‘TRUONG DALHOC CAN THO KHOA CONG NGI GIAO TRINH PHUONG PHAP TINH A KY THUAT (MA MON HQC TN 409) TS TRAN MINH THUAN 2007LOI NOI DAU Trong cée thap nign gin diy voi di phat trién nhanh chong cia cong cy may vi thuat todn phwong phap s6 nhim hiéu ro bén trong cée chuong trinh phin mém kj thudt 66 sin wen thj trang efing nhur tng dung duge cfc thugt ton niy dé phyc vu trong nganh nghé cia minh la mét vige hét strc can thiet "Gido trinh Phuong phép tinh A~ KY thugt” néu lén céc thuat toan co ban dé img dung tinh toan cho cae bai toan ky thudt. Dua ra cée phwrong phap s6 nhur phuong phap sai phan haw han, phuong phip phin te hirw han dé giai nhing bai todn vi phan, phuong trinh dao ham riéng tuyén tinh, khor ‘6 digu kign bién da dang trong lanh vue dang chay, truyén nhiét va site bén vat | higu bai todn phan tir hou han mot don giin vidt bang ng6n ngit Matlab vi Paseal sinh vién 66 u tren may tinh hoge dé kiém tra két qua tinh toan, ngoai ra sinh vign cé thé ty Hip trinh cho minh nhiing bai todn kj thudt phite tap hon phuc vu cho mye dich chuyén mén cy thé cia minh, ‘Trong qua trinh bién soan tac gid di co tham khio nhiéu sich gido trinh cing nhw tai ligu cla cdc tac gid trong vA ngoai nude, eGng voi ¥ {udng va kinh nghiém cia tae gia nhim dac két va lam phong nhé thém n@i dung gido trinh nay ndi riéng, cing nhu gop thém phan nao vao vige ting dung ede thudt todn ca mén phuong phap tinh vio cic Lénh vuc k¥ thudt. Do ndi dung cia mén hoc phutong php tinh cho dén nay rat rong va vi kién thie cia tae pid cd han nén khdng.tranh khoi su thiéu sot trong khi bién soan, mong quy doe gid vui long gop ¥ va xy dung thém. Xin chén thanh cém on, Can Tho, ngay 30 thang 11 nm 2007 Tac giaMuc Luc Loi noi diu CHUONG |. SU CHINH XAC - SAI SO - SU’ ON BINH 1.1. Céch biéu dign dtt kign tri sé trong may tinh 1 1.3. Chit s6 co nghia . Gid tri xp xi - sai s6 gan dung 1.4, Lam tron so 1.5. Sai s6 1.5.1 Sai sé tuyét déi 1.5.2.D6 nga tuyét déi 153 1.5.4.D6 ngd tong di 1.5.5.Chir sé dang 1.5.6.Hé thite gitta sai sé trong déi va chit sé ding, so trong, ng thire tinh toan sai sé 1.6.1.Céng thite téng quat 1.6.2.Sai sé cia mét biéu thirc phire tap I. CHUGNG 2. GIAL CAC PHUONG TRINH VA CAC HE PHUONG TRINH PHI TUYEN 2.1. Bude gidi so bo mot phuong trinh 2.2.€ 3.Bai todin nguge cia sai sd. i mt phuong trinh phi tuyén bang phuong phap lap 2.2.1. Phép kip day cung 2.2.2. Phép lap Newton hay phép kip tiép tuyén 2.2.3. Phuung phip lap don dé giai mt phuong trinh phi tuyén 2.3. Gidi hé phuong trinh phi tuyén 2.3.1. Giai hé phuong trinh /(x) = 0 bang phép lip don 2.3.2. Dua hé phuong trinh vé dang’lap don Phép kip Newton 2.4. Dai s6 da thie Trang RUHR ea RRA RHE ON a i i I 13 132.4.1. Tinh gia tr] cua mot da thite- Thudt toan Homer 2.4.2. Diing thuat toan Horner tim vay nghigm mt da hire 2.5. Tinh gia trj cla mot ham sé CHUONG 3. NOL SUY 3.1, Da thie ndi suy Newton 3.1.1. Sai phan cho cdc diém x; céch déu 1. Sai phan cap 1 2. 3. Céng thite xp xi gitra sai phan va dgo ham ai phan cfip n 4. Tinh sai phan bing bang, 3.1.2. Cong thite indi suy Newton 3.2. Céng thirc noi suy Lagrange voi cdc diém x,khéng cach déu ‘Trig hgp cae diém x; catch déu 3.3. NGi suy vei ham 2 bién 3.3.1. Cong thise ngi suy Lagrange véi ham 2 bién 3.4, Xap xi déu tt nhat- Phuong phap binh phuong tdi thiéu 3.4.1. Xap xi déu t6t nhat- Dinh ly Trébuxép 3.4.2. Phuong phap binh phuong t6i thiéu CHUONG 4. DAO HAM VA TiCH PHAN BANG SO 4,1, Dao ham bang sé 4.2. Tich phan bing sé 4.2.1. Vich phn 1 lop ~ Cong thite tich phan Newton-Cotes 1. Phuong phap hinh thang 2. Phuong phap Simpson 4.2.2. Phuong phap tich phan hai lép — Hinh thang - Simpson 4.2.3. Tieh phan Monte Carlo (dp dung cho tich phan ba tép) CHUONG 5. GIAL IIE PHUONG TRINIT DALSO TUYEN TINIL 5.1. Mo dau 5.2. Phuong phap khir Gauss 5.2.1. Phép khir Gauss 13 16 17 20 20 20 20 20 2 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 21 27 31 31 31 32 33 35 36 37 43 43 44 445.2.2. Phuong phap khir Gauss ~ Jordan 5.3. Phuong php lip 5.3.1. Phuong phap Kip don giin Jacoby) 5.3.2. Phuong phip Seidel 5.4. Phong phiip gidm dur CHUONG 6, PHUONG PHAP SAI PHAN HU'U HAN 6.1. Mé dau 6.2. Phép tinh xdp xi cia céc vi phan cap 1 va cp II 6.3. Sai phan héa cde dao ham riéng 6.4, Phuong phip sai phan dé gidi bai toan bd (toan bién tri) 6.5. Phuong php sai phan dé gidi phuong trinh dao ham riéng 6.5.1. Phuong trinh dao ham riéng cia bai todn 1 phuong dang Parabolic 6.5.2. Phuong trinh dao ham riéng tuyén tinh 1. Ludi sai phan iéu kign ban dau va diéu kign bien 3. Phép sai phan hién (so dé hién) 4, Phép sai phiin an (so d6, 6.5.3. Giai phuong trinh dao ham riéng khong tuyén tinh CHUONG 7. PHUONG PHAP PHAN TU HOU HAN Phan 7.1. Gidi thigu bai toan PTHH mot phurong 7.1.1. Khai nigm vé phuong phap phan tir hou han 7.1.2. Cong thire ca phurong trinh thé nang 7.1.3. Phan tr hitu han tayén tinh m@t phuong 1. Chia cdu kign ra thanh ede phan tir 2. Phan tt tuyén tinh 3. Phuong trinh ham sé lién tue timg phan Phan 7.2. Phin tr chiu lye dge trye 46 46 50 Si 54 54 54 55 55 6l 62 62 63 63 66 vat 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 78 197.2.1. M6 hinh m9t phuong 7.2.2, Phuong trinh nang lugng bién dang 7.23. Vi dy vé céc phan tir chiu lye dge true 7.2.4. Ky higu ma trin 7.2.5. UG théng phurong trinh cae phiin tr 7.2.6. Cong thite tang quat 1. Dang ting quat ciia phuong trinh thé nang 2. Dang tng quit cita ndi lyre Phan 7.3. Phan tr dan 7.3.1. M6 hinh cau tric cia chuyén vi nut 7.3.2. Cae ma tran phan tir 7.3.3. Giai bai toin dan phing Phan 7.4. Phan tir dim 7.4.1. M6 bin cau trie 7.4.2. Phuong trinh ning hrong bién dang 7.4.3. Phuong trinh chuyén vi 7.44, Ma tn dG cig phan ti 7.4.5. Thi dy Phan 7.5. Phan tr khung phing 7.5.1. MG hinh ké 7.5.2. Ma trén d6 ctmg phan tir 7.5.3. NOi lye 754. Thi dy Phin Phy Iue Phu luc 1 Phy lye 2 19 79 81 82 82 84 a4 84 86 86 86 88 91 91 91 92 93 94 98 98 98 100 100hog pip tinh A» KS. thug 1 Trin Mink Thug [Chuong 1. SU CHINH XAC - SU'ON BINH - SALSO ting dyng eta mon plurong phap tinh trong vige cung cap giai thuat inh toan cho cic bai loin trong ky thudt duge ting dung rat phd bién ten ede may vi tinh thong qua ede ng6n ngit ip trinh. Vi vay vie nhc lai mdt sé kién thire eo ban trong tin hoc « dé nha fam hieu 16 ve su chinh xd va On dinh cia thuat todn cing nhu sy biéu dign cdc con sé trén may vi tinh [a that sur can thiét. 1.1. Cach biéu dién di kign tri sé trong may vi tinh: Miy tinh uu tit dir kign tri s6 khong phai voi d9 chinh xic tuygt doi ma bing gi xp xi, cée tri s6 nay duge ma hoa bing mot hé théng s6 nhj phan goi 1a chit sé nbj phan (binary digits hay bits). He théng s6 nhj phan chi sir dyng 2 ky s6 0 va 1 thay vi 10 ky s6 tir 0 dén 9 nhur trong hé théng s6 thip phan. Hai ky s6 nhj phan nay chi dign ti duge hai tr 14 0 vi 1, cho nén muén dign t mt con s6 én hon thi edn pha két hop nhiéu bit d6 v6i nhau tao thanh cde bytes (nhém cia 8 bits). Cie kidu cia dit kign s6 khée nhau sé duge trir bing s6 bit khde nhau, Ching han s6 kiéu ngu; due bigu dign bing s6 e6 dau chim tinh (fixed point number), don vj chigu dai dé chia s6 nay thay di tir 2 dén 4 bytes, trong do bit dau tién la bit { theo quy woe — 0 néu so dung va | néu sé am. nguyén 123 chira trong 2 bytes o00D000— OLTILOLL 23 viét thinh: HLLIL 10000101 phin bit cia tri 123) Kiéu sé thye duge biéu dién bing sé c6 dau chim ding (floating point number). Doi vi cée sé cue nhé hay cue lin gdm nhiéu sé khong bén trai hay bén phai ngudi ta ding cach viét duc dang | s6 mii (Luu ¥ trong may tinh du phay trong s6 tng trung cho phan ngan, va du chim phan big thép phan): 123,000.00 = 123 x 10° hay 1,23 10* hay 0.123 x 10° y 1 86 X bat ky co thé durge dat trong dang: Nhw trong dé B 1a co 86 cit hé j doi dau chim dé cé lai tr sd nguyen thay. Do dé c6 tén daw chim dgng. Mi lin doi diu chim sang trai s6 mie chim sang phai s6 m@ e giam di 1 don vi, M duge a), Nguoi ta thurng bidu dién M duéi dang phan s6 sao cho ky sé dau tién bén trai (sau déu chim) khie 0 Thi du: 123,000,000 = 0.123x10° voi M = 0.123 vae=9 0.00125 =0,125x10? vai M = 0.125 va ¢ = -2 Do do vi tri ctia diu chm cia M va oo 80 B khong, can phai ghi nhé vi dé 1a hang so. Jang chun. $6 mile c6 thé 1 vj tri dé chita dau, ngudi ta cong thém | hang sé vio sé mii dé Iuén lun ¢6 1 tri duong C trong gidi han bin thién cia sb mi, sO C nay duge goi lay fu dign s6 e6 dau chdm dgng, ngudi ta ding 32 bits véi hg théng eo s6 16 trong dé gm 1 bit cho dau s, 7 bit cho phan dic tri C= 36 ma + 64 (64= 272), 24 bit cn lai biéu dign phn dink tr] theo dang chudn. in gin tri (Manti:Pong phi a AK at 2 Tin Mind hn ‘Thi du: cho 38123 “123, = 12.310! ~ 1.2310? = 0.123x10" = 7B yg = 16°78 = 16!x7.8 = 16°x0.7B. Vay phan dinh tri {a 0.7B, s6 mG 1a 2 va phan dac tri la 66-2464, cé thé duge biéu dién theo dang s6 c6 dau cham dong 32 bit nhu sau: 0 1000010 01111011 00000000 00000000 s c¢ M Néu két theo timg nhém 4 bit ta cd: 0100 0010 O111 1011 O00 0000 0000 0000 — (he 2) 4 2 7 BO oO Or 0 (hg 16) trong dé $ = 0 (dong), C = 6442 = 6649 = 4215, M= 12310 = 7Byo- Khi biéu dién theo phuong phap nay khong can dé y dén dau chim. Dé chinh xe eita may eq(s6 thap phin sau déu chém): biéu thi bing chigu dai Iuu tt d& chira phn dinh tr n6i teén. ‘Thong thudng my bidu din duge dO chinh xée khodng 3 chm dong nhé nhat ma mot may tinh nd nhét nay ty thude vao s6 bit cha phin dae tr (s6 mi) eo thé chiém, trong khi dé e,, tiy thuge vio s6 bit ma phan din tr] c6 thé chiém. Hau nbur vai bat eit phép tinh s6 hoe nao trén sé chdin dong, két qua déu c6 m9t sai s6 it nhit 1a bing dO chinh xéc cia &,. Sai s6 nay dug goi 1a sai lam tron duge tich ly khi ting s6 lin tinh todn én. Thi dy khi thy hign N phép tinh s6 hoc nhu vay, thi c6 thé mét céch may min nhén duge téng sai sé lam tron vao khong Ne, Thing trong mt thudt toan khong dn dinh, sai 6 lémn trOn sé di yao trong tinh todn tir buse dau cia qué trinh tinh va sai sé Itiy tich sé kin din Ién cho dén Ide né Kim sai Ich toan bé lai gidi that cita nghiém. Thi du: mot thuat toan khong én dinh dang dé tinh lay thira nguyén duong cita mét sO: So = 0.61803398 theo phép truy todn: vo tag™—¢" voi ¢’ =1 va g! = 0.61803398 ta tinh trugt din dé cé-cic Luy thira nguyén duong n cla ¢ bing céch don gidn la diing phép trir thay vi phép nhén. Tuy nhién véi n o6 khoang = 25 (ang vii my ci cfu trite bus dir Liga 32 bit) midy iu cho ra gid tr} hoan oan sai, gid tri @" thap nhat tinh duge chi den 10° (xem phy Iye 1), do do thuat uy toan trén day khong én dinh, va khong thé ding cho muc dich tinh ton néu trén. 1.2. Gid tri xp xi- Sé gin ding : Trong tinh toa, k&t qua thudng 1a ning gia tr gin ding bay con fa phai chap nhan mot sai s6. Sai sb do do dac khong chinh xé¢ hoe a chinh xac. Nhat la khi gap cée con mat trong he phan ta khong thé lay durge gia tr] chinh xac va ta bat budt phai chon sé gin ding bing cach lam tran sé dén mOt con sé thap phéin nao d6.Phucomg php tn A-K9 thud 3 Trin Minh Thad Thi du: ta ity sé V2 = 1.414213562373.., hai gid tri xdp xi “thiéu” va “du” ctia V2 1a: 14 142 LAL hay 14 hay [yy va L42 hay 75. That vay vai moi sé chinh xéc A trong tap hop cdc sé thye dong R’ ta luén tim duge it nhat 1 s6 nguyén & sao cho k k+l Sasa 1d io 10" 0.1) : la gia tri xdp xi thiéu ctia A va a, la gid tri x4p xi thira cla A dén mic . Theo quy tée lam tron sé 6 phan chit sé ding ta thay trong hai gid tr] xdp xi thira chi 66 mét la sé xdp xi dig duge chon ma thai. Néua la gid 7 sp xi dén mite & eda A taco thd viet: ae Aca Le hay A-ate a la gid tri xdp xi thigunéu a@< A 0,005. 1.6. Cong tite inh toan sai sé: nhicu bicn ta durge: . 1 SU bey, x2! dt 2,.05 Xn dy) =f Oy 2%,) + 1 at yt aiPha pi tin A= Kd 5 Trin Man Thugn sofas be Zhan) 2g of CE tide Vi ce, dave ty Fal nbd, nén ta chi Hay cong thie ri {uién dn dgo har ep mt va bo qua eae s6 hang co dao ham ti edp hai tro 16, ‘Vir do: W 6d = (dys) 1 xf sy, [1.12] i, Suy ra: aw = as, (1.13) theo dinh nghia dW 1a sai sé tuyét déi, di” >0. Ie lax, (.14} Ta 6 thé chon duge dé ng tuyét déi: AW = +3 Ts (voi Ax; dd ngir tuyét déi cla dx) [1.15] Sai sé twang déi: [1.16] oF Ihe < 7 “Eade 7 Jaen), lt] 1.6.2. Sai sé ctia 1 bidu thie phite tap: ‘Thudmg trong tinh toi cdc cOng thie & dang bigu thie véi nbiéu tham s6 lién két vsi hau bing cic phép tofn: cng, tri, nhdn, chia, lug thira, vv. Ta dit két qua cia n6 la gia tj Weda 1 him nhiéu bién sau d page beet fre ting dung [1.16] va [1.17] ta duge : yy gta peg Lr [1.13] Ww b r f e va A Ae OO Ma gM a Be [1.19] wa a ee fe 1.6.3. Bai todn nguge ciia sai sé: Cho ham nhigu bién W=f(c1X2.0%q) néu ta mudn W dat duge dé chinh xac dn dinh trude nao dé thi nhiing sai sé cho phép Ax; phai duge xde dinh ra sao? Bai tofin sé Khong, cb car sor dé xie dinh néu ta khong gia hah e hang, Lay, trong cong thite [LIS] diye phan phdi thé mio tir sai s6Phong phi tin ARS at 6 Tedn Minh Thin Gia sir ta cho phan phdi sai sé theo nguyé nh hudng déu, tite 1a cae sé hang g a, ly Ay, (2 L2yeadt) Se inh hung dong déu den Vtdng cong AW. Nghia la: =| Ax, Vii tir dé: +Ax,((=1,2,...0) suy ra, Ax, L,2yeees 8) [1.20] ---000--- Bai tap chuong 1: Bail: Dé xac dinh d> cimg try coa im méng chju uén ngudi ta ding céng 1° 12-¥*) Bidt h = 20cm (chidu di 1); E=20 GPa (md dun dan hoi); v = 0,25 Cae dd.ngér trong di durye eho nhur sau: SE = 1%; 5h = 8, = 0,1%. inn 2 va suy ra D. D (HD: ap dung céng thire sai sé cita biéu thie phite tap) Bai 2: Tinh thé tich V cia hinh non biét: dung kinh R = (5,60 + 0,05)om , h = (7,45 £ 0,02) em va m= 3,14. (Huéng dan: V = ; Rh va ap dung cong thire sai s6 ctia biéu thie phitc tap) thire: D = Bai 3: Tinh gid tri cia h@ sé bién dang thé tich:0 = 3-29), Bidt v= 0,25 + 0,05; 6, =0,15+0,01; £=20+40,1 (HD: ap dung céng thite sai s6 cua biéu thite phic tap) Bai 4: Cho dign tich xung quanh cia mét mat hinh cau (4m?) c6 sai sé tuong d6i trong vong 0,1%. Ta phai chon do chinh xée thé nao khi do ban kinh R = 22,5em va {rong nhing trong hgp dé nén chon 7 vi bao nhiéu sé thap phan. (IID: dp dung bai todin nguge cia sai s i$: Cho dign tich xung quanh eta mai nha hinh nén tron xoay (WAL), c6 ban kinh 1a 5 m, L= 50m. Biél AS= Im? (8 la dign tich). Tinh sai s6 cho phép cla m, R va L. (HD: ap dung bai ton nguge cua sai sé)Phucong Phiip Tinh A - K9 dhudt 7 Trin Stink Thain (Chuong 2. GIAI CAC PHUONG TRINH PHI TUYEN VA TINH GIA TRI MOT HAM SO ‘Trong céc bai ton ky thudt phirc tap, 6 bude tinh toan trung gian déi khi ta phi di tim nghiém cia mét s6 phuong trinh phi tuyén, ede nghiém nay throng khong phai 1a sé nguyén ma 1a cdc sé thyte c6 cée chit s6 thap phan khéng ditt. Vi thé viée tim nghiém phai dude thyre hign tuong déi ti mi va mat thi gian dé dat duge yéu cau theo d9 chink, xéc cho truéc. Trong chuong nay ta sé ndi vé céc trinh ty cdc bude dé giai m6t phuong trinh phi tuyén ciing nhur ham da thitc va hé cc phuong trinh phi tuyén nhim tang higu qua cia viée tim nghiém vé mat thai gian va d9 chinh xéc. . roe gidi so bd mgt phurong tri n gidi phuong tinh: [2.1 vei lx) kav ham sd thue vai x bi ‘Va duge yéu cdu phai tim nghién hode chi mot s6 nghiém edn thiét (ching han nghiém dong). Mudn thé ta phai tim phuong trinh oé bao nhiéu nghiém va nam trong khoaing nao. Ta c6 nhiéu cach dé 1. Khao sat ham sé theo gidi tich: tai nhimg doan [a,b] c6 chira mt nghiém duy nit phai c6 fla) khic dau voi \d) va /"(x) tn tai va khong ddi déu thi 46 14 doan chira nghigm. Thi du: Tim so bo nghigm cia phurong trinh: fix) =x°-2x- 0,2 =0, f(x) = 5x42 x fo LS -l 05 0 Il 15 +0 FR)|+ + a = a = mks ut 5 fx) [-o 4.79 4/5 077-15 OSB Hew ‘Ta thdy e6 3 doan chita nghigm la [-1.5; -1] . [-0.5; 0] va Us 19). : 2. Vé dé thi cia ham 36 f(x). Dé thi nay sé cat tryc hoanh tai nhting diém chinh Ja nhimg gid trj thé so cua nghigm. Hinh 1. ‘Theo thi dy trén ta tim duge 3 doan chira nghigm 1a [-1,3; -1,1] , {-0,2; 0] va [1,1; 1,3]. 3. Holic néu duge ta c6 thé bién déi x) = 0 thanh dang fi(x)= f(x), trong d6 fi fi lanhimg ham s6 c6 dé th dé vé; sau dé ta vé cae dé thi ca f(x), A, (x) teén cing mot hé truc toa dg. Nhing diém tai dé hai dé thj cét nhau sé cho cde gid tri thé so cia cde nghigm ctta fix) = 0. ‘Thi du: Tim doan chia nghiém ciia ham sd x? — Jogx — 6 = 0. Ta phan ra lim 2 ham Slox)= fla) = Hila) =x? — 6 va f,(x) = loge. VE 2 db thj trén cing 1 he toa dd (hink 2b) ta thay doan chia nghiém 1a [2; 3], trong duong véi dogn chita nghigm khi ta ve 6 thj cia ham f(x) (hinh 2a). .Phucomg Phuip Tinks A - Ky chug 8 Tr Minh Thin A(x). 2) Hinh 2.a. Hinh 2.b. = Ngoai ra dé rat ngin thoi gian tim ra nghigm ta cd thé thu hep doan chtra nghiém [a, 5] bing cach ta chon | ¢ nao dé trén [a, 6] di tinh f(c), ty theo du ciia f(c) ma ta thu hep dan doan chia nghigm thanh [a, c] néu fa) khie diu véi fle) hode thinh [c, 6) néu fle) khae dau vaio) . Lam nhwr vay vai Hin ta sé thu hep moi doan chira nghiém dén gan gia tri chinh xac. Hinh 3. 2.2. Gidi mOt phwong trinh phi tuyén bing cdc phrong phap Hip : 2.2.1. Phép Kip day eiing: Trude hét ta tim duge dogn [a, 5] chita mot nghigm x* lia phuong trinh f(x) va ta muén tinh chinh.xae nghiém nay. Trén [a, 6), AX). S'C)S"@) phai thoa cae gid thidt Ax), S' LO) du lién tye f'(x) #0 va khong déi dau f'(e) #0 va khong déi dau Hinh 4a 7 Hinh 4bPlucomg Phép Tinh A -K3 thudt 9 Trdn Minh Thuan ‘Trong phép lip day cung 6 lan can iém x*, ta lap cdc doan diy cung truong cic doan cung bigu dién ham f(x). Trude tién ta chon mot diém c6 dinh x = &, sao cho /(k) cing du véi /"(2), sau dé (a chon gid trj ban diu x” ela, b], ta ve day cung qua 2 diém (k, Ak) va Ce, fo), day cung sé cit rye hoinh tai diém x”. Lap diy cung thir hai qua 2 diém (k, Ai) va a, foe)) sé cat truc hoanh tai diém x”). Lam tiép tue nhur vay ta 8 c6 duye cde didm edt edn (rue hodnb kis x, x, ox”, Day nay s¢ tién dén x? tir mOt phia bén trai (hinh 4a) hode bén phai (hinh 4b), Néu ta lp edng thire tinh tan(a) cho hai tam gidic dong dang lap duge bai mdi day cung ta duge: [22] é thyc hign nhanh thudt ton lp ta xem doan chuong trinh MatLab dé gidi mot phwong trinh phi tuyén theo phuong phap lap day cung nhu sau: $ Lep day cung giai phuong trinh £ (x)=5*x°3-20*x +3=0 7 x=(0; 1) clear, cle syms f x df real > £=54x23-208% 43, df-diff (£,x),-d2f-dife (df, x) “1, i=0 Tim diem k sao cho f(k)cung dau voi £'"(x) while (i err_x) & (}<10) Vong lap x1=k-£k* (x-k) / (E-£k) $ Cong thuc tinh lap day cung x1r-eval (x1) ex=abs (x-x1z) xexir jaja end x 2.2.2. Phép kip Newton hay phép lip tiép tuyén: n fx) trong phép Kip day cung duge thay bing nhing dudng tiép tuyén voi ¥% dudng cong tai cde diém (x, flx™)) voi m= (rude tién ta chon mot ela, bJ sao cho fx") voi. "(x), ta vé tai diém aoe Ad) nd sé ct truc hoanh tai x"). Tiép tuc lim tuong tr ta lap duge day x, x, 2), 2x! Ja cdc giao diém cia truc hoanh véi Hinh 5 y=fa) xO xOPhorm Pip Til A -KS dt ul Tn Minh tnd [e) — x 1) _ x 1-C hose 0,0) 2.3. Giai H@ Phuong Trinh Phi Tuyén: Ta c6 hé nm phuong trinh phi tuyén, véi n dn s6, c6 dang téng quat nh sau: AQ X2vek,)= Paley ayy) = 0 Sa) sXy nek, =O Ding ky higu véc to ta da aye) A va pele I ta viét hé phurong trinh trén day dui dang véc to: J =8 [2.12] Giai hé phuong trinh trén 1a dé tim vée to ¥* = (x,,x,,....x,) trong R" dé cho f(#*)=0. 2.3.1. Giai h¢ phuong trinh bing phép lip don: Trong hé 7(%)=0 cae ham sé thye f(¥) kha vi déi vi cdc bién x;. Gid sit ta da tach duge mot nghigm ¥* cia hé trén mgt mién dong D. . Dé lam chinh xac nghigm ¥*, ta tim cach dua phuong trinh [2.12] vé mot dang phuong trinh: F= @(%) : vi p(%) la ham kha vi déi voi cdc bién x, va thoa didu kign: Jo@Jsc<1, ¥eD [2.13] trong dé (=| (=I: 1a ma trdn Jacoby ctia véc to ham (2). %, (0) Dé gidi Kip trude hét ta chon mot vée tu ban diu # e D va ding cng thite Kip: x00) = (2) (véi_ m= 0, 1,2, [2.14] ta lap duge day £, 2°, 2... 2, Day nay sé hdi tu vé Z* khi m ting lon Ién, hay: ¥* = lime") [2.15] Néu day [2.14] duge dimg lai (ai mt bude lap m nao dé vi chon =) = #4, thi sai sé (e—") c6 thé danh gid bang 0 — 3] [2.16] hoac je — 2" 2.3.2. Dua hé phuong trinh vé dang kip donPha Phip Tn A K9 tus 2 ‘rd Minh Then Véi f(z) =6 tuong duong vsi dang cia hé phurong trinh: Af(z) (2.17) trong d6A la ma tran vudng cp n khong suy bién. Vay ta c6 thé chon dang clia vée to ham @(Z) la vé phai cia [2.17] va chon A sao cho (x)| err_x)&(ey > err_y) &(i<10) De & freeval (f) velx:yl-J_inv*fr xl=v(1), ~yl=v(2) ex-abs (x-x1), ey=abs (y-yl) xxl, y=yl init] end 2.3.3. Phép Kip Newton: Goi £* La mot véc to nghigm cita hé phurong trinh /(%)=6, va Dk mot mién Lin can cia ¥* Wi d6 dinh thite Jacoby cua vée to ham 7() Khe khéng. Ta chon mét diém = trong lan cfn dy, va lap khai trién Taylor tai 3 cho véc to ham f(#*) din dao ham riéng edp 1: O= fGH)= FE) HEM E* F) hé phuong trinh trén theo #* 6 buréc lap thir nhdit, ta sé durge gid tri gan ding cia sly e158) = fe) tue phép lap theo dangPhuong Php Tink A K9 thuét 3 ‘Ted Mink Thun FRM ROMY = 2) =~ FEM) (m=0,1,2,.) (221) hay: ge) = gl FAC) A(R) © phép lap Newton, mbi base lap ta phai tim ra ma tran nghich dio F'Ca) mii, vi ns thay d6i theo =" eta timg bude lbp Muén don gin hon, ta ¢6 thé gid nguyén ma tran F'() cho nbigu bude lap lign tiép nhau ging nhu phuong phap lap don. Durai day 14 doan churong trinh MatLab dé giai cho hé hai phuong trinh theo phuong phap lip Newton: % Giai he hai phuong trinh phi tuyen theo PP Lap Newton clear, cle syms £ J x y real format long 4$Nhap hai phuong trinh fa [x°3-2*xtyty*2; x°2-2*x-yt2] 8Tinh ma tran Jacoby Ja (di ££ (£(1) , x) di fe (£ (1) ,y) si FE (E (2) -x) aiff (£(2) ey) x=D.7 , y=1.09 err_x=10*(-5) % Do chinh xac cua nghiem x err_y=10*(-5) % Do chinh xac cua nghiem y is exeerr_x+1,ey~err_y?1 while (ex > err_x)@(ey > err_y)&(iby “(Boa + ay) =>bp = (Dia ay)=>..-=2B n= (By. Ayet) =7Oq = (Bn-1 e+ an) Cudi ciing ta tinh duge 5, chinh la gia trj cia da thire P,(a). Thudt toan Homer c6 thé sip theo bang tinh sau day: Bang | ay “ © bor ay dy byPhucomg Phaip Tink AK cnt 4 ‘rdn Minh Thin Neoai rata thay: by, b1, 2 wns Byer COn chinh la hg sO cba I da thire Q(x) trong phép chia P,(x) cho (x-) va hy la phan dur (néu A,-= 0 thi x = oF La nghigm etia P(x). Va gia thidt: P(x) = (-)Qn1@) tu [2.24] trong dé Dna = box” + Bix"? tact Bae [2.25] ‘That vay khi thay x= ct vao [2.24] thi P,() = by Thay [2.25] vao [2.24] va khai trién ta duge: Pax) = box” (by = Bo ax" + (by - by tax"? # Bnet = bn ote + (bu= Bnet So sanh vai bang | ta thay: by= ag; (by ~ byt) = a1; (br~ bi) ~ a va a, ding la cdc hé s6 cia da thire P,(x) & dang ding. Vi thé ta 06 thé tim duge cac hé sé by cia Q,.1(x) va gid tri cla P,(a) theo thuat toan Horner ma khéng cin chia P,(x) cho (x-«). (Bre bret) = dn : 1 tién [2.22]. Vay gid thiét trén ‘Thi dy 1: Cho Pe(x) = 3x6 + 2x5 — 15x" 8x4 + x? — 12x ~ 60. Tinh Pe(2) va hay xée dinh Q,(x)= AG) _ Xae dinh Q5(2) Gia: * ‘Tinh P4(2) ta ding bang Horner: ‘ Pox) 3 2 45S 8 1-12-60 + 6 6 2 2 42 60 Ow 3 8 1 0 21 30 0 Ta thay P,(2) = 0 <>x=2 la nghiém cla Po(x) => Qs(x) = 3x9 + Bx" 4 x7 + 10x? + 21x + 30 * Tinh Qs(2): Osx) 3 8 1 10 21 30 +8 SK G3 Qe) 3 14 29~«68~—SC«S7-3:44 Q5(2) = 344 b. Tinh dao ham cp & cita da thite tai x = of: Ta co thé ding bang Horner dé xd dinh cae dao ham P,(a). Pax) = (X-O) Oni) + Rift) [2.26] P,det) = Ryo) yl) = -OA}On 20) | Rn(0 rhay tl [2.26] ta duge: P(X) = GG)" Qual) + C-epRn(a) + Rif) Tinh dao ham cp mt ta durge: . Parla) ~ 2x-A)Qna(2) + (6-0)'Ona(&) + Real) = Pn(C)= Rs) va tigp tye nu thé cho Qy.2(2)s Ou s(2)s-6 O10), Qo). VEGI Dp-a(X) = (-O)}On.3(X) + Rr-2(t) = R(t). : : cae dao him ede cdp & duge tinh tir cde phin du R,(a) nhu sau: Ra) = Pa)Phucomg Phép Tink A - K3 hudt 1S ‘Tran Minh Thoin Rya(a) = Pla) By e)= 3,00 (4) pie 1-H [2.27] a “nt lade do) (n} Va ta c6 bang Homer mé rong: Bang 2. ay ay bo by by bs bn cS =R, (a)=P Aa) Fale do dod ds ao) 1 Hay at dy2: Lay lai Po(x) cia vi dy 1. Hay xac dinh Pe(2). ; Ta lap bing Horner mé réng sau: Pox) 3 2 -15 8 1-12. -60 + 6 6 2 2 42 60 Osx) 3 8 Fr 10 21:30 |_0 | = Rel2)=P6(2)-0 + 6 28 ~— 5813634 Ow) 3 14 29° 68 «157 [344 | = Ra(2)-P's(2)=344 + 6 402382 Qe) J 20° 69 206 | 569 | 0) 2-s69 Ta cé sé phite lién higp ctlaz la: z= a-ip aMe-Bdaa? Davee? += 2 oxo 2ava g=a? +B? Trong phép chia P,(x) cho (x? + px +q) ta durge da thite Q,.2(x), thé hign nhu sau: P,Ax) = QP +px +g)Onae)tsx + [2.28] cox"? + x" + eax Khix =z thi (@x*+px +g) = 0 => P,(2) + ena (4) 2) = sztt = satisB+t = (sartdptisBPhuong Php Tinh AK dat 16 Tedn Minh hada Vay: Re(2) = sortt [2.29] Im(2) = sB [2.30] thay [*] vao [2.28] ta duge: Py(a) = cox" + (er tpeo)x™" + (ca tpert geo”? + eH PCna + ens *8)¥ +GCnat dng nhat véi [2.22] ta durge: co= ao; c1 +Pco = 15 €r*PertqCo ~ a2 i+--3 n2 Pon I*+GCns= And 3 Pond + GCo-3 +8 = Ant VA Gena Ht = An Tir dé ta tinh duge cdc hé s6 ¢; va dua vao bang sau day: Bang 3. a And Qn an - + “nap te co ay i dy: Lay lai ta thi dy én; Tinh L202 ‘Thi du: Lay lai P(x) cba thi dy trén; Tinh —* x + 2x43 Giai : ta lap bang so dé Horner sau: 2 “1S 8 1-12 -60 6 8 32-104 110 2 12 48-156 165 A -16 $2. -55 [-58 105 -58x +105 3x* 4x" 16x? + 52x -554+—F xy 2x3 2.4.2. Ding thuat todn Horner tim vay nghiém cia 1 da thie: Cho da thie: P,(e) = apx" + apr" ant Khi phan tich bang Horner voi x = B(B>0) néu ta durge cae hé s6 by 2 0 (k=, 1, 2,045 nz). Lite dé ta ndi moi nghiém thu x; thod x; < f. Vi khi x= > 0 vii by > 0 ta cd: Pa) = (box + by”? tasect Bact We ~ BY + bn > 0 [2.36] ‘Tite la khi x cang lon hon thi P,(x) cing duong. Vay f 1a mot cin trén cua cic nghigm thye x;. Ta tiép tc xét da thire déi cita P,(x): DP, fx) = 1)" Pax) = aor" = aya! ax"? HCI)" dy (2.37) ia sit voi x = ot (at > 0), cc hé s6 b’, 2 0 trong thuat todn Horner, twong ty nhv trén ta 6: =x,S0X 2-0 Vay -qrla cn duéi ca cée nghigm x. Ching minh: Tai x =o. (> 0) néu ap dung bang Homer cho DP,(x) ta durge dang duéi day: (HYP CX) = (Box! + By 2"? tact Baa” Y=) +n" > 0 vi by’ > 0 thi ta sé tiép tye phan tich cho 2 trong hop: Khia k (LY! = 1 => Pylex) Pylox) = (CDG = BY 2"? - soe byt” YO = 0) = By <0 Ta thay khi x > ot thi P,(-x) cng am, vay x,< 0 méi la nghiém ciia P,(-x) hay:-x,< @ méi HA nghigm cia P,(x) => x;> -ot :dpemPhaccrmg Phop Tinh A -K3 thudt 7 Trén Minh Thuin Khim chin: (cL! = 1 => P(x) > 0 => Py(x) = Gola + BY x"? Fast Dyer” or~ A) + Dy > 0 ‘Ta thay khi x > o thi P,(-x) cng duong, vay x;< 0 mdi la nghiém cua P,Cx) hay:-x; x;> ~ Vay tit ca cac nghiém thu x; théa x, € [- @. A]. Thi di Hay xbc dinh can trén va dudi cita cdc nghiém thye cua Pax) x8 + 2x5 — 15x'+ Bx +27 12x — 50. Ap dung bang Horner cho P¢(2) ta durge cée me 56 by > 0 vay nghiém x,< 2. Pax) 3 2. -15 1-12-50 eae 6 16 ; 20 420. hy 3 8 1 wm 21 3010 Ta xét DPo(x) = 3x°- 2x9 - 15x" - 8x? 7+ 12x60 tai x = 3 Phx) 3 2 “15 8 1 12-60 + 9 21183042108 be 3 7 6 WwW 3 S54 48 ‘Ta thay b> 0 vay -x,<3 hay nghigm x;>-3. Vay Pox) 66 nghigm x; € [-3, 2] Dé xae dinh gia tri khai trién cho haim flx) thanh mot ham da thie ip x xi 6 trong mién lan cfn cita diém xo. Gia six ham sé thye fx) kha vi dén cdp n+1 va c6 cdc dao ham f lién tuc trén (a, 6). Ya c6 khai trién Taylor cho ham f(x) tai x lan cn eta diém xq: Fee) = Hg)» LEN 5p LEM 5 tact LENG 54 80) Lo") yet vei R,(x) a ye x) Va dat L(y) PE ROY) ti) Trong dé: P(x) = » , bes.) la da thare bade n cia tong céc lug thira nguyén duong j eta nj thite (x ~ x0) voi i= 0, 1, Duos Ry Var_Ry(x) la sai 86 pham phai khi ta coi P,(x) xp xi voi /lx). ‘Thi dy: Hay dat _f(x)=sin x dui dang da thire 7 bac 4 theo (x -1). , es f(x) = sin(x) S(D= 0.84147 ost f°) = cos(x) PU)= 0,5403 PC) =-sin(x) f= -0,84147 d Le) = -cos(x) f= - 0,5403 PAB) SOF sin) fO(D= 0,84147 ox} 4 Hinh 6. g7sinx)Plucong Php Vink A K3 thuge 18 ‘Trdn Mink Thin f(x) =sinx = 084405547 0,848 3 ~o 542) ogee)", R(x) 3 4! => P(x) = 0,844 0,5 BAL TAP CHUONG IL: Bai 1: Tim khoang chia nghiém thye cia cae phuong trinh sau day: a xtdr-1=0 b.— logiox 3x45 = 0 & x-cosx=0 Bai 2. Dang phurong phap lap tim nghi¢m gin dung véi do chinh xée 10° cia: a. 5x" 20x +3 = 0, biét doan chira nghiém 1a (0; 1) b. —-x°43x?-3 = 0, biét doan chira nghiém 1a (-2,75; -2,5) ce x-cosx 4. Tinh oy khi Bit oy =12 MPa, Gin = -14 MPa_va try = 20 MPa ( hoe Gnax = 27.38461538 MPa). Theo phuong trinh: 5 G19, , wae 208) ¢. Giai phuong trinh phi tuyén sau day dé tim x (don vj m) la hoanh 46 cia do vong cye dai cia tm chju uén, cho ¢= 10? m. L(x) = 0,046 cos(2,62x) - 0,0476x" +0,1 14x - 0,046 = 0. Cho biét nghiém x; € (0,2 ; 1) Bai 3. Ding phuong phap lap day cung va tiép tuyén tim nghiém gan ding voi 46 chinh xac 107 cia: a. x+3xt5 =0 b. x43x41=0 Bai 4: Hay tim nghiém gan ding bing phép lip don va Newton cho cdc hé phuong trinh sau day: ” | x -2xy ty? =0 x -2x-y+2= =-14, cho biét o, © (-14 5 27,385). cO mOt nghigm 6 Han can diém x = 0,7, y =1,09. -y?=0 7 b. { seslogey ‘co mot nghigm 6 lan ein dim x= 3,4, y=2,2 2x? —xy—Sx41= Bai 5: Cho P,(x) = x7 —2x° + a8 -3x" py =x? 4 6x1 a) Hay tinh P,(3) va suy ra cn trén cde nghigm thre etia P,(x). a) Hay xe dinh 1 edn dudi. b) Tinh P,(-1,5) Bai 6: Cho P,(x) =x‘ ~ 2x’ +3x7 + 4x—1. a) Xe dinh cde cn ctia cde nghigm thye cia Pa(x). b) Hay chia P(x) cho x? + x2.