IRC:37-2001

surveys conducted before selection of alignment of tunnel in transportion engineering

1.1Geotechnical Survey: Examines the soil and rock conditions along the proposed tunnel route to
understand the stability and composition of the ground.

1.2Topographical Survey: Maps the surface features of the terrain, helping to identify natural and man-
made obstacles that might affect tunnel construction.

1.3Hydrological Survey: Studies water-related aspects, such as groundwater levels, potential flooding
risks, and the impact on tunnel construction.

1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Evaluates the potential environmental consequences of the
tunnel, considering factors like air and noise pollution, habitat disruption, and visual impact.

1.5Traffic Survey: Assesses the existing and projected traffic patterns to ensure the tunnel’s alignment
meets transportation needs efficiently.

1.6Cost-Benefit Analysis: Weighs the financial investment against the anticipated benefits, considering
factors like reduced travel time, improved safety, and economic development.

1.7Social Impact Assessment:Evaluates the potential social impacts on communities, including

displacement, noise, and changes in local dynamics.

Vehicle coning in railway engineering refers to the intentional inclination or tapering of the wheelsets on
a rail vehicle. This design feature helps in maintaining stability during curved track travel. Coning ensures
that the wheelsets naturally align with the curvature of the track, reducing the risk of derailment and
improving overall safety. The conical shape allows the wheels to steer themselves along the path,
providing a self-centering effect. This design is particularly important for high-speed trains and vehicles
navigating curved sections of the railway

A yard is a system of Track laid out to deal with passangels as well as good & trafric being handled by the
railways, This indudes receipt and dispatch of Trains apart from stabiling, sorting marchalling & other
such fundions Yords are normally classified into following categorie :

2.1Goods Yards

A good Yard provides facilities for the reception stabling landing, unloading & dispatch of good
Wagons.Most good Yards deal with a full train load of wagons.Separate good sidings are provided with
the platforms for the Yoading. 4 unloading For the being handel of station.

2.2Coaching Yard:

A Main function of coaching Yard is to deal with the reception trains. And dispatch passanger Depending
Upon the volume of Traffic this Yard Provides facilities such as watering & fuelling Of engines washing of
rakes., examin alion of colicher charging of batteries, shipment of passengers.

2.3 Marshalling Yard

A good Yard which deals with soiting of goods to to form New good train is Called a Marshalling
Ycomotive required to be houred. In the locomotive shed.The water supply should be adequate for
wart. Ing the locomotive & serving them.
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2.4 Sick line Yard.

Whenever a wagon or Coach become defective it is marked Sick and taken to sick line.

Needle Beam Method

Factors affecting the choice of A Method

Size of Tunnel .Type of Ground. Available Equipment.Method of sequence of Excavation.

Needle Beam method Suitable for firm ground and Brick lining

It Consist of A Stout Timber Beam from Main Temporary Support.Length of Needle beam 5 to 6m.

A Money Drift for short distance of 900mm driven Beyond Beyond Day’s Work Day’s Work, On the
Looking place.The Roop of Drift Supported By Lagging carried on Wooden Segments, which in Tuin
supported By Two. Trench Jacks in front.

After this Drift is Completed Needle Beam is slowly Skiddle forward into Monekey Drift.

Front End of Beam Rest on Plank while the rare end. Supported by slout post resting on lining of Tunne
Floor.

A Trench jack is Now Placed on the Centre line of Needle Beam to support the segment. Thus
Transferring Roof load To Needle Beam.

The other Trench jacks removed and widened sideway (Drift) & supported As Bofore Arrangement

Now all the jack released As the earth load Transferres To the arch segment, Needle beam further
Pushed Complete procedure procedure repeated.

Method of ventilation in Tunneling.

3.1Natural Method

When Tunnel receives Fresh Air & automatically remove the dust without the use of mechanical
appliances, this sort of vertitilation is called Natural ventilalion.

This type of Ventilation can be improved by Providing Shaft at regular interval along the length of Tunnel
during its Construction..

3.2Mechanical ventilalion.

When Ventilation in tunnel is done with the help mechanical devices is known as mechanical ventilation.

It done by any one of the following method:

Blowing -This type of Ventilation method suitable for Short Jength TunnelIn this system of ventilation,
fresh air by a blower installed in input shaft. Is brown Blowing Provide a uniform distribution of fresh air
at work place. 4 Ventilated air pushed out through Putas.

3.3Exhausting
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In this method of Ventilation, vitiated air is Sucked from tunnel by using exhaust fans & fresh air is
drawn Shaft.

This method rapidly removes dust foul air from working place face of Tunnel but doest not Provide
Proper Ventilation.

3.4 Combination of Blowing & exhausting

A combination of blower and exhaust fan is the most reliable ventilation system.

This system utilizes advantages of both blasting, exhaust system is Operated Far 10 to 25 min to drop
smokes dust

Method of Ventilation depend on following factor

Length of Tunnel.

Temp inside Tunnel.

Percentage or humidity present inside the Tunnel.

4.1 Point & Crossing

Points & Crossing are provided to help transfer railway vehicle from one track to another.

Track may be parallel to, diverging from, or Converging with each other.

Point s crossing are Necessary because the wheels Vehicles are provided with inside of railway vehides
flanges refere they require & this therefore Special arrangement in order to Navigate their erails. Way
on the rails.

The points or switches aid in diverting the Vehicles and the Crossing provide the rails provide gaps in So
as to help the flanged wheels to roll over them.

Turnout: It is an arrangement of points & crossing with lead rail by means of the may be diverted from
one track to another.

Point or Switch: A pair of tongue and stock rail with the neresiary Connections and fitting forms of
switch.

Crossing: A crossing is a device introduced at juction where two rails cross each other to permit the
wheel flange of a railway Vehicle to pass from One track to another.

stock rail: Fixed mainline rails connecting to switch rail.

Theck rail: Side rails guiding train wheel

4.2 Drift Method of tunneling

A drift is a small tunnel measuring n 3×3m which is driven into the rock and whose section is widened in
subsequent processes till it equates that of the tunnel.

A number of drill holes are provided all around the drift and these are filled up With explosives and
ignited.
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So that the size of the drift expands to become equal to the required cross section of the tunnel.

The position of the drift depends upon local conditions; it may be in the centre, top, bottom, or side as
shown in figure.

Field experience has shown that the central drift is the best choice, as it offers better ventilation and
requires lower quantities of explosives.

The side drift, however, has the advantage that it permits the use of timber to Support the roof.

4.3 Superelevation on rail track

Superelevation is the raised elevation of the outer rail above the inner rail at a horizontal curve. It is
denoted by e

When a vehicle moves on curve it is subjected to a centrifugal force. The centrifugal force exerts a
horizontal force on the outer rail and the weight on the outer rail increases. This horizontal force and
uneven load on rails will cause derailment. This centrifugal force can be counteracted by introducing the
centripetal force by raising the outer rail with respect to inner rail. This raising of outer rail with respect
to inner rail is known as ‘superelevation’ or ‘canting’.

Objects of Providing Superelevation:

The following are the objects of providing superelevation:

To introduce centripetal force to counteract the centrifugal force to avoid derailment and reduce the
side wear of rails.

To distribute the wheel loads equally on the two rails. This reduces the top wear of rails and results in
saving of maintenance cost.

To ensure comfortable ride to passengers and safe movements of goods.

Analysis of Superelevation:

A vehicle has a tendency to travel in a straight direction, which is tangential to the curve, even when it
moves on a circular curve. As a result, the vehicle is subjected to a constant radial acceleration.

Where V is the velocity (metres per second) and R is the radius of curve (metres). This radial acceleration
produces a centrifugal force which acts in a radial direction away from the centre.

To counteract the effect of the centrifugal force, the outer rail of the curve is elevated with respect to
the inner rail by an amount equal to the superelevation.

A state of equilibrium is reached when both the wheels exert equal pressure on the rails and the
superelevation is enough to bring the resultant of the centrifugal force and the force exerted by the
weight of the vehicle at right angles to the plane of the top surface of the rails. In this state of
equilibrium, the difference in the heights of the outer and inner rails of the curve is known as
equilibrium superelevation.