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72
GEOMETRIC DESIGN 27 COMPARISON OF FIXED-TIME AND VEHICLE-ACTUATED OPERATION
The approach 27 74
SPECIAL USES OF SIGNALS
Lane widths 30 Congested roundabouts 74
Layout for right-turning vehicles 30 High-speed roads 75
Pedestrian crossings 31 Shuttle working (roadworks, bridges, etc.) 76
DESIGN OF SIGNAL SCHEMES 32 APPLICATION OF INFORMATION GIVEN IN THIS PAPER 77
Phasing 32 78
Filter signals APPENDIX l : Glossary, symbols and useful equations
36
Clearance periods 37 APPENDIX 2: Tailor-made linked signal systems 81

CAPACITY 38 APPENDIX 3: The manual preparation of time-and-distance diagrams 85

Saturation flow 38 APPENDIX 4: Effect of a flared approach at a signal-controlled intersection 91
Estimation of saturation flow 39
Effect of approach width 39 APPENDIX 5: Number of right-turning vehicles able to discharge through
Effect of gradients 40 gaps in the opposing flow . 93
Effect of composition 41 APPENDIX 6: Optimum settings when saturation fl.ow falls off with
Effect of right-turning traffic 41 95
Effect of left-turning traffic increasing green time
44
Effect of pedestrians 45 APPENDIX 7: Worked examples to illustrate methods given in the Paper . 98
Effect of a parked vehicle . 45 107
Effect of site characteristics REFERENCES
45
Lost time 45 INDEX 110
Capacity of the whole intersection 46

DELAY 47
Delay with fixed-time signals 47
Delay with vehicle-actuated signals 51
Effect of a parked vehicle on delay 53
OPTIMUM SETTINGS: FIXED-TIME SIGNALS 57
Cycle time . 57
Green times 58 © Crown copyright 1966
Treatment for special cases . . . . 60
Saturation fl.ow which falls off during the green period . 60 Extracts from the text may be reproduced
Lost times and y values different for arms belonging to the same provided the source is acknowledged
phase . . . . . . . 61
Early cut-off or late-release features incorporated in the cycle . 61
Separate right-turning lanes 62
Separate left-turning lanes . . . . 62
Use of left filter with no exclusive left-turning lanes 66
Overlapping phases 66
Practical points in setting signals 67
Criteria for optimum settings 67
Complicated situations 67
Queues 67
Stops and starts 67
Number of fully saturated cycles 70
OPTIMUM SETTINGS: VEHICLE-ACTUATED SIGNALS 70
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