CONTENTS

Page
SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL 2
PREsENT-DAY TRAFFIC SIGNALS 3
Signal aspects 3
Intergreen period 3
Types of signals available s
Fixed-time signals s
Vehicle-actuated signals s
Minimum running period s
Vehicle-extension period s
Pre-set maximum period 6
Variable maximum period 6
Variable intergreen period 6
Sequence of phases 6
Police facilities 7
Early cut-off 7
Late release 8
Combined early cut-off and late release 9
Density control 9
Semi-vehicle-actuated signals 10
Co-ordinated control systems 11
Simultaneous system (synchronized system) 11
Alternate system (limited progressive system) II
Flexible progressive system 11
Tailor-made systems 13
Delays and optimum settings of linked signals 14
Linking a network of streets IS
Area traffic control 15
Pedestrian signals 17
Signal equipment 18
Controller and signal assemblies 18
Detectors 18
Maintenance 19
WARRANTS FOR SIGNALS 19
LAYOUT OF INTERSECTION AND SITING OF SIGNAL EQUIPMENT 23
Location of signals 23
Carriageway markings 26
Traffic islands 27
Location of detectors 27