Bién soan: PGS. TS. BO VAN XE (Chi bién) TS. DO THANH NGH| - TS. PHAM NGUYEN KHANG. ThS. HUYNH PHUNG TOAN - ThS. VO HAI BANG Giao trinh PHAN MEM NGUON MO’ Dow XUAT BAN DAI HOC CAN THO 2014BIEN MYC TREN XUAT BAN THYC HI ‘ TRUNG TAM HQC LIEU TRUONG DALHIQC CAN THO 198, Van Xe Gio toh pia mdm ngud ma DB Va XE... feta] — Cin Tha: Nab. Dai hge Cin Tha, 2014 236 us: mi ga ;24 em ‘Sich cb danh muc ti liga tham khio 1 Open souree software 2- Phin mbm ngun mer ENinan 098.432 - DDC 22 MEN 191182 x250LOI GIOL THIEU Nhim gp phin 1am phong phi ngudn tur ligu phyc vy nghién cima, hoe tip cho, sinh vién va ban doc Cong nghé ny Khoa Cong nghé thong tin ya Truyén thong, Truimg Dai hoc Can Tho, Nha Xudt bin Pei hoe Can Tho An hanh va gidi thigu cing ban dye giéo tinh “Phan mém ngudn ms” do Pho Giao sur, Tién si DS Vin Xé, Tién st DS Thanh Nghi, Tién si Pham Ngnyén Khang, Thge si Huynh Phung Toan va Thac si Vo Hai Dang bién soan. Giso trinh gim 07 chuong, gidi thigu khdi quit v8 phin mém nguén m6, eae chwong tiép theo chu yéu ndi vé GNU/LINUX nhu: hé digu hanh ma nguén mé GNU/LINUX, quin tr] hé thong GNU/LINUX, lap tinh trén LINUX, ede dich vy tren hé diéu hank GNU/LINUX, edi dat he digu hanh GNU/LINUX. ‘Thm vio d6, eudi mai cheng cBn 6 nhieu chu hoi vi bai tip cing ti Higa tham khao hiu ich cho ban dgc. Giao trinh la tai ligu hoc tap co gi tri cho inh vién nginh Khoa hoe may tinh nhwr cdc ban yéu thich mudn tim tdi, hige hoi vé phén mém ngudn mo. Nha Xudt bin Dai hoc Cin Tho chin thinh cém on ede tie gid va sy dong g6p J kién ciia quy thay c6 trong Hoi déng thém dinh tuéng Dai hoc Cin Tho dé gido trinh “Phin mém nguén mo” duge ra mit bgn doc. Nha Xuét ban Dai hoe CAn Tho tran trong gidi thigu dén sinh vién, giang vién ‘va ban doc gido trinh nay. NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC CAN THO,LOINOI DAU Phin mém ngudn mér fi mén hoe chuyén nginh rét quan trong cia chirong trinh dao tgo cir nhan, ky sir cOng nghé thong tin, Phin mém ngudn mé la co hGi t6t cho phat trién céng nghé thong tin, dam bao vige Khai thac tdi da, tn a doe trang bi 161 kién thite vé Linux, cdc logi gidy phép ly phan mém ngudn ma, nham try gidp sinh vién cé durge su Iya chon dang din khi phét trién céc phan mém cing nhw img dung cde phan mém nguon mo vio thuc tign. Trong thoi gian ging day vira qua, chiing t6i nhain thay ob qua it tai ligu tham khéo trinh bay mét eich 6 hg thong vé phan mem nguon m@. Chinh vi ly do do, ching 16i d& thy hign bién soan quyén gido trinh “Phan mém nguén m6” nhiim muc dich cung cdp thém tai ligu tham khao bang tiéng Viet dén doc gia la sinh vién chuyén nganh cong nghé théng tin. Gido trinh duge sogn dya trén kién thie, kinh nghigm hoc tip nghién ciru, gidng day ciia ching t6i trong sudt tir nfm 2000 dén nay va cde tai ligu tham Khao chinh duoc trinh bay trong muc tii ligu tham khao cita timg, chiromg. Ching t6i chi cung cép cac kién thite co bin va céc vi dy minh hga rét phong phit tir don gin dén phite tgp. Cudi méi churong 6 bai tip gitp doe gia On tap lai kign thre cia chuong va trau doi ky nding thye hanh. trinh duge 5 chite thanh 7 chuong nur sau. Chuong 1 gidi thigu véh¢ thing ma ngudn mo, lich sir phat wién, nguyén tie lugt ban quyén, phan mém ty do, céc logi giay phép thong dung. Chuong 2 trinh bay tom luge vé hé thong GNU/Linux bao gdm phan lich sir phat trign, hd théng tp tin, ngudi di quyén truy xudt tai nguyén hg thong, cae phan mém thong dung tren he digu hanh GNU/Linux, Chuong 3 ching t0i trinh bay phin quan tr} bg théng GNU/Linux bao gbm cdc Ignh trén Linux, quén tr tap tin va thy myc, quén tri ngudi diing, quan IY ede tién trinh va phan quyén truy xudt tai nguyén hg théng. Churong 4 giéi thigu vé lp trinh Shell trén Linux. Céng ey bién dich GCC nhir gcc/g++, make, auto-tools cho phép lp trinh va phat trign img dung véi ngén ngir CCH,Chung 5 trinh bay céc dich vy phd bién tén hg théng GNU/Linux, Noi dung bao gdm cach cai dit, cu hinh va sit dung cdc dich vu Web (Apache, PHP), co s dit ligu (MySQL), dich vy téa mién (DNS), thu dign tir (Postfix), chia sé tap tin (SAMBA), truyén tip tin (FTP), dich vy TelnetiSSH. Trong chuong 6, ching (6i cing trinh bay cde buée chun bi va cai dat ban phan phoi Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. Khi da 6 hé théng Linux, ban doe 06 thé thre hign cde vi dy va bai ip thyc hanh trong gido tinh, Chuong 7 tp trung gidi thigu vé hg quan tri ndi dung ngudn mé, tign dung, pho bien, Joomla! Chi tiét vé cai dat va sir dung duge trinh bay chi tiét gitip ban doc e6 thé tw xy dyng trang Web véi Joomla! N6i dung gido trinh duge giing day cho sinh vign tinh d6 cit nbn, ky sit c6ng nghé théng tin trong thoi Iugng 30 tiét ly thuyét va 30 tiét thye hanh. Giang vien 6 thé phan bo thoi gian day ly thuyét va thye hanh nhu sau: 5 tiét ly thuyét, 3 tiét bai tip cho chuong 1, 10 tigt If thayét va 12 tigt thye haimh cho chuong 2, 8 tiét ly thuyét va 8 tiét the hanh cho chuong 3 va 7 tiét ly thuyét, 7 tidt the hanh cho chwrong 4, 10 tiét thye hanh cho chwrong 5, 6, 7. Yeu cau trude tién i sinh vien thu hign cai dat ban phan phoi Linux, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. Didu nay cho phép sinh vién e6 thé hoc vi thye hign ede vi dy vi bai tap trong gio tinh, Trong thyi gian bién soan tai ligu, chang ti nhamsduge syhd try quy béu ve vat chit, tink thin tir Khoa Khoa Hoe Ty Nhién, Khoa Cong Nghe Thang Tin va Truyén Théng, Truong Dai Hoe Can. Tho. Ching t6i die-bigt gir Ibi cm on dén Quy Thay C6 thuge BG Mén Tin Hoc Uing Dung: Khoa Hoc May Tinh, ‘Mang May Tinh va Truyén Thong da nhigt tink g6p y cho ban thao. Do thé gian cé han va Jai daw tién bign soan, tai ligu khong thé trinh khéi hing thigu s6t. Chang ti mong nhn duye sy gop ¥ chin thanh wr quy de gi8 d8 quyén sich ngdy duro hodn thign hon. Cia Thor, thang 12 nétm 2013 Nhom tic giaMyc Lyc Chuong 1. GIOT THIEU PHAN MEM NGUON MO 1.1 KHALNIEM VE PHAN MEM NGUON MO 1.1.2 Phin mém nguén mé (OSS) va phin mém ty do nguén mé (FOSS) 1.13 Tai sao 1.1.4 T6 che phan mém ngudn mo 1.1.5 Hé diéu hanh ma ngudn mo va phin mém ngudn me 1.2 LICH SU’ PHAT TRIEN 1.2.1 Luge ban quyén 1.2.2 Téchite phin mém tu do (Free Software Foundation - FSF) vvi Phan mém ty do (Free Software) 1.2.3 Copyleft 1.3 CAC NGUYEN TAC SU DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN MA NGUON MO 1.3.1 Phin loai phin mm 1.3.2. Mét 36 gidy phép phiin mim nguén mé hing phin mém mi ngudn mes 1.33 Cée nguyén the sir dung gidy phép mi ngudn ma CAU HOI VA BAI TAP TAL LIEU THAM KHAO Chuong 2. HE DIEU HANH MA NGUON MO GNU/LINUX. 2.1 GIGI THIEU HE DIEU HANH GNU/LINUX 2.1.1 Lich sit phit trign Unix 2.1.2 Swra doi cla Hg digu hanh GNU/Linux 2.1.3 Giy phép 2.1.4 Cée ban phan phdi GNU/Linux 2.2 PHAN MEM VAN PHONG. 2.2.1 Writer 2.2.2 Impress 2.23 Cale 2.2.4 Math 2.2.5 Draw 22 3B ery 352.2.6 Base PHAN MEM HOC TAP, GIAITRI 2.3.1 Phin mém hoe tp 2.3.2 Phin mém goi tin nhan 2.3.3 Phin mém aghe nhac 2.3.4 Phin mém xem phim va chinh sita phim, nh 2.4 HE THONG LINUX 2.4.1 Tap tin va thir mye 2.4.2 Anh xg phan ving yao thir mye 3-H théng tip tin Linux 2.4.4 Newdi ding va nhém ngudi ding 2.4.5 Quyén truy xuét tdi nguyén he thong AU HOI VA BALTAP TAL LIEU THAM KHAO Chung 3. QUAN TR] HE THONG GNU/LINUX 3.1 CAC KHAL NIEM 3.11 Shell 3.1.2 Terminal 3 Dau nhiic Shell 3.14 Lénh 3.1.5 Trang trg git 3.2 LENH TREN LINUX 3.2.1 The my td 3.2.2. Dai mit khiw 3.2.3 Chuyén sang ngudi ding khée 3.24 Bien dich ima ngudn va cai dat chong trinh 3.3 QUAN LY TAP TIN VA THU'MYC 3.3.1. Thay 431 thurmye hign hanh 3.3.2. Hién thi thy myc lam vige 3.3.3 Ligt ké thr mye 3.34 Tao thir mye 3.3.5 Xéa thir mye 3.3.6 Xéa be tip tin va thir muc 3.3.7 Dichuyén hoac déi tén tap tin va thir myc 3.3.8 Sao chép tp tin 3.3.9. Cc Iénh tao va xem ndi dung tip tin ‘athe mye 36 37 37 39 4 a 45 45 49 sl st 33 36 37 58. 58 38 58 30, 59) oo 6 61 6 6 of 66 or or 67 0 70 0 n R B3.3.10 Tim kiém tp tin 3.3.11 Nén va gid nén tap tin 3.4 QUAN TRI NGUGI DUNG 3.4.1 Tai Khodn nguoi ding 3.4.2 Nhom ngudi ding 3.5 PHAN QUYEN 3.5.1 Thay di quyén truy xuit 3.5.2 Thay ddi chu sir hina 3.5.3 Thay d6i nh6m so hou 3.54 Quyén tray xuét mge dink 3.6 QUAN LY TIEN TRINH 3.6.1 Ché a6 thye thi ci 3.6.2 Ligt kétién trinh 3.6.3 Tam ding va dnl thite tién trinh 3.6.4 Két thie tién trinh CAU HOI VA BAITAP TAL LIEU THAM KHAO (Chong 4, LAP TRINH TREN LINUX 4.1 GIGI THIEU SHELL 4.1.1 ‘Trinh théing dich shetl 42 LAP TRINH SHELL 4.2.1 TAp tin chuong tinh (script) 4.2.2 Kiém tra biéu thée Luin ly (logic) 4.2.3 Banh gid biéu thite sé hoe 4.2.4 Mang (array) 4.2.5. Cac Ignh vio ra 4.2.6 Céu trie 18 nhanh if 4.2.7 Chu trie Kip 4.2.8 Céu tric lua chon case 4.2.9 Ham 43 LAP TRINH CCH TREN LINUX 4.3.1 Trinh bién dich gee 4.3.2 Céng cu GNU Make 4.3.3 Xay dung va sir dung thu vign 4.3.4 Bin dich chuong inh véi automake va autocont CAU HOI VA BALTAP TAI LIEU THAM KHAO, tién trinh 18 n p 1 83 84 85 86 87 87 89 90 90 92 93 4 Los 109 109 uo uy, 9, 120 122 123 124 124 127 130 iI 132 132 134 135 137 139 143Chuong 5. CAC DICH VY TREN HE DIEU HANH GNU/LINUX 5.1 DICH VY WEB S11 Cai di 5.1.2 Cai dat va edu hinh my chit co so dit ligu MySQL 5.1.3 Cai dgt va edu hinh PHP 5.2 DICH VU MAIL POSTFIX 5.2.1 Cai dM Posttix 5.2.2. Céu hinh Postfix 5.3 DICH VU CHIA SE TAP TIN SAMBA. 5.3.1 Cai dat Samba 5.3.2 Céu hinh Samba 5.4 DICH VU FTP 5.4.1 Cai dat FTP Server 5.4.2 Cau hinh FTP server DICH VY TELNET/SSH 5.5.1 Cai dit Telnet 5.5.2 Cai dat SSH CAU HOI VA BAL TAP. ‘TALLIRU THAM KHAO Chuong 6. CAL DAT HE DIEU HANH GNU/LINUX 6.1 CHUAN BI 62 CAIDAT. 3 CALDAT PHAN MEM 6.4 CATDAT MAY IN 6.5 CAIDAT BO GODAUTIENG VIET VA FONT CHU WINDOWS 6.5.1 Cai dat bY go du tiéng Viet 6.5.2 Cai d&t b6 font Windows 6.6 CAP NHAT VA NANG CAP HE THONG. 6.6.1 Cap nbat he thong 6.6.2. Nang cap he thing BAITAP THUC HANH TAL LIEU THAM KHAO Chung 7. HE QUAN TRI NOI DUNG NGUON MO JOOMLA! 7.1 HE QUAN TRI NOI DUNG JOOMLA! 7A Leh sit phat trién 7.1.2 Che phién bin Joomla! 7.13 Kién tric Joomla! va edu hinh Apache Server 144 \44 145 148 149, 130 1st ist 136 137 137 160 162 162 l64 165 169 167 169, 170 \70 In 182 185 188 88. 192 192 193 194 196 197 198 198 199. 199, 199,7.2 CAIDAT 7.2.1 Chain bj 7.2.2 Cai dat 7.3 SU DUNG 7.3.1 Dang nhap he théng 7.3.2. Cu hinh hé théng 7.3.3 Quan If thi khodin ngudi diing 7.34 Quan ly noi dung. 7.3.5 Quan Iy Menu 7.3.6 Quan If Extensions 7.3.7 Quan If Template 7.3.8 Quan ly Ngén ng CAU HOI VA BAI TAP TAL LIEU THAM KHAO, dat 200 200 202 207 207 209 210 213 24 216 217 218 219 220Hinh 1.1 Hinh 1.2 Hinh 1.3 Hinh 14 Hinh 15 Hinh 1.6 Hin 2.1 Hinh 2.2 Hinh 23 Hinh 24 Hinh 25 Hinh 2.6 Hinh 27 Hinh 28, Hinh 29 Hinh 2.10 Hin 2.11 Hinh 2.12 Hinh 2.13 Hinh 2.14 Hinh 2.15 Hinh 2.16 Hinh 2.17 Hinh 2.18 Hinh 2.19 Hinh 2.20 Hinh 2.21 Hinh 2.22 Minh 2.23, vi CHi MUC HiINH ANH Bigu tuong ota t6 chire phin mém ngudn mer Hai kigu nhan cua he dig hanh GNU/Linux (Cac nhém phan mém theo phan logi cia Chao-Kuei Bidu tong gidy phép GNU Biéu trong gidy phép Apache Phan phi gidy phép phin mim Dennis Ritchie va Ken Thompson tai Bell Labs thap nign 70, Linus Torvalds ~ cha 6 cia Linux Bigu turyng cba OpenOffice Biéu tung cua Apache Open Phan mém c6 trong b6 LibreOffice Giao dign cia phan mém Writer ice Giao didn cia phan mém Impress Giao dign cia phin méin Cale Giao dign-phan mém Math Giad digneua phan mei? Draw Giao ich phlmém Base Phin sném v8 v2et6 mur Tux Paint BO phan mém dinh cho tré em Gcompris Chuong tinh géi tin nhan tae thoi Gino dign phin mém Pidgin Giao didn phda mém Rhythmbox Player CChuong trinh xem phim Movie Player Phan mém xt ly anh GIMP Phan mém bign tép phim PiTiVi (Chu trie thu mye va tip tin (Chu trite thus mye he théng. (Céc phan ving va dh xa phan ving ‘Tip tin /ete/passwd chira thong tin i Khodin nguéi ding 16 "7 19 2 7 29 30 31 2 3 4 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 a B 44 45 46 4B 50 2Hinh3 1 Hinh 3.2 Hinh 4.1 Hinh 5.1 Hinh 52 Hinh $3 Hinh S.4 Hinh 55 inh 5.6 Hinh 5.7 Hinh $8 Hinh 6.1 Hinh 62 Hinh 63 Hinh 6.4 Hinh 6.5 Hinh 66 Hinh 67 Hinh 68, Hinh 69 Hinh 6.10 Hinh 6.11 Hinh 6.12 Hinh 6.13 Hinh 6.14 Hinh 6.15 Hinh 6.16 Hinh 6.17 Hinh 6.18 Hinh 6.19 Hinh 6.20 Hinh 621 Hinh 6.22 Hinh 6.23 Hinh 6.24 Hinh 6.2: Cita s5 Terminal thye thi lénh va hign thi két qua Thay déi mét khdu trong Ubuntu Giao dign churong trinh Gedit ‘Mo hinh hoat dng may cha Web Apache Két qua cai dit Apache thinh cong Mé hiinh hot dng eta Postfix Két ndi dich vu mail Email nhgin duge khi kiém tra bing mailutils ‘MO hinh co ché két ndi FTP Két noi dén may chi FTP 06 dia chi 192.168.108.131 Két ndi telnet vio may tinh 06 IP 192.169.108.129 trén Windows: Lia chon ngéa ngir cai dat ‘Cac Iya chon 48 bat ddu qua trinh cai dat Chon ngén ngit Cai dit thém ede 263 Chon cdich phin ving dia cig. Phan chia phan ving dia cimmg Két qua sau khi phan chia phi Chon miti gid Chon kigu ban phim Tao tai khoan ngubi ding He théng dang duge edi dgt (Qué trinh cai dat kat thite Chuong trinh quin Iy ede géi cai dat Cai dit phin mém ‘Tim kiém Terminal tir Dash home Terminal cia Ubuntu vung, ‘Va chong trinh quiin Ky miy in ‘Thém may in Them may in ‘Ubuntu tim trinh did khién may in Két qua goi ¥ trinh didu khién miy in Két qua goi ¥ trinh digu khién may in AL ten may in, md td may in true khi ket thite Cai dat bd £0 udu tiéng Viet ibus-unikey Thay ddi edu hinh hé tro ngén ngte 0 68 9 144 146 isi 182 isa lol let 165 In IB 174 175 176 WW 178 179 180 81 isl 182 193 183 isa ist 185 185 180 186 197 187 188. 189) 199 vilHinh 6.26 Hinh 6.27 Hinh 6.28 Hinh 6.29 Hinh 6.30 Hinh 631 Hinh 632 Hinh 6.33 Hin 6.34 Hinh 7.1 Hinh 7.2 Hinh 7.3 Hinh 74 Hinh 75 Hinh 7.6 Hinh 7.7 Hinh 78, Hinh 79 Hinh 7.10 Hinh 7.11 Hinh 7.12 Minh 7.13, Hinh 7.14 Hinh 7.15 Hinh 7.16 inh 7.17 Hinh 7.18 Hinh 7.19 Hinh 7.20 vill ‘Thém b6 g@ ting Viét Unikey Thém bp go tiéng Vigt Unikey. Cai dit b6 font Windows Tim kiém Update Manager tir Dash home Cap mbit ede g6i mdi Két qua kiém tra cic g6i méi voi lgnh apt-get update Nang cp hg thd Logo eda Joomla! Kiéa tric Joomla! 1.5x Khai bao théng sé céu hinh website ‘Khai bao thong tin két ndi co sir dav ligu Khai bao tai khoan FTP ‘Ting hgp cde théng tin 43 khai bao (Qué trinh cai dat thanh céng Giao dign mae dinh ctia trang chu joomla! 3.1.1 Giao dign ding nh§p vao back-end Giao dign phin quan tri hg thing (contol pane) iu hinh tng quit cho he thdng Cic group dugetgo sin trong joomla 3. Quan ty ti-khoan nguidt ding Phan. quyén diva trén'ACL Tyo méi article Quan Iy ment Két qua tién thj o phan Front-end Quan ly ete module Quin ly template Quan ly ngén ngit bing cong ey 190, 190 191 191 192 193 193 lo 195 198 200 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 20 2 212 213 24 215 2us 216 217 218Chirong 1 GIOI THIEU PHAN MEM NGUON MO Triét If cla GNU/Linux va phin mém ngudn m6 (open-source software) bat nguén tir mét van dé lién quan dén quyén tac gid hay tac quyén (ti tiéng anh 1a copyright). Doi véi phan mém, thuat ngir ban quyen duoc su dung voi ¥ nghia tic quyén. Ap dung luat bain quyén Ién phin mém phat sinh mot s6 van dé lim ngan can sur tu do stt dung, stta chifa, nang cp phan mém cua moi neudi. Diéu nay da kim him st phat trién va sir dung phan mém. Voi triét ly “phan mém s& 10t hon neu no khong chi dank cho mot riéng ai ma la cho moi ngudi va do oi ngtedi cig phat wién” phan mém wt do mi nguon mé di ra di, Thai gian day, phan mém nguén mo thumg xuyén duge nhie dén trén cae phuwong tign thing tin dai ching, nhur m}t gidi php tot cho chinh phi dign ti, nat Lo nhimg nude nghéo va ede nurée dang phat trién, Tit nhign khong phai ai cing, biét thé nao 1a phin mém nguén m6. Thim chi, e6 thé ching ta dang sir dung, phan mém nguén mo ma khong biét, ngudn mé la gi? No cb nhing Igi ich va wu diém gi so véi phin mém nguén ding (close-source software) va tai_sao lai "mo"? Trong chuong nay, chting ti trinh bay khai jém vé phan mém ngudn mé, lich sir phat trién cia phan mém nguda mi, hg r mt gid phap gidi quyét cée khé khan do Ingt ban quyén dem Iai, nhim dim bio cde ty do tén phan mém cho moi ngudi va ding thoi wa Wi nhimg théc mic vé mi ngudn mé vita néu 6 trén, vé Indt bin quyén va cée nguyan tic sir dung va phat tién phan mém ngudn mo, 1.1 KHALI NIEM VE PHAN MEM NGUON MO 1.1.1 Phan mém ngudn mir Phin mém nguén mo (open-source software) lk mOt kha nigm chung duve sit dung cho tat ca cde phin mém ma ma ngudn cia né durge céng bd réng rai cOng khai va cho phép moi ngudi tiép tye phat trién phan mém do. Tuy nhién, nity khdng don thuin chi la vige sao chép, tray xuat, chinh siza mi ngudn. Phin mém nguén mi c6 thé €uye cOng bb dudi rat nhiéu diéu kign Khiée nhau, mét sé trong dé cho phép phat trién, sit dung va ban tity y mién la gilt nguyén cae dong ve géc sin pham, mot sé bat bude ti ic san. phdm Lam ra tir dé cing phai Ia open-source, mét s6 khie dai hoi phai edng bé tron ven mingudn, mOt s6 khée Khong cho phép str dung vao myc dich thuong mai, mot sb Khac lai khéng ¢6 rang bude gi ding ké. Qua day 6 thé thay khai niém open- source khéng thé chuin xée mi muén néi dén tinh phap IY cia vige sir dung fg phin mém ma nguén mé, chimng ta phai xem xét den dieu kign sir dung cu thé ma duéi d6 ching duoc cong b3. Mdt diéu kiga hay durge dp dung nhit d6 1 GPL: GNU General Public License cia to chire phan mém tw do (Free Software Foundation), phn nay ching tdi sé trinh bay trong muc 1.2.2. 1.1.2 Phan mém ngudn mé (OSS) va phan mém ty do ngudn mé (FOSS) ‘Chung ta thurong nghe noi tei cac phan mem nguén mo OSS (Open-Source Software). Tuy nhién con mot cum tir thiong durge sit dung khdc la FOSS (Free & Open-Source Software), co nghia li cdc phin mém ngudn mo do, ding dé chi cée phin mém e6 gidy phép sir dung theo kigu GNU (ttt v tit dé quy ctia “GNU's Not Unix!”). Nhimg phan mém nay cho phép ngubi sir dung quyén ty do chay, quyén ty do sao chép, quyén ty do phan phéi lai, nghién ciru, thay déi va cai tién cho phi hop véi nhu clu sir dung cla minh ma khdng cin phai téi sy cho phép, hoge phai tra tién, cho bat eit c4 nhan hoe hom nguvi nao, Cum tir “ty do” trong FOSS Khdng dm chi sir mién phi, ma chi néi vé cde quyén ty do ma FOSS mang lai cho nguoi sit dung.Cum tir nguén mo nhan manh dén quyén coa ngubi sir dung duge nghién eu, thay ddi va eai tiga ma nguén ~ ¢6 nghia 1a ca thigt ke chi tit cus caecdmg dung FOSS. Cac phin mem tyr do throng mang yéu t6 mi ngaon’mé.vi ngurge lei, vi ed hai logi phin mém nay déuniim trong cing mortap hgp ce quyénte do danh cho ngudi sir dung phan mém vi da-duye Richard Stallman dinh nghia tir cudi nhimg nam 1980. 1.1.3 Tai sao lai ding phan mém ma nguén mo Gan nhu tat ca cée chuong trinh img dyng phn phéi theo diéu kign GPL cb thé coi la mi&n phi d6i voi ngudi ding (trong phdn 16n cac tudng hop dé nhan durge né ta chi phai tri tién dia CD, DVD hoie két ni Internet). Theo mét bio cdo gan day tir Forrester Research, cdc cOng ty ¢6 thé tig kigm 6 25% chi phi uy tri car sé dir ligu bing cach chuyén sang sir dung mA nguén mé vA ngoai ra la 25% chi phi phan emg, Tigt 16 tir Nidiffer, lank dao C&K Market cho hay, ho di tiét kigm durge gin 20% chi phi so véi trrée dy khi chuyén qua sit dung, nén tang co sé dit ligu cia Ingres. Vi 1a m3 ngudn md, nén ta e6 thé xem inge tiép ma ngudn eiia n6, c6 thé chinh sira va phat trién phan mém theo minh, Khi ¢6 mgt phin mém hitu fch ra di, né s€ drge cng ding nguén mi dén nhgn va chung tay phét trién phn mém d6, Nh vay ma cée phan mém ma ngudn mo khong ngimng phat wien vé chit Iugng va s6 lurgng. Céc hé diéu hanh viét bing ma nguén mé 1a mét minh 2chimg. Tiéu biéu 1a dy 4n Debian, phat tién ban phan phoi Debian GNU/Linux dirge edng ding nguén me phat trién rit higu qua, Méi khi phat hign ra 15i no dé ca hé digu hanh, 16i d6 s¢ durge théng béo va ca c6ng ding, cing sira Ibi. Thurong thi chi sau 24 gid Idi duoc sita, Theo chuyén trang Wiki cita Debian cé t6i hon 15.400 nha phat trién Debian, ciing vé sé tinh nguyén vvien trén todn thé gidi cing tham gia phat trién, Vi vay cae hé dieu hanh ma nguén mé c6 tinh bao mat rat cao. Chinh vi thé phin mém ma nguén m6 sit dung durge tri tué cita eng dng sé thie day tin hoe phat trién, Di voi sinh vién, nhat la sinh vién nganh tin hye, vige tim hiéu va nghién eiru cée phin mém ma ngnén mé néi chung vi GNU/Linux ndi rigng dem Iai cho sinh vién rat nhiéu Igi ich, 1.1.4 Té chire phan mém ngudn me ‘T6 chire nguéa mé (Open Source Initiative, viét tit a OSI) li 16 chitc phi loi nhudn California tgo lgi ich cho cGng déng thinh lap thing 2/1998 boi Bruce Perens va Eric S. Raymond khi Netscape Communications Corporation cong bé ma ngudn cia san pidm flagship Netscape Communicator nhur phan mém tu do vi stit gidm loi nhuan va dé canh tranh voi phan mém Intemet Explorer ciia Microsoft. Té chire nay quan ly vige dinh nghia nguén mo (Open-Source Definition - OSD) nham mye dich thuc day phat trién phan mém nguén mo. Raymond la chu tich tir khi thanh lap cho dén thang 2/2005; Russ Nelson lén thay trong mot thing, nhung sau vai cude tranh lun, Ong ta tir chite va Michacl Tiemann tré thanh quyén chi tich. Website http:/;www.opensource.org va logo nhur hink 1.1 ™ open source Hinh 11 Biéw twong cia té chit phan mem ngudn ma-1.1.5 H@ diéu hanh ma nguén mé ya phan mém ngudn mo 1.1.5.1 Gidi thigu Nba dén phan mém nguén m6, gidi tin hoc khéng thé khong noi dén hé digu hanh GNU/Linux duge phat trién béi Linus Torvalds. Lich sir ra doi cua Linux it nhieu lién quan den he dieu hanh Unix. Hé diéu hanh Unix duge thiét ké va cai dat tir nhing nim 1960 boi Ken Thompson tai Bell Labs (AT&T) dinh cho minicomputers vi mainframes. Phign ban dau tign duge cng bé vao nm 1970. Unix ld mét tong nhing hé digu hanh phd bién nhat vi tinh don gian, d& tong thich va sy higu qua. Unix tro thanh nguén cim himg cho ede hé digu hanh sau nay. Unix la mot hé diéa hah théng dung trén thé gidi do duoc ahigu hé thing hé tro. Hé digu hanh nay t6n tai trén héu hét cic kiéu may tinh ké ca may tinh cé nhin. Tuy nhién, han ché duy nhat 1a nd khéng phai la m6t phin mém ty do, hon nifa gia ca lai khong thip chit nio. Véi mong mudn tao ra mét hé diéu hanh ty do tua Unix (Unix-like), nm 1983 Richard Stallman bat dau lgp dur an GNU project. Giay phép GPL (GNU General Public License) eting dunge dinh ngbia va sit dung cho cde phan mém trong dy én nay. Nhiing nd diu thap ky 1990, dy an-GNU da c6 haw nbur di, cae phin mém can thié dé tao nén mot h3 didi hanh boin chinh. Tuy nhign nhin cia hé digu hanh GNU, 06 tén-1é Hurd (KemebFlurd); chu hoan chinh va khing hip din duge cde ahi phat trign. Wi JS 6, hé digu hanh GNU dén nay van chu hoan thanh. Song song voi dye an GNU, moi dyr dn hé didu han ty do khée duge phat trién yao nhiing nim 1980 tai Dai hoc California, Berkeley (phién ban 6 cla UNIX) véi tén goi BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution). Tay nhién BSD sir dung ma ngudn cia UNIX én phil tuan theo lugt cia AT&T. Bigu nay han ché sy phat trién chia BSD, Nam 1987, Andrew S. Tanenbaum phat trién hg diéu hanh MINIX, cing li mét hé digu hinh tya Unix, dy dinh dinh cho méi triémg hoe tip va nghién ctu, Trong khi ma ngudn duge dé mo, thi vige thay déi va phan phi lai ma nguén cita hg diéu hanh MINIX Igi bj han ché. Hon niza, MINIX dirge thigt é cho kién tric 16 bits, khong tong thich véi cic kién tric 32 bits vao thé: iy gid, Cae sy kign trén di thie déy Linus Torvalds bit dau dy én hé diéu han cua minh.1.1.5.2 Hé diéu han GNU/Linux ‘Nam 1991, tai Helsinki, Phin Lan, Linus Torvalds bit déu thure hign mét due dn. ma sau nay td thanh nhan cia hé digu hanh GNU/Linux (Linux kernel). ‘Nam 1992 Linus Torvalds da céng bé phign ban dau tién cia nhan Linux, phat ‘hanh dui giay phép GNU. Dy an phat trien nhan cua hé dieu hanh va sir dung cde phin mém trong dy an GNU nén t8a chinh thite duge goi lit GNU/Linux. Hinh 1.2 Hai kiéu nhdn cuia he diéu hanh GNU‘Linwx. Dic diém tng quit cia hé diéu hanh GNU/Linux: = Nhan hé diéu hanh gém 2 loai 1a monolithic va cde modun kha nap. (xem minh hoa trong hinh 1.2). = Vidi bang ng6n ngit C. = Chay trén nhidu nén khéic nhau (Alpha, AMD, Intel, MIPS, PowerPC, Spare, ...) = Kich thude tgp tin ti da la 1 TB (da thay déi, ext4 Ien dén 16TB). = Chay tren hé théng ti da 16 processors. = Ba quatrinh. = a ngudi dang.= Hé thing an toan, 6n dinh, rat it virus, = Néu 06 Idi, cong dng sé chita Idi. = Chiing chi LPI (Linux Professional Institute). = Cac img dung va tign ich cha yéu tir dy én GNU, chinh vi ty do do ma ‘én goi ding phai la GNU/Linux. = Mét sé teng dung trén GNU/Linux: = Ung dung van phéng: Open Office, Libre Office. * Giai ti choi nhge, video: movie player, xmms, totem player kaffeine,,. = Dich vy mang: Telnet, SSH, FTP, Postfix, Apache, Bind, CUPS, OpenLDAP, Iptable, Squid, Mozilla-Firefox, SAMBA, NFS, =H quan trj co so dir ligu: MySQL, PostgreSQL, = Lap trinh phat trién phan mém: GCC (gee/g++), Qt Trolltech, Fortran, Java, R, Octave, Lapack, Blas, Python, Perl, AWK, TCL/TK,.... = Quan tri hé théng: Webmin, VN "Tro choi: SuperTux, Geompris.. = Xir Iy anh: GIMP tuong tr nhur Photoshop, cho phép chinh sita, phuc hoi anh, hd try xir ly nhigu téng (layer). = Trinh duygt web: Mozilla Firefox, Konqueror: + Email: Evolution Mai, Thunderbird) KMail = Trinh soan thao.van bal don:@lan: Gedit, KWrite; Kate, Emacs, XE- macs, vi, ving lyx, fiand,.... Cae ban phan ph6i (distribution) nhu RedHat, Fedora, Mandriva, Debian, Ubuntu,,.. déu c@ chung nhin cia hg diéu hanh Linux nhung ede edng et GNU duge tich hop vao ctia mdi ban phan phdi khéc nhau tiy theo myc tiga jua bin phan phdi: sir dung cho edng vige vin phéng, Ifp trinh phat trién phan mém, lam server,... Sue thank céng cia Linux dea véo nhieu yéu t6 nh: + Ma ngudn ca hé théng, hat nan, ede cng ey lép trinh eGing nhur phat trign déu duge phan phd tir do. = Linux trong thich véi mgt sé lém cde chun eda Unix 6 mic 43 mi ngudn, bao gdm nhiing dic tinh ctia POSIX, system V, va BSD. © Mot s6 Iuong 16n cdc trinh img dung Unix mign phi co thé str dung lei duréi Linux ma khéng edn m6 14 lai. 6= Fé théng Linux duge thiét ké dya trén bd xt JY cia Intel va tan dung. durge tat ca nhiing chite nding cita ching, = Linux 1A mt hé digu hanh bao gém nhin, b} théng dich Iénh va nhidu tinh ti CChiing tai sé trinh bay chi tiét vé hé digu hanh tw do GNU/Linux va huéng dan ich cai dat hé diéu hanh & chuong 2. Quan tri hé thong GNU/Linux 6 chong, 3 va trinh bay ede dich vu trén hé digu hanh GNU/Linux & chuong 5. 1.1.5.3 Phan mém nguén mo Nguén mé (open source) khong chi don thuin cé nghia 1a co kha nding tray (de) dirge ma nguén. Cac diéu khan phan phdi (distribution terms) eva phan mém ngudn mi ma c6n phai tan theo cdc digu kign sau: a. Ty do phan phoi (Free Redistribution) Gidy phép khong durgc han ché bat ev ngudi nao trong nhém phat trign ban ho§e cho phan mém nhu mot bo phan cua sy phan phOi phan mém tong hgp chira nhing chuong trinh tir nhiéu nguén khée nhau. Gidy phép khéng 1u tién ban quyén hoge cac khoan phi khac cho vige ban hoae Ly do cin bin: bang cach ring bude gidy phép yéu clu vige phan phéi lai t do, chiing ta loai bo durge sur cdm dd bo di céi Igi dai han d& tao ra mot vai edi loi true mat, Néu chiing ta khGng kim diéu nay, sé c6 rat nbiéu fp lure Lam cho nhiing ngudi cong tac bo di. 1b. Ma nguin (Source Code) Chuong trinh phai bao gm ma nguén, va phai cho phép phn phéi didi dang. ma ngudn cing nhu dang ma may (da bién dich), Néu nhu mot san phd duge phin phéi khéng e6 ma ngudn kém theo, thi phi cé eich Kay durge ma ngudn V6i mot mv gid khong cao hon gid ti sin xudt Tai, vi due tai ve ma nguda mign phi tir internet. MA ngudn phai 6 dang mA nhimg ngudsi phat trién phdin mém muén thay déi (modify) ua thich, Khong duge phan phéi r dang ric rii khd doe e6 chi §. MA trung gian, nhur output eta céc bd tién xit 1 hay cde b6 chuyén d6i cing khong duge phép. Ly do cn ban: ching ta yéu cau ma ngudn & dang khong ric rdi béi vi ching ta khOng thé phat trién phan mém ma khéng thay d6i n6. Chinh vi muc dich ctia ching ta 1i Lim cho vige phat trién dé dng, ehimg ta yéu cau vige thay déi phai dugc thyc hién dé dang.