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Enough food: If there is adequate food as per one’s need and requirements.
Good food: It should be with desirable taste, texture and other attributes.
Healthy food: It should be nutritious and sustaining with proper vitamins, minerals, fibre,
energy, and all the other things that our bodies need.
Culturally appropriate food: Having access to culturally appropriate food means that people
have food that they are familiar and comfortable with including availability of familiar foods &
varieties.
1. Food availability:
2. Accessibility:
3. Utilization:
It includes adequate dietary intake and ability to use nutrients in the body.
Food safety, hygiene and manufacturing practices applied in primary agricultural production,
harvesting and storage; food processing; transportation, retail, households, diet quality and
diversity: meeting needs in terms of energy, macro- and micronutrients.
4. Stability:
Source: FAO
Urbanization is a process whereby populations move from rural to urban area, enabling cities and
towns to grow. It can also be termed as the progressive increase of the number of people living in
towns and cities.
1. Availability:
There is an effect on the food supply which may run insufficient due to competition between
areas used for agricultural production and areas used for expanding urban settlements.
The food demand may vary between the rural and urban food with decrement in the
availability of staple foods.
2. Accessibility:
The high prices may put up a restriction into consumption of the desired food needs.
There is need to rely partly upon commercial food value earners like street vendors, small
merchants, etc who have increased number.
3. Utilization:
Lack of regulations in the urban setting for street stands and commercial workers impact upon
low food security.
The urban food consumption has a transition of malnutrition from under nutrition to over
nutrition, giving rise to obesity, hypertensions, etc.
4. Stability:
The fluctuating prices of certain foods due to the changes in demand of urban populations
create a barrier to people in food consumption.
The political conflicts may arise due to clash of thoughts among huge population which may
be a cause to overlook food security.
The risk of increasing food insecurity I higher in slums and informal settlements where, in
many cases, socio-economic development is already lower than in rural areas
Food insecurity among the commercial workers has led to overcrowding of this population
group.
Urban poverty (increment of slum areas in urban setting) has increased due to lack of access
to food.
The management of the urban areas is decreasing due to lack of human resource that are
food secured.
Gap between the rich and poor is in increasing trend due to issues of food security.
The constant existence of political conflicts arises due to demand of food security among
minority population.
Increased food insecurity has led to criminal activities including theft, robbery, etc. which are
more prevalent in the urban areas
Lack of food has created a barrier among the civil society and government causing lack of co-
ordination for urban management.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e/y4671e06.htm
http://www.ifpri.org/topic/food-security
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264896063_Assessing_the_Pillars_of_Sustainable_Food_S
ecurity
https://sites.google.com/site/indiaswaterfoodsecruity/home/three-pillars-of-food-security
https://wocatpedia.net/wiki/Definition_and_Dimensions_of_Food_Security
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5941c85ae4fcb533d8d82767/t/59b078876f4ca322ecc86a3d/1
504737416585/Understanding+the+Pillars+of+Food+Security.pdf
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ERP/uni/FIMI.pdf
https://www.unicef.org/albania/Food_Security_ANG.pdf
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/food-security-and-why-it-matters/
https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/196772/2/Mannaf%20and%20Taj%20Uddin.pdf
https://www.wfp.org/climate-change/climate-impacts
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316770225_Factors_affecting_household_food_security_i
n_rural_northern_hinterland_of_Pakistan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22002569
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51719645_Factors_affecting_food_security_and_contribu
tion_of_modern_technologies_in_food_sustainability
http://www.masterhdfs.org/masterHDFS/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/4-FS-CI-Ad..pdf
http://www.fsincop.net/fileadmin/user_upload/fsin/docs/resources/167.full.pdf
http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/31/12315.full.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-four-dimensions-of-food-security_fig1_51111347
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al936e/al936e00.pdf
http://www.fao.org/elearning/course/fa/en/pdf/p-01_rg_concept.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.4666
http://www.fao.org/docrep/w0078e/w0078e04.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257788769_Natural_and_socio-
economic_factors_affecting_food_security_in_the_Himalayas
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/81593
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1138191/FULLTEXT01.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/MahmudShuvo2/urbanization-and-its-effect-on-food-security
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-43739-2_32
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935117/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263590485_Urbanization_and_Food_Security
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/esag/docs/RapidUrbanizationFoodSecurity.pdf
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/urbanization.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/shahkhushbu/urban-poverty-65045617
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/geography/urban-poverty.php
https://www.slideshare.net/dvanecoutinho/food-security-60089125
https://www.slideshare.net/AllahDadKhan/four-pillars-of-food-security-a-lecture-by-mr-allah-dad-
khan
https://www.slideshare.net/JulietAbisha/food-security-69788069
https://www.unicef.org/albania/Food_Security_ANG.pdf
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/faoitaly/documents/pdf/pdf_Food_Security_Cocept_Note.p
df
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600818.2015.1067292
https://foodforward.org/2017/10/what-is-food-insecurity/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-food-insecurity-definition-impact-prevention-
efforts.html
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