LIBRADILLA, CAMILLE L.

BSBA MM1
Rizal Chapter 1-4 Summary Feb. 19, 2022

CHAPTER 1

DR. JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO y ALONZO REALONDO

❖ He is the National Hero of the Philippines

❖ He was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna Province, Philippines
❖ He was baptized in the catholic church of his town on June 22 at 3 years old by
Father Rufino Collantes who was a Batangueno.
❖ His name “Jose” was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian
saint San Jose (St. Joseph).
❖ He was the seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and
Teodora Alonso Realonda.
❖ He was a Physician (ophthalmic surgeon), poet, dramatist, essayist, novelist,
historian, architect, painter, sculptor, educator, linguist, musician, naturalist,
ethnologist, surveyor, engineer, farmer businessman, economist, geographer,
cartographer, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, folklorist, philosopher,
translator, inventor, magician, humorist, satirist, polemicist, sportsman, traveller,
and prophet.
❖ He is a political martyr
❖ Rizal was a product of the mixture of races.
❖ In his veins flowed the blood of both East and WestNegrito Indonesian Malay
Chinese Japanese And Spanish
Rizal’s Parents

TEODORA ALONZO REALONDA (1826-1911)

❖ She was born in Manila on November 8, 1826, and was educated at the College
of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls in the city.
❖ She died in Manila on August 16, 1911, at the age of 85. Shortly before her
death, the Philippine government offered her a life pension.

FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL (1818-1898)

❖ He was born in Biñan, Laguna, on May 11, 1818. He studied Latin and
Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila
❖ He died in Manila on January 5, 1898, at the age of 80. In his student memoirs,
Rizal affectionately calls him “ a model of fathers”.

The Rizal Children

Francisco and Teodora has eleven children – two boys and nine girls.
These children were as follows:
1. Saturnina (1850-1913)
2. Paciano (1851-1930)
3. Narcisa (1852-1939)
4. Olimpia (1855-1887)
5. Luciana (1857-1919)
6. Maria (1859-1945)
7. Jose (1861-1945)
8. Concepcion (1862-1865)
9. Josefa (1865-1945)
10. Trinidad (1868-1951)
11. Soledad (1870-1929)
Rizal’s Ancestry

❖ Domingo Laméo - Rizal's great-great grand-father on his father's side, a Chinese

immigrant from the Fukien City of Changchow.
❖ Ines de la Rosa - Chinese Christian girl of Manila.
❖ Francisco Mercado - who resided in Biñan, married a Chinese-Filipino mestiza,
Cirila Bernacha, and was elected gobernadorcillo (municipal mayor) of the town.
One of their sons, Juan Mercado(Rizal's grandfather)
❖ It is said that Dona Teodora’s family descended from Lakan-Dula, the last native
king of Tondo.

❖ The real surname of the Rizal family was Mercado

❖ Rizal's family acquired a second surname - Rizal - which was given by a Spanish
alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna, who was a family friend.
❖ The house of the Rizal Family, where the hero was born, was one of the
distinguished stone houses in Calamba during Spanish times.
❖ The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town aristocracy in Spanish
Philippines. It was one of the distinguished families in Calamba.
 CHAPTER 2

● In 1876, when he was 15 years old, he wrote a poem Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo

(In Memory of My Town)
● Of all Rizal’s sisters, Jose loved most the little Concha (Concepcion). He was a
year older than Concha
● Concha died of sickness in 1865 when she was only three years old.
● At the age of three, Rizal began to take part in family prayers
● When he was five, he was able to read Bible
● Doña Teodora teaches his son Rizal how to understand Spanish so she gave his
son a book called “The Children’s Friend” (El Amigo de los Niños)
● At the age of five, he began to make sketches with his pencil and to mold in clay
and wax objects which attracted his fancy.
● At age 8, he wrote his first poem in the native language entitled Sa Aking Mga
Kababata or (To My Fellow Children)
● After writing his first poem, Rizal, age 8, wrote his first dramatic work, a Tagalog
comedy- said to be staged in a Calamba festival and was delightfully applauded
by the audience

Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood

1. Hereditary Influence
● Malayan Ancestors
● Chinese Ancestors
● Spanish Ancestors
● Father
● Mother

2. Environmental Influence
● Scenic beauties of Calamba and beautiful garden of the Rizal family
● Religious atmosphere at his home
 ● Paciano
● Rizal’s sisters
● Tio Jose Alberto
● Tio Manuel
● Tio Gregorio
● Father Leoncio Lopez

CHAPTER 3

Early education in Calamba and Binan.

1. Education in Spanish era:

● Primary level to the tertiary level of education

● Schools focused on the Christian Doctrines
● Separate school for boys and girls
● Wealthy Filipino or the ilustrados were accommodated in the schools

2. The Hero’s First Teacher

● The first teacher of rizal was her mother

● A remarkable woman of good character and fine culture
● Rizal at the age of 3 leared the alphabet and prayers.
 ● Doña Teodora dicovered Jose’s talent for poetry and encourage him to write.

3. Private Tutors of Rizal

● Maestro Celestino was Jose’s first private tutor.

● Maestro Lucas Padua was the second private tutor.
● Maestro Leon Monroy became the hero’s tutor in Spanish and Latin.
● Uncle Gregorio instilled into the mind of Jose the love for education.
● Uncle Jose Alberto gave wise direction in the studies of Jose.

The Cavite Mutiny

● January 20, 1872

● Feb 17872, Father Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were implicated and executed.
● The three priest inspired Rizal to fight the evil of Spanish tyranny

Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za

● 1891, Rizal dedicated his second novel “El Filibusterismo” to Gom-Bur-Za

Injustice to hero’s mother

● Dona Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge that she and her brother, Jose
Alberto, tried to poison the latter’s wife.
 CHAPTER 4

Scholastic Triumphs
(Ateneo de Manila 1872-1877)

● It was a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.

● A bitter rival of Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran.
● Formerly known as Escuela Pia (Charity School).
● School for poor boys in Manila was established by the city government in 1817.
● The name was changed to Ateneo Municipal, and later became Ateneo de
Manila.
● June 10 , 1872, Rizal went to Manila

● He took the entrance exam in:

● Christian Doctrine; Arithmetic
● College of San Juan de Letran; Reading
● Father Margin Ferrando, the college registrar, refused to admit him.
● He was sickly and undersized for his age.
● Jose was the first family to adapt the surname “Rizal”
● Paciano had used “Mercado” in college of San Juan de Letran.
● First boarded in a house outside Intramuros
● It was owned by a spinster named Titay who owed the Rizal family the amount of
P300.00

JESUIT SYSTEM EDUCATION

● Ateneo was more advanced than the other colleges in that period.
● It trained students character by:
 ● Rigid discipline and;
● Religious instruction
● Students were divided into two groups:
● Roman Empire (red), consist of Internos (Boarders)
● Carthaginian Empire (blue), consist of Externos (Non-Boarders)

EMPIRE RANKS ARE:

● Emperor (best student)

● Tribune (second best)
● Decurion (third best)
● Centurion (fourth-best)
● Standard-bearer (fifth best)
● Uniform consisted of hemp-fabric trousers and striped cotton coat. The coat
material was called rayadillo.

Rizal’s first year in Ateneo (1872-1873)

● June 1872, first day of class in Ateneo.

● Fr. Jose Bech, the first professor of Rizal.
● He was an externo and was assigned to Carthaginians.
● At the end of the month, he became "emperor".
● He was the brightness pupil in the whole class.
● He took private lessons in Santa Isabel College and paid three pesos for extra
Spanish lessons
● He placed seconds at the end of the year although his grades were marked
"Excellent".

Summer Vacation (1873)

● March 1873, Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation.

● His sister Neneng (Saturnina) brought him to Tanawan to cheer him up.
 ● Visited his mother in prison at Santa Cruz without telling his father.
● After vacation, he returned to Manila for his 2nd year term in Ateneo.
● He boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street.
● Dona Pepay was his landlady, an old widow with a widowed daughter and 4 sons

Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)

● He repented having neglected his studies the previous year because he was
offended by the teacher's remarks.
● Rizal studied harder, and once more he became an "emperor" after losing his
class leadership.
● At the end of the school year, he received excellent grades in all subjects and a
gold medal

Third Year in Ateneo (1874-1875)

● Shortly after the opening of classes, his mother was released from prison.
● In the previous years, Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies
● He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his spoken was not fluently
sonorous.
● March 1875 Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation.

Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1876)

● June 16, 1875, He became an interno in Ateneo.

● Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez inspired him to study harder and write poetry.
● Rizal won five medals.

Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)

● June 1876, last year of Rizal in Ateneo.

 ● He was truly "the pride of the Jesuits"
● Obtained highest grades in all subjects.

Graduation with Highest Honors

● "Excellent" scholastic records from 1872 to 1877.

● March 23, 1877, Commencement Day received the degree of Bachelor of Arts
with highest honors.

Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo

● An "emperor" inside the classroom and campus leader outside. •Secretary of the
Marian Congregation.
● Member of Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural
Sciences.
● Studied painting under the famous Spanish painter Agustin Saez. •Sculpture
under Romualdo de Jesus (right photo), noted Filipino sculptor
● Engaged in gymnastics and fencing.

Sculptural works in Ateneo

● Carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling" (Philippine

hardwood).
● Father Lleonart requested him to carve an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
● Ateneo boarding students placed the image on the door of the dormitory and
remain there for many years.

Anecdotes of Rizal

● Felix M. Ramos - one of Rizal's contemporaries in Ateneo

● Manuel Xerex Burgos - whose house Rizal boarded shortly before he became an
interno in Ateneo.
Poems in Ateneo

● It was Doña Teodora who first discovered the Poetics genius of her son. And was
also she who first encourage him to write poems.
● It was Father Sanchez who inspired Rizal to make full use of his God-given gift in
poetry and improve the letters poetical art by opening his mind to the enriching
influence of the world literature

My first inspiration

● It was most fitting that the first poem written by Rizal as an Atenean should be
about his beloved mother
● In his poem, he felicitates his mother on her birthday expressing his filial affection
in sonorous verses.

First Romane of Rizal

● At 16 years old, he experienced his first romance.

● The girl was Seguda Katigbak, a pretty fourteen years old batangueña.