LIBRADILLA, CAMILLE L.

BSBA MM1
Rizal Chapters 5-8 Summary Feb. 22, 2022

CHAPTER 5
Medical Studies at the University of Santo Thomas (1877-1882)

● Rizal's tragic first romance failed, yet it had no adverse influence on his studies at
the University of Santo Thomas. After finishing the first-year course in Philosophy
and letters (1877-78).
● After a year in the university, he switched to the medical program, which was run
by the Dominicans, a competitor educator to the Jesuits, but he remained faithful
to Ateneo.

Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education

● After Graduating in the highest honor from the Ateneo. Rizal also had to go to
Santo Thomas University for higher studies
● The Bachelor of Arts course during Spanish equivalent to high school and junior
college for today.
● Opposed the idea of sending Rizal because she was aware what happened in
Gom- Bur-Za and feared of what might happen to Rizal.
● Note: GOMBURZA is the acronym for the three Filipino martyred Catholic
priests - Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora- who led the
secularization of Filipino priests and who were executed on February 17, 1873,
by the Spanish colonial authorities at the Luneta in Bagumbayan

Rizal Enters the University

 ● In April1877, Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old, matriculated in the UST,
Taking the courses on the Philosophy and Letters. He enrolled in this course
for two reasons.
1. His fathers like it
2. He is still uncertain as to what career he pursue.
● He had written to Father Pablo Ramon, Rector of the Ateneo, who had been
good to him during the student day in college, asking advice on the choice of a
career. But Father Rector was then in Mindanao so that he was unable to
advise Rizal.
● During the first-year term (1877-1879), He studied Cosmology, Metaphysics,
Theodicy, and History of Philosophy.
● It was during the following term (1878-79), Rizal received the Ateneo Rector
advise to study medicine.
● Enrolling simultaneously in the preparatory medical course and the regular first
year course
● Other reason why he chose medicine for a career was to be able to cure his
mother’s growing blindness.

Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo (1878)

● During his first school term in the University of Santo Tomas he also studied in
the Ateneo.
● He took the vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expert
surveyor).
● Jose Rizal as usual excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in the
Ateneo. Obtaining gold medals in agriculture and topography.
● At the age of 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course, but
he could not be granted the title as surveyor because he was below age. The
titled issued to him on November 25,1881.
 ● Even Rizal was a Thomasian, he frequently visited in Ateneo not only to his
surveying course but more because of his loyalty to the Ateneo, where he had
a lot of memories.
● He continued to participate actively in the Ateneo’s extra-curricular activities.
● President of the Academy of Spanish Literature and Secretary of the
Academy of Neutral Sciences. Continued his membership in the Marian
Congregation, of which he was the secretary.

Romances with Other Girls

● Rizal had also ample time for love, He was a romantic dreamer who like to sip
the “nectar of love”.
● His sad experience with his first love had made him wiser in the way of
romance.
● After losing Segunda Katigbak.

Note: Segunda Katigbak was her puppy love. Unfortunately, his first love was
engaged to be married to a town mate, Manuel Luz.

● He paid court to a young woman in Calamba. In his student memoirs, he called

her simply “Miss L” describing her as “fair with seductive and attractive eyes”.
● After visiting her in her house several times he suddenly stopped his wooing,
and the romance died a natural death. Nobody today knows who this woman
was. The identity is lost to the history.
● However, he gave two reasons for his change of heart, namely:
The sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart
● His father did not like the family of “Miss L”
● Several months later during his sophomore year at the UST, he boarded in the
house of Doña Concha Leyva in Intramuros, and the next door was Capitan
Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela from Pagsanjan Laguna, who had a
charming daughter named Leonor
 ● Rizal, the medical student from Calamba, was welcome visitor in the
Valenzuela home, where he was the life of the social parties because of his
clever sleight-of-hand trick.
● He courted Leonor Valenzuela, who was a tall girl with a regal bearing
● He sent her loves notes written in invisible ink. This ink consisted of common
table salt and water
● Rizal knew his chemistry, taught Orang (pet name of Leonor Valenzuela) the
secret of reading any note written in the visible ink by heating it over a candle
or lamp so that the words may appear. But as with Segunda, he stopped short
of proposing marriage to Orang.
● His next love life was Leonor Rivera, daughter of his landlord-uncle Antonio
Rivera.
● In 1879, at the start of his junior year at the University, he lived in “Casa
Tomasina,” at No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros. Camiling
● A student at La Concordia College, where Soledad (Rizal’s youngest sister)
was then studying Leonor, born in Camiling, Tarlac, on April 11, 1867., was a
frail, pretty girl “tender as a budding flower with kindly wistful eyes”.
● They became engaged. In her letters to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as
“Taimis” in order to camouflage their intimate relationship from their parents
and friends

Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality

● When Rizal was a freshman medical student at the University of Santo Tomas,
he experienced his first taste of Spanish brutality.
● One dark night in Calamba, during the summer vacation in 1878, he was
walking in the street. He dimly perceived the figure of a man while passing him.
Not knowing the person due to darkness, he did not salute nor say a courteous
“Good Evening” the vague figure turned out to be a lieutenant of the Guardia
Civil. With a snarl he turned upon Rizal, whipped out his sword and brutally
slashed the latter on the back.
 ● The wound was not serious, but it was painful. When he recovered, Rizal
reported the incident to General Primo de Rivera.
● But nothing came out of his complaint, because he was an Indio, and the
abusive lieutenant was a Spaniard.
● Later in a letter to Blumentritt, dated March 21,1887, he related " I went to the
Captain- General but I couldn’t obtain justice my wound lasted two weeks”

A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) (1879)

● Liceo Artistico- Literario (Artistic- Literary Lyceum) of Manila 1879

-A society of literary men and artist, held in literary contest.

-Offered prize (Silver Pen, feather shaped decorated with gold ribbon) for the
best poem by a native or a mestizo.

● Rizal, who was eighteen years old, submitted his poem entitled A La Juventud
Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)

The Reason why Rizal’s Poem was a classic in Philippine literature

1. It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino whose merit was
recognized by Spanish literary authorities.
2. It expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not
the foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”.

The Council of Gods

● Also known as El Consejo de los Dioces. It was an allegoral drama written by

Rizal.
● After a long and critical appraisal of the entries, they awarded the first prize to
Rizal's work because of its literary superiority over the others
 Other Literary Works
● Junto al Pasig (Beside pasig)
● A Filipinas for the album of the Society of Sculptors
● Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma
● Al M.R.P.

Rizal’s Visit Pakit and Pagsanjan

● Rizal went on a pilgrimage to the town of Pakil, accompanied by his sisters
Saturnina, Maria, and Trinidad and their female friends
● They took a casco from Calamba to Pakil, Laguna, and stayed at the home in
Regalado's family
● Rizal and his companions were fascinated by the famous turumba, in honor of
the miraculous Birhen Maria de los Dolores.
● In Pakil, Rizal was infatuated by a pretty girl colegiala,. Vicenta Ybardolaza, who
skillfully played the harp at the Regalado home.

Champion of Filipino Students

● Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students in their frequent fights against the
arrogant Spanish students. Owing to his skill in fencing, his prowess in wrestling
● In 1880 he founded a secret society of Filipino students at the University of Santo
Tomas called Companerismo (Comradeship), whose members were called
"Companions of Jehu,

Unhappy days at UST

He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because

➢ the Dominican professors were hostile to him,

➢ the Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards, and
➢ the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
• Because of the unfriendly attitude of his professors, Rizal, the most brilliant graduate
of the Ateneo, failed to win high scholastic honours. Although his grades in the first year
of the philosophy course were all "excellent,"

Decision to Study Abroad

● After finishing the 4th year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain.
● His older brother approved his decision to study in Spain and so did his two
sisters Saturnina (Neneng) and Lucia, Uncle Antonio Rivera, the Valenzuela
family, and some friends.
● For the first time. Rizal did not seek his parents' permission, because he knew
that they, especially his mother, would disapprove of it.

CHAPTER 6

In Sunny Spain (1882-1885)

Rizal’s Secret Mission

● To observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and
commerce, and governments and laws of the European nations in order to
prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from
Spanish tyranny.

Secret Departure for Spain

● His older brother (Paciano), his uncle (Antonio, Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera),
his sisters (Neneng and Lucia), the Valenzuela family (Captain Juan and
Capitana Sanday and their daughter Orang), Pedro A. Paterno, his compadre
Mateo Evangelista, the Ateneo Jesuit fathers, and some intimate friends,
including Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio)
 ● The Ateneo priests gave him letters of recommendation to the members of their
society in Barcelona
● He used the name Jose Mercado
● On May 3, 1882, Rizal departed on board the Spanish steamer Salvador bound
for Singapore

Singapore

● On May 8, 1882, Rizal saw a beautiful island. Fascinated by its scenic beauty ,
he remembered “The Island with the Susong Dalaga”
● May 9 the Salvadora docked at Singapore. Rizal landed, registered at Hotel de la
Paz.
● He saw the famous Botanical Garden, the beautiful Buddhist temples, the busy
shopping district, and the statue of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles (founder of
Singapore).

From Singapore to Colombo

● In Singapore Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, a French steamer, which

left Singapore for Europe on May 11
● May 17, the Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon
(now Sri Lanka)
● Rizal was unimpressed by this town. On his travel diary, he wrote: “The General
appearance of Point Galle is Picturesque but lonely and quiet and at the
● same time sad”
● He delightfully scribbled on his diary: Colombo is more beautiful, smart and
elegant than Singapore, Point Galle, and Manila.

First Trip through Suez Canal

 ● From Colombo, the Djemnah continued the voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to
the Cape of Guardafui, Africa
● • It took the Djemnah five days to traverse the Suez Canal. Rizal was thrilled
because it was his first trip through this canal which was built by Ferdinand de
Lesseps (French diplomat-engineer). It was inaugurated on November 17, 1869
● At Port Said, the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez Canal, Rizal landed in order
to see the interesting sights.

Naples and Marseilles

Naples

➔ On June 11, Rizal reached Naples.

➔ He was pleased because of its business activity, its lively people, and its
panoramic beauty
➔ He was fascinated by Mt. Vesuvius, the castle of St. Telmo, and other historic
sights of the city

Marseilles

➔ Stayed 2 and half days in Marseilles, visiting the famous Chateau d’If, where
Dantes was imprisoned
➔ He read the book The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas when he was
a student of Ateneo

Barcelona

➔ May 15, Rizal left Marseilles by train for the last lap of his trip to Spain
➔ He crosses the Pyrenees and stopped for a day at the frontier town of Port Bou
➔ June 16, Rizal reached Barcelona
➔ Rizal's first impression of Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluna and Spain’s
second largest city was unfavorable
➔ He later changed his impression and came to like the city
➔ He visited Las Ramblas, the most famous street in Barcelona
Amor Patrio

● Rizal wrote a nationalistic essay entitled “Amor Patrio” (Love of Country)

● His first article written on Spain’s soil
● He sent this article to his friend in Manila, Basilio Teodoro Moran, Publisher of
Diariong Tagalog
● The first Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog)
● Rizal’s “Amor Patrio”, under his pen-name Laong Laan
● As in his prize-winning “Juventud Filipina.” Rizal in his “Amor Patrio” urged his
compatriots to love their fatherland, the Philippines.

Among other things, he wrote:

● Second article for Diariong Tagalog entitled “Los Viajes” (Travels).

● The third article, entitled “Revista de Madrid” (Review of Madrid) He wrote
in Madrid on November 29, 1882, was returned to him because the
Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds.

Life in Madrid

Rizal moves to Madrid

● While sojourning in Barcelona he received sad news.

● Cholera was ravaging Manila and Provinces
● Leonor Rivera was getting thinner because of his absence.
● On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid
(Central University of Madrid) in two courses – Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters

Romance with Consuelo Ortiga Y Perez

Consuelo Ortiga Y Perez

 ● The daughter of Don Pablo, a former mayor of manila.
● Rizal composed a lovely poem to consuelo entitled "A La Senorita C.O. y P."
● Rizal backed out for two reasons :
1) He was still engaged to Leonor Rivera
2) His friend and co-worker in the propaganda movement, Eduardo de lete was
madly inlove with consuelo.

“They Ask Me For Verses”

● In 1882 rizal joined the circulo hispano filipino.

● The members of the society requested him to write a poem entitled " They ask
me for verses"

Rizal as Lover of Book

● The Bible, Hebrew Grammar,

● Lives of the Presidents of the United States from Washington to Johnston,
● Complete Works of Voltaire (9 volumes),
● Complete Works of Horace (3 volumes),
● Complete Works of C. Bernard ( 16 volumes)
● History of the French Revolution,
● The Wondering Jew,
● Ancient Poetry,
● Works of Thucydides,
● The Byzantine Empire,
● The Characters by La Bruyere,

Rizal First Visit to Paris (1883)

● June 17 to August 20, 1883

Rizal as a Mason

● March 1883 he joined the masonic lodge "Acacia" in Madrid.

● He transferred to lodge solidaridad where he became a master mason (Nov
15,1890)
● On February 15, 1892 he was awarded the diploma as master mason by le grand
orient de France in Paris.

Financial Worries

● Due to the problem in Calamba laguna, Rizal's allowances wa almost delayed.

● A touching incident in Rizal's life in Madrid occurred on June 24, 1884.

Rizal Involved in Student Demonstration

● Central University. These student demonstrations were caused by the

excommunication of Catholic bishops of Spain on Dr. Morayta and those who
applauded his speech
● Angered by the bigotry of the Catholic bishops the university students rose in
violent demonstration. They rioted in the city streets shouting: "Viva Morayta!
Down with Bishops!". Rizal, Valentin Ventura, and other Filipinos were involved
on the massive demonstrations.

Studies Completed in Spain

● Rizal completed his medical course in Spain. He was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884.
● The next academic year (1884-85 ) he studied and passed all subjects leading to
the degree of Doctor of Medicine. However, due to the fact that he did not
present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he
was not awarded his Doctor's diploma
 ● Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and letters. He was awarded the
degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de
Madrid on June 19, 1885 ( his 24th birthday) with the rating of " Excellent " (
Sobresaliente)

CHAPTER 7

Paris to Berlin (1885-87)

● Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology. He

served as assistant to the famous oculists of Europe. He also continued his
travels and observations of European life and customs. His merits as a scientist
were recognized by the eminent scientists of Europe.

Gay Paris (1885-86)

● Rizal went to Paris in order to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology. In

November 1885, Rizal was living in Paris, where he sojourned for about four
months.
● He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert.
● After acquiring enough experience as an ophthalmologist in Dr. Weckert's clinic,
Rizal reluctantly left gay Paris on February 01, 1886, for Germany. Rizal was a
good chess player so they made him a member of the Chess Player's Club. He
worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker.
● Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation at Wilhemsfeld, a mountainous
village near Heidelberg.

CHAPTER 8

Noli Me Tangere Published in Berlin (1887)

Idea of writing a novel in the Philippines

• His reading of "Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin" inspired Dr. Jose Rizal to
prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish
tyrants.

• Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippines by a group of Filipinos.

Writing of the Noli

● End of 1884, Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and finished 1/2 of it.
● 1885, Rizal finished 1/2 of the second half of the novel in Berlin and the
remaining fourth in Germany.
● April-June 1886, Rizal wrote the last few chapters in Wilhelmsfeld.

Viola, Savior of the Noli

● Rizal received a telegram from Dr. Maximo Viola who was coming to Berlin.
● Upon seeing his talented friend's predicament, Viola decided to load him ample
funds.
● To save printing expenses, Rizal deleted some passages including one chapter.
● On February 21,1887, the noli was finally finished and ready for printing.
● Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft charged the lowest rate, that is 300
pesos for 2,000 copies of the novel.

Rizal suspected as a French Spy

● During the printing of the noli, The chief police of berlin asked Rizal for a
passport but was unable to prove one.
● Rizal was given 4 days to comply or else he will be deported.
● Rizal accompanied by viola went to the Spanish embassy, but the Spanish
ambassador was not able to issue a passport.
 ● The police chief informed Rizal that he had receive reports of him visiting villages
in rural areas, And that he came from Paris, Therefore arousing suspicion that he
was a French spy.
● During this time, There were strained relations between France and Germany
● Rizal explained that he was a Filipino physician

Printing of the Noli Finished

● March 21, 1887 - The novel came out of the press.

● Rizal immediately sent the first copies to: Blumentritt, Dr. Regidor, Lopez-Jaena,
M. Ponce, and F.R Hidalgo.
● March 29, 1887 - Rizal in token and appreciation, Gave viola the gallery of proofs
of the novel.

The Title of the Novel.

● Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase that means "Touch Me Not" and was not
created by Rizal, who acknowledged borrowing it from the Bible. Rizal wrote to
Felix R. Hidaldo in French on March 5, 1887
● "Noli Me Tangere, words borrowed from the Gospel of Saint Luke, signify "do not
touch me."
● "Touch me not: I am not yet ascended to my Father, but go to my brethren, and
say unto them. I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God and
your God."

The Author’s Dedication

● Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines -- "To My Fatherland." His
dedication runs as follows:
● Recorded in the history of human suffering is a cancer so malignant a charade'
that the least touch irritates it and awakens in it the sharpest pains.
 ● Desiring thy welfare which is our own, and seeking the best treatment, I will do
with thee what the ancients did with their sick
● And to this end, I will strive to reproduce thy condition faithfully, without
discriminations, I will raise a part of the Veil that covers the evil

Synopsis of the “Noli.”

● Synopsis of the "Noli" The novel Noli Me

Tangere contains 63 chapters and an epilogue

The story begins at a party to welcome Crisóstomo Ibarra back to the Philippines
after seven years of studying in Europe. His father, Don Rafael, passed away shortly
before his return, and Crisóstomo soon learns that he died in prison after accidentally
killing a tax collector and being falsely accused of other crimes by Father Dámaso, the
longtime curate of the church in Crisóstomo’s hometown of San Diego. Crisóstomo
returns to San Diego, and his fiancée, María Clara, joins him there. After the
schoolmaster tells him that Father Dámaso and the new curate, Father Salví, interfere
with his teaching, Crisóstomo decides to build a new modern school in San Diego.

On a picnic with María Clara, Crisóstomo goes on a fishing boat and helps
the pilot, Elías, kill a crocodile. Elías later warns Crisóstomo that there is a plot to
murder him at the ceremony for the laying of the school’s cornerstone, and indeed, as
Crisóstomo is placing mortar for the cornerstone, the derrick holding the stone
collapses. Although Crisóstomo escapes injury, the derrick operator is killed. At a dinner
later, Father Dámaso insults the new school, Filipinos in general, Crisóstomo, and Don
Rafael. An enraged Crisóstomo attacks him, but María Clara stops him from killing the
priest. Later her father breaks off her engagement to Crisóstomo and arranges for her
betrothal to a young Spanish man, Linares.

Father Salví plots with Lucas, the brother of the deceased derrick
operator, to organize a strike on the barracks of the Civil Guard and to convince the
attackers that Crisóstomo is their ringleader. Father Salví then warns the head of the
Civil Guard of the impending assault. When the attack fails, the rebels say that
Crisóstomo was their leader, and he is arrested. Elías helps Crisóstomo escape from
prison, and they flee by boat on the Pasig River with members of the Civil Guard in
pursuit. Elías dives into the river to distract the pursuers and is mortally wounded. It is
reported that Crisóstomo was killed, and a distraught María Clara insists on entering a
convent.

The novel has an epilogue that recounts what happened to the other characters

● Maria Clara
● Padre Salvi
● Padre Damaso
● Capitan Tiago
● Doña Victorina
● Linares
● The alferez

The novel ends with Maria Clara, are unhappy nun in Santa Clara nunnery – forever
loss to the world.

TAUHAN SA ISTORYA

❖ Crisostomo Ibarra
❖ Maria Clara
❖ Padre Damaso
❖ Kapitan Tiago
❖ Elias

LUGAR NA PINAGGANAPAN

❖ Bahay ni Kapitan Tiago

❖ Asotea
❖ Gubat
 ❖ Simbahan

The "Noli" Based on Truth.

● The Noli Me Tangere, many unlike works of fictional literature, was a true story of
a Philippine condition during the last decades of Spanish rule.
● The places, the characters and the situation really existed. "The facts I narrate
there," said Rizal, "are all true and have happened; I can prove them."

The Characters

● Maria Clara – Leonor Rivera

● Ibarra and Elias – Rizal
● Tasio the Philosopher –Paciano
● Padre Salvi – Padre Antonio Piernavieja
● Capitan Tiago – Capitan Hilario Sunico
● Doña Victorina – Doña Agustina Medel
● Basilio and Crispin – were the Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy.
● Padre Damaso – was the typical abusive friars during Rizal's time

Missing Chapter of the Noli.

● In the original manuscript of Noli Me Tangere, there was a chapter "Elias and
Salome" which follows chapter XXIV — "In the Woods".
● This particular on Elias and Salome was deleted by Rizal so that it was not
included in the printed novel.
● His reason for doing so was definitely economic.

Rizal Friends Praise the Noli

● Friends of Rizal hailed the novel, praising it in glowing colors.

● However, Rizal’s enemies condemned it.
● Rizal wrote to Blumentritt – “The government and the friars will probably attack
the work, refuting my statements, but I trust in the God of Truth and in the
person who have actually seen our sufferings.”
● Blumentritt read Rizal’s novel and praised and said, “As we Germans say –
written with the blood of the heart and so the heart also speaks.” Rizal being an
extraordinary person.
● On May 3, 1887, he felicitated Rizal, saying "If the Quixote immortalizes its
author because it exposes to the world the aliments of Spain, your Noli Me
Tangere will bring you an equal glory.