SURVEY

TRAINER: Mr. IRERI

CLASS: MODULE II

NO. OF STUDENTS 20

TIME:

LEVELLING

INTRODUCTION

In Surveying and Construction the Purpose and Importance of Levelling is to find the heights or
elevations of different points of interest in relation to a specific known datum.

IMPORTANCE OF LEVELING IN FIELD WORK

• It help the surveyor to make counter map of land surface or sea surface.

• It help surveyor to lay a ground level on which they can built a building.

• It help pipe transport engineer to ensure appropriate slope of land that will allow smooth
movement of liquid.

OBJECTIVE OF LEVELING:

• To enable students have a hands on experience in setting and working with the instrument
and collect the data of the relevant field work.
• To increase the student’s knowledge in leveling procedure.
• To calculate reduced level of each station.

ERRORS IN LEVELING

• parallax

• Change point / staff instability

• Refraction

Definition of terms

Levelling - is the process of determining the height of one level relative to a datum.

Level surface – is the continuous surface parallel to the mean spheroid of the earth.
BACK SIGHT (B.S)- The first reading which we take after setting an instrument or at a bench mark on
the field.

FORE SIGHT (F.S) - The last reading which we take before shifting our instrument or at change point.

INTERMEDIATE SIGHT (I.S) - The reading between B.S and F.S is called intermediate sight.

BENCH MARK - The point whose elevation is known called bench mark. Usually we take (mean sea
level) or surveyor also shift bench mark according to field.

LINE OF SIGHT - The line which passes through the optical center of eye piece and coming out to
eye.

STAFF READING - The reading takes on the field through instrument.

Height of instrument - the sum of the benchmark elevation and a rod reading at the benchmark,
from which all subsequent readings are subtracted to establish elevations

TYPES OF LEVELS

1. AUTO LEVEL
Assignment 1; draw parts of a dumpy level and state the functions of the various parts

2.DUMPY LEVEL

The dumpy level is mainly used in surveying for the following purposes:

• To determine relative height and distance among different locations of a surveying land.

• To determine relative distance among different locations of a surveying land.

Assignment 1; draw parts of a dumpy level and state the functions of the various parts

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DUMPY LEVEL AND AUTO LEVEL

S.NO: DUMPY LEVEL AUTO LEVEL

In the dumpy level survey,

staff reading need to be In the auto level, no
adjusted as inverted level adjustment for staff reading is
staff reading is seen in the required as the actual reading
1 eyepiece. is seen from the eyepiece.

In the dumpy level, to level

the bubble, one has to keep In the auto level, the bubble
bubble parallel to two can be adjusted from any side
levelling screws and then and any angle with any 3
2 right angle to the third screw. screws available.

The auto level has an

internal compensatory
Line of sight is manually machine which automatically
3 adjusted in dumpy level. adjusts the line of sight.

It difficult to make an The measurement accuracy of

accurate measurement with the auto level is higher than
4 dumpy level. the dumpy level.