THE SCHOOL OF PARAMEDICS AND

ALLEIED HEALTH SCIENCE

TOPIC =biomedical waste management

SUBJECT =mini project
NAME = Sharmistha das
BRANCH =MSC CMB 3rd semester
REGISTRATION NUMBER=211705350005
SUBMITTED TO =prof. Sunil Kumar Jha

INTRODUCTION
Bio-medical waste means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in the
production or testing of biological or in health camps. Bio Medical waste includes all the
waste generated from the Health Care Facility which can have any adverse effect to the health
of a person or to the environment in general if not disposed properly. All such waste which
can adversely harm the environment or health of a person is considered as infectious and such
waste has to be managed as per BMWM Rules, 2016.

In exercise of the powers conferred by section 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection)

Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 1998, the Central Government hereby makes the Bio-Medical Waste
Management Rules follows, namely:-
The Bio Medical Waste Management Rules 2016
The Bio Medical Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2018
The Bio Medical Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2019

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE BMW RULES

 All health care establishments (HCEs) generating and handling BMWs are required to
obtain Authorisation from the WBPCB. The authorisation is one time for non-bedded
occupiers. Pl see the page "Biomedical Waste Authorisation" for details on authorisation
requirements and procedures.
 In addition to obtaining authorization, all HCEs coming under the purview of the rules are
required to submit Annual Returns on bio-medical waste generation and disposal to the
State Board within 30th June every year as per Form IV of the Bio-medical Waste
Management Rules, 2016.
 As per the provision of the rules it is mandatory for all HCEs to treat BMWs generated by
them either on their own or through some authorized Common BMW Treatment Facility
(CBWTF).

.TYPES
 Infectious Waste – Any biomedical waste that is infectious or contaminated.
 Non-Infectious Waste
 Sharps – Sharps objects like needles, scalpels, broken glass, and razors.
 Pathological Waste
– Body parts of
humans or animals,
including tissues,
fluids, or blood.
 Pharmaceutical Waste
– Unused drugs, medicine,
or creams that are
expiring.
 Genotoxic Waste – Toxic
drugs and hazardous toxic
waste
 Radioactive Waste – Any
waste containing
potentially radioactive
materials
  Chemical Waste – Liquid waste from machines, batteries, and disinfectants is
chemical.
 General/Other Waste – All other non-hazardous waste.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPBC) has designated separate colour-coded bins
to dispose of biomedical wastes as per their nature.

TYPES
Segregation
Segregation refers to the basic separation of different categories of waste generated at source
and thereby reducing the risks as well as cost of handling and disposal. Segregation is the
most crucial step in bio-medical waste management. Effective segregation alone can ensure
effective biomedical waste management.
How does segregation help?
 Provides an opportunity for recycling certain components of medical waste like
plastics after proper and thorough disinfection.
 Recycled plastic material can be used for non-food grade applications.
 Of the general waste, the biodegradable waste can be composted within the hospital
premises and can be used for gardening purposes.
 Reduces the cost of treatment and disposal (80 per cent of a hospital’s waste is
general waste, which does not require special treatment, provided it is not
contaminated with other infectious waste)
Collection

The collection of biomedical waste involves use of different types of container from various
sources of biomedical wastes like Operation Theatre, laboratory, wards, kitchen, corridor etc.
The containers/ bins should be placed in such a way that 100 % collection is achieved. Sharps
must always be kept in puncture-proof containers to avoid injuries and infection to the
workers handling them.
Storage
for 8-10 hrs in big hospitals (more than 250 bedded) and 24 hrs in nursing homes. Each
container may be clearly labelled to show the ward or room where it is kept. The reason for
this labelling is that it may be necessary to trace the waste back to its source. Besides this,
storage area should be marked with a caution sign.

Transportation
The waste should be transported for treatment either in trolleys or in covered wheelbarrow.
Manual loading should be avoided as far as for as possible. The bags / Container containing
BMWs should be tied/ lidded before transportation. Before transporting the bag containing
BMWs, it should be accompanied with a signed document by Nurse/ Doctor mentioning date,
shift, quantity and destination.

Personnel safety devices

The use of protective gears should be made mandatory for all the personnel handling waste
like Gloves, Masks, Boots .

TREATMENT OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE

The various technologies that can be used for treatment include:

Incineration
 Incinerators should be suitably designed to achieve the emission limits.
 Wastes to be incinerated shall not be chemically treated with any chlorinated
disinfectants.
 Toxic metals in the incineration ash shall be limited within the regulatory quantities.
  Only low sulphur fuel like diesel shall be used as fuel in the incinerator.
Chemical Disinfection
These processes use chemicals that act as disinfectants. Sodium hypochlorite, dissolved
chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, dry inorganic chemical and ozone are
examples of such chemicals. Most chemical processes are water-intensive and require
neutralising agents.
Thermal Treatment
These processes utilise heat to disinfect. Depending on the temperature they operate, it is
been grouped into two categories, which are Low-heat systems and High-heat systems.

Microwave Irradiation
Microwaving is a process which disinfects the waste by moist heat and steam generated by
microwave energy.In these processes, wastes are exposed to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation
in an enclosed chamber.

Autoclaving
Autoclaving is a low heat thermal process and it uses steam for disinfection of waste.
Autoclaves are of two types depending on the method they use for removal of air pockets.
They are gravity flow autoclave and vacuum autoclave.
Land disposal
The most generic way of disposing waste product is via land disposal. All the biomedical
solid waste in burried in land .