Volcanic

Hazards
× A) Know more about the earthquake (how it
happens, etc.)
× B) Differentiate magnitude from intensity
× C) Identify various potential earthquake
hazards
× D) Analyze the effects of the different
earthquake hazards
3
 EARTHQUAKE
A natural phenomenon that
causes a shaking or trembling
of the earth which may be
volcanic or tectonic in origin
× *Cracks on the Earth’s surface
× *If there’s enough energy that
breaks this obstacle, the plates
slip or leap forward – causing
earthquake.
Philippine
Fault
Zone
Map
A) Our country have many
active faults
× *active faults ~ a fault which
has moved within the last 10,
000 years.
B) West Valley Fault – one of the
most active fault
a quantitative measure of the
size of the earthquake at its
source. The Richter Magnitude
Scale measures the amount of
seismic energy released by an
earthquake.
× * The severity of earthquake
shaking is assessed using
a descriptive scale –
the Modified Mercalli Intensity
Scale.
 RISK TO
EARTHQUAKE
× Since 1968, we had 12 destructive
earthquakes in the Philippines (PHIVOLCS)
 Top 10 Provinces prone
To Earthquakes
1. Surigao Del Sur 6. Tarlac
2. La Union 7. Ifugao
3. Benguet 8. Davao Oriental
4. Pangasinan 9. Nueva Vizcaya
5. Pampanga 10. Nueva Ecija
× * First main earthquake
hazard
× * May cause landslides,
mudslides, avalanches
× * Mixing of sand or soil and
groundwater during the
shaking
× * Ground becomes very soft
and acts similar to a
 × * Ground movement
along the fault
× * Could rip structures
built across the fault
×*Earthquake can rupture
dams or levees along a river
*Tsunamis and seiches
A. Tsunami
– tidal wave; can be tens of feet high
B. Seiches
- “mini”tsunamis; lakes; only a few feet
high but can still knock down houses & tip
over trees
 × Can be started due to
broken gas lines and power
lines or tipped over wood or
coal stoves
 OBJECTIVES
A. Explain various volcano-related hazards
B. Differentiate among different volcano hazards
C. Recognizes signs of an impending volcanic
activity
1. LAVA FLOW
•highly elongated
mass of molten rock
materials cascading
downslope from an
erupting vent
1. LAVA FLOW
•the lava flow being
extruded has low
silica and low water
contents
1. LAVA FLOW
•steep slopes
encourage faster and
longer flows than
gentle slopes or
terrain
2. DOME GROWTH

• Lava dome is a pile or

mound of lava that
grew on the floor of
an active crater, on
the side of the slopes.
3. PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
• hot dry masses of
fragmented volcanic
materials that move
along the slope and in
contact with the
ground surface
3. PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
• This includes pumice
flow, ash flow, block-
and-ash flow, nuee
ardente and glowing
avalanche.
4 . PYRO CL AST I C
SURGE
• Turbulent low-
concentration density
currents of gases, rock
debris and in some
cases, water, that move
above the ground surface
at high velocities.
5. HOT BLASTS AND
L AT E R A L B L A S T S
Hot Blasts
• arise when pent-up gases
facilitate their way out
through the impermeable
overlying materials and
cause a very rapid escape
into the atmosphere
5. HOT BLASTS AND
L AT E R A L B L A S T S
Lateral Blasts
• combination of
pyroclastic flows and
pyroclastic surges with an
especially strong initial
laterally-directed thrust.
6. TEPHRA FALLS
• Tephra falls may
consist of pumice,
scoria, dense lithic
materials or crystals or
combination of the four
7. VOLCANIC GAS
• Usually in the form of:
water vapor, hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide ,
carbon monoxide,
hydrogen chloride and
hydrogen fluoride
7. VOLCANIC GAS

•one of the basic

components of a
magma or lava
8. LAHAR
Classfied into:
• Primary or hot lahar -
associated directly with
volcanic eruption and
• Secondary or cold
lahar - caused by
heavy rainfall
9. TSUNAMI
•Tsunami are long-
period sea waves or
wave trains that are
generated by the
under-the-sea
earthquake
Precursors of an
Impending
Volcanic Eruption
1. Increase in the
frequency of
volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds;
occurrence of
volcanic tremors
2. Increased steaming
activity; change in color
of steam emission from
white to gray due to
entrained ash
3. Crater glow due
to presence of
magma at or
near the crater
4. Ground swells (or
inflation), ground tilt
and ground fissuring
due to magma intrusion
5. Localized landslides, rock
falls and landslides from
the summit area not
attributable to heavy rains
6. Noticeable increase in
the extent of drying up
of vegetation around the
volcano's upper slopes
7. Increase in the
temperature of hot
springs, wells (e.g.
Bulusan and Canlaon)
and crater lake (e.g.
Taal) near the volcano
8. Noticeable variation in the
chemical content of springs,
crater lakes within the
vicinity of the volcano
9. Drying up of springs/wells
around the volcano
10. Development of new
thermal areas and/or
reactivation of old ones;
appearance of solfataras.
 PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES BEFORE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
1. Each one should be aware of the dangers that
volcanic eruptions pose to lives and be
prepared to face whatever circumstances the
eruption may bring.
 PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES BEFORE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
2. Prepare all necessary things to bring once
evacuation is needed. Those in danger zones are
warned when to evacuate. Once given the signal
refrain from saying you will be all right. Refusing
to evacuate will pose more serious problems.
 PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES BEFORE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
3. Store as much food, water, light sources
and batteries that are very useful in case of
emergency.
 PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES BEFORE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
4. Volcanic eruptions have ash falls so be
prepared for masks or anything to cover
nose and mouth.
 PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES BEFORE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
5. Prioritize the safety of kids before other
things. If you have relatives or friends who are
far from the volcano, take your children there
until such time that your place is safe.
 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
DURING VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
1. Avoid all low-lying places because lava flows
and mudflows are more likely to pass there.
2. Seek cover in case of ash falls/rock falls.
3. Use masks and cover your mouth and nose to
avoid breathing in ashes.
4. If you are inside a house; close all doors and
windows to avoid ashes from getting inside.
 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
DURING VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
5. Always stay indoors.
6.Stay in the evacuation center until further
instructions. Do not attempt to leave the place
unless told to do.
7. Keep a watchful eye on the kids because they
might be tempted to go out and see what’s going
on outside.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
1. Go back to your house but leave the
kids behind someone who can take care
of them while you check your house.
2. Clean everything around and check all
damages incurred.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
3. Use masks while cleaning ash and
other debris.
4. Wait for further announcements related
to the volcano activities.
5. Make sure that your house is still safe
for all of you.