿ 2 + + (1 – ÿ ) ÿ
64 1– ÿ m ÿ
G ( ÿ) –= 1 ÿ ÿ
-------------------
3m _ ÿ
3
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------
4
sin ----------
2
m (3+ ÿ sh2 )ÿ ( + 1 – ÿ ) ÿ 2 + ------------------
(1 – ) ÿ
F() ÿ= F (1/ÿ)
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1.029 03 1.05 1,063 64 0 0 0
0.1 1.029 03 1,050 00 1,063 64 0.000 06 0.000 03 0.000 01
0.2 1.029 03 1,050 00 1,063 63 0.006 23 0.005 77 0.005 07
0.3 1,028 56 1,049 54 1,063 21 0.040 92 0.041 31 0.040 68
0.4 1,023 88 1.045 02 1,058 91 0.114 50 0.118 52 0.120 57
0.5 1.008 11 1,029 71 1,044 23 0.217 67 0.227 21 0.234 10
0.6 0.976 82 0.999 17 1,014 78 0.334 74 0.349 92 0.362 03
0.7 0.930 10 0.953 32 0.970 28 0.451 89 0.471 52 0.487 72
0.8 0.871 07 0.895 08 0.913 35 0.559 91 0.582 39 0.601 07
0.9 0.804 02 0.828 50 0.847 80 0.654 10 0.678 08 0.697 81
1 0.733 13 0.757 66 0.777 48 0.733 13 0.757 66 0.777 48
G() ÿ= G (1/ÿ)
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1 1 1 0 0 0
0.1 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 0.039 93 0.039 97 0.040 00
0.2 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 0.152 17 0.154 51 0.156 90
0.3 0.999 97 0.999 94 0.999 92 0.304 58 0.312 95 0.322 41
0.4 0.999 69 0.999 44 0.999 25 0.461 24 0.475 28 0.492 25
0.5 0.998 64 0.997 87 0.997 33 0.600 66 0.617 03 0.637 95
0.6 0.995 82 0.994 43 0.993 63 0.714 33 0.729 50 0.750 02
0.7 0.989 72 0.988 04 0.987 52 0.801 41 0.813 26 0.830 45
0.8 0.978 83 0.977 57 0.978 17 0.864 96 0.872 92 0.885 72
0.9 0.962 32 0.962 27 0.964 86 0.909 63 0.914 12 0.922 75
1 0.940 13 0.942 00 0.947 25 0.940 13 0.942 00 0.947 25
O
R
M Table 56 – Rectangular plates supported on 2 sides, embedded on the 3rd and free on the 4th (continued)
ÿ Plate subjected to hydrostatic pressure p (x, y) = y
u Either :
= ( ) 3 +ÿ ( 1 –
L
K ÿ sh2 )ÿ + (1 – ÿ )2 ÿ 2 + 4
) = (3 +
( ÿÿ ÿ ) (1 – ÿ )[(1– ÿ ) ÿ ch ÿ + (1 + ÿ sh) ÿ ( + 2 – ÿ ) e- ÿ sh ÿ ] – (1 – ÿ 2) (2 – ÿ + ÿÿ ÿ) 2 – ( 6 9 – ÿ – 2 ÿ 2 ) +ÿ 3 ÿ – 4 2( ) – ÿ
HAS ) =
( ÿÿ ÿ (1– ÿ ) ÿ 2 sh ÿ ( + 2 5 – ÿ ) +ÿ 2 ÿ ch ÿ ) 2 –ÿ 1 + ( ( + ÿ sh) ÿ – ) 3 +ÿ1 – ( ( ÿ ) e- ÿ sh ÿ (+ 1– ÿ 2) ( ÿ 2 ) –ÿ + 4
3,072 mÿ 64 m ÿ
I =
ÿ = sin ---------- = 0.649 759 181
ÿ
B -----------------------
= 0.638 234 967 and C ÿ 2 -------------------
5m 6 ÿ 6 sin ---------- ÿ 4m _ ÿ 4 2
m m
R • The arrow w in the middle of the free side y = ba for value:

5 ÿa 4b
w = – ---------------------- fÿ( )
E
384 D
ÿ 3– ÿ 3,072 ÿÿ m ÿ
---------------------------------------- B)
ÿ ()
--------------
with f ( )ÿ – ( 2 – --------------ÿ
----------------------------
--------- sin
2
–= ÿ ÿ 1– ÿ 5m 6 ÿ 6 K
()3+( ) ÿ m
F() ÿ= F (1/ÿ)
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1,039 43 1,093 15 1,168 83 0 0 0
0.1 0.995 96 1,048 87 1,121 86 0.000 70 0.000 70 0.000 70
0.2 0.952 50 1.004 00 1,074 89 0.010 25 0.010 51 0.010 77
0.3 0.908 99 0.959 08 1,027 88 0.041 69 0.043 81 0.046 20
0.4 0.864 99 0.913 67 0.980 37 0.098 63 0.105 31 0.113 26
0.5 0.819 28 0.866 54 0.931 12 0.174 54 0.187 85 0.204 30
0.6 0.770 62 0.816 42 0.878 78 0.259 31 0.279 72 0.305 60
0.7 0.718 62 0.762 85 0.822 83 0.343 97 0.370 70 0.405 22
0.8 0.663 94 0.706 43 0.763 76 0.422 59 0.453 35 0.495 92
0.9 0.607 92 0.648 45 0.702 79 0.492 24 0.527 78 0.574 75
1 0.552 15 0.590 45 0.641 47 0.552 15 0.590 45 0.641 47
• The moment M1 in the middle of the free side y = b and the embedding moment M 2 in the middle of the recessed side y = 0 have the values:
1 1
---- ÿa = 8 2b F ( )ÿ M2 –= ---- ÿb 3 G ( ) and
ÿ
M1 3
1+ ÿ
-------------
3– ÿ 64
------------------ () ÿÿ
--------------
m ÿ 3
----
64
------------------ ()ÿÿ
---------------
m ÿ
with F ( ÿ) -------------- ÿ VS ' sin--------- 3 Cÿ and sin---------
–=ÿÿ 3 + –ÿ ( ) 2 – 4m _ ÿ 4 K 2
G() ÿ –= 8ÿ ÿ 4m _ ÿ 4 K 2
ÿ m m
F() ÿ= F (1/) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 1.029 03 1.05 1,063 64 0 0 0
0.1 0.985 23 1.006 14 1.020 12 0.000 04 0.000 02 0.000 01
0.2 0.941 42 0.962 28 0.976 61 0.004 61 0.004 26 0.003 74
0.3 0.897 57 0.918 38 0.933 06 0.029 97 0.030 24 0.029 76
0.4 0.853 22 0.874 00 0.889 04 0.083 32 0.086 29 0.087 83
0.5 0.807 13 0.827 91 0.843 38 0.157 82 0.164 99 0.170 25
0.6 0.758 03 0.778 88 0.794 85 0.242 39 0.253 95 0.263 34
0.7 0.705 54 0.726 44 0.742 93 0.327 42 0.342 61 0.355 42
0.8 0.650 31 0.671 19 0.688 09 0.406 64 0.424 37 0.439 47
0.9 0.593 72 0.614 39 0.631 49 0.476 91 0.496 22 0.512 61
1 0.537 40 0.557 59 0.574 55 0.537 40 0.557 59 0.574 55
G() ÿ= G (1/) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0.1 0.000 24 0.000 24 0.000 24 0.997 95 0.999 15 0.999 93
0.2 0.001 95 0.001 95 0.001 95 0.945 35 0.961 58 0.978 10
0.3 0.006 58 0.006 57 0.006 57 0.828 29 0.854 21 0.883 50
0.4 0.015 51 0.015 50 0.015 49 0.690 11 0.714 79 0.744 54
0.5 0.029 83 0.029 78 0.029 75 0.559 76 0.578 39 0.602 10
0.6 0.050 06 0.049 94 0.049 89 0.448 05 0.460 26 0.476 63
0.7 0.076 09 0.075 93 0.075 93 0.356 61 0.363 83 0.374 12
0.8 0.107 30 0.107 20 0.107 45 0.283 60 0.287 51 0.293 54
0.9 0.142 70 0.142 90 0.143 70 0.226 11 0.228 02 0.231 38
1 0.181 16 0.181 97 0.183 74 0.181 16 0.181 97 0.183 74

F
O
R
Table 56 – Rectangular plates supported on 2 sides, embedded on the 3rd and free on the 4th (continued)
M
ÿ Plate supporting a concentrated load Q applied to the middle of the free side y = b
The moment of embedding M 2 in the middle of the recessed side y = 0 has the value:
u
1
M 2 = – ---- QF ( ) 2ÿ L
8 (1 – ÿ ÿ ch +ÿ ( 1 + ÿ ) sh ÿ
with F() ÿ =ÿ
ÿ
---------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -
2 2
HAS
mÿ () 3 +ÿ – ÿ (+)
) (1 – ÿ 1 sh2 ÿ ) ÿ +4
m
I
F()ÿ= F (1/)ÿ
ÿ
ÿ = 0.1 ÿ 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 ÿ = 0.1 ÿ = 0.2 ÿ = 0.3 R
0 0 0 0 0.953 57 0.982 36 1,017 43
0.1
0.2
0.000 00
0.000 00
0.000 00
0.000 00
0.000 00
0.000 00
0.953 56
0.950 21
0.982 36
0.980 75
1,017 43
1.017 17
E
0.3 0.000 54 0.000 54 0.000 54 0.923 85 0.961 95 1.006 86
0.4 0.005 79 0.005 78 0.005 82 0.863 43 0.907 23 0.960 40
0.5 0.023 02 0.023 13 0.023 46 0.775 44 0.817 80 0.871 06
0.6 0.056 41 0.057 00 0.058 21 0.672 56 0.708 35 0.754 80
0.7 0.105 13 0.106 84 0.109 81 0.566 86 0.594 49 0.631 42
0.8 0.165 38 0.168 97 0.174 74 0.467 04 0.487 19 0.514 88
0.9 0.232 43 0.238 73 0.248 30 0.378 10 0.392 25 0.412 30
1 0.301 98 0.311 71 0.325 92 0.301 98 0.311 71 0.325 92
O
R
M
u
L Table 57 – Rectangular plate recessed on 4 sides
HAS ÿ The plate is recessed on all four sides and supports a constant load density p on
its entire surface
I The arrow w at the center O of the plate, the moments M1 and M2 at the center O of the plate and the
embedding moments M and M 2 at the midpoints A and B of the sides of the plate have the values, h
R 1 designating the thickness of the plate:
pa 4 ÿ
w = – ------------
, M1 pa= 2
, M2 bp= 2 ÿ 2 , M 2 1–=
pa –=
ÿ 1 , M 2 pb 2ÿ
E Eh 3
ÿ 1 2
The coefficients ÿ , ÿ 1 , ÿ 2, ÿ 1
and ÿ 2 are given by the following tables taken from the work of R. Bares: Tables for the calculation of slabs
and walls. Dunod. (1969).
= 0.15
a/b ÿ ÿ1 ÿ2 ÿ 1 ÿ2
1 0.014 9 0.020 2 0.020 2 0.051 5 0.051 5
1.1 0.012 1 0.016 4 0.024 2 0.044 9 0.058 5
1.2 0.009 8 0.013 1 0.028 7 0.038 8 0.064 3
1.3 0.007 8 0.010 5 0.030 6 0.033 6 0.069 0
1.4 0.006 3 0.008 4 0.033 2 0.029 1 0.072 8
1.5 0.005 1 0.006 6 0.035 3 0.025 4 0.075 7
1.6 0.004 1 0.005 3 0.036 9 0.022 3 0.077 9
1.7 0.003 3 0.004 2 0.038 3 0.019 8 0.079 7
1.8 0.002 7 0.003 5 0.039 2 0.017 6 0.081 2
1.9 0.002 2 0.002 8 0.039 9 0.015 8 0.082 4
2 0.001 8 0.002 4 0.040 5 0.014 3 0.083 3
= 0.25
a/b ÿ ÿ1 ÿ2 ÿ1 ÿ2
1 0.014 3 0.022 0 0.022 0 0.051 5 0.051 5
1.1 0.011 6 0.018 2 0.025 8 0.044 9 0.058 5
1.2 0.009 4 0.014 9 0.029 2 0.038 8 0.064 3
1.3 0.007 5 0.012 2 0.032 0 0.033 6 0.069 0
1.4 0.006 1 0.010 0 0.034 3 0.029 1 0.072 8
1.5 0.004 9 0.008 2 0.036 3 0.025 4 0.075 7
1.6 0.003 9 0.006 7 0.037 7 0.022 3 0.077 9
1.7 0.003 2 0.005 5 0.038 9 0.019 8 0.079 7
1.8 0.002 6 0.004 6 0.039 8 0.017 6 0.081 2
1.9 0.002 1 0.003 9 0.040 4 0.015 8 0.082 4
2 0.001 8 0.003 4 0.040 9 0.014 3 0.083 3

F
O
R
Table 58 – Rectangular plate simply supported on its edges supporting a total load P
uniformly distributed over a rectangle concentric with the plate M
We assume the sides u and v of the uniformly charged rectangle are parallel
u
on sides a and b of the plate. We assume The following ÿ = a/b.
formulas give the bending moments M1 and M 2 at the center O of the
plate.
L
ÿ General case ÿ0
HAS
ÿM = PF[ ( ÿ , ÿ , ÿ )+ ÿ G (ÿ , ÿ , ÿ )]
1ÿ _
ÿM 2 = PG[ ( ÿ , ÿ , ÿ )+ ÿ F (ÿ , ÿ , ÿ )] I
F and G are functions of
m ÿ b ÿ
ÿ , of ÿ = u/a and
m ÿ u ÿÿ
ÿ = v/b. If we ask:
m ÿ v m
R
ÿÿ
ÿ = ---------------
2a
= m----------,u =
2ÿ
---------------
2a
= m---------------,V =
2
-------------- = --------------
2a 2ÿ
E
the functions F and G are defined by the relations:
• when ÿ 0 and ÿ 0
1 1 4 – ÿ
ÿ
----- ----- ÿ
------------------- ch( ) ÿ
F G+ ---- ( ) 2ÿ– ------------------------- sin U
–= ÿ 8 ÿ 3 ch ÿ
ÿ 3m _ ÿ
m
1
-------- ÿ 2 ÿ ch ÿ ch ( )ÿ – V –)( ch – V sh (
------------------ ) -------------------------------------------------
ÿ ÿ –V
G -------------------------------------------------- -sin U
=ÿ 3 ÿ
ÿÿ 3m _ ÿ
m
• when = 0 and ÿ 0
ÿ ÿ 8
ch( )
------------------- ---------------------------
ÿ –V
F G+ --------- 1
–= ÿ4 2 ch ÿ
ÿ 2m _ ÿ
m
ÿ
----- ÿ 1
-------------------
ÿ ch ÿ ch ( ÿ – V –)( ÿ – V sh
) ( ÿ –V )
G -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
=ÿ 2 ch ÿ
ÿ 2m _ ÿ
m
• when ÿ 0 and = 0
1 ÿ 2
F G+ ---- 2 ÿÿ () -------------------(1 th – ÿ ) sin U
–= ÿÿ 2m _ ÿ 2
m
1
---- ÿ 1
G ÿ ()ÿ ------------------- 1( th – ÿ )[ ÿ ( 1 th + ÿ ) ]– 1 sin U
+= ÿÿ 2m _ ÿ 2
m
ÿ 1
with ÿ ()ÿ ------------------- sin U
=ÿ 2 2m
ÿ
m
• when And tend towards zero, F and G tend towards infinity.
O
R
M Table 58 – Rectangular plate simply supported on its edges supporting a total load P
uniformly distributed over a rectangle concentric with the plate (continued)
u ÿ Special case =0
L ÿ M1 = PF[ ( ÿ
ÿM2 = PG[ (
ÿ
ÿ
, ÿ ) +
, ÿ ) +
ÿ
ÿ
G (ÿ , ÿ
F (ÿ , ÿ
)]
)]
HAS F and G are functions of ÿ = u/a and ÿ = v /b defined by the following relations:
ÿ 0 and ÿ 0
I
• when
1
---------
1
---- ÿ
2 m–ÿÿ m ÿÿ ÿÿ
F ÿ ------------------- 2 + --------------- 3
( )ÿ 2 – – --------------- exp msin ---------------
=ÿ m 3 2ÿ
R G
1
ÿÿ
----- ÿ
8
1
-------------------
m
ÿÿ ÿÿ
msin ---------------
2 2
m– ---------------
E =ÿÿ
m
2m _ ÿ
2 exp 2 2
• when = 0 and ÿ 0
1
----- ----
1 ÿ 1 ÿÿ ÿÿ
F m------------------- 2 + --------------- m– --------------- exp
–= ÿ 4 2m _ ÿ 2 2 2
ÿ m
1
---- ÿ 1
------------
m ÿÿ
G – --------------- exp
=ÿ2 m ÿ 2
m
• when ÿ 0 and = 0
1 1 m ÿÿ
ÿ () ÿ
FG== ÿ
ÿ
----- ------------------- sin --------------- =---------------
ÿ 2m _ ÿ
2 2 ÿ
m
• when And tend towards zero, F and G tend towards infinity.
ÿ Note
We can deduce from the previous results the moments M1 and M2 at the center of the plate
under the effect of a load of density p distributed over the rectangle A A1 A3 A2 with parallel sides
alongside the plate, but not concentric.
Let B B1 B3 B2 , C C1 C3 C2 and D D1 D3 D2 be the symmetrical rectangles of the rectangle
A A1 A3 A2 relative to the axes of symmetry and the center of the plate. Let's add the moments
at the center of the plate for the four uniformly charged concentric rectangles
following:
1) charge of density p on the large rectangle ABCD

2) charge of density p on the small rectangle A3 B3 C3 D3
3) density charge – p on the average rectangle A1 B1 C1 D1
4) density charge – p on the average rectangle A2 B2 C2 D2
We thus obtain the moments at the center of the plate under the effect of the load of density p distributed over the four symmetrical rectangles A
A1 A3 A2 , B B1 B3 B2 , C C1 C3 C2 and D D1 D3 D2 . It is enough to divide the values obtained by four to have the moments M1 and M2 sought.
ÿÿ
Note: we can show that by posing t = tan --------- we have :
4
1 t3 t5 t7
ÿÿ ( ) = ----t – -------
+ ------- + – ------- … – ln t arctan t
ÿ 32 52 72
and this series converges quickly.
The tables of functions F and G (we can assume ÿ 1 ) are given in the rest of this table.

F
O
R
Table 58 – Rectangular plate simply supported on its edges supporting a total load P uniformly distributed over a rectangle concentric with the plate (continued)
M
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 1
ÿ
ÿ I
0 1
0.109 68
0.1
0.097 80
0.2
0.087 15
0.3
0.077 69
0.4
0.063 94
0.5
0.062 01
0.6
0.055 60
0.7
0.049 98
0.8
0.045 06
0.9
0.040 72 0.036 84 R
1 0.120 94 0.107 75 0.095 95 0.085 47 0.076 24 0.068 15 0.061 08 0.054 90 0.049 48 0.044 71 0.040 44
0.9
0.8
0.132 92
0.145 88
0.118 11
0.129 02
0.104 92
0.114 12
0.093 27
0.101 08
0.083 06
0.089 74
0.074 14
0.079 92
0.066 38
0.071 43
0.059 61
0.064 07
0.053 71
0.057 68
0.048 51
0.052 07
0.043 88
0.047 09 E
0.7 0.160 20 0.140 65 0.123 60 0.108 88 0.096 25 0.085 43 0.076 17 0.068 21 0.061 33 0.055 33 0.050 04
0.6 0.176 47 0.153 22 0.133 38 0.116 60 0.102 47 0.090 57 0.080 51 0.071 95 0.064 61 0.058 24 0.052 66
0.5 0.195 68 0.167 06 0.143 44 0.124 10 0.108 27 0.095 21 0.084 34 0.075 20 0.067 43 0.060 74 0.054 90
0.4 0.219 72 0.182 56 0.153 62 0.131 14 0.113 42 0.099 18 0.087 54 0.077 87 0.069 73 0.062 77 0.056 72
0.3 0.252 81 0.200 04 0.163 39 0.137 20 0.117 57 0.102 26 0.089 97 0.079 87 0.071 44 0.064 26 0.058 06
0.2 0.308 46 0.218 55 0.171 30 0.141 50 0.120 33 0.104 24 0.091 49 0.081 11 0.072 48 0.065 18 0.058 88
ÿ
0.1 0 0.229 22 0.174 55 0.143 10 0.121 30 0.104 92 0.092 01 0.081 53 0.072 84 0.065 49 0.059 15
G( , , ) with = 1
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.059 15 0.058 88 0.058 06 0.056 72 0.054 90 0.052 66 0.050 04 0.047 09 0.043 88 0.040 44 0.036 84
1 0.065 49 0.065 18 0.064 26 0.062 77 0.060 74 0.058 24 0.055 33 0.052 07 0.048 51 0.044 71 0.040 72
0.9 0.072 84 0.072 48 0.071 44 0.069 73 0.067 43 0.064 61 0.061 33 0.057 68 0.053 71 0.049 48 0.045 06
0.8 0.081 53 0.081 11 0.079 87 0.077 87 0.075 20 0.071 95 0.068 21 0.064 07 0.059 61 0.054 90 0.049 98
0.7 0.092 01 0.091 49 0.089 97 0.087 54 0.084 34 0.080 51 0.076 17 0.071 43 0.066 38 0.061 08 0.055 60
0.6 0.104 92 0.104 24 0.102 26 0.099 18 0.095 21 0.090 57 0.085 43 0.079 92 0.074 14 0.068 15 0.062 01
0.5 0.121 30 0.120 33 0.117 57 0.113 42 0.108 27 0.102 47 0.096 25 0.089 74 0.083 06 0.076 24 0.069 34
0.4 0.143 10 0.141 50 0.134 20 0.131 14 0.124 10 0.116 60 0.108 88 0.101 08 0.093 27 0.085 47 0.077 69
0.3 0.174 55 0.171 30 0.163 39 0.153 62 0.143 44 0.133 38 0.123 60 0.114 12 0.104 92 0.095 95 0.087 15
0.2 0.229 22 0.218 55 0.200 04 0.182 56 0.167 06 0.153 22 0.140 65 0.129 02 0.118 11 0.107 75 0.097 80
ÿ
0.1 0 0.308 46 0.252 81 0.219 72 0.195 68 0.176 47 0.160 20 0.145 88 0.132 92 0.120 94 0.109 68

O
R
M Table 58 – Rectangular plate simply supported on its edges supporting a total load P uniformly distributed over a rectangle concentric with the plate (continued)
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.9
I ÿ
ÿ
0 1
R 0.111 67
0.1
0.100 91
0.2
0.091 13
0.3
0.082 28
0.4
0.074 33
0.5
0.067 20
0.6
0.060 82
0.7
0.055 10
0.8
0.045 95
0.9
0.045 29 0.041 02
1 0.123 13 0.111 18 0.100 33 0.090 54 0.081 74 0.073 87 0.066 83 0.060 53 0.054 86 0.049 74 0.045 05
E 0.9
0.8
0.135 30
0.148 44
0.121 88
0.133 16
0.109 75
0.119 44
0.098 85
0.107 22
0.089 10
0.096 37
0.080 41
0.086 78
0.072 67
0.078 29
0.065 77
0.070 76
0.059 58
0.064 05
0.054 00
0.058 02
0.048 90
0.052 54
0.7 0.162 92 0.145 20 0.129 47 0.115 63 0.103 51 0.092 90 0.083 61 0.075 44 0.068 20 0.061 74 0.055 89
0.6 0.179 34 0.158 25 0.139 89 0.124 05 0.110 42 0.098 68 0.088 53 0.079 71 0.071 96 0.065 09 0.058 91
0.5 0.198 64 0.172 68 0.150 72 0.132 34 0.116 94 0.103 97 0.092 94 0.083 46 0.075 23 0.067 99 0.061 51
0.4 0.222 83 0.188 98 0.161 87 0.140 26 0.122 84 0.108 56 0.096 66 0.086 58 0.077 92 0.070 36 0.063 64
0.3 0.256 00 0.207 67 0.172 84 0.147 26 0.127 70 0.112 19 0.099 52 0.088 94 0.079 93 0.072 12 0.065 22
0.2 0.311 70 0.228 19 0.182 05 0.152 36 0.130 99 0.114 54 0.101 34 0.090 42 0.081 18 0.073 20 0.066 19
ÿ
0.1 0 0.240 81 0.185 99 0.154 29 0.132 17 0.115 36 0.101 96 0.090 92 0.081 60 0.073 57 0.066 52
G( , , with = 0.9 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.051 31 0.051 08 0.050 40 0.049 28 0.047 75 0.045 85 0.043 61 0.041 09 0.038 81 0.035 33 0.032 18
1 0.056 88 0.056 62 0.055 86 0.054 61 0.052 90 0.050 79 0.048 30 0.045 50 0.042 42 0.039 11 0.035 63
0.9 0.063 51 0.063 22 0.062 34 0.060 91 0.058 97 0.056 57 0.053 77 0.050 62 0.047 17 0.043 48 0.039 61
0.8 0.071 53 0.071 18 0.070 15 0.068 47 0.066 21 0.063 44 0.060 22 0.056 63 0.052 74 0.048 60 0.044 25
0.7 0.081 39 0.080 96 0.079 70 0.077 66 0.074 94 0.071 66 0.067 90 0.063 75 0.059 30 0.054 60 0.049 70
0.6 0.093 76 0.093 20 0.091 56 0.088 96 0.085 57 0.081 56 0.077 06 0.072 18 0.067 02 0.061 65 0.056 10
0.5 0.109 69 0.108 89 0.106 59 0.103 07 0.098 63 0.093 55 0.088 02 0.082 18 0.076 12 0.069 92 0.063 60
0.4 0.131 11 0.129 80 0.126 20 0.121 00 0.114 82 0.108 11 0.101 12 0.093 98 0.086 79 0.079 57 0.072 34
0.3 0.162 30 0.159 62 0.152 89 0.144 27 0.135 06 0.125 80 0.116 72 0.107 86 0.099 20 0.090 74 0.082 43
0.2 0.216 80 0.207 83 0.191 29 0.175 06 0.160 41 0.147 22 0.125 17 0.124 01 0.113 53 0.103 57 0.094 00
ÿ
0.1 0 0.304 39 0.243 79 0.215 79 0.191 87 0.172 81 0.156 72 0.142 60 0.129 86 0.118 12 0.107 11

F
O
R
M
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.8
ÿ
ÿ I
0 1
0.112 85
0.1
0.103 22
0.2
0.094 33
0.3
0.086 14
0.4
0.078 64
0.5
0.071 78
0.6
0.065 49
0.7
0.059 72
0.8
0.054 40
0.9
0.049 47 0.044 85 R
1 0.124 42 0.113 73 0.103 87 0.094 81 0.086 51 0.078 92 0.071 98 0.065 63 0.059 77 0.054 35 0.049 27
0.9
0.8
0.136 72
0.149 98
0.124 71
0.136 30
0.113 67
0.123 82
0.103 58
0.112 48
0.094 37
0.102 21
0.085 99
0.092 93
0.078 35
0.084 54
0.071 38
0.076 91
0.064 98
0.069 95
0.059 06
0.063 55
0.053 54
0.057 60 E
0.7 0.164 59 0.148 71 0.134 37 0.121 51 0.109 99 0.099 69 0.090 46 0.082 16 0.074 64 0.067 76 0.061 40
0.6 0.181 13 0.162 22 0.145 44 0.130 64 0.117 63 0.106 17 0.096 03 0.087 02 0.078 93 0.071 59 0.064 86
0.5 0.200 58 0.177 24 0.157 08 0.139 79 0.124 97 0.112 19 0.101 10 0.091 36 0.082 72 0.074 96 0.067 88
0.4 0.224 82 0.194 35 0.169 27 0.148 71 0.131 74 0.117 53 0.105 45 0.095 02 0.085 88 0.077 74 0.070 38
0.3 0.258 06 0.214 34 0.181 61 0.156 84 0.137 47 0.121 84 0.108 86 0.097 83 0.088 27 0.079 83 0.072 25
0.2 0.313 81 0.237 15 0.192 44 0.162 98 0.141 46 0.124 69 0.111 05 0.099 60 0.089 77 0.081 14 0.073 42
ÿ
0.1 0 0.252 26 0.197 30 0.165 36 0.142 92 0.125 70 0.111 81 0.100 21 0.090 28 0.081 58 0.073 81
G( , , with = 0.8 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.042 42 0.042 24 0.041 69 0.040 79 0.039 55 0.038 01 0.036 19 0.034 12 0.031 84 0.029 37 0.026 76
1 0.047 12 0.046 91 0.046 30 0.045 29 0.043 92 0.042 20 0.040 17 0.037 86 0.035 32 0.032 58 0.029 68
0.9 0.052 91 0.052 68 0.051 97 0.050 82 0.049 25 0.047 30 0.045 00 0.042 40 0.039 54 0.036 46 0.033 22
0.8 0.060 15 0.059 87 0.059 04 0.057 68 0.055 85 0.053 57 0.050 92 0.047 93 0.044 67 0.041 18 0.037 51
0.7 0.069 30 0.068 95 0.067 93 0.066 28 0.064 05 0.061 34 0.058 20 0.054 71 0.050 93 0.046 92 0.042 72
0.6 0.081 02 0.080 57 0.079 24 0.077 13 0.074 33 0.070 98 0.067 17 0.063 00 0.058 56 0.053 89 0.049 05
0.5 0.096 40 0.095 76 0.093 90 0.091 00 0.087 29 0.082 97 0.078 21 0.073 12 0.067 80 0.062 31 0.056 69
0.4 0.117 38 0.116 33 0.113 40 0.109 06 0.103 78 0.097 94 0.091 77 0.085 40 0.078 93 0.072 40 0.065 83
0.3 0.148 23 0.146 08 0.140 51 0.133 11 0.124 96 0.116 64 0.108 96 0.100 21 0.092 22 0.084 38 0.076 66
0.2 0.202 54 0.195 18 0.180 74 0.165 95 0.152 30 0.139 87 0.128 46 0.117 86 0.107 90 0.098 43 0.089 34
ÿ
0.1 0 0.299 45 0.243 91 0.211 02 0.187 24 0.168 36 0.152 48 0.138 60 0.126 19 0.114 67 0.103 97

O
R
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.7
I ÿ
ÿ
0 1
R 0.112 45
0.1
0.103 97
0.2
0.096 00
0.3
0.088 54
0.4
0.081 56
0.5
0.075 04
0.6
0.068 93
0.7
0.063 21
0.8
0.057 81
0.9
0.052 70 0.047 82
1 0.124 00 0.114 58 0.105 74 0.097 47 0.089 75 0.082 54 0.075 81 0.069 49 0.063 55 0.057 93 0.052 56
E 0.9
0.8
0.136 29
0.149 58
0.125 70
0.137 51
0.115 81
0.126 31
0.106 60
0.115 95
0.098 02
0.106 37
0.090 05
0.097 52
0.082 62
0.089 34
0.075 68
0.081 74
0.069 18
0.074 64
0.063 04
0.067 98
0.057 19
0.061 67
0.7 0.164 23 0.150 22 0.137 34 0.125 55 0.114 77 0.104 92 0.095 88 0.087 57 0.079 88 0.072 70 0.065 93
0.6 0.180 83 0.164 14 0.149 03 0.135 42 0.123 17 0.112 14 0.102 16 0.093 08 0.084 77 0.077 08 0.069 88
0.5 0.200 36 0.179 72 0.161 50 0.145 48 0.131 41 0.119 00 0.107 99 0.098 12 0.089 18 0.081 00 0.073 41
0.4 0.224 67 0.197 68 0.174 82 0.155 55 0.139 22 0.125 25 0.113 13 0.102 46 0.092 93 0.084 30 0.076 38
0.3 0.257 98 0.219 03 0.188 73 0.165 03 0.146 06 0.130 44 0.117 24 0.105 85 0.095 82 0.086 84 0.078 64
0.2 0.313 77 0.244 45 0.201 58 0.172 54 0.150 98 0.133 97 0.119 95 0.108 04 0.097 66 0.088 43 0.080 07
ÿ
0.1 0 0.262 81 0.207 72 0.175 57 0.152 83 0.135 24 0.120 90 0.108 80 0.098 29 0.088 98 0.080 56
G( , , with = 0.7 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.032 76 0.032 62 0.032 21 0.031 53 0.030 59 0.029 42 0.028 03 0.026 44 0.024 68 0.022 77 0.020 75
1 0.036 50 0.036 44 0.035 88 0.035 12 0.034 08 0.032 76 0.031 21 0.029 44 0.027 48 0.025 35 0.023 10
0.9 0.041 37 0.041 19 0.040 66 0.039 78 0.038 58 0.037 08 0.035 31 0.033 29 0.031 06 0.028 66 0.026 11
0.8 0.047 72 0.047 51 0.046 87 0.045 84 0.044 42 0.042 66 0.040 58 0.038 24 0.035 66 0.032 88 0.029 96
0.7 0.056 03 0.055 77 0.054 98 0.053 70 0.051 97 0.049 84 0.047 35 0.044 56 0.041 52 0.038 26 0.034 85
0.6 0.067 00 0.066 65 0.065 62 0.063 97 0.061 76 0.059 08 0.056 00 0.052 60 0.048 93 0.045 06 0.041 02
0.5 0.081 70 0.081 21 0.079 76 0.077 47 0.074 49 0.070 97 0.067 02 0.062 75 0.058 25 0.053 56 0.048 75
0.4 0.102 13 0.101 32 0.099 02 0.095 53 0.091 19 0.086 28 0.081 01 0.075 50 0.069 85 0.064 10 0.058 30
0.3 0.132 58 0.130 90 0.126 45 0.120 30 0.113 92 0.106 03 0.098 67 0.091 35 0.084 13 0.077 00 0.069 97
0.2 0.186 62 0.180 80 0.168 57 0.155 41 0.142 93 0.131 41 0.120 75 0.110 81 0.101 44 0.092 54 0.083 99
ÿ
0.1 0 0.294 10 0.238 63 0.205 84 0.182 22 0.163 52 0.147 87 0.134 25 0.122 07 0.110 92 0.100 55

F
O
R
M
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.6
ÿ
ÿ I
0 1
0.109 45
0.1
0.102 12
0.2
0.095 12
0.3
0.088 45
0.4
0.082 09
0.5
0.076 02
0.6
0.070 23
0.7
0.064 69
0.8
0.059 36
0.9
0.054 22 0.049 23 R
1 0.120 72 0.112 58 0.104 82 0.097 43 0.090 39 0.083 68 0.077 28 0.071 17 0.065 30 0.059 64 0.054 15
0.9
0.8
0.132 80
0.145 94
0.123 66
0.135 52
0.114 96
0.125 67
0.106 72
0.116 39
0.098 89
0.107 63
0.091 46
0.099 37
0.084 40
0.091 57
0.077 67
0.084 17
0.071 23
0.077 13
0.065 04
0.070 39
0.059 05
0.063 89 E
0.7 0.160 53 0.148 42 0.137 08 0.126 49 0.116 61 0.107 37 0.098 72 0.090 60 0.082 92 0.075 62 0.068 63
0.6 0.177 12 0.162 68 0.149 35 0.137 08 0.125 78 0.115 38 0.105 77 0.096 84 0.088 49 0.080 62 0.073 14
0.5 0.196 68 0.178 81 0.162 66 0.148 13 0.135 04 0.123 23 0.112 51 0.102 71 0.093 66 0.085 23 0.077 30
0.4 0.221 06 0.197 62 0.177 21 0.159 51 0.144 11 0.130 61 0.118 66 0.107 93 0.098 20 0.089 24 0.080 90
0.3 0.254 43 0.220 44 0.192 95 0.170 69 0.152 38 0.136 98 0.123 75 0.112 15 0.101 79 0.092 39 0.083 72
0.2 0.310 27 0.248 83 0.208 39 0.180 04 0.158 62 0.141 49 0.127 21 0.114 94 0.104 13 0.094 41 0.085 52
ÿ
0.1 0 0.271 56 0.216 37 0.184 04 0.161 05 0.143 15 0.128 44 0.115 91 0.104 94 0.095 12 0.086 15
G( , , with = 0.6 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.022 89 0.022 80 0.022 51 0.022 04 0.021 40 0.020 59 0.019 62 0.018 52 0.017 29 0.015 96 0.014 54
1 0.025 64 0.025 54 0.025 22 0.024 69 0.023 97 0.023 05 0.021 97 0.020 73 0.019 36 0.017 86 0.016 28
0.9 0.029 52 0.029 39 0.029 02 0.028 41 0.027 56 0.026 51 0.025 26 0.023 83 0.022 24 0.020 52 0.018 70
0.8 0.034 87 0.034 72 0.034 27 0.033 53 0.032 52 0.031 26 0.029 76 0.028 06 0.026 19 0.024 16 0.022 01
0.7 0.042 20 0.042 02 0.041 45 0.040 52 0.039 26 0.037 70 0.035 86 0.033 78 0.031 50 0.029 04 0.026 46
0.6 0.052 24 0.051 99 0.051 24 0.050 02 0.048 37 0.046 35 0.044 01 0.041 39 0.038 54 0.035 52 0.032 34
0.5 0.066 10 0.065 74 0.064 66 0.062 95 0.060 67 0.057 94 0.054 83 0.051 43 0.047 80 0.043 98 0.040 04
0.4 0.085 81 0.085 21 0.083 48 0.080 80 0.077 39 0.073 45 0.069 13 0.065 55 0.050 80 0.054 92 0.049 96
0.3 0.115 70 0.114 46 0.111 05 0.106 16 0.100 42 0.094 26 0.087 91 0.081 53 0.075 16 0.068 83 0.062 56
0.2 0.169 39 0.164 98 0.155 05 0.143 72 0.132 62 0.122 15 0.112 36 0.103 17 0.094 48 0.086 20 0.078 24
ÿ
0.1 0 0.289 04 0.233 63 0.200 95 0.177 46 0.158 95 0.143 51 0.130 14 0.118 22 0.107 38 0.097 32

O
R
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.5
I ÿ
ÿ
0 1
R 0.102 57
0.1
0.096 41
0.2
0.090 44
0.3
0.084 64
0.4
0.079 02
0.5
0.073 56
0.6
0.068 25
0.7
0.063 08
0.8
0.058 03
0.9
0.053 09 0.048 23
1 0.113 21 0.106 37 0.099 74 0.093 32 0.087 10 0.081 06 0.075 19 0.069 48 0.063 91 0.058 46 0.053 11
E 0.9
0.8
0.124 77
0.137 54
0.117 09
0.128 79
0.109 67
0.120 37
0.102 50
0.112 28
0.095 57
0.104 52
0.088 87
0.097 05
0.082 38
0.089 85
0.076 09
0.082 91
0.069 26
0.076 18
0.063 98
0.069 64
0.058 12
0.063 25
0.7 0.151 90 0.141 72 0.132 02 0.122 78 0.113 98 0.105 59 0.097 58 0.089 90 0.082 52 0.075 38 0.068 45
0.6 0.163 39 0.156 25 0.144 82 0.134 07 0.123 97 0.114 45 0.105 48 0.096 97 0.088 87 0.081 11 0.073 63
0.5 0.187 98 0.172 93 0.159 03 0.146 21 0.134 40 0.123 48 0.113 35 0.103 90 0.095 03 0.086 63 0.078 61
0.4 0.212 44 0.192 67 0.174 96 0.159 16 0.145 03 0.132 34 0.120 85 0.110 36 0.100 67 0.091 64 0.083 11
0.3 0.245 93 0.217 11 0.192 85 0.172 48 0.155 22 0.140 37 0.127 38 0.115 80 0.105 34 0.095 73 0.086 78
0.2 0.301 87 0.248 90 0.211 64 0.184 45 0.163 43 0.146 38 0.132 01 0.119 55 0.108 48 0.098 45 0.089 21
ÿ
0.1 0 0.277 68 0.222 41 0.189 96 0.166 80 0.148 68 0.133 72 0.120 90 0.109 59 0.099 41 0.090 06
G( , , with = 0.5 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.013 69 0.013 63 0.013 46 0.013 18 0.012 80 0.012 32 0.011 74 0.011 08 0.010 35 0.009 56 0.008 71
1 0.015 48 0.015 42 0.015 22 0.014 91 0.014 48 0.013 93 0.013 28 0.012 53 0.011 70 0.010 80 0.009 84
0.9 0.018 31 0.018 24 0.018 01 0.017 64 0.017 12 0.016 47 0.015 70 0.014 82 0.013 83 0.012 77 0.011 63
0.8 0.022 55 0.022 46 0.022 17 0.021 71 0.021 06 0.020 26 0.019 30 0.018 21 0.017 00 0.015 69 0.014 29
0.7 0.028 71 0.028 58 0.028 21 0.027 60 0.026 77 0.025 73 0.024 50 0.023 10 0.021 55 0.019 89 0.018 12
0.6 0.037 54 0.037 37 0.036 86 0.036 03 0.034 90 0.033 50 0.031 85 0.030 00 0.027 96 0.025 78 0.023 49
0.5 0.050 24 0.049 98 0.049 24 0.048 03 0.046 41 0.044 43 0.042 14 0.039 60 0.036 86 0.033 95 0.030 91
0.4 0.068 90 0.068 48 0.067 25 0.065 32 0.062 79 0.059 80 0.056 45 0.052 84 0.049 04 0.045 08 0.041 03
0.3 0.097 96 0.097 08 0.094 62 0.090 95 0.086 48 0.081 52 0.076 28 0.070 92 0.065 48 0.060 03 0.054 57
0.2 0.151 11 0.147 95 0.140 34 0.131 06 0.121 54 0.112 32 0.103 54 0.095 20 0.087 25 0.076 64 0.072 30
ÿ
0.1 0 0.285 10 0.229 73 0.197 13 0.173 76 0.155 38 0.140 11 0.126 92 0.115 22 0.104 61 0.094 80

F
O
R
M
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.4
ÿ
ÿ I
0 1
0.090 54
0.1
0.085 58
0.2
0.080 70
0.3
0.075 89
0.4
0.071 15
0.5
0.066 48
0.6
0.061 88
0.7
0.057 34
0.8
0.052 84
0.9
0.048 39 0.043 98 R
1 0.100 06 0.094 55 0.089 13 0.083 80 0.078 55 0.073 39 0.068 29 0.063 27 0.058 30 0.053 39 0.048 52
0.9
0.8
0.110 70
0.122 77
0.104 51
0.115 71
0.098 43
0.108 81
0.092 47
0.102 08
0.086 62
0.095 50
0.080 88
0.089 07
0.075 23
0.082 77
0.069 66
0.076 59
0.064 18
0.070 53
0.058 76
0.064 55
0.053 40
0.058 65 E
0.7 0.136 68 0.128 47 0.120 51 0.112 79 0.105 30 0.098 04 0.090 97 0.084 08 0.077 36 0.070 77 0.064 29
0.6 0.152 99 0.143 19 0.133 78 0.124 76 0.116 11 0.107 80 0.099 80 0.092 08 0.084 60 0.077 34 0.070 24
0.5 0.172 62 0.160 46 0.148 98 0.138 14 0.127 92 0.118 26 0.109 10 0.100 40 0.092 07 0.084 07 0.076 32
0.4 0.197 30 0.181 29 0.166 55 0.153 01 0.140 58 0.129 12 0.118 52 0.108 63 0.099 36 0.090 58 0.088 19
0.3 0.231 08 0.207 60 0.187 07 0.169 16 0.153 48 0.139 63 0.127 26 0.116 05 0.105 78 0.096 24 0.087 28
0.2 0.287 24 0.243 40 0.210 31 0.184 95 0.164 77 0.148 11 0.133 90 0.121 47 0.110 35 0.100 21 0.090 82
ÿ
0.1 0 0.280 89 0.225 58 0.193 06 0.169 81 0.151 58 0.136 48 0.123 50 0.112 03 0.101 66 0.092 11
G( , , with = 0.4 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.006 26 0.006 24 0.006 16 0.006 04 0.005 86 0.005 64 0.005 38 0.005 08 0.004 74 0.004 38 0.003 99
1 0.007 22 0.007 20 0.007 11 0.006 96 0.006 76 0.006 50 0.006 20 0.005 85 0.005 47 0.005 05 0.004 60
0.9 0.009 02 0.008 98 0.008 87 0.008 68 0.008 43 0.008 11 0.007 74 0.007 30 0.006 82 0.006 29 0.005 74
0.8 0.011 98 0.011 93 0.011 78 0.011 53 0.011 20 0.010 77 0.010 27 0.009 69 0.009 05 0.008 35 0.007 61
0.7 0.016 62 0.016 56 0.016 35 0.016 00 0.015 53 0.014 94 0.014 24 0.013 43 0.012 54 0.011 57 0.010 54
0.6 0.023 76 0.023 66 0.023 36 0.022 86 0.022 17 0.021 31 0.020 29 0.019 13 0.017 85 0.016 47 0.015 00
0.5 0.034 68 0.034 53 0.034 05 0.033 28 0.032 23 0.030 93 0.029 40 0.027 69 0.025 81 0.023 79 0.021 67
0.4 0.051 63 0.051 36 0.050 56 0.049 27 0.047 54 0.045 45 0.043 06 0.040 42 0.037 59 0.034 61 0.031 51
0.3 0.079 24 0.078 67 0.077 02 0.074 48 0.071 25 0.067 54 0.063 49 0.059 23 0.054 83 0.050 33 0.045 78
0.2 0.131 42 0.129 33 0.123 97 0.116 91 0.109 24 0.101 50 0.093 93 0.086 59 0.079 50 0.072 64 0.065 96
ÿ
0.1 0 0.282 82 0.227 49 0.194 93 0.171 62 0.153 33 0.138 15 0.125 08 0.113 50 0.103 01 0.093 34

O
R
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.3
I ÿ
ÿ
0 1
R 0.072 66
0.1
0.068 92
0.2
0.065 20
0.3
0.061 50
0.4
0.057 81
0.5
0.054 14
0.6
0.050 49
0.7
0.046 85
0.8
0.043 23
0.9
0.039 62 0.036 01
1 0.080 47 0.076 32 0.072 18 0.068 08 0.063 99 0.059 92 0.055 88 0.051 85 0.047 83 0.043 83 0.039 84
E 0.9
0.8
0.089 60
0.100 42
0.084 93
0.095 09
0.080 29
0.089 82
0.075 69
0.084 60
0.071 12
0.079 43
0.066 57
0.074 31
0.062 06
0.069 23
0.057 57
0.064 20
0.053 11
0.059 20
0.048 66
0.054 23
0.044 23
0.049 29
0.7 0.113 43 0.107 23 0.101 12 0.095 10 0.089 18 0.083 34 0.077 57 0.071 88 0.066 25 0.060 67 0.055 14
0.6 0.129 26 0.121 85 0.114 61 0.107 53 0.100 61 0.093 85 0.087 22 0.080 72 0.074 33 0.068 04 0.061 82
0.5 0.148 88 0.139 66 0.130 78 0.122 20 0.113 92 0.105 93 0.098 19 0.090 69 0.083 39 0.076 26 0.069 27
0.4 0.173 95 0.161 79 0.150 29 0.139 43 0.129 17 0.119 46 0.110 25 0.101 47 0.093 08 0.085 00 0.077 17
0.3 0.208 36 0.190 44 0.174 15 0.159 38 0.145 97 0.133 74 0.122 53 0.112 17 0.102 50 0.093 39 0.084 73
0.2 0.265 11 0.231 08 0.203 45 0.180 98 0.162 37 0.146 60 0.132 92 0.120 80 0.109 88 0.099 85 0.090 51
ÿ
0.1 0 0.281 88 0.226 56 0.194 02 0.170 74 0.152 47 0.137 34 0.124 31 0.112 78 0.102 35 0.092 74
G( , , with = 0.3 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.001 69 0.001 69 0.001 67 0.001 63 0.001 58 0.001 52 0.001 45 0.001 37 0.001 28 0.001 18 0.001 08
1 0.002 04 0.002 03 0.002 01 0.001 97 0.001 91 0.001 84 0.001 75 0.001 66 0.001 55 0.001 43 0.001 30
0.9 0.002 86 0.002 85 0.002 81 0.002 76 0.002 68 0.002 57 0.002 45 0.002 32 0.002 16 0.002 00 0.001 82
0.8 0.004 40 0.004 38 0.004 33 0.004 24 0.004 12 0.003 96 0.003 78 0.003 57 0.003 33 0.003 07 0.002 80
0.7 0.007 12 0.007 10 0.007 01 0.006 86 0.006 66 0.006 41 0.006 11 0.005 77 0.005 39 0.004 97 0.004 53
0.6 0.011 82 0.011 76 0.011 62 0.011 38 0.011 04 0.010 62 0.010 13 0.009 56 0.008 92 0.008 24 0.007 50
0.5 0.019 84 0.019 76 0.019 50 0.019 09 0.018 52 0.017 80 0.016 96 0.015 99 0.014 92 0.013 77 0.012 55
0.4 0.033 69 0.033 54 0.033 07 0.032 32 0.031 30 0.030 03 0.028 55 0.026 88 0.025 05 0.023 10 0.021 04
0.3 0.058 43 0.058 09 0.057 11 0.055 55 0.053 49 0.051 03 0.048 24 0.045 21 0.041 99 0.038 62 0.035 15
0.2 0.128 53 0.107 31 0.103 99 0.099 25 0.093 71 0.087 80 0.081 76 0.075 72 0.069 73 0.063 82 0.057 99
ÿ
0.1 0 0.282 06 0.226 74 0.194 20 0.170 91 0.152 64 0.137 50 0.124 46 0.112 92 0.102 48 0.092 86

F
O
R
M
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.2
ÿ
ÿ I
0 1
0.049 84
0.1
0.047 35
0.2
0.044 85
0.3
0.042 35
0.4
0.039 86
0.5
0.037 36
0.6
0.034 87
0.7
0.032 37
0.8
0.029 88
0.9
0.027 39 0.024 90 R
1 0.055 34 0.052 56 0.049 79 0.047 01 0.044 24 0.041 47 0.038 70 0.035 94 0.033 17 0.030 40 0.027 64
0.9
0.8
0.062 08
0.070 53
0.058 96
0.066 96
0.055 84
0.063 40
0.052 72
0.059 84
0.049 61
0.056 30
0.046 50
0.052 76
0.043 39
0.049 23
0.040 29
0.045 70
0.037 19
0.042 17
0.034 08
0.038 66
0.030 99
0.035 14 E
0.7 0.081 29 0.077 13 0.072 99 0.068 86 0.064 76 0.060 66 0.056 58 0.052 51 0.048 45 0.044 40 0.040 36
0.6 0.095 26 0.090 28 0.085 34 0.080 44 0.075 57 0.070 74 0.065 93 0.061 16 0.056 42 0.051 69 0.046 98
0.5 0.113 74 0.107 53 0.101 42 0.095 40 0.089 46 0.083 61 0.077 84 0.072 13 0.066 48 0.060 88 0.055 33
0.4 0.138 72 0.130 50 0.122 52 0.114 76 0.107 21 0.099 87 0.092 72 0.085 74 0.078 90 0.072 19 0.065 59
0.3 0.174 09 0.161 93 0.150 43 0.139 56 0.129 30 0.119 58 0.110 37 0.101 59 0.093 18 0.085 10 0.077 26
0.2 0.232 26 0.208 78 0.188 23 0.170 30 0.154 59 0.140 70 0.128 27 0.117 01 0.106 67 0.097 07 0.088 03
ÿ
0.1 0 0.281 98 0.226 66 0.194 11 0.170 83 0.152 56 0.137 42 0.124 39 0.112 86 0.102 42 0.092 81
G( , , with = 0.2 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.000 12 0.000 12 0.000 12 0.000 12 0.000 12 0.000 11 0.000 11 0.000 10 0.000 09 0.000 09 0.000 08
1 0.000 17 0.000 17 0.000 17 0.000 16 0.000 16 0.000 15 0.000 15 0.000 14 0.000 13 0.000 12 0.000 11
0.9 0.000 32 0.000 32 0.000 31 0.000 30 0.000 30 0.000 28 0.000 27 0.000 26 0.000 24 0.000 22 0.000 20
0.8 0.000 66 0.000 66 0.000 65 0.000 64 0.000 62 0.000 60 0.000 57 0.000 54 0.000 50 0.000 46 0.000 42
0.7 0.001 44 0.001 43 0.001 41 0.001 38 0.001 34 0.001 29 0.001 23 0.001 16 0.001 09 0.001 00 0.000 91
0.6 0.003 14 0.003 13 0.003 09 0.003 02 0.002 94 0.002 83 0.002 70 0.002 54 0.002 38 0.002 19 0.002 00
0.5 0.006 88 0.006 86 0.006 77 0.006 63 0.006 44 0.006 20 0.005 91 0.005 58 0.005 21 0.004 81 0.004 38
0.4 0.015 13 0.015 07 0.014 88 0.014 57 0.014 14 0.013 60 0.012 96 0.012 22 0.011 41 0.010 53 0.009 60
0.3 0.033 58 0.033 42 0.032 96 0.032 21 0.031 19 0.029 93 0.028 45 0.026 79 0.024 97 0.023 02 0.020 96
0.2 0.078 33 0.077 76 0.076 13 0.073 60 0.070 40 0.066 72 0.062 71 0.058 49 0.054 14 0.049 70 0.045 20
ÿ
0.1 0 0.281 98 0.226 66 0.194 12 0.170 83 0.152 57 0.137 42 0.124 39 0.112 86 0.102 42 0.092 81

O
R
u
L
HAS
F( , , ) with = 0.1
I ÿ
ÿ
0 1
R 0.025 00
0.1
0.023 75
0.2
0.022 50
0.3
0.021 25
0.4
0.020 00
0.5
0.018 75
0.6
0.017 50
0.7
0.016 25
0.8
0.015 00
0.9
0.013 75 0.012 50
1 0.027 78 0.026 39 0.025 00 0.023 61 0.022 22 0.020 83 0.019 44 0.018 06 0.016 67 0.015 28 0.013 89
E 0.9
0.8
0.031 25
0.035 71
0.029 69
0.033 92
0.028 12
0.032 14
0.026 56
0.030 35
0.025 00
0.028 57
0.023 44
0.026 78
0.021 87
0.025 00
0.020 31
0.023 21
0.018 75
0.021 43
0.017 19
0.019 64
0.015 62
0.017 86
0.7 0.041 65 0.039 57 0.037 48 0.035 40 0.033 32 0.031 24 0.029 15 0.027 07 0.024 99 0.022 91 0.020 82
0.6 0.049 92 0.047 42 0.044 92 0.042 42 0.039 93 0.037 43 0.034 93 0.032 44 0.029 94 0.027 45 0.024 95
0.5 0.062 11 0.058 99 0.055 86 0.052 75 0.049 63 0.046 52 0.043 41 0.040 31 0.037 20 0.034 10 0.031 00
0.4 0.081 30 0.077 14 0.073 00 0.068 87 0.064 76 0.060 67 0.056 58 0.052 52 0.048 46 0.044 41 0.040 37
0.3 0.113 74 0.107 54 0.101 42 0.095 40 0.089 47 0.083 61 0.077 84 0.072 13 0.066 48 0.060 89 0.055 34
0.2 0.174 10 0.161 93 0.150 43 0.139 56 0.129 30 0.119 59 0.110 37 0.101 59 0.093 18 0.085 10 0.077 26
ÿ
0.1 0 0.281 98 0.226 66 0.194 12 0.170 83 0.152 57 0.137 42 0.124 39 0.112 86 0.102 42 0.092 81
G( , , with = 0.1 )
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00
1 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00
0.9 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00
0.8 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00 0.000 00
0.7 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01
0.6 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 05 0.000 05 0.000 05 0.000 04 0.000 04
0.5 0.000 30 0.000 30 0.000 29 0.000 29 0.000 28 0.000 27 0.000 26 0.000 24 0.000 22 0.000 21 0.000 19
0.4 0.001 43 0.001 42 0.001 41 0.001 38 0.001 34 0.001 29 0.001 23 0.001 16 0.001 08 0.001 00 0.000 91
0.3 0.006 88 0.006 85 0.006 77 0.006 63 0.006 44 0.006 20 0.005 90 0.005 57 0.005 20 0.004 80 0.004 38
0.2 0.033 57 0.033 42 0.032 96 0.032 21 0.031 19 0.029 93 0.028 45 0.026 79 0.024 96 0.023 02 0.020 96
ÿ
0.1 0 0.281 98 0.226 66 0.194 12 0.170 83 0.152 57 0.137 42 0.124 39 0.112 86 0.102 42 0.092 81

F
O
R
M
u
F( , , ) with = 0 L
ÿ
ÿ HAS
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
5
0.049 92
0.055 38
0.047 42
0.052 60
0.044 92
0.049 83
0.042 42
0.047 06
0.039 93
0.044 28
0.037 43
0.041 51
0.034 93
0.038 74
0.032 44
0.035 97
0.029 94
0.033 20
0.027 45
0.030 43
0.024 95
0.027 67
I
4.5
4
0.062 11
0.070 54
0.081 30
0.058 98
0.066 97
0.077 14
0.055 86
0.063 41
0.073 00
0.052 75
0.059 86
0.068 87
0.049 63
0.056 31
0.064 76
0.046 52
0.052 77
0.060 67
0.043 41
0.049 24
0.056 58
0.040 31
0.045 71
0.052 52
0.037 20
0.042 18
0.048 46
0.034 10
0.038 67
0.044 41
0.031 00
0.035 15
0.040 37
R
3.5
3
0.095 27
0.113 74
0.122 80
0.090 29
0.107 54
0.115 92
0.085 34
0.101 42
0.109 17
0.080 44
0.095 40
0.102 56
0.076 57
0.089 47
0.096 06
0.070 74
0.083 61
0.089 69
0.065 94
0.077 84
0.083 42
0.061 16
0.072 13
0.077 25
0.056 42
0.066 48
0.071 17
0.051 69
0.060 89
0.065 16
0.046 99
0.055 34
0.059 21
E
2.5 0.133 06 0.125 35 0.117 82 0.110 48 0.103 32 0.096 33 0.089 50 0.082 80 0.076 23 0.069 77 0.063 39
2 0.144 77 0.135 99 0.127 48 0.119 25 0.111 28 0.103 56 0.096 06 0.088 76 0.081 65 0.074 69 0.067 85
1.8 0.158 27 0.148 07 0.138 29 0.128 92 0.119 95 0.111 33 0.103 05 0.095 07 0.087 34 0.079 84 0.072 51
0.174 10 0.161 93 0.150 43 0.139 56 0.129 30 0.119 59 0.110 37 0.101 59 0.093 18 0.085 10 0.077 26
1.6 0.183 14 0.169 68 0.157 06 0.145 26 0.134 21 0.123 84 0.114 09 0.104 86 0.096 09 0.087 70 0.079 61
1.4 0.19 3 16 0.17 8 09 0.16 4 12 0.15 1 20 0.13 9 24 0.12 8 14 0.11 7 80 0.10 8 10 0.09 8 95 0.09 0 25 0.08 1 90
1.2 0.204 40 0.187 29 0.171 65 0.157 38 0.144 36 0.132 43 0.121 44 0.111 24 0.101 70 0.092 69 0.084 10
1 0.217 24 0.197 44 0.179 68 0.163 77 0.149 51 0.136 65 0.124 96 0.114 24 0.104 30 0.094 98 0.086 16
0.9 0.232 26 0.208 78 0.188 23 0.170 30 0.154 59 0.140 70 0.128 27 0.117 01 0.106 67 0.097 07 0.088 03
0.8 0.250 46 0.221 61 0.197 30 0.176 84 0.159 46 0.144 45 0.131 26 0.119 47 0.108 76 0.098 89 0.089 66
0.7 0.273 71 0.236 33 0.206 71 0.183 12 0.163 87 0.147 72 0.133 80 0.121 53 0.110 49 0.100 38 0.090 99
0.6 0.306 24 0.253 25 0.215 94 0.188 65 0.167 51 0.150 31 0.135 76 0.123 08 0.111 78 0.101 50 0.091 98
0.5 0.361 56 0.271 42 0.223 51 0.192 63 0.169 96 0.151 98 0.137 00 0.124 06 0.112 58 0.102 19 0.092 60
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0ÿ 0.281 98 0.226 66 0.194 12 0.170 83 0.152 57 0.137 42 0.124 39 0.112 86 0.102 42 0.092 81
G( , , ) with = 0
ÿ
ÿ
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 06 0.000 05 0.000 05 0.000 05 0.000 04 0.000 04
5 0.000 14 0.000 14 0.000 13 0.000 13 0.000 13 0.000 12 0.000 12 0.000 11 0.000 10 0.000 10 0.000 09
0.000 30 0.000 30 0.000 29 0.000 28 0.000 28 0.000 27 0.000 26 0.000 24 0.000 22 0.000 21 0.000 19
4.5 0.000 65 0.000 65 0.000 64 0.000 63 0.000 61 0.000 59 0.000 56 0.000 53 0.000 49 0.000 46 0.000 42
4 0.001 43 0.001 42 0.001 41 0.001 38 0.001 34 0.001 29 0.001 23 0.001 16 0.001 08 0.001 00 0.000 91
3.5 0.003 14 0.003 12 0.003 08 0.003 02 0.002 93 0.002 82 0.002 69 0.002 54 0.002 37 0.002 19 0.002 00
0.006 88 0.006 85 0.006 77 0.006 63 0.006 44 0.006 19 0.005 90 0.005 57 0.005 20 0.004 80 0.004 38
3 0.009 43 0.009 39 0.009 27 0.009 08 0.008 81 0.008 48 0.008 08 0.007 63 0.007 12 0.006 58 0.005 99
2.5 0.012 92 0.012 87 0.012 70 0.012 44 0.012 08 0.011 62 0.011 07 0.010 44 0.009 75 0.009 00 0.008 20
2 0.017 72 0.017 65 0.017 42 0.017 06 0.016 55 0.015 91 0.015 16 0.014 30 0.013 35 0.012 32 0.011 22
1.8 0.024 35 0.024 25 0.023 93 0.023 41 0.022 70 0.021 81 0.020 76 0.019 57 0.018 26 0.016 84 0.015 34
0.033 57 0.033 42 0.032 96 0.032 21 0.031 19 0.029 93 0.028 45 0.026 79 0.024 96 0.023 02 0.020 96
1.6 0.039 50 0.039 31 0.038 75 0.037 84 0.036 60 0.035 08 0.033 31 0.031 33 0.029 18 0.026 89 0.024 49
1.4 0.04 6 58 0.04 6 35 0.04 5 64 0.04 4 51 0.04 2 99 0.04 1 14 0.03 9 00 0.03 6 64 0.03 4 09 0.03 0 30 0.02 8 58
1.2 0.055 10 0.054 80 0.053 90 0.052 47 0.050 57 0.048 28 0.045 68 0.042 84 0.039 81 0.036 63 0.033 34
1 0.065 48 0.065 07 0.063 89 0.062 02 0.059 59 0.056 72 0.053 52 0.050 07 0.046 45 0.042 70 0.038 85
0.9 0.078 33 0.077 76 0.076 13 0.073 60 0.070 40 0.066 72 0.062 71 0.058 49 0.054 14 0.049 70 0.045 20
0.8 0.094 70 0.093 84 0.091 42 0.087 81 0.083 43 0.078 58 0.073 49 0.068 28 0.063 02 0.057 75 0.052 50
0.7 0.116 49 0.115 01 0.111 04 0.105 53 0.099 25 0.092 70 0.086 11 0.079 60 0.073 22 0.066 97 0.060 83
0.6 0.147 95 0.144 80 0.137 24 0.128 01 0.118 58 0.109 47 0.100 82 0.092 64 0.084 86 0.077 43 0.070 29
0.5 0.202 62 0.192 06 0.173 89 0.156 96 0.142 21 0.129 32 0.117 87 0.107 53 0.098 05 0.089 24 0.080 93
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0ÿ 0.281 98 0.226 66 0.194 12 0.170 83 0.152 57 0.137 42 0.124 39 0.112 86 0.102 42 0.092 81
O
R
M Table 59 – Limit loads of thin plates. General
u ÿ Failure mechanisms
The elastic deformations are assumed to be negligible compared to the plastic deformations at the time of failure. This hypothesis is
L justified in the case of concrete slabs.

Ruin occurs when the plate is transformed into a mechanism with one or more degrees of freedom; the plate is then divided
in a certain number of pieces which connect along the plastic hinges. If the number of pieces is finite, the hinges
are rectilinear since they are at the intersection of two planes. If the number of pieces is infinite, the ruin mechanism
HAS
has an infinite number of rectilinear hinges and a finite number of curvilinear hinges.
I We distinguish between positive hinges which transmit per unit of length a positive limit moment m, and negative hinges
which transmit per unit length a negative limiting moment – m'.
R ÿ Determination of limit loads

Let us assume the plate is homogeneous and isotropic; in other words, m and m are constants which do not depend on the coordinates (x, y)
'
E of the average plane of the plate nor of the orientation of the hinges.
The plate being subjected to a charge density p (x, y), we propose to determine the limiting charge density sp (x, y) that can
support the plate; s is the safety factor. To do this, consider a failure mechanism R. During a displacement of this
mechanism, a point (x, y) of the mean plane of the plate undergoes a vertical displacement w (x, y), two pieces located on either side
ÿ
of a positive hinge element Ai Bi rotate at an angle relative to each other, and two pieces
ÿ
i located on either side of a
negative hinge element Aÿ jj Bÿ ÿ The virtual work theorem allows us to associate
to rotate at an angle to each other.
j
the mechanism R the number s (R) defined by the equation:
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ my' Bÿ ÿ
ÿ = s()R px( ) ,ywx( ) , y dx dy

m Aiÿ Bi i +ÿ j
i
not a word
P
j
the double integral being extended to the surface of the plate P.

The safety coefficient s is the smallest of the numbers s (R) relating to all possible failure mechanisms.
'
Assuming m = Km, K being a constant, we can determine m so that the plate can support the load density
p (x, y) with the safety coefficient s. To any ruin mechanism R, the virtual work theorem allows us to associate the number m (R)
defined by the equation:
ÿ
ÿ
m()R ÿ KAÿ Bÿ ÿ = s px( ) ,ywx( ) , y dx dy

Ai Bi
ÿ ÿ
i +ÿ j
i
not a word
P
j
The limiting moment m is the largest of the numbers m (R) relating to all possible failure mechanisms.
ÿ Principle of superposition
The principle of superposition, exact in elastic theory, is not applicable to the calculation of limit moments. However, we have
the following important result.
Let m1 be the limit bending moment that the plate must have to support the load system S1 , m2 be the limit bending moment
that the plate must have to support the system of loads S2 , and m the limiting bending moment that the plate must have to
support the load system S1 + S2 . We have the inequality:
m m1 m2 +
which is a tie when the failure mechanisms relating to S1 and S2 are identical.
ÿ Anisotropic plates
The plate being anisotropic, the limiting moments have the following values:
m for any positive hinge parallel to Ox
'
–m for any negative hinge parallel to Ox
ÿ m for any positive hinge parallel to Oy
– ÿ m' for any negative hinge parallel to Oy
ÿ being a constant.
The safety factor for a given charge density of this anisotropic plate is equal to the safety factor of a plate
isotropic, of limiting moments m and m', deduced from the anisotropic plate by an affinity parallel to Ox with the same charge density ratio. 1 ÿ , and subject to the
The total charge on the corresponding isotropic plate is therefore the total charge on the anisotropic plate multiplied by 1 ÿ . All
1 ÿ is multiplied by anisotropic plate, the angle of Ox and the tangent to

concentrated load is multiplied by . A linear charge density 1 ÿ 2 sm ÿ 2 cos + ÿ , ÿ designating, in the
the curve over which the charge density is distributed.

F
O
R
Table 60 – Failure mechanisms for thin plates without negative hinges
M
ÿ Polygonal plate supported bilaterally on its contour
supporting a concentrated charge P in O u
We assume the convex contour. The ruin mechanism features radial hinges
positive OAi . L
The limit load has the value:
HAS
ÿ i
------
Pmax m
= ÿcot ( ÿ + i cot ÿ
i = ÿm)
i
hi designating the distance from O to side Ai – 1 Ai of length. i

i hi
I
For example, if the contour of the plate is a regular polygon with center O having
n sides:
R
Pmax 2= mins tan -----
ÿ
not E
especially :
if n = 3 (equilateral triangle) Pmax = 6m 3

if n = 4 (square) Pmax = 8 m
if n = 6 (regular hexagon) Pmax = 4m 3
if n = ÿ (circle) Pmax = 2 ÿ m
ÿ Polygonal plate supported bilaterally on its contour

supporting a charge density p
In the case where the contour of the plate is a regular polygon of vertices Ai and
center O, the failure mechanism includes the hinges OAi , and the charge density
maximum has the value:
ÿ
=
pmax 6mn tan -----
not
In the case where the contour of the plate is any triangle ABC, the mechanism
of ruin comprises the hinges OA, OB, and OC directed along the bisectors
of the angles A, B, C of the triangle, and the maximum charge density has the value:
= ( Asin Bsin Csin ) + +

-------------------------------------------------- ---------------
2
pmax 3m ABC sinsinsin
In the case of a rectangular plate with sides a and b > a, the failure mechanism
includes hinges IA, IB, JC, JD and IJ; depending on the report ÿ = a/b, x is defined by:
1
x + –=
----2 has 3 ÿ 2 ÿ
and the maximum charge density has the value:

8m 2
= ------------ 3 2 +ÿ + ÿ
pmax 3a 2

O
R
M Table 60 – Failure mechanisms for thin plates without negative hinges (continued)
u ÿ Polygonal plate supported unilaterally on its contour

supporting a concentrated charge P in O
In this case where the angles can be raised, the hinge OC joining O to the vertex C
L of the contour is replaced by two hinges OA and OB. We demonstrate that:
ÿ
----
sin2 ÿ
-----------------
sin2 ÿ
ÿ =+=== ÿ ÿ ÿ, ÿ + ÿ
ÿ ÿ,----------------- ÿ ,
HAS 2 has b
I and that the part ÿPmax of limit load balanced by the moments along the hinges OA
and OB is:
2m b
R
has
-----------------
+= sin ---- ----- 2 – ÿ
ÿPmax cos ÿ has b
E When O is on the bisector of angle C, a = b, and:
ÿ
ÿ
----+
= =ÿ=+ cost
ÿ ÿ
----
ÿ
-----
4 -----
2 and ÿPmax 4m 4 2
The limit load that a plate having the shape of a regular polygon of n sides supported unilaterally on its contour can support at
its center is equal to the load
limit that a plate having the shape of a regular polygon of
2n sides supported bilaterally on its contour.
Thus, the limit load that a square plate whose edges can support at its center
can lift is:
Pmax = 16 2 1 – m ÿ 6.63 m
ÿ Convex plate supported bilaterally on its contour

supporting a concentrated charge P in O
The rupture mechanism includes an infinity of hinges coming from O. If r = r (the polar equation of the contour, the pole ÿ ) East
being O, the limit load is:
2ÿ
r ÿ2 Dr.
--------== 1 + --------- d 2 ÿ ÿ with r
Pmax m r
0 dÿ
If the outline ÿ is defined parametrically:
x = x(t) and y = y(t)

ÿ ÿ2
2x+ y
we have = ------------------------------ dt
Pmax m ÿ ÿ
ÿ xy –yx
ÿ dx ÿdy
with x --------==
-------- and y dt
dt
Thus, in the case of a circular plate of radius R, the limiting load which can be
applied in O at the distance IO = a from the center has the value:
2m ÿ R
---------------------------=
Pmax
R2 _ – 2a

F
O
R
Table 60 – Failure mechanisms for thin plates without negative hinges (continued)
M
ÿ Plate with edge different from the support contour supporting a concentrated load in O
u
The pole being O, let () be
of the support contour (
= polar
ÿ the ÿÿ equation of the edge (B), and r = r () be the polar
ÿ ) ; the limit load has the value:
ÿ equation
L
2 ÿ2
r Dr.
--------== ÿ ÿ---- 1 + ----------d ÿ with r
ÿ
HAS
Pmax m r
0 2r dÿ
I
R
For example, in the case of a square plate with center O and side 2a supported along
of a circle with center O and radius R < a, we find:
E
my my
= 2+ ----------ÿ ----------
7.05
Pmax 8 ln 1 R R
ÿ Annular plate with one edge free and the other simply supported
The plate is limited by circles with radii a and b < a.

• When the edge r = a is simply supported and the edge r = b is free, the limiting surface density that the plate can support is:
6m
--------------------------------------------=
pmax
( ) ab– ( a + 2b )
and the limiting linear density that the plate can support along the free edge r = b is:
m
= -------
Qmax b
To support both surface density p and linear density Q along the edge
free, the limiting moment m of the plate must verify the inequality:
1
my ---- pa b ( )a–+( 2b
) 6+ Qb
• When the edge r = a is free and the edge r = b is simply supported, the limiting surface density that the plate can support is:
6mÿ
--------------------------------------------=
pmax
( ) ab– ( ) 2a b +
and the limiting linear density that the plate can support along the free edge r = a is:
mÿ
= ---------
Qmax has
'
Note: we put m are negative.instead of m in the last two formulas because, in this case, all hinges

O
R
M Table 60 – Failure mechanisms for thin plates without negative hinges (continued)
u
L ÿ Triangular plate supported along sides AB and AC, and free along side BC
• In the case of a concentrated load applied in O, the failure mechanism includes the
HAS only AOD hinge, and the limit load has the value:
I Pmax m-----
h
= ( cot d ÿ + cost ÿ )
R
E
• In the case of a charge density distributed over the surface of the plate, the mechanism of
ruin includes the only hinge AD directed along the bisector of the angle A, and the density
limit load has the value:
HAS
= cot -----
pmax 6m 2
ÿ Rectangular plate supported along sides AB, AC and BD, and free along side CD
Let AB = CD = 2a, AC = BD = b, ÿ = a/b.
• In the case of a concentrated load applied in O, the failure mechanism includes
three hinges OA, OB and OE, and the limit load has the value:
2a b b
= -------- + +---- -----
Pmax m x z
y
• In the case of a charge density distributed over the surface of the plate, two mechanisms
ruin are possible.
The first mechanism includes the EA, EB and EF hinges with:
2 x 3 + –= ÿ ÿ
and the limiting charge density has the value:
2m 2
pmax = ------------ 2 +ÿ + ÿ (7)
3 3a 2
The second mechanism includes the AE and BF hinges with:

2
1 9+ ÿ –1
x = ---------------------------------------------
2
3ÿ
and the limiting charge density has the value:
4m
------------
pmax 9+ += 1 21 ÿ (8)
3a 2
The first mechanism is only possible if > 1/ 3 ÿ < 1 ; the second mechanism is not possible
ÿ ; there is a value ÿ 0 ÿ 0.732 8 such that the limiting charge density is
given:
— by formula (7) when — by formula ÿ < ÿ 0;
(8) when ÿ > ÿ 0.

F
O
R
Table 60 – Failure mechanisms for thin plates without negative hinges (continued)
M
u
ÿ Square plate on four point supports
supporting a uniformly distributed total load P
L
The point supports are at the distance c from the sides of the plate.
HAS
The ruin mechanism has two hinges EF and GH. To support the load
total P uniformly distributed, the plate must have a limiting moment at least equal to:
m
1
----–=P
-------- 1
2c
I
8 has
R
E
ÿ Triangular plate on three point supports
supporting a uniformly distributed total load P
We assume that the contour of the plate is an equilateral triangle of height h,
and that the point supports are at the distance d from the vertices of the triangle.
Let m be the limiting moment that the plate must have to support the total load P
uniformly distributed.
Two failure mechanisms can be considered.
The first mechanism, which includes the hinges OD, OE and OF, leads to the formula:
P 7 d
m ---------------
–= --------
(9)
3 18 h
The second mechanism, which includes the hinges A'A'', B'B'' and C'C'', leads
to the formula:
P d 2
m 3 3--------------
–= 1 --------
(10)
23 2h
We must retain the greater of the two values given by formulas (9) and (10).
There exists a number ÿÿ0.124 5 such that m is given:
— by formula (9) when d/h > — by formulaÿ ;
(10) when d/h < ÿ.
O
R
M Table 61 – Failure mechanisms of thin plates with negative hinges
u ÿ Radial mechanism with negative peripheral hinge

The failure mechanism of a plate supporting a concentrated load P in O can
L comprise, in part, an infinity of positive radial hinges coming from O limited by a
arc AB of negative peripheral hinge is a spiral ÿ . We demonstrate that ÿ
logarithmic of pole O:
HAS r = k ec ÿ
I which reduces to a circle with center O when c = 0.
The share ÿPmax of limit load balanced by the moments m along the hinges
'
R radials and by the moments m value: = Km along the arc AB of peripheral hinge has for
ÿPmax = m (1 + K )(1 + c 2)( ÿ 1 – ÿ 0)
ÿ Recessed plate supporting a concentrated O load

The failure mechanism includes an infinity of radial hinges from limited O
by a circular peripheral hinge with center O.
Pmax = 2 ÿ m(1+K)
ÿ Load concentrated at a point O close to the edge of a simply supported plate

ÿ
by a circular peripheral hinge ÿ cutting the edge of the plate at the angle ÿ 0 < ----
2
such as :
tan =ÿK0
In the case of a straight edge, the limit load is:
Pmax 2m K += ( ) 1+K( ÿ – arctan K)
In the case of a circular plate of radius R, supporting a concentrated load in O

such that IO = a, the mechanism is only possible if:
has
-----
K
> ---------------
R K+1
and the corresponding limit load has the value:
R R2 _ – 2a
ÿ – ÿ )
1 + K (---------------------------- arctan += tan
--------------------------- ÿ
Pmax 2m ( ) R
R 2 2–a
R K
ÿ being defined by tan ÿ = ----- ---------------
has K+1
We must compare the above value and the value calculated in table 60 :
2m ÿ R
---------------------------=
Pmax
R2 _ – 2a
and retain the smaller of these two values.

F
O
R
Table 61 – Failure mechanisms of thin plates with negative hinges (continued)
M
u
ÿ Bilaterally supported angular plate supporting concentrated load
L
We assume the point O of application of the load on the bisector of the angle C.
HAS
According to the values of the angle C = 2 ÿ and the ratio K = m '/m, we have one or the other mechanism
next ruin.
• If 1 <tan
K , the ruin mechanism has an infinity of radial hinges
I
coming from O limited by two negative circular hinges AB and A'B'.
In this case, the limit load has the value:
R
Pmax 2m 2 K += ( 1 + K ( ) ÿ – 2 arctan K) E
failure1mechanism
• If thetan >K , includes the radial hinge OC and an infinity
of radial hinges coming from O limited by the negative circular hinge AB.
In this case, the limit load has the value:
ÿ
= K cot
Pmax 2m + ÿ + ( 1 + K) ---- –+ÿ arctan K
2
Note: when O is not on the bisector of angle C, the peripheral hinges AB and A'B' are spiral arcs
logarithmic pole O. The calculation of the limit load is then quite complicated.
ÿ Infinitely long plate supported bilaterally

supporting a load concentrated at a point O of the axis of the plate
by two negative circular hinges AB and A'B'.
Pmax 2m 2 K += ( ) 1+K( ÿ – 2 arctan K)
Note: when O is not equidistant from the edges of the plate, the peripheral hinges AB and A'B' are arcs
of logarithmic spirals with pole O. The calculation of the limit load is then quite complicated.
ÿ Circular recessed plate supporting uniformly distributed load density

The failure mechanism includes an infinity of radial hinges coming from the center of
the plate and a negative circular hinge along the edge. The limiting charge density has
for value:
6m ( 1 + K )
-------------------------------=
pmax
R2 _
O
R
M Table 61 – Failure mechanisms of thin plates with negative hinges (continued)
u ÿ Annular plate with one edge free and the other recessed
The plate is included between the circles with radii a and b < a.
L The failure mechanism has an infinity of radial hinges passing through O and one
negative circular hinge along recessed edge.
• When the edge r = a is embedded and the edge r = b is free, the surface density
HAS load limit has the value:
(6m ab Ka) +–
I pmax ---------------------------------------------=
( a( )+ 2b ) ab– 2
and the limit linear density of load that the plate can support along the free edge a
R for value:
m Ka
Qmax 1 --------------
------- +=
E b ab–
• When the edge r = a is free and the edge r = b is embedded, the surface density
load limit has the value:
6m Ka
pmax ---------------------------------------------=
( ) 2a b + ( ) ab– 2
and the limit linear density of load that the plate can support along the free edge a
for value:
mK
Qmax = --------------
ab–
ÿ Square recessed plate supporting uniformly distributed load density

The ruin mechanism includes:
— an infinity of radial hinges coming from the center of the plate limited by four
arcs BC, DE, FG and HA connecting the sides of the plate;
— a peripheral hinge ABCDEFGHA of which certain portions are combined
with the edge of the plate.
The limit load density has the value:
= 6m ( 1 + K )
-------------------------------
pmax 0.894
2a
ÿ Rectangular recessed plate supporting uniformly distributed load density

An approximate value of the limiting load density is obtained by considering the envelope failure
mechanism comprising the positive hinges IA, IB, JC, JD and IJ, and the
negative hinges AB, BC, CD and DA.
Suppose that the limit values m' are different along the sides of the plate:
====
m 1 K1 ÿ
m, m
ÿ
2 K2 m, m
ÿ
3 K3 m, m
ÿ
4 K4m _
It is demonstrated that the load limit density of the embedded plate is equal to the density
load
' limit that a rectangular plate simply supported on its sides can support
hasand B ' :
ÿ 2a
== ------------------------------------------------ ---
2b
has -------------------------------------------------- - and B'
1 K3 + 1 K4 ++ 1 K1 + 1 K2 ++
So if ÿ = a '/b ', the limit charge density has the value:

8m 2
pmax = -------------
ÿ
3 2 +ÿ + ÿ
2 3a
Table
Ratings
ÿ
sah
n
golnesitlye
lcaleg
p
ce
trea
drd
aso
p file
h p
d
o
a
tsfti
hb ssdee
snhetekcrsecte
ciea
drn
h ixrh
folw
ip
a
e
o
stf
Note:
E yteicluitdso
amle
eta.m
saixlo
utr,m
syt,preo
lrp
aro
n h
mpft
o
a
I
dnS
a
,)seeh
nyslich
a
iercg
tase
rie
arh
npsc(I
esrenvao:se
iittn
d
rtcea1
a
n
h
eh
f1lnS
r=
a
o
p
b
stIi yrsaaslsueem
re
co
lrlesio
m
wbtfti
n
u
.tcaxe
h3
b
dnA -----------=-
1I 21
rcÿ /b
a
gnlsa
ilskce
citu
rirtb
c
s
Stiffener
Terms
Load
to
Position
Number
rteunoehftfiiW
ts
Simple
0
1
detropeptaulS
p
serudnsoio
tfi
s
2
rteunoehftfiiW
ts
Simple
0
Rights is strictly prohibited. ÿ © Engineering Techniques, Construction treatise

2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Form. C 2,060 ÿ 145

I
u
L
F
E
O
R
R
HAS
O
R
M
1
0
0
Number
u
L
HAS
I
R Stiffener
E Position
rteunoehftfiiW
ts
rteunoehftfiiW
ts
rteunoehftfiiW
ts
b
----y
–-
=
) (1
y
ÿ
Load
Compound
Simple Simple
Table
conditions
Support
usloiP
ostfi
detropeptaulS p
hoft
eno
udn
detrosepertpa
htru
rnhira
dde
seee osft
Table
Critical
Load
Coefficient
t2
a 1m
=ÿ
f0
oÿ
ÿ 2 2 22ÿ )
---------------------=---------h2---------------------E-ÿ-------------+(m 2m
=ÿ
Simple
rcÿ 21 1
ÿ( –
2
erug)if1(
ÿ moor6
2ÿtf
2
b 2ÿ2m
_
3m
=ÿ
) mo
2or1
6ÿtf
t2
aÿ 1m
=ÿ
f0
oÿ
2m
=ÿ
moor6
2ÿtf
2 m2 2ÿ 2
I
-----(--------------2–--------m
----------- 1S
) ÿ1-----2-
---------------------=----------h2-----------------------Eÿ--------------2-+( + 3m
=
ÿ
rcÿ 21 1
ÿ( –
2 mo
2or1
6ÿtf
2
b ) 2ÿ2m
_ 1I )
ÿ 2 S 1S+
2
2I
htiw = ------+
4ÿ-
1 ( –
2
1I )
t2
aÿ 1m
=
ÿ
f0
oÿ
2m
=
ÿ
moor6
2ÿtf
2 m2
I
detrosepertpa
udnusloiP
o
tsfi ---------------------=---------h2---------------------E-ÿ---------------+( 22ÿ )---+----1ÿ-3-----(--------------2–--------m----2------- 1S 3m
=
ÿ
rcÿ 21 1ÿ( –
2 mo
2or1
6ÿtf
2
b ) 2ÿ2m
_ 1I )
ÿ 2 +S
1S3
3I
htiw = ------+
4ÿ-
1 ( –
2
1I )
1m
=
ÿ
moor1
0ÿtf
4 2ÿ t3
a 2m
=
ÿ
ÿ3 m2 + 2m)+( 2 moor6
1ÿtf
3
----------------=----h2---------------- ---Eÿ-----------
Simple
erug)if2(
rcÿ
2
b 821 – 21ÿ( )( 2ÿ2m
_
) ÿ 3m
=
ÿ
4m
=ÿ
mo
0or1
6ÿtf
E
ÿ
4 3I 2/1
-----------=---------h2---------------- m+
2 ---ÿ--+
1-
( –
2
rcÿ 2 4m)
2)
2
b 821 – 1ÿ(
2
1I enimgresenutw
iesve
lyah
e
fm
iD
bvtf
a
o
g
ÿÿÿ 3 )( 2/1
3I
–1
ÿ
m 2 +
2ÿ( ---ÿ--+
1-
( –
2 -
-m-21ÿ------+---ÿ-29-------S muminricfm
oÿ
2) 4m)
1I 23 1S ÿÿ
4 2/1
4I
E
ÿ m2 ( –
2
-----------=---------h2---------------- ---ÿ--+
1-
4m)
rcÿ ÿ+
4( 2
2)
2
b 821 – 1
2
ÿ(

1I en
mim
umrseitn
w
esreyich
e
fm
Dbÿtf
a
o
ÿÿÿ 3 ) genuievlah fm
ig
ovt
2/1
4I
–1
ÿ
( –
2 -----------2--9
-------S
- 3
2
ÿ-
---ÿ--1- m
1ÿ
2
m2 + +
( 22ÿ ) + 4m)
1I 1S ÿÿ
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Form. C 2 060 ÿ 147

I
u
L
F
E
O
R
R
HAS
I
u
L
F
E
O
R
R
HAS
Table
Critical
conditions
Support
Load
Coefficient
Compound
2ÿ------- Eÿ
2
Form. C 2,060 ÿ 148

-------------=----------h
------K
--
rcÿ erug)if4(
21 1ÿ( –
2 ÿ
2
b )
noisse
ue
:ro)pleipve
m
gm
reo
aor;siF
=
0csÿ(
p seulaK
v
m2
------=-
------------------------K +( 22ÿ ) ÿ
2ÿ2m
_
ÿ
4.0 6.0 05
8.1
0 0
alw
unm
oerelv:ro
m
ey)o
;isK
h F
<
=
0ÿ(fti
2
g
b
1 2
4ÿ8m
K
26(4.–
0ÿ(
1 23.–
0ÿ)
1
1.4
9
0
2 8
6
2 +
2ÿ(
) 31
8 50
.3
1
3./7
4
8
2
1
1.31
7
9
2
0
5 5/1
8
2 4 4.2
6
1 64
8
0
7
19.2
5 6
4
9
5
7 4.8
1. 7
– m
1
2 – +
K2ÿ 2)m
+
4ÿ(
2 2
2)
-----2
ÿ 1.6
detrosepertpa
udn
usloiP
o
tsfi
m
+
2 +
2ÿ( 0 3.4
2)m
+
4ÿ(
2 2 =
0
2)
= – ----y - ;n:oaee
ilstun
cleipm
cerm
re
o
llvro
le
fyiro
,m
hinw
K
F
=
2sÿfti
g
b
p
) (1
y
ÿ b
)21+
2ÿ( 1)2(1+
4ÿ(
9
2 –
–
Eÿ
2 2.3
4
5
6
8
0 1
2
ÿ
-------------=-----h2----------
------K
--
Simple
erug)if3(
--ÿ
rc 21 1
ÿ( –
2
2
b ) 4.K
3
0
8
6
1 9
8
7
6
I
glgantncisitle
isla
p
tkn
e su
jee
u
d
o
tb
co
se
aldrh
:q
u
n
d
a
iw
t,/fh
o e
ldisT
a
e
p
o
b
2
vstfli
ÿ 1 52.1 5.1 0.2
51K 3.6 9.2 38.0

I h3
o
-----------------------------=-
21 1
ÿ( –
2
)

ÿ Eÿ
2 1
6
–
ÿ
----------------=-----h2--------- --------
Simple
erug)if5(
rcÿ
2
b 21 1
ÿ(
)ÿ 1–
2 2 ---------------------+ÿ-
2
) ÿ
detropeptaulS p
seee
dde
rnhira
osft
2
I
htru
eno
hoft ÿ 1ÿ
6
–
----------------=-----h2--------- -----
-Eÿ----------------------+ ) ---3--------(----------2
–------- 1S
rcÿ 21 1
ÿ( –
2 2 2 2 ÿ
2
b )ÿ 1 ÿ ------------1-+
1ÿ-I
) +S
1S3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

F
O
R
M
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
Figure 1 – Rectangular plate without stiffener. Simple compression (table 62)
Figure 2 – Rectangular plate without stiffener. Simple bending (table 62)

Figure 3 – Rectangular plate without stiffener. Simple shear (table 62)
O
R
M
u
L
HAS
I
R
E
Figure 5 – Rectangular plate without stiffener, free on one edge.

Simple compression (table 62)
Figure 4 – Square plate without stiffener. Compound Flexion (table

62)

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5. Critical buckling load ............................................. .............. — 21

7. Porticos .............................................. .................................................. .. — 57

9. Bows............................................ .................................................. ............ — 78

10. Plates............................................ .................................................. ...... — 91

D In this article, we will give the resistance characteristics of materials such as

F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

L Table 1 – Geometric characteristics of sections

2 hours has has h

gravity v = ----- v = ----- ÿ h B+2b

F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The central core is limited The central core is limited

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

gravity ÿ 2 R sin ÿ ÿ 4R2 v = ---- h v = ---- h

F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I ÿ The part has a constant section

ÿ The Gy axis is the axis of symmetry of the section

Section General values Special values

with ÿ Poisson's ratio, I moment of inertia with 12+ ÿ T

with ÿ Poisson's ratio, I moment of inertia with

G point ÿ Points A and B ÿ

a/b k1 k2 a/b k1 k2 b/a k1 k2 b/a k1 k2

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Hollowed out square

F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

L Hypotheses General value Maximum stress Diagram S1

ÿ 3 = ---- ----------- b bb ()–

Thin circular section

The formulas giving the shear stresses in the parts of

with G transverse elastic modulus.

The value of K, modulus of inertia when twisting the part, is given in

Shear stress Deformation

at points m IG polar inertia

b/a k1 k2 b/a k1 k2 b/a k1 k2

We replace the trapezoid abcd by the equivalent rectangle a'b'c'd' to which

F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I Section area K = 0.133 d

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Narrow rectangle [(b/e) ÿ ÿ]

Open thin circular dish

Formulas identical to parallel wings in which we replace:

F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I We obtain ÿ 1 , ÿ 2 , ÿ 3 and ÿ = --------- by solving the four equations:

Tubular membrane with ÿ 3 = ÿ 1– ÿ 2

3. Timing and Effort

Table 5 – Moments and shear force in an I-section subjected to torsion

ÿ Room characteristics ÿ Reduction elements in a section m of abscissa x

Bending moment in each wing:

Twisting moment in the play:

GK torsional rigidity of the beam: –x

beam I 300, = 180cm : C = 1 t · m.

Table 6 – Deflections and moments in parts subjected to flexion-compression (1)

ÿ 1 0 0.020 0.086 0.212 0.435 0.851 1.760 4.883 ÿ

P sin k – sin k ( k )–x

Values of the amplifier coefficients

ÿ 2 1 1.016 1.068 1.169 1,346 1,672 2.382 4.808 ÿ

Values of the amplifier coefficients

ÿ 3 1 1.016 1.068 1.169 1,346 1,672 2.382 4.808 ÿ

Values of the amplifier coefficients

ÿ 4 1 1,017 1.070 1.171 1,351 1.684 2.407 4.877 ÿ

F STRENGTH OF MATERIALS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________