Exploring Mathematics G6

The vision of the New National Curriculum is “every child is
prepared for life”. The weight of the short phrase is immense. The
Exploring
vision can be accomplished with the help of everyone, including
teachers, parents, school community, society, media and everyone
surrounded, as the emphasis of the New National Curriculum is
Mathematics 6A
not only given on cognitive development, but also the spiritual and
behavioural development.
In the National Curriculum, out of eight main key learning areas,

Mathematics is one main area which intends to bring a change
Exploring Mathematics 6A
in the whole process of Mathematics teaching and learning. The
change is to be brought by obligating main pillars of the National
Curriculum, incorporating shared values, key competencies and
skills. At the same time, changing pedagogy from teacher centered
to learner centered education. In addition, using assessment for
learning as an assessment approach in the teaching and learning
process.
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Email: schools@cambridge.org ISBN 978-1-108-43945-9

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Exploring Mathematics
6A
A joint publication of National Institute of Education, Maldives
and Cambridge University Press, India
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Preface
This book is intended to help mathematics teaching and learning
in schools, based on Mathematics syllabus in the New National
Curriculum.
The learning process of Mathematics involves more than
the acquisition of basic concepts. It also involves constructing
meaning or knowledge based on experiences, prior knowledge,
and understanding and applying mathematical processes.
Hence, the content of this book is based on Mathematics
syllabus in the National Curriculum, which is designed to foster
an understanding of the underlying mathematical thinking,
the general strategies of problem solving and aesthetics of
mathematics as an important and powerful tool in everyday life.
The book contains five main strands, which are divided into
sub-strands followed by topics.
We hope this book will serve as an added support in the
teaching and learning process in order to achieve the goals of
Mathematics in the National Curriculum.
We extend our sincere thanks to Cambridge University Press
for partnering with us in this endeavour.
We are beholden to the members of the NIE Curriculum Team
for the support rendered.
Ali Adam
Education Development Officer Coordinator
Aishath Shiunee
Education Development Officer Coordinator

Contents
Unit 1: Numbers (N)
Number Concept (N1) 1

Addition and Subtraction (N2) 12
Multiplication and Division (N3) 27
Money (N4) 56
Negative Numbers (N5) 69
Fractions, Decimals and Percentages (N6) 84
Ratio and Proportion (N7) 122

Numbers N
Number Concept
The history of the mysterious world of number system goes back in the past to
the start of historical times. Early humans used animal bones to keep a count of
their animals. This system is called as tallying system. The place value system
was first used by the Egyptians. It was discovered that other number systems
were developed by different civilisations. After centuries of modifications, the
current form of Arabic numerals came into existence. This number system is
actually a place value system where not just the number but also the way it is
placed is important.
Evolution of Hindu-Arabic numerals

Brahmi, 1st century CE
India (Gwalior), 9th century
West Arabic (Gobar), East Arabic (Gobar), Sanskrit Devnagari Indian,

c. 11th century c. 11th century c. 11th century
15th century
16th century

You will learn...
♦ to read, write and recognise numbers up to 7 digits.
♦ to write large numbers in figures and words.
♦ to find place value of 7-digit numbers.
♦ to estimate and round off large numbers.
Thinking critically and creatively

Make decisions and solve problems: We use numbers every
day in performing everyday tasks and making important
decisions.
?
Let’s Recall
The smallest 6-digit number is 100,000 and it is read as one hundred thousand.
The greatest 6-digit number is 999,999 and it is read as nine hundred ninety nine
thousand nine hundred and ninetynine.
1. Write the following numbers in figures.
a. One hundred twenty five thousand one hundred and one
____________________________________________________
b. Three hundred twenty two thousand nine hundred and eighty four
____________________________________________________

2. Write the next four numbers in the sequence.
a. 105,798, __________, __________ , __________, __________
b. 798,367, __________, __________, __________, __________
3. Fill in the blanks appropriately.
a. 901,722; 902,722; ________; ________; ________; ________
b. 111,243; ________; 111,443; 111,553; ________; ________
4. Find the place value of the underlined digits in the following numbers.
a. 257384 b. 984053 c. 209123 d. 263090
5. Write the expanded form of the following numbers.

a. 623,578 b. 248,753 c. 780,023 d. 279,111
6. Fill in the blanks.

a. Round off 211,386 to the nearest 10 = _______________
b. Round off 781,093 to the nearest 100 = _______________
Number Beyond 999,999

Scientists have explored over 1.7 million of
world’s species of plants and animals that The smallest 7-digit
also include insects and algae. number is 1,000,000
and the largest 7-digit
How much is ‘a million’? Seems like a big number is 9,999,999.
number!
Let us see.
Periods Millions Thousands Units
Hundred Ten
Place Million Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
Thousands Thousands
Value 1,000,000 1,000 100 10 1
100,000 10,000
Digits 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Example 1: Write the given numbers in words.
a. 2,894,356
Two million eight hundred ninety four thousand three hundred and fifty six
b. 3,333,000
Three million three hundred thirty three thousand
E xercise N1.1
1. Form the largest and the smallest 7 digit number that can be made
using the following numbers.
4, 6, 2, 0, 5, 9, 1
Largest number ___________________
Smallest number ___________________
2. Write the next two numbers in the sequence.
a. 2,145,798; ___________________; ___________________
b. 7,008,367; ___________________; ___________________
c. 3,057,626; ___________________; ___________________
d. 9,101,999; ___________________; ___________________
e. 4,457,444; ___________________; ___________________
3. Write the number name.
a. 6,875,479 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
b. 7,604,599 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

4. Hamna is working on a science project. She has recorded 1,999,999
million species of animals and plants.
a. Write this number in words. ________________________________
_______________________________________________________
b. Is this number greater than the smallest 7-digit number? Give a reason
for your answer.
______________________________________________________
c. Write the number that comes after this number in figure and in words.
______________________________________________________
5. Fill in the blanks appropriately.
a. 1,501,729; 1,501,730; ___________,1,501,732 ___________
b. 9,999,643; ___________, 9,999,645; ___________, ___________
c. 1,100,991; 1,100,992; ___________, ___________, ___________
d. ___________, ___________, 900,700; 900,701
6. Arrange the following numbers in ascending and descending orders.
a. 67234; 8725; 98225; 675200
Ascending _____________________________________________
Descending _____________________________________________
b. 782001; 100287; 800172; 210078
Ascending _____________________________________________
Descending _____________________________________________
Place value
Refer to the place value chart given below.
Hundred Ten
Thousands Thousands
Value 1,000,000 1,000 100 10 1
100,000 10,000
Digits 9 2 3 4 5 1 7

Example 1: What is the place value and value of 2 in the number
1,235,471?
Answer:
Place value of 2 = hundred thousand
Value of 2 here = 2 hundred thousand
Example 2: Represent 3640000 in a place value chart. Write the

number name and also the value of 4.
Answer:
Hundred Ten
Thousands Thousands
Value 1,000,000 1,000 100 0 1
100,000 10,000
Digits 3 6 4 0 0 0 0
3,640,000 = three million and six hundred forty thousand

Value of 4 here = 40 thousand
E xercise N1.2
1. Underline the number where the place of 9 is hundred thousands.
a. 2915060 b. 9715684
1002491 2931063
8131970 8866954
2. State whether True or False.
a. The place value of 7 in 1187654 is thousands. ________
b. The place value of 3 in 6543211 is 3. ________
c. The place value of each digit in the greatest 7-digit
number is the same. ________

Estimation and Rounding Off
Remember
Example 1: Akram wants to buy a luxurious that, the digit to the right of
hotel worth 1,000,865 Rufiyaa. He has saved the rounding place is:
1,000,900 Rufiyaa for this investment. Does 5 or more, round up
he have enough money to buy the hotel?
5 or less, round down.
Answer:
We need to round off 1,000,851 to the nearest 100.
865
800 900
1,000,865 when rounded off to 100 becomes 1,000,900 and this is the
amount that Akram has saved for buying the hotel. So, he can definitely
go ahead with this deal.
Example 2: Round off 1,235,482 to the nearest 100.

Answer:
In 1,235,482 the digit in the tens place is 8 (8 > 5) and the digit in the
hundreds place is 4. We add 1 to 4 to get 5 and replace 8 and 2 at units
place with 0.
So, the rounded off number = 1,235,500
Example 3: Athikah lives in Maldives. She is very fond

of travelling. So far, she has travelled 75,000km all
across the world. She wants to reach the milestone of
covering 100,000km. Now, Athikah has decided to travel
to the United States. The distance between both the
countries is 25,250km. Does she need to travel more
after this trip to reach her goal or not?

Answer: In this situation, we need to round off 25,250 to the nearest
1000 to see if Athikah reaches her milestone.
5250 is closer to 5000, so it is round off to 5000
Close to 5000
5250
Far away from 6000
5000 6000
Here, 2 is at the hundreds place, thus we will put 0 at the hundreds, tens
and units places.
Thus, 25,250 when rounded off to 1000 becomes 25,000.
Now, on adding this value to 75,000, we get 100,000.
Thus, Athikah will reach her milestone after her trip to the United States.
E xercise N1.3
1. Round off the following numbers to the nearest 10.
a. 1,745,036 ______________ b. 8,321,786 ______________
c. 6,914,352 ______________ d. 1,825,191 ______________
2. According to a survey done few years ago, there were 1,650,499

species of animals and plants on Earth. Estimate this figure,
a. to the nearest 10 ______________
b. to the nearest 100 ______________
c. to the nearest 1000 ______________

3. Akhtar tried searching for information about
the capital of Maldives on a search engine and
he found 9,288,245 results. Estimate this figure,
a. to the nearest 10 ______________
b. to the nearest 100 ______________
c. to the nearest 1000 ______________
Real-world Maths
Given below is a list of population of some Asian countries.

Country Population
United Arab Emirates 8,933,000
Azerbaijan 9,651,000
Jordan 6,837,000
Tajikistan 8,541,000
Maldives 354,000
Qatar 2,388,000
a. Which country is most populated? Write the number in words.
______________________________________________________
b. Which country has population less than 1 million? Also, write the
figure in words.
______________________________________________________
c. Which country has 4 in its ten thousands place?
______________________________________________________
d. In case of Jordan, what is the sum of the place value of the digits at
the millions place and at the thousands place?
______________________________________________________
e. Is it correct to say that the population of United Arab Amirates is ‘Eight
million nine hundred thirty thousand’ after rounding off to thousands
place? Write ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ and give reason.
______________________________________________________

f. Arrange the countries in the increasing order of their population.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Self-check
(Do questions 2 to 5 in the notebook.)

1. Write the numbers in figures.
a. Eight million three hundred seventy three thousand two hundred
and seven = _______________
b. Five million eight hundred eighty five thousand one hundred
and eleven = _______________
2. Write the following numbers in words.
a. 8,776,231 b. 9,600,564 c. 2,430,511 d. 1,111,111
3. Write the place value of the underlined digits in the following
numbers.
a. 5,897,321 b. 3,310,157 c. 3,267,812 d. 9,789,138
4. Write the next five numbers for each of the following numbers.
a. 8,656,565 b. 5,760,320 c. 9,706,302 d. 3,706,032
5. According to a survey, the overall fish production in Maldives
in the last 10 years is 1,854,599 tonnes. Answer the following
questions based on this survey.
a. Is the given number more than ‘one million’? Write ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.
b. Write the number in words.
c. What would you get if you round the number to the nearest 10?
d. What would you get if you round the number to the nearest 100?
e. What would you get if you round the number to the nearest 1000?
f. Make a table to show the place value of the digits.
10

1. Roll the dice!
Use 7 die to generate 7-digit numbers.
Make the smallest and largest 7-digit
numbers from them. Round the
numbers to the nearest 10, 100 and 1000.
2. Fishing industry in Maldives

Fishing is one of the main industries in
Maldives. Do you know how much fish is
produced every year in Maldives? Check
with previous years’ productions and see if
you find any growth. Also find, the fish catch
of the last three years.
You Kno
?
id
D
This image shows how zero was expressed in Chinese counting

rods. An empty space was used to represent zero.
6 0 3 9 0
11

Addition and Subtraction
Addition + (Positive) Plus (in Latin means ‘More’)
Subtraction – (Negative) Minus (In Latin means ‘Less’)
The origins of above two symbols dates back to the Egyptian Hieroglyphics
where they used symbols which resembled ‘a pair of walking legs’, either walking
away or towards, representing addition and subtraction.
You will learn...

to use appropriate terms in addition and subtraction of numbers.
to carry out addition and subtraction using various methods.
to solve simple word problems in addition and subtraction.
to derive and recall doubling of numbers and number pairs that add
up to 100.
to carry out mental calculations.
to carry out pencil and paper procedures of addition and subtraction.

Make informed decisions in different situations to
make a task, work: Applies strategies of addition and
subtractions to fulfill a task.
12

?
Let’s Recall
We have learnt addition and subtraction of numbers using various strategies. Let
us revise a few concepts through the following review exercise.
a. 300 + 1004 = 1004 + _______ b. 450 + 0 = 0 + ________
c. 21 + 18 + ______ = 21 + 13 + _______ d. _____ + 10 + 345 = 400
2. Use all the number cards. Make addition sum whose result is more
than 120.
2 5 3 7
+
3. What must be added to 675 to 4. What is the total of 8365 and
make 7638? 987?
5. What is 700 more than 6. What is the result of

1009? increasing 8726 by 762?
13

7. Fill in the blanks with the correct digits.
a. b. c.
7 9 2 _ 8 0 _ 3 4 8 _ 6
+ _ 6 4 9 + _ _ 6 2 + _ 4 2
9 _ 6 9 8 9 5 _ _ 0 0 _
8. Evaluate the following questions.

a. 389 + 565 b. 725 + 51 c. 7812 + 562
d. 4500 + 976 e. 2453 + 872 f. 7628 + 39
9. Shuaib is adding up the population of a few islands of Maldives.
However, some of the data is missing. What is the missing data?
Name of the island Population (approx.)

Dhidhdhoo 3,000
Hoarafushi 2,204
Ihavandhoo Missing
Kelaa 1,200
Muraidhoo 457
Total 8,308
Addition and Subtraction

Addition
Example: Add 1,238 and 3,542.

Answer:
Th H T U
1
1 2 3 8
Addends
+ 3 5 4 2
4 7 8 0 Sum
The sum of 1,238 and 3,542 is 4,780.
14

Subtraction
Example 1: Subtract 2,871 from 6,209.

Answer:
Th H T U
5 11 10
1
Larger Number 6 2 0 9 Minuend
Smaller Number – 2 8 7 1 Subtrahend
3 3 3 8 Difference
Checking the result

When we add the difference with the subtrahend we get the minuend. From
example 2 given above,
Th H T U
1 1
3 3 3 8 Difference
+ 2 8 7 1 Subtrahend
6 2 0 9 Minuend
This is useful for checking the result of the subtraction done.
Example 2: Fill in the blanks.

Th H T U
7 5 _ 8
− _ 8 7 9
0 _ 8 9
Answer:
Th H T U
6 14 15 18
4 5
7 5 6 8
− 6 8 7 9
0 6 8 9
15

E xercise N2.1
1. Solve the following problems.
a. 2356 + 1873 b. 7092 + 3455 c. 9899 + 9854
d. 7800 + 298 e. 4500 + 873 f. 6677 + 555
2. Fill in the blanks with the correct digits.
a. b.
Th H T U Th H T U
4 5 _ 9 5 9 2 6
+ _ 9 6 2 − 1 _ 6 3
_ 9 _ _ 4 _ _
7
c. Th H T U d. Th H T U
3 4 9 _ 2 1 3 _
+ 1 4 5 − 1 _ 4 1
_ _ 4 1 _ 7 _ 3
e. f.
Th H T U Th H T U
4 8 _ 0 _ 7 2 1
+ _ 1 0 2 − 6 8 _ 3
6 9 1 _ 1 _ 3 _
16

Addition and Subtraction Using Simple
Methods
Mental calculations
DO YOU REMEMBER?
To add several multiples of 10, we add the tens digit of all numbers
and put a ‘0’ in the units place of the sum.
To add several multiples of 100, we add the hundreds digit of all

numbers and put a ‘0’ in the units and tens places of the sum.
This principle can thus be similarly applied to larger numbers that

are multiples of 1000, 10000, 100000, etc.
Example 1: Mentally add 700, 500 and 600.
Answer:
Adding the hundreds we get, 7 + 5 + 6 = 18
Putting a ‘0’ in the units and tens places, we get, 700 + 500 + 600 = 1800
Example 2: Mentally add 2000, 3000 and 7000.
Answer:
Adding the thousands we get, 2 + 3 + 7 = 12
Putting a ‘0’ in the units, tens and hundreds places, we get,
2000 + 3000 + 7000 = 12000
17

Mental addition and subtraction of decimals
It is easy to add decimals that add up to one whole. Example, 0 .30 + 0.70, we
know that, 3 + 7 is 10, therefore 0.30 + 0.70 = 1.00.
Example 1: Mentally add 5.30 and 6.70.

Answer:
Combine the whole numbers Decimal part
5 + 6 = 11 0.30 + 0.70 = 1
And 11 + 1 = 12. Whole number part
Add the total of the decimals to get 5 + 6 = 11
an answer. So, 11 + 1 = 12
Add the decimal part of the numbers.
We can use mental math to complete subtraction problems too.
Example 2: Mentally subtract 22.50 from 25.00.

Answer:
Rephrase problem as, ‘What should be added to 22.50 that will give the
sum as 25.00?’
25.00 – 22.50 = 2.50
Example 3: Mentally add 72. 6 and 2.4.

Answer:
72.6 + 2.4 = 72 + 2 + 0.6 + 0.4
= 74 + 1
= 75
Example 4: Mentally subtract MVR 23.6 from MVR 30.

Answer:
30 – 23.6 = 29 + 1 – 23 – 0.6
= 29 – 23 + 1.0 – 0.6
= 6 + 0.4
= 6.4
18

E xercise N2.2
1. Use mental math strategies to find the values of the following questions.
a. 50 + 30 + 20 = ________________
b. 80 + 90 + 20 + 10 + 70 = ________________
c. 200 + 300 = ________________
d. 300 + 400 + 500 = ________________
e. 2000 + 1000 + 2000 + 4000 = ________________
2. Evaluate the following decimal numbers.

a. 3.85 + 6.15 = ________________
b. 17.30 + 54.70 = ________________
c. 23.55 + 14.45 = ________________
d. 72.80 + 17.20 = ________________
e. 33. 50 – 12.25 = ________________
f. 76.75 – 13.50 = ________________
Addition and subtraction

We have already studied
simple ways of adding and
Remember the method of adding the most
subtracting. In this grade,
significant digits first in addition of numbers?
we will learn strategies
We split the given numbers into sums of
to simplify calculations
multiples of 10, 100 or 1000 and then group
involving addition and
them conveniently as thousands, hundreds,
subtraction of larger
tens and units. We then add the numbers.
numbers.
19

Example 1: Add 7823 and 8745.
We add the most
Answer:
significant digits
Th H T U
first in adding the
7 8 2 3 numbers.
+ 8 7 4 5
1 5 0 0 0 Thousands
+ 1 5 0 0 Hundreds
+ 6 0 Tens Remember compensation
+ 8 Units method of adding numbers?
1 6 5 6 8 Steps of calculation:
Step 1: The second addend,
9750 is rounded off to 10,000
Example 2: Add 8172 and 9750. and added to the first addend.
Answer: That is,
8 1 7 2 8172 + 10,000 = 18172

+ 9 7 5 0 Step 2: Since an extra amount
1 8 1 7 2 (8172 + 10,000) of 250 is added, we need to
– 2 5 0 (9750 – 10,000) take this away from 18172.
1 7 9 2 2 That is,
18172 – 250 = 17922
Example 3: Add 17.50kg and 19.25kg.

Answer:
We use the same principle as in addition of whole numbers.
kg g
1 7 . 5 0
+ 1 9 . 2 5
3 6 . 0 0 Adding the digits in the units place
+ . 7 0 Adding the digits in the tenths place
+ . 5 Adding the digits in the hundredths place
3 6 . 7 5
20

Example 4: Subtract 6834 from 8725.
Answer:
Step 1: Here, the smaller
8 7 2 5 number, 6834 is counted
− 6 8 3 4 up (to make 7000) which
1 6 6 To make 7000 is further counted up to the
1 7 2 5 To make 8725 larger number.
1 0 0 0
8 0 0
8 0 Step 2: The numbers 166
1 1 and 1725 are added by using
1 8 9 1 the method of adding the
most significant digits.
Mental Maths
Subtract as quickly as you can.

a. 7000 – 1635 b. 6000 – 1345 c. 9000 – 7645
d. 2000 – 1345 e. 100 – 78 f. 700 – 578
g. 500 – 396 h. 10 – 7 i. 70 – 57
j. 80 – 48 k. 50 – 36 l. 90 – 68
Example 5: Take away 5624 from 8353. Take away more

Answer: 8353 – 6000 = 2353 (376 more)
8 3 5 3 Add the extra amount to
− 5 6 2 4 compensate
2 3 5 3 8353 − 6000 2353 + 376 = 2729
+ 3 7 6 Since 6000 − 5624 = 376
2 7 2 9
21

Example 6: How much more is Different combinations of
4578 than 2563? numbers can be subtracted to
Answer: get the same result.
Example: 4000 – 450 = 3550
2563 + ? = 4578
5000 – 1450 = 3550
? = 4578 – 2563
10000 – 6450 = 3550
= 2015 This principle can be applied to
even larger numbers.
E xercise N2.3
(All questions to be done in the notebook.)

1. Solve the following problems using the column method.
a. 8756 + 6534 b. 5625 – 4980 c. 2653 + 4600
d. 6730 – 4300 e. 8736 – 2367 f. 10000 – 9999
2. Solve the following problems using any one of the method discussed
in the chapter.
a. 6783 + 5196 b. 7629 + 7628 c. 2308 + 7538
d. Subtract 2653 from 8725 e. 872 less than 6700
3. What must be added to 736 to make 9236?
4. What is the total of 8752 and 8773?
5. What is 7610 more than 8797?
6. What is the result of increasing 1010 by 2773?
7. Evaluate the following numbers.
a. 6732 + 6732 b. 7634 + 7634
c. 4328 + 4328 d. 8932 + 8932
8. Find pairs of numbers that add upto the given following numbers.
a. 7000 b. 2398 c. 8755 d. 899 e. 6.8
22

9. Solve the following word problems.
a. 7825 people went to see carnival on Eid. Out of these, 865 had to
leave early to catch the ferry. How many people were left behind?
b. The numbers of students who visited an education fair during the last
two consecutive years were 6378 and 8725, respectively. How many
students visited the fair during these two years?
Word Problems on Addition and Subtraction

Word problems show real life situations. We change the given statements
into mathematical problems and answer the question by applying addition or
subtraction as required.
Example 1: A fisherman earned MVR 5263 in January. In February,

the earning of the fisherman increased by MVR 2556. How much did
he earn in February?
Answer:
Earning in January = MVR 5263
1
Increase in February = MVR 2556
5 2 6 3
Earning in February = MVR 5263 + MVR 2556 + 2 5 5 6
= 7819 7 8 1 9
Example 2: The difference between two numbers is 8734. If the

smaller number is 5687, find the greater number.
Answer:
greater number – smaller number = difference
– 5687 = 8734
greater number = 8734 + 5687
= 14421
23

E xercise N2.4

1. In a city, there are 6734 men, 6523 women and 762 children. What is the
total population of the city?
2. A factory produced 6735 bulbs in a particular year and 9823 bulbs in the
following year. Find the increase in the production of bulbs.
3. In a particular year, the male population of a city was 7625 more than
the female population. The number of the females was 8735.
a. What was the male population?
b. What was the total population of the city during that year?
4. An election was contested by two candidates. The winning candidate got
5237 votes and won by a margin of 875 votes. How many votes did the
other candidate get?
5. The sale of a fishnet vendor during one month was MVR 4829. Next
month it increased by MVR 5673.
a. What was the sale of the fishnet vendor
in the next month?
b. What was the total sale of the vendor
during these two months?
6. In an examination, 4645 candidates passed the exam. Out of these, 674 got
grade A and 976 got grade B. How many candidates got grade C?
7. A number exceeds 1004 by 544. What is the number?
8. The sum of two numbers is 5329. If one of the numbers is 3520, find the
other number.
24

Real-world Maths
Maldives—fish trade
The fishing industry in Maldives is the nation’s second main industry.
Maldives has an abundance of aquatic life and species of fish. The
following table shows the fish catch for 6 years.
Year 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2007
Tonnes 1250 3737 3852 7874 10896 17415
a. Calculate the total number of fishes caught from 1965 to 1985.

b. Calculate the total number of fishes caught from 1995 to 2007.
c. By how much number a is less than b?
d. What is the difference in the fish caught in the year 2007 and in 2005?
Self-check

1. Use the standard method to evaluate the following.
a. 7645 + 7234 b. 1982 + 6530
c. 3875 – 2675 d. 9754 – 7659
e. 8348 + 1348 f. 5871 – 4563

2. Use the compensation method to evaluate the following.
a. 6754 + 8735 b. 7689 + 3476
c. 2379 – 1856 d. Subtract 567 from 956
e. Subtract 2344 from 6508 f. 1004 + 4067
25

3. What must be added to 6734 to make 9835?
4. What is the total of 873, 5463 and 720?
5. Use mental math strategies to evaluate the following questions.
a. 60 + 40 + 30 b. 400 + 500 + 600
c. 3000 + 2000 + 3000 + 5000 d. 4.85 + 7.15
e. 18.30 + 55.70 f. 43.50 – 22.25
g. 86.75 – 23.50 h. 67.6 – 67.7

6. A construction company is repairing a damaged road. So far, they have
repaired a total of 649 metres of the road. Today, they repaired 536 metres
of the road. How long did the company repair at the end of today?
7. Naseer runs his own baking company. This morning, Naseer’s workers
baked 7622 cookies. They also baked some more after lunch. In total, they
baked 9810 cookies. How many cookies did Naseer’s workers bake after
lunch?
8. To complete an order, a factory dyed 7824 metres of silk indigo and
8923 metres of silk yellow in colour. How many metres of silk did the
factory dye for that order?
You Kn
?
Did
ow
Did you know that if we add the numbers 1 to 100 consecutively

(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + …), the sum is 5050.
26

Multiplication and Division
You will learn...
to use appropriate vocabulary in multiplication of numbers.

to use innovative methods to solve multiplication problems.
to develop simpler methods to solve multiplication problems.

Construct and develop logical sequence: Innovative
methods are used to solve daily life problems using
multiplication.
?
Let’s Recall
Factors of 12 Factors of for 36
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
27

Here the numbers 12 and 36 can be expressed as the product of their factors.
Factors of 12 Factors of 36
1 × 12 = 12 1 × 36 = 36
2 × 6 = 12 2 × 18 = 36
3 × 4 = 12 3 × 12 = 36
4 × 9 = 36
6 × 6 = 36
1. Fill in the blanks to make each of the following a true statement.

a. 453 × ____ = 453 b. 0 × 8800 = ____
c. 450 × 10 = ____ d. 25 + 25 = ____ × ____= 50
e. 100 × 10 ×____ = 1000 f. 1 × ____ = 734
2. Use properties of multiplication to fill in the blanks.

a. 98 × ____ = 10 × ____
b. 40 × ( 7 × 3 ) = (____ × ____) × 3
c. (____ × 5 ) × ____ = 7 × (____ × 30)
d. 0.4 × (0.6 × ____) = (0.4 × ____) × 0.8
3. Multiply these numbers.

a. 89 × 98 b. 103 × 5 c. 67 × 55
d. 567 × 8 e. 585 × 3 f. 0.6 × 9
Understanding Multiplication
Let us revise and see the different vocabulary used for multiplication.
• Product of 120 and 8 = 120 × 8 = 960
• Four hundreds = 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 = 4 × 100
• 457 times 11 = 457 × 11
• 2345 multiplied by 3 = 2345 × 3
• Triple of 8585 = 8585 + 8585 + 8585 = 8585 × 3
• Double of 1000 = 1000 + 1000 = 1000 × 2
28

Mental Maths
a. 5 + (4 × 5) = _______________
b. 4 + (5 × 5) = _______________
c. 489 rounded off to nearest 100 gives _______________
d. 79 rounded off to nearest 10 gives _______________
e. 25 rounded off to nearest 10 gives _______________
f. 325 rounded off to nearest 100 gives _______________
g. Double of 100 is _______________
h. Double of 550 is _______________
i. Double of 7000 is _______________
j. 4.55 × 10 = _______________
k. Double of 25 _______________
l. Twice of 3.9 is _______________
m. 6.4 × 100 = _______________
n. 9 × 8 = _______________
o. 10 × 10 = _______________
p. Multiply 7 by 8 = _______________
q. 6 × 9 = _______________
r. 12 × 12 = _______________
s. 11 × 11 = _______________
t. 8×8 = _______________
u. How many nines are there in 81? _______________
v. 0.7 × 9 = _______________
w. 100 shared between 8 will be _______________
x. 0.5 × 0.4 = _______________
y. 0.7 × 0 = _______________
z. Twice of 0.5 = _______________
29

Different multiplication strategies
There are four principles involving multiplication that will help make problems
easier to solve. Let us recall them through examples.
Example 1: Determine the product of If two or more numbers

25 × 5 × 10 × 7 by suitable re-arrangement. are being multiplied,
Answer: then the order of
numbers does not affect
25 × 5 × 10 × 7 = (25 × 5) × (10 × 7)
the product.
= 125 × 70
= 8,750
Example 2: Multiply 5 × 556.

Answer:
5 × 556 = 5 × (500 + 50 + 6) Multiplication can
= (5 × 500) + (5 × 50 ) + (5 × 6) be distributed over
= 2500 + 250 + 30 addition.
= 2780
Example 3: Multiply 3 by 5.25

Brackets
Answer: 3 × 5.25 = 3 × (5 + 0.20 + 0.05) determine the
= (3 × 5) + (3 × 0.20) + (3 × 0.05) order of operations.
= 15 + 0.60 + 0.15 A bracket is always
solved first.
= 15.75
30

Example 4: Multiply 235 by 99.
Multiplication can
Answer: be distributed over
235 × 99 = 235 × (100 – 1) subtraction.
= (235 × 100) – (235 × 1)
= 23500 – 235
= 23,265
Example 5: Find the value of 254 × 46 × 0. Product

Answer: of any number and
zero is always zero.
254 × 46 × 0 = 0
Example 6: Create a word problem for the following multiplication

fact: 8500 × 9
Answer:
Problem: The monthly rent of a 1-room apartment in a multi-storey building
is MVR 8500. If the building has 9 such flats, find the total rent of flats.
Example 7: Solve (25 × 7) × 4. The product of two or

Answer: more whole numbers
does not change
(25 × 7) × 4 = (25 × 4) × 7
by changing their
= 100 × 7
arrangements.
= 700
31

E xercise N3.1
(Do questions 1, 2 and 4 in the notebook.)

1. Find the value of the following.
a. Triple 55 b. 1090 times 70
c. Multiply 6555 by 4 d. Product of 913 and 60
2. Use different multiplication methods to find the value of the following.
a. 558 × 18 b. 375 × 50 × 2
c. 200 × 4 × 25 d. 65 × 40 × 10 × 0
3. What is the missing number?
a. 7783 × _______ = 0 b. 1050 × 1 = _______
c. _______ × 5678 = 5678
d. 43 × 67 + 43 × 56 = 43 × (_______ + _______)
4. Determine the product of the greatest 3-digit number and the greatest
2-digit number.
Decimal multiplication
Example 1: Multiply 0.5 by 1.5

Answer:
5 × 15 = 75 Step 1: Multiplication of decimal numbers is done in
the same manner as we do for whole numbers.
0.5 × 1.5 = 0.75 Step 2: Count the number of digits after the decimal
in both the numbers. It is two in our example. Place
the decimal in the product, counting two places from
the right.
32

Example 2: Find the double of 2.3
Answer: 2.3 × 2 = 4.6
Application of multiplication facts
On doubling the On doubling again, we

6 times table fact
product get 24 times table fact
6×1=6 6 × 2 = 12 12 × 2 = 24
6 × 2 = 12 12 × 2 = 24 24 × 2 = 48
6 × 3 = 18 18 × 2 = 36 36 × 2 = 72
. . .
. . .
6 × 10 = 60 60 × 2 = 120 120 × 2 = 240
Thus, a 24-times table fact is formed by doubling two times the 6-times
table fact.
Example 1: Multiply 348 × 50.

Answer: For multiplication of numbers
348 × 50 = 348 × 100 by 50, first multiply the number
= 34800 by 100 and then calculate one
half of the product.
Half of 34800 = 34800 ÷ 2
= 17400
33

Example 2: Solve 480 × 25. For multiplication of
Answer: numbers by 25, first multiply
the number by 100, and then
480 × 25 = 480 × 100
calculate one fourth of the
= 48000
product.
One fourth of 48000 = 48000 ÷ 4
= 12000
Example3: Solve 5898 × 5.

Answer:
5898 × 5 = (5890 + 8) × 5
= (5890 × 5) + (8 × 5)
= (5890 × 10) ÷ 2 + 40
= 58900 ÷ 2 + 40
= 29450 + 40
= 29490
Example 4: Multiply 9.7 × 10. 9.7 × 10 = 97.0

Answer: 9.7 × 10 = 97 Decimal shifts one place to the right.
= 97
Example 5: Solve 44.69 × 100. 44.69 × 1000 = 4469.0

Answer: 44.69 × 100 = 4469
Decimal shifts three places to
the right.
= 4469.0
Example 6: Multiply 567.8 × 1000.
Answer: 567.8 × 1000 = 567,800
34

Multiplication by Rounding Off
The product of two numbers can be approximately estimated by rounding the
numbers before multiplication. The value is then adjusted. This strategy is also
useful for multiplying bigger numbers.
Example: Solve 485 × 22.

Answer:
As 485 approximates to 500 (nearest multiple of 100),
Multiply 500 × 22
500 × 22 = 11000
Since 485 = 500 – 15, adjust 15 × 22 by subtracting from 11000
Thus, 485 × 22 = 11000 – 330 = 10,670
Normal methods of multiplication

In this section, we will learn how to evaluate a multiplication fact in the
conventional way.
Two methods are used to evaluate multiplication facts, the grid method and
the column/partitioning method. Let us use how these methods are used in
multiplying bigger numbers.
Example 1: Solve 5890 × 9 by both grid and column methods.

Answer:
Grid method:
5890 = 5000 + 800 + 90 + 0
Placing the digits in a grid,
5000 800 90 0
×9 45000 7200 810 0
Thus, 5890 × 9 = 45000 + 7200 + 810 + 0 = 53,010
35

Column method:
Placing 58960 and 9 in column form,
Th H T U
5 8 9 0
× 9
5000 × 9 = 45000
800 × 9 = 7200
90 × 9 = 810
0×9 = 0
53010
Example 2: Multiply 7.85 by 5.

Answer: 7.85 × 5 can be written as:
7×5= 35.0
0.85 × 5 = + 4.25
39. 25
Example 3: Solve 2.11 × 46.

Answer:
2.11 × 46 can be written as:
2.00 × 46 = 92.00
0.10 × 46 = 4.60
0.01 × 46 = 0.46
97.06
36

E xercise N3.2

1. Sana and Mariyam are close friends studying in the same school. Sana’s
home is 16.87 miles away from school. Mariyam’s home is 11 times as far
as Sana’s home from school. Find the distance between Mariyam’s school
and her home.
2. Rym runs 5032 metres in 1 hour. If she runs at this rate, how far will she
run in 4 hours? Also, calculate the time in minutes.
3. Use the grid method to evaluate the following problems.
a. 8642 × 7 b. 378 × 24 c. 6056 × 9
4. Use the column method to evaluate the following problems.
a. 3.78 × 6 b. 7405 × 28 c. 2.53 × 73
5. Find the value of each of the following using various mathematical
strategies.
a. 85 × 10 × 45 – 35 × 850 b. 5899 × 9 + 5899
Self-check

1. Fill the blanks.
a. 8.97 × 0 = _____________ b. 84.6 × 1000 = _____________
c. Triple 560 = _____________ d. 212 × 25 × 2 = _____________
e. Product of 780 × 75 = _____________
37

2. Use principles of multiplication to evaluate the following
problems.
a. 359 × 55 b. 42 × 80 × 5 c. 558 × 14
d. 85 × 25 × 9 e. 46.3 × 5 f. 2.5 × 3.5
g. 19.9 × 100 h. 1.11 × 38 i. 195 × 89
3. A dealer bought 6 colour television sets. If the cost of each set is
MVR 4955, determine the cost of all the sets together.
4. The annual fee charged from a student of grade 6 of an upcoming
school is MVR 950. If there are in all, 55 students in grade 6, find the
total collection of fees.
5. Khadhy’s very close friend from India wants to visit Maldives for 5
days. He is travelling with his family consisting of 7 members. Khadhy
books them with a tour and travel agency which is charging MVR 999
per person per day. What will be the total cost of the trip?
38

Division
The division sign ‘ ÷ ’ is an Anglo-American symbol Division • Divide
for division used in the 17th century. Like most • Divide
into
elementary combinations of lines and points, the • Group
• Share
symbol is very old.
• Divided
• Divisible
by
by
tween
• Share be
You will learn...
to use various expressions in division of numbers.

to understand and calculate differently phrased division
problems.
to solve division problems mentally using different strategies.
to develop simpler methods for solving division problems.
Understanding and Managing Self

Organises and plans how to go about a task:
Uses mathematical skills in changing verbal statements into
mathematical form and uses appropriate symbols to make
calculations easier. It also helps in making reasonably good
approximations and estimation of values.
39

?
Let’s Recall

a. 640 ÷ 4 = _____ b. _____ ÷ 10 = 10
1
c. of 150 = _____ ÷ _____ d. 0 ÷ 893 = _____
2
2. Find the value of the following problems.
a. 570 ÷ 1 = ______________
b. (100 ÷ 10) – (100 ÷ 10) = _____________
c. 781 + (500 ÷ 5) = ________________
d. 1507 – (625 ÷ 5) = _________________
3. The cost price of 3 toy cars is MVR 990. Determine the cost price of one
toy car if each costs the same.
4. 195 trees have been planted in 5 rows. Find the number of trees that are
equally planted in each row. How many trees remain to be planted?
Understanding Division
We can state a division statement in many ways. For example,

115 ÷ 5
• Share 115 chocolates among 5 students
• Divide 115 by 5
• What is the remainder when 115 is divided by 5?
• How many ribbons each of length 5cm can you cut from a
long ribbon of 115cm?
• One fifth of 115
• Is 115 divisible by 5?
40

Properties of division
In this section, we will recall the properties of division of numbers.
1. A number divided by 1 gives the quotient as the number itself.
For example,
330 ÷ 1 = 330
2. 0 divided by a number (other than zero), gives the quotient as 0.
For example,
0 ÷ 459 = 0
Using the above mentioned properties, calculations can be simplified.
Example 1: Divide 460 by 35

and check your answer.
Answer: To check if the division has been done

correctly we use division algorithm,
13
35) 460 Dividend = Divisor × Quotient +
– 35 Remainder
110 460 = 13 × 35 + 5
– 105 = 455 + 5
005 = 460
So, 460 ÷ 35 gives a quotient of

13 and remainder of 5.
Example 2: The product of two numbers is 660. If one of the

numbers is 12, find the other.
Answer:
Division is the inverse of
12 × 2nd number = 660 multiplication.
So, 2nd number = 660 ÷ 12
= 55
41

Representing quotient as a fraction
Example: Express 480 ÷ 14 as a fraction.
Answer:
34 quotient
divisor )
14 480 dividend We get a quotient and a
– 42 remainder when the divisor
does not completely divide
60
the quotient.
– 56
04 remainder
4
So, 480 ÷ 14 = 34
14
Representing quotient as a decimal
Example 1: Solve 775 ÷ 10 and express the result as a decimal.
Answer:
77.5 quotient
divisor 10) 775.0
While dividing by 10, put
– 70 the decimal point one
75 place from the right.
– 70 While dividing by 100,
50 put the decimal point
– 50 two places from the right.
00
42

Example 2: MVR 438 is to be shared equally among five people. How
much will each person get?
Answer:
Here we will divide the total money by the number of people.
So, each person gets MVR 438 ÷ 5
87.6 Q
D )
5 438.0 Dividend
– 40
38
– 35
30
– 30
0 R
So, MVR 438 ÷ 5 = MVR 87.6
= MVR 87 and 60 Laari
Fractions and division
Let us recall the relation between fractions and division facts.
Fractions and division are related to each other in a very interesting way.
1 500
Half of 500 = × 500 = 500 ÷ 2 or or 250
2 2
1 600
One third of 600 = × 600 = 600 ÷ 3 or or 200
3 3
43

Divisibility rules for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 100
In our earlier class, we have already learnt divisibility rules of few numbers. In this
section, we will revise them and will learn few more rules and their application in
solving division problems.
Number is
Characteristic of a number Example
divisible by
Digit at the units place is

2 20, 806
even (0, 2, 4, 6, 8)
Sum of its digits is divisible In case of 435,

3
by 3 sum of digits = 4 + 3 + 5 = 12
Last two digits (digits in the

units and tens places) are 4 628 or 700
divisible by 4 or end with 00
Digit at the units place is 0

5 95 or 890
or 5
696 is divisible by 2 (last digit

A number is divisible by
6 is 2) and also sum of digits is
both by 2 and 3
21, so it is also divisible by 3
The sum of its digits is a 189 Sum of digits = 18 which
9
multiple of 9 is a multiple of 9
Digit at the units place is 0 10 660 or 700
44

E xercise N3.3
(Do questions 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in the notebook.)

1. Divide and check your solution.
a. 727 ÷ 8 b. 696 ÷ 35 c. 661 ÷ 75 d. 460 ÷ 100
2. Find the value of the given problems.
a. 860 ÷ 10 = _____________
b. 0 ÷ 560 = _____________
c. 5604 + (570 ÷ 10) = _____________
d. 4809 – (725 ÷ 25) = _____________
e. 322 ÷ (36 – 3) = _____________
f. (600 ÷ 60) – (600 ÷ 60) = _____________
3. Express the following in fraction form.
a. 268 ÷ 8 b. 589 ÷ 9 c. 590 ÷ 11
d. 911 ÷ 15 e. 609 ÷ 6 f. 310 ÷ 8
4. Express the following as a decimal.
a. 287 ÷ 4 b. 608 ÷ 5 c. 678 ÷ 20
d. 762 ÷ 10 e. 891 ÷ 10 f. 758 ÷ 25
5. Find the value of the following fractions.
a. Half of 428 b. One seventh of 882
c. One third of 306 d. One hundredth of 1000
6. Create simple story for the following problems and solve them.
a. 240 ÷ 5 b. 855 ÷ 8 c. 550 ÷ 55
d. 401 ÷ 26 e. 100 ÷ 45 f. 806 ÷ 31
7. Write Yes or No.
a. 690 is divisible by 3 ________ b. 500 is divisible by 4 _______
c. 294 is divisible by 6 ________ d. 768 is divisible by 9 _______
45

Halving
1
Example 1: What is half of ?
2
Answer:
Halving a number is dividing by 2.
Consider one whole pizza.
The figure on the right 1 pizza.

2
One half of 1 pizza
2
1 1 1 
= × or  ÷ 2 
2 2 2 
1
=
4
1 1
Therefore, half of =
2 4
1
Example 2: Find half of .
8
Answer:
Halving a number is dividing by 2.
1 1
So, half of = = ÷2
8 8
Consider a circle. We divide the circle into 8 parts.
1
Each part =
8
46

On halving the 8 parts of a circle we get
1
16
1
Each part =
16
1 1 1
× =
8 2 16
Division by 10, 100 and 1000

When a multiple of 10 is divided by 10, then the 0 in the units place is disappears
in the result. Example,
80 ÷ 10 = 8
740 ÷ 10 = 74
Here, the place value of 8 in 80 is tens.
Similarly, the place value of 7 in 740 is hundreds.
Example: Divide 9.85 by (a) 10 (b) 100 and find the place value of
8 in each case.
9.85 ÷ 10 = 09.85
Answer: = 0.985
a. 9.85 ÷ 10 = 0.985 Decimal shifts one place to the right.
Place value of 9 in 0.985 = tenths
b. 9.85 ÷ 100 = 0.0985 9.85 ÷ 100 = 09.85
Place value of 9 in 0.0985 = hundredths = 0.0985
47

Dividng an integer by 1000
Explanation
12 ÷ 1000 = 0.012 12 ÷ 1000
Let us quickly revise how to convert decimals 0012.

to fractions with the help of following diagram.
0.012
12 ÷ 1000 = 0.012
If the numerator is divided by 1000, the or 12.0 ÷ 1000 = 0.012
decimal point is put by leaving three right
most digits. If the number is short of digits,
Decimal shifts to left by
we insert zeros at the left of the number.
three places.
1 Create the top 3

= .3
10
15 17
0.15 = .17
100
2 Create the top 5
= .05
100
15 2 digits 323
100 2 zeros = .323
1000
47
= .047
1000
9
= .009
1000
Example 1: Find half of 24.8

* Halving a whole
Answer: number makes the
Half of 24.8 = 24.8 ÷ 2 calculations simpler.
= 248 ÷ 2 (divide by 10 later)
* Dividing a number by
= 124 10, 100, 1000 and so
= 124 ÷ 10 on makes the division
= 12.4 easier.
48

Example 2: A wire of length 455m is cut
45.5 × 100
into 10 pieces of equal length. Find the
length of each piece in centimetres. = 45.50
Answer: = 4550cm
Length of each piece = 455m ÷ 10m

= 45.5m
= 45.5 × 100cm (1m = 100cm)
= 4550cm
Example 3: The weight of 20 bags of sugar is 800kg. What is the

weight of 1 bag in grams?
Answer:
1 bag of sugar = 800 ÷ 20kg
= 40kg
= 40 × 1000g (1kg = 1000g)
= 40,000g
Division made simple
Example 1: Find one sixth of 288.

Similarly, to find one sixth of
Answer: a number we first half it, then
1 find one third of the result.
of 288 (288 ÷ 6)
6
= 288 ÷ 6
= 288 ÷ 2 (divide by 3 later)
= 144
= 144 ÷ 3
= 48
49

Example 2: Find one twelfth of 960.
Answer:
1
To find of 960, we will use the technique given above.
12
960 ÷ 12
960 ÷ 2 = 480
480 ÷ 2 = 240
240 ÷ 3 = 80
1
Thus, of 960 = 80
12
Mental Maths
a. 147 ÷ 7 = ___________ b 525 ÷ 5 = __________
c. How many groups of 14 can be made from 126? ________
d. What is the remainder when 290 is divided by 17?
e. How many lengths of 25cm can you cut from 875cm ribbon?
f. Is 325 divisible by 6? (show how) ________
g. Half of one eighth is ________
h. Half of MVR 28.4 = ________
i What fraction of 2cm is half a millimeter? _______
j. 4.55 ÷ 10 = ________ k. 6.4 ÷ 100 = _______
l. Half of 9.30 = _______ m. 712 ÷ 1000 = _____
50

Different methods of division
Example 1: Use multiple divisor method to find 430 ÷ 12.
Answer:
430 ÷ 12 = 430
– 360 30 × 12 (12 times a multiple of 10 that is
close to 430)
70 5 × 12 (12 times a number close to 70)
– 60
10 less than the divisor
10
430 ÷ 12 = 35
12
Example 2: Use standard division method to find 737 ÷ 29.
Answer:
25
)
29 737
– 58
157
– 145
12
12
So, 737 ÷ 29 = 25
29
51

Example 3: Divide 94.8 by 4.
Answer:
23.7
4) 94.8
– 80.0 20 × 4
14.8
– 12.0 3×4
2.8
– 2.8 0.7 × 4
0.0
Now, add the multiplicative factors of the divisor used, that is,
20 + 3 + 0.7 = 23.7
So, 94.8 ÷ 4 = 23.7
E xercise N3.4
a. Half of 603 =________ f. 12.5 ÷ 100 = ________
b. One twelfth of 756 = ________ g. 2.45 ÷10 = ________
c. One twentieth of 510 = ________ h. 7985 ÷1000 = ________
d. One eighth of 708 = ________ i 6.72 ÷ 100 = ________
e. One sixteenth of 800 = ________ j. 49.8 ÷ 10 = ________
52

2. Use the multiple divisor method to evaluate the following problems.
a. 186 ÷ 40 b. 100 ÷ 55 c. 745 ÷ 13 d. 666 ÷ 11
3. Use the standard division method to evaluate the following

problems.
a. 585 ÷ 45 b. 23.6 ÷ 8 c. 602 ÷ 55 d. 10.4 ÷ 7
Solving Word Problems
Example 1: The weight of 11 bags of sugar is 440kg. If all the bags

weigh the same, find the weight of each bag.
Answer:
Number of bags = 11
Weight of each bag = 440 ÷ 11
= 40
The weight of each bag = 40kg
Example 2: Shabana buys 9 tickets for a sports event concert which

cost her MVR 891. Find the cost of each ticket? Later on, two of
Shabana’s friends wanted to join the concert and asked her to buy
tickets for them. How much more money does Shabana need to pay?
Answer:
Total cost of 9 tickets = MVR 891
Number of tickets = 9
So, cost of one ticket = MVR 891 ÷ 9
= MVR 99
If Shabana buys 2 more tickets,
Amount shabana pays more = MVR 99 × 2
= MVR 198
53

E xercise N3.5
1. If on an average 900 people travel
locally by ‘dhoni’ in a week,
a. Find out how many people travel
everyday.
b. How many people travel in a
month.
The ‘launch’ charges MVR 990,
for 10 persons, for travelling from
Maafushi to Malé and return.
a. How much money an individual will pay?
b. If a group of 5 people is travelling on the same route, how much will
they pay in all?
2. The road transport company of Maldivies keep MVR 950 aside as a wage
per day for the hired labourers. The company initially hires 10 laboures.
Find out the income of each labourer.
After few days company realises that 10 people will not be able to
complete the project on time, so they employ 10 more people. Now what
will be the per day pay for each labour for the next eight months? (take 30
days in a month)
3. A two wheeler covers a distance of 948km for 12 litres of petrol. How
much distance does it cover for a litre?
4. The yield of wheat from 15 hectares of land is 720 quintals. What is the
yield per hectare? If a farmer owns 10 hectare of land, what would be the
total yield of the farm?
54

Self-check
(Do questions 2 to 5 in your notebook.)

1. Fill the blanks.
a. 0 ÷ 560 = ______ b. 3050 ÷ 100 = ______
b. 5.78 ÷ 10 = ______ d. 75.2 ÷ 100 = ______
e. 125 ÷ 30 = ______ f. 506 ÷ 22 = ______
2. Evaluate the following using the appropriate method.
a. One third of 363 b. One eighth of 552
c. 756 ÷ 84 d. 819 ÷ 90
3. By what number should 855 be divided so as to get 57 as a
quotient?
4. Ashir collected MVR 450 from a charity show by selling some
tickets. If the price of each ticket was MVR 15, how many
tickets were sold?
5. How many bottles, of equal capacity, can be filled from 165
litres of water, if each bottle has capacity of 5 litres?
55

Money
The earliest currency used in commercial transactions appeared in Egypt and
Mesopotamia in the third millennium BCE. It consisted of gold bars which used
to be weighed to establish their value each time they were exchanged.
Later they were supplemented by gold rings for smaller sums.
You will learn...
to denote money in a combination of two or more notes and coins.
to convert Rufiyaa to Laari and Laari to Rufiyaa.
to make payments in correct amounts and decide the correct amount

of change while shopping.
to convert one foreign currency into another.
to make a bill for items whose price list is given.
Using sustainable Practices

Value the importance of money: Money plays a very
important role in our lives and each person needs to
think of ways to economise.
56

?
Let’s Recall
Maldivian Currency
• Maldivian Rufiyaa is represented as MVR.
• Lower unit of money is Laari, and is represented as L.
• 100 L = 1 Rufiyaa
• The denominations of Laari available as coins are 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50.
• The denominations of Rufiyaa
a. Coins of 1 and 2 b. Notes—1, 5, 20, 50, 100, 500
1. Represent the following amounts of money as a combination of two

or more denominations (to be done in the note book).
a. MVR 20 b. 200 Laari c. MVR 500
d. MVR 265 e. MVR 399
2. Convert into Rufiyaa.
a. MVR 10 + 50 L = ___________________________________
b. 300 L = ___________________________________
c. MVR 28 + 25 L = ___________________________________
d. MVR 10.50 + 5 L = ___________________________________
3. Yusuf goes to the market to buy five pens. He has MVR 100 with him
and the cost of 1 pen is MVR 10. How much money will Yusuf pay to the
shopkeeper and how much money will be left with him?
57

Groupings of Notes and Coins
Different combinations of denominations of money add up to the same amount
of money.
For example,
• MVR 50 + MVR 50 = MVR 100
• MVR 20 + MVR 20 + MVR 20 + MVR 20 + MVR 20 = MVR 100
• MVR 50 + MVR 20 + MVR 20 + MVR 5 + MVR 5 = MVR 100
• MVR 50 + MVR 20 + MVR 10 + MVR 10 + MVR 5 + MVR 5 = MVR 100
Let consider the following situation.
Ayyoob has an exam tomorrow, so he goes to the market to buy stationery.
The shopkeeper gives him a bill of MVR 105 for the items.
Let us see the different ways in which Ayyoob can pay MVR 105 to the
shopkeeper.
+ +
+ + +
+ +
Which combination is more convenient for Ayyoob to carry and use?

From the above combinations of denominations of money, MVR 100 + MVR 5
uses the least number of notes. Hence, Ayyoob would find paying the
shopkeeper a note of MVR 100 and MVR 5 easier.
58

Conversion of Money
• 1 Rufiyaa = 100 L
• To convert Rufiyaa to Laari, we multiply by 100.
• To convert Laari to Rufiyaa, we divide by 100.
Example 1: Convert 43 Rufiyaa to Laari. Remember

Answer: that while multiplying
by 100, the digit at the
43 Rufiyaa = 43 × 100
units place shifts to the
= 4300 L hundreds place.
Example 2: Convert 2000 Laari to Rufiyaa.
Answer:
2000 L = 2000 ÷ 100
= 20 Rufiyaa
Thus, 2000 L = MVR 20.00 (20 Rufiyaa 0 Laari)
Decimal notation of money
Example 3:
MVR 35.80 = 35 Rufiyaa 80 Laari
Digits to the left of decimal point Rufiyaa
Digits to the right of decimal point Laari
59

Example 1: Convert 1560 L to Rufiyaa. Remember
Answer: that while dividing by
1560 L = 1560 ÷ 100 Rufiyaa 100, the decimal point
= 15.60 Rufiyaa or MVR 15.60 shifts two places to
the left.
E xercise N4.1
1. Represent the following amounts of money as a combination of two
or more denominations and tick ( ) the combination with the least
number of denominations.
a. MVR 250 b. 1350 Laari
c. MVR 175 d. MVR 300

2. Convert the following Laari into Rufiyaa.
a. 780 L = __________
b. 4500 L = __________
c. 7900 L = __________
d. 6520 L = __________
3. Convert the following Rufiyaa into Laari.

a. MVR 45.45 = ____________
b. MVR 96 = ____________
c. MVR 85.25 = ____________
60

Calculation of money
Example 1: Salma goes to market with her

mother to buy tomatoes. The price list in
the vegetable shop shows:
1kg tomatoes = MVR 11.50
a. If they want 5kg of tomatoes, how much money
do they need to pay to the shopkeeper?
b. If Salma’s mother is carrying MVR 130.50
with her, how much money will be left with Multiplication is used
her after buying tomatoes? here as it makes it
easy to find the cost
Answer:
of multiple items using
a. Price per kg of tomatoes = MVR 11.50
the cost of one item.
So, price of 5kg tomatoes = MVR 11.50 × 5
= MVR 57.50
b. Money left with Salma’s mother
= MVR 130.50 – MVR 57.50
= MVR 73
Example 2: Umar wants to buy sports T-shirts.

He asks his father and they decide to go to
the market. There was a sale going on in their
favourite garment shop. A set of T-shirts were
available for MVR 550. If they buy this set of
T-shirts, how much will each cost them?
Division is used here
Answer:
as it is easy to find
Cost price of four t-shirts= MVR 550
the cost of one item
So, cost price of 1 t-shirt= MVR 550 ÷ 4
when the cost of
= MVR 137.50
more items are given.
The cost of each item will be MVR 137.50.
61

E xercise N4.2

1. Multiply the following amounts of money.
a. MVR 3255 × 9 b. MVR 9.55 × 5
2. Divide the following amounts of money.
a. MVR 972 ÷ 12 b. MVR 7.50 ÷ 5
3. Add the following amounts of money.
a. MVR 355.20 + MVR 49.15 b. MVR 855 + MVR 45.45
4. Subtract the following amounts of money.
a. MVR 6.25 from MVR 236 b. MVR 4.67 from MVR 48
5. Mariyam wanted to buy few household things. She went to a
departmental store and bought the following items.
• Two toothpaste tubes for MVR 22 each
• Three kg washing powder for MVR 136.50
• Five soaps for MVR 100.50
• Ten packets of biscuits for MVR 7.25 each

Answer the following questions.
a. What is the price of one kilogram of washing powder?
b. Find the price of a soap.
c. What is the total price of packs of
biscuits? Also, find out the price for
fifteen packs of biscuits.
d. Mariyam is carrying two notes of MVR 100, two notes of MVR 50, three
notes of MVR 20 and five coins of 50 L with her. Find out how much
money she owes to the shopkeeper and what denominations should
she give to him. Also how much money she will get back as a change?
62

Conversion of Currency
Currencies of some countries
USA – US Dollar ($)
UK – Pound/Sterling (£)
China – Yuan (¥)
India – Indian Rupee( )
Sri Lanka – Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR)
Europe – Euros (€)
Malaysia – Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
Saudi Arabia – Saudi Riyal
The value of currency differs from country to country.

For example,
MVR 1 = $ 0.065
1£ = 208.38 LKR (Sri Lankan Rupee)
1 Yen = 0.050 Yuan
Let us understand how to convert one currency to another with the help of
an example.
Example 1: Yunus lives in Malé, Maldives. His uncle lives in New

Jersy, USA. Yunus received $ 20 from his uncle as a gift. How many
MVR can he buy if 1 US dollar = 15.42 Maldivian Rufiyaa.
Answer:
The exchange value of US dollar to MVR is,
$1 = MVR 15.42
So, $20 = 20 × 15.42 MVR
= MVR 308.4
63

Example 2: Aishath lives in Penang, Malasiya. Her grandmother who
lives in Sri Lanka, is visiting her during the Eid. She received LKR 95
from her as Eid gift. How many MYR can she buy with her Eid money
if 1 Sri Lankan Rupee = 0.03 Malaysian Ringgit?
Answer:
The exchange value of Sri Lankan Rupee to Malaysian Ringget is,
1 LKR = 0.03 MYR
So, LKR 95 = 95 × 0.03 MYR
= MYR 2.85
Choosing the Best Deal!
Example 1: Hajra wants to buy a pair of socks

for her son. The shopkeeper tells her that if she
buys five pairs together, it will cost her MVR 125.50
whereas if she buys three pairs together, it will cost
her MVR 81.30. Which is a better buy?
Answer:
On buying five pairs,
Cost of 5 pairs of socks = MVR 125.50
Cost of 1 pair = MVR 125.50 ÷ 5
= MVR 25.10
On buying three pairs,
Cost of 3 pairs of socks = MVR 81.30
Cost of 1 pair of socks = MVR 81.30 ÷ 3
= MVR 27.10
As MVR 25.10 < MVR 27.10
So, Hajra should buy five pairs of socks.
64

Comparing prices of single quantities of similar products help us to
choose a better deal. But remember that price should not compromise
on quality of the product. Chosing the best quality in greater quantity is
the best deal.
E xercise N4.3
1. Which is a better buy?
a. 13 pens for MVR 123.50 or 10 pens for MVR 85
b. 10kg grapes for MVR 250 or 8kg grapes for

MVR 192
c. 15 tulips for MVR 202.50 or 20 tulips for MVR 250
2. Alpha Fisheries Pvt Ltd and Supreme

Fisheries Pvt Ltd want to export various kinds
of frozen tuna to USA and India. These two
countries asked for the prices of some of the
varieties of tuna fish from different companies
so that they can choose the best deal. The
prices given by the Alpha Fisheries and the
Supreme Fisheries are as follows.
Name of the Cost of Cost of yellow Canned yellow fin

supplier skipjack tuna fin tuna tuna in olive oil
1. Alpha $ 17 per kg $ 10 per kg $ 1.90 per can
Fisheries
2. Supreme $ 15 per kg $ 12 per kg $ 2 per can
Fisheries
Convert the price of each variety of tuna into MVR and choose the
best deal. (Consider 1 US $ = MVR 15.42)
65

E xercise N4.4
1. Hind has just taken admission in a
school in grade 6. Hind and her mother
go for shopping to buy books, stationery
items and unifroms. They buy books for
MVR 560, stationary items for MVR 205.50,
school dress for MVR 365.80, school
shoes for MVR 150 and a school bag for
MVR 69.50. Hind’s mother is carrying MVR
2500 with her. Make a bill for the items that
are bought.
a. What is the total bill amount?
b. If Hind’s mother gives a note of MVR 1000 and a note of MVR 500
to the shopkeeper, how much change will she get back?
c. On the way back home, Hind wants to eat ice cream so they spend
another MVR 65.85 on it. How much cash is finally left with Hind’s
mother?
2. Bilal has just bought a new car. He took loan
from the bank and after buying the car he has
MVR 3500 left in his bank account. He has to pay
MVR 1000 for car insurance, MVR 500 for car seats
and few other accessories and MVR 750 for the
metallic paint on the car.
a. What was his expenditure?
b. How much money is left in bank?
66

Real-world Maths
Visiting a gift shop or a game store

is always fun, is it not? So you
and your friends decided to open a
‘Gaming Plaza’ where the customer
can buy games for all ages and
can even spend time playing video
games. You will be the owner of the shop and lots of customers will be
visiting your shop either to buy games or to play games.
a. Make a list of the games that will be made available for selling and
playing along with their price (rate list).
b. Since you will need a bill book, so design one for your shop.
c. Make an estimate of the initial investment required to be made for
opening the store.
Self-check

1. Convert the following Laari into Rufiyaa.
a. 2450 L = ___________________
b. 950 L = ___________________
2. Convert the following Rufiyaa into Laari.
a. MVR 250 = ___________________
b. MVR 80.50 = ___________________
3. Represent the following amounts of money as a combination
of denominations of notes and coins. Make two such
combinations for each amount.
a. MVR 500 b. 900 Laari c. 850 Laari
67

4. Multiply the following amounts of money.
a. MVR 5.50 × 5 b. MVR 9.75 × 8
5. Divide the following money amounts.
a. MVR 300.00 ÷ 30 b. MVR 87.50 ÷ 7
6. Compare and mark the one that gives a better deal.
Price per Price per
Problem Problem
piece piece
a. A dozen and a half 18 bananas for MVR
bananas for 90.00
MVR 90.00
b. 5 packets of butter for 2 packets of butter for
MVR 127.50 MVR 55
c. 15 chocolates for 10 chocolates for
MVR 180.00 MVR 120.00
d. 8 packets of juice for 5 packets of juice for
MVR 444.00 MVR 267.50
You Kn
?
Did
ow
Fulgor Nocturnus owns the world’s most

expensive pen by the famous pen-makers
Tibaldi of Florence. It costs $8 million or
MVR 123,360,000. The pen is decorated
with 945 black diamonds and 123 rubies.
The world’s most expensive pencil is a limited

edition of the Graf van Faber-Castell Perfect
Pencil. At $12,800 (MVR 197,376), this classic
pencil is crafted with 240 year-old olive wood
and 18-carat white gold, and includes a handy
built-in eraser and sharpener and is studded
with three diamonds.
68

Negative Numbers
There have been various notations to represent negative numbers.The Indians
used to put a small circle or dot over or next to a digit to denote that it was a
negative digit. For example,− 4.
The Chinese drew a slash through a portion of the number to indicate that the
number is negative. For example, 1020 was written as shown below.
10110 (2 was represented as 11)
Here, the slash is drawn over two bars.
You will learn...
to order a set of integers.

to compare integers using a symbol (<, >, =).
to add, subtract, multiply and divide the integers.
to use positive and negative integers in solving various problems.
Making Meaning
Construct meaning from various texts and figures:
Negative numbers are used for various purposes
and contexts such as measuring temperature, in
submarines to identify depths and often used in
banks.
69

?
Let’s Recall
1. Draw a number line to represent the following numbers.

a. 10 b. − 9 c. − 10 d. − 15
2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate symbol (<, > or =).
a. 93 39 b. − 29 − 27
c. − 54 − 45 d. 145 405
e. − 81 − 82 f. 0 69
Ordering of Integers
The figure below shows a number line.
− 10 − 9 − 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 0 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Example 1: Arrange the following integers in ascending order.

− 45, 54, 670, − 760, 34, − 34
Answer:
Negative integers in ascending order:
–760, – 45, –34
Positive integers in ascending order:
34, 54, 670
So, ascending order of numbers:

− 760 − 45 − 34 34 54 670
70

Example 2: Arrange the following in descending order.
102, 0, − 94, − 49, − 120, 49
Answer:
Positive integers in descending order:
102, 49, 0
Negative integers in descending order:
–49, –94, –120
So, descending order of numbers:

102, 49, 0, − 49, − 94, − 120
E xercise N5.1
1. Represent the following integers on a number line.
− 12, 5, − 9, 10, − 10
2. First circle the greatest integer and underline the smallest integer.
Then arrange integers in a descending order.
a. 102, − 125, 343,− 388, − 380, 0
_______________________________________________________
b. − 45, − 549, 0, − 47,− 50, 549
_______________________________________________________
71

c. 301, 112, − 103, − 121, 306, 211
_______________________________________________________
d. 126, − 206, 602, − 126, 0, − 261
_______________________________________________________
3. There are very cold places on our planet where it
is very difficult to survive.
But surprisingly, people like us are staying there. Life
is very tough there and only very strong people can
manage to survive.
Here are few of those places with the temperatures.
Name of the place Temperature in °C

Bethel, Alaska − 35
Umiat, Alaska − 12.2
Yukon, Canada − 25
Yakutsk, Siberia − 21
a. Arrange the following temperatures in ascending order.

b. Which place is the coldest and which one is least cold?
Operations on Integers
Addition of integers
Rule Operation Example Explanation
1 Adding two (+5) + (+9) = +14 Add both numbers and write
positive integers positive sign.
2 Adding two (− 8) + (− 3) = − 11 Add both numbers and write
negative integers negative sign.
3 Adding a positive (+10) + (− 7) = +3 Subtract smaller number from
and a negative the bigger number and write
integers sign of the bigger number.
(− 10) + (+7) = − 3
72

Example 1: Add the integers 5 and 6.
Negative ZERO Positive
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Positive numbers are

Negative numbers are to the right of zero
to the left of zero
Answer:
5+6=?
Start at 5
move 6 units to the right
6 units
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
5 + 6 = 11
Example 2: Add − 2 and − 3.
Answer:
− 2 + (− 3) = ?
Start at –2 (negative 2)
move 3 units to the left
3 units
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
(− 2) + (− 3) = − 5
73

Example 3: Add 6 and − 9.
Answer: Subtracting a negative
(6) + (− 9) = ? means adding a positive
Start at 6
9 units
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(6) + (− 9) = − 3
Subtraction of integers
1 Subtracting two (+9) − (+5) Subtract and write
positive integers = +4 positive sign.
2 Subtracting two (− 9) − (− 5) Subtracting a negative
negative integers = (− 9) + (+5) means adding a
= −4 positive.
Subtract smaller
number from the bigger
number and write the
sign of bigger number.
3 Subtracting a (–10) – (+ 7) Subtracting a positive
positive and a = (–10) + (–7) means adding a
negative integer negative.
= –17
Add the negative
(+ 10) – (–7)
numbers and write the
= (+10) + (+7) negative sign.
= +17
74

Example 1: 6 − (− 9)
Answer:
6 − (− 9) subtracting a negative means adding a positive
6 + (+9)
Start at 6
9 units
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
6 − (− 9) = 15
Example 2: − 2 − (− 3)
Answer:
− 2 − (− 3) subtracting a negative means adding a positive
− 2 + (+3)
Start at − 2
3 units
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
− 2 − (− 3) = +1
75

Example 3: − 2 − 5
Answer:
Start at − 2
5 units
− 10 − 9 − 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−2 −5 = −7
Multiplication of integers
1 Multiplying a (–10) × 17 = –170 negative × positive =
positive and a negative
negative integer 10 × (−17) = − 170 positive × negative =
negative
2 Multiplying two 25 × 12 = 300 positive × positive =
positive/negative positive
integers (–25) × (− 12) = 300 negative × negative =
positive
In general,when multiplying integers, remember

Positive × Positive = Positive
76

Example 1: Find 3 × (− 4)
Answer:
3 × (− 4) means 3 groups of − 4 positive × negative = negative
or add − 4, 3 times
Start at 0
count in 4s to the left 3 times.
− 15 − 14 − 13 − 12 − 11 − 10 − 9 − 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 0
3 × (− 4) = − 12
Example 2: Find (− 5) × 3
negative × positive = negative
Answer:
(− 5) × 3 means 3 groups of − 5 or adding − 5, 3 times.
− 20 − 15 − 10 −5 0
(− 5) × 3 = − 15
Example 3: Multiply (− 2) and (− 3) negative × negative = positive

Answer:
(− 2) × (− 3) = +6 multiplying two negatives means multiplying
two positives
Start at 0
count in 3s to the right, 2 times.
2 × −3 = −6 −2 × −3 = 6
− 10 − 9 − 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
77

Division of integers
Rules for division of integers
Let us learn division of integers with the help of a number line.

1 Dividing two positive/negative 144 ÷ 12 = 12 positive ÷ positive
integers = positive
(–144) ÷ (–12) = 12 negative ÷ negative
= positive
2 Dividing positive and negative (− 169) ÷ 13 = –13 negative ÷ positive
integers 169 ÷ (–13) = –13 = negative
postive ÷ negative
= negative
Do you remember that

division of whole numbers
is an inverse process of
multiplication? We extend
the same idea to integers.
78

E xercise N5.2
a. 15 × (− 7) b. (− 6) × 12
c. (− 13) × (− 3) d. (− 13) × (− 15)
2. Shafiu likes to invest a little money in buying and selling of shares. On
Sunday, Shafiu lost MVR 3,087 in the stock market. On Monday, he lost
another MVR 2,599. On Tuesday, he neither lost nor gained any money.
On Wednesday, he gained MVR 6,800 and on Thursday, as his luck would
have it, he gained MVR 2,895. Calculate the amount of money Shafiu
gains or loses by the end of the week.
Days Shafiu’s gain Shafiu’s loss

Sunday MVR 3,087
Monday MVR 2,599
Tuesday NIL NIL
Wednesday MVR 6,800
Thursday MVR 2,895
3. Sadha’s parent bought a car but had to get a loan from the bank for
MVR 76,800. At present they have MVR 80,000 in their account. Another
MVR 5,000 will be used for car insurance and road tax. Calculate how
much do they owe to the bank now?
Balance Loan Car insurance + road tax

MVR 80,000 MVR 76,000 MVR 5,000
4. A sprinkler is 240cm below ground level. Umar

has a machine that digs 60cm at a time. How
many times does he need to dig in order to
reach the sprinkler?
79

Real-world Maths
Scuba organisations say

recreational divers should not go
below 130 feet, but one Egyptian
professional diver recently
ventured a bit deeper—going
more than 1,000 feet below the
ocean surface and setting a
world record in the process.
A diver at 6 metres (20 ft) may
be able to dive for many hours
without needing to do decompression stops.
Do a survey of water sports activities and permissible depths and compare
these for different sports. Find out the depth travelled by diving instructors.
Gather the information for ten people. Put all the information gathered in a
tabular form as shown below.
Depth of dive Duration

1st diver − 18feet 1hr 25min
2nd diver − 15feet 1hr 10min
Answer the following questions.

a. Find out who could dive the greatest depth?
b. Compare the depths dived by people. Arrange the result in descending
order.
80

Self-check

1. Use <, > or = to compare the following integers.
a. − 4560 ________ 4506 b. 1100 ________ − 1001
c. − 2525 ________ − 2552 d. − 3499 ________ − 3949
e. − 5500 ________ − 5501 f. − 560 ________ − 650
2. Arrange the following integers in ascending order.
a. 3902, − 3923, − 3454, − 3345, 3623, − 3212
b. 1005, − 1090, − 1420, − 1230, 1302
c. − 100, − 110, − 99, 99, 101, 110
d. 9990, 9011, 9909, – 9099, − 9990, 9099
3. Evaluate the following.
a. (− 6264) + (− 2525) b. 8823 + (− 6026)
c. (− 1916) − (− 424) d. 1536 − (− 189)
e. 35 × (− 105) f. (− 250) × (− 10)
g. 525 ÷ (− 25) h. 700 ÷ (− 7)
4. On a particular day, the weather in a Canadian city was very
unpredictable.The temperature started out at 9°C in the morning
and went down to − 13°C at noon. It stayed at that temperature for
six hours and then rose 7°C. How far below the freezing point (0°C)
was the temperature at 6 pm? Can you do the same observation
for your city, on an unpredictable weather day?
5. Ahusan, Rym and Ashir go to the market. Ashir is carrying MVR 220
in his pocket, Rym has MVR 250 with him and Ahusan realises that
he has forgotten his purse at home. After shopping Ashir is left with
MVR 59 and Rym has only MVR 25 left with him. Ahusan needs
MVR 110 for the things he has bought. Will he be able to borrow
money from his friends? If not, then how much money is he short of?
81

‘Health is wealth’, we are all aware of this proverb. Our health
includes our physical, mental and social well-being. We keep
ourselves healthy by eating good food, taking enough sleep
and by exercising regularly.
So let us do a self health check-up. Collect the data from your class and
fill in the table given below. Note down the height and weight of your
class mates. Here is a chart which shows the average height and weight
for boys and for girls.
BOYS GIRLS
WEIGHT HEIGHT WEIGHT HEIGHT
AGE AGE
(kg) (cm) (kg) (cm)
10 years 31.4 137.5 10 years 32.5 138.3
11 years 32.2 140.0 11 years 33.7 142.0
12 years 37.0 147.0 12 years 38.7 148.0
13 years 40.9 153.0 13 years 44.0 150.0
14 years 47.0 160.0 14 years 48.0 155.0
15 years 52.6 166.0 15 years 51.5 161.0
16 years 58.0 171.0 16 years 53.0 162.0
17 years 62.7 175.0 17 years 54.0 163.0
18 years 65.0 177.0 18 years 54.4 164.0
Find out how many of you and your friends fall in the right category by
comparing the height and weight from the chart. If a child is overweight,
use the + sign (example +5kg) and if a child is underweight, use the − sign
(example − 5kg). Make an observation table in the following manner.
S. No Name Height Weight Overweight Underweight
Now answer the following questions:

a. How many students fall in the category of perfect weight?
b. How many students in the class are overweight?
82

c. How many students are underweight?
d. Arrange the heights and the weights of your friends in ascending
order.
So children, exercise, play outdoor games, use stairs instead of a lift,
eat lots of fruits and vegetables and stay healthy.
You Kn
?
Did
ow
A glacier is a huge mass of many years of snow, ice, rock, sediment

and water. It originates on land and moves down slope under the
influence of its own weight and gravity.
Lambert Glacier is a major glacier in East Antarctica. It is about 60 miles

(100 km) wide, over 250 miles (400 km) long, and about 2500 m
(− 2500 m below the sea level) deep, it holds the Guinness world record
for the world’s largest glacier.
This figure on the right is threatening. So, we must make an effort to

save our environment. Do not cut trees, plant more trees and make our
planet ‘Clean And Green’.
Ethiopia: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (100 hectare)
1990 2000 2005 2010
14623.00 13214.00 12509.00 11785.00
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (100 ha)

Negative number represents deforestation
1990-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010
−141 −141.00 −143.00
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)

Negative number represents deforestation
1990-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010
−1.0 −0.96 −1.08
83

Fractions, Decimals and
Percentages
Unit Fraction
From as early as 1800 BC, the Egyptians were writing
fractions. The Egyptians wrote all their fractions using
what we call unit fractions. A unit fraction has 1 as its
numerator (top number). They put a mouth picture
(which meant part) above a number to make it into
a unit fraction. For example, they wrote one fifth as
shown in the picture.
1
5
You will learn...

to identify the equivalence between fractions.
to relate fraction to whole numbers.
to express numbers or quantities as fractions.
to order familiar fractions.
to carry out simple operations based on fractions.

Select and use appropriate mathematical tools to
construct logical arguments: Fractions play a very
important role in our everyday life activities such as
financing, time estimation and cooking.
84

?
Let’s Recall
* Fraction is a numerical quantity that is not a whole

1
number. For example, or a small or tiny part, amount,
2
or proportion of something is called a fraction.
* Equivalent fractions are fractions that may look

different, but are equal to each other. For example,
1 5 7 6
a. = = =
2 10 14 12
b.
1 1
1 1 1 8 1 1 8
2 4 4 8 8
1×2 2 2×2 4
= =
2×2 4 4×2 8
* Fraction of a quantity:
1
For example, one fifth of MVR 20 = × MVR 20
5
= 20 ÷ 5
= MVR 4
1. Write the fraction representing the shaded portion.

a. b.
_______ _______
85

2. Write five equivalent fractions for the following.
1
a. = ________ __________ _________ __________ _________
9
2
b. = ________ __________ _________ __________ ________
3
7
c. = _________ _________ ________ _________ _________
11
3. Compare and write the appropriate sign (>, < or =) in the given box.
2 5 55 11 11 33
a. b. c.
9 9 1111 1111 7 7 1111
22 11 33 11 11 33
d. e. f.
55 22 99 33 1515 4545
4. What fraction of an hour is 30 minutes? ______________________
5. How much is three fifths of 75? ____________________________
6. What fraction of MVR 5 is 25 Laari? _________________________
Relationship between different fractions

1
Example: Find out what fraction is ten times .
100
1 1
Answer: 10 × = .
100 10
1 1
Hence, is ten times .
10 100
Similarly,
1 1
• 100
is ten times
1000
1 1
• 20
is five times
100
1 1
• 10
is half of
6
1 1
• is half of .
14 7
86

Fractions and division
Fraction and the operation of division are related to each other.
1
of 23 is same as,
5
23
= 23 ÷ 5
5
Thus, to find one fifth of a number is the same as dividing that number by five.
Similarly, one sixth of a number is the same as dividing the number by 6.

1
of 150 = 150 ÷ 6 = 25
6
Example: Suha has 3 cartons of apples

with 12 apples in each. Suha has to
distribute the apples among 6 children.
How many apples will each child get?
Answer:
No of apples with Suha = 3 × 12
= 36
36
No. of apples for each child =
6
=6
Comparing unit fractions

Fractions with 1 in the numerator Fractions
are called unit fractions. WHOLES
1
SIXTHS
1
1 6
1 1 1 1
, , and are all example of
HALVES SEVENTHS
2 3 4 10 1
2
1
7
unit fractions. THIRDS EIGHTS
1 1
3 8
These unit fractions from biggest to FOURTHS NINTHS
lowest are 1
4
1
9
1 1 1 1
FIFTHS TENTHS
, , , 1
5
1
10
2 3 4 10
87

E xercise N6.1 The unit fraction with
the larger denominator
1. Fill in the blanks. is smaller than the
1 1 fraction with the smaller
a. is ____________ of
20 10 denominator.
1
b. is five times ____________
3
1
c. _________ is ten times
200
1 1
d. is ________ times
6 12
1
e. _______ is three times
15
3 7 49 6 17 61
a. = b. = c. = d. =
25 100 10 13 65 60
3. One seventh of 700 is ________________.
4. Order the following unit fractions in ascending order (increasing).
1 1 1 1 1
a. , , , ,
17 13 19 20 15
1 1 1 1 1
b. , , , ,
10 50 80 20 40
5. Order the following unit fractions in descending order (decreasing).
1 1 1 1 1
a. , , , ,
25 24 27 21 29
1 1 1 1 1
b. , , , ,
100 20 80 70 40
88

6. Hamna has a box of 24 pencils. She gave one third to her brother
Abdul Rahman. How many pencils does Abdul Rahman get? How many
pencils is Hamna left with?
Comparing Fractions
Like fractions are fractions with the same denominators.
17 3 2 7
Example, , , 2 ,
13 13 13 13
To compare like fractions we need to just compare their numerators.
3 7 17 2
These like fractions in ascending order is , , ,2
13 13 13 13
Unlike fractions: Fractions with different denominators.
5 7 3 5
Example, , , ,
8 4 5 6
To compare these fractions, we need to convert them to equivalent fractions with

same denominator. Thus,
× 15 × 30 × 24 × 20 For this we need to find
5
=
75
,
7
=
210 3
, =
72
,
5
=
100 the common multiple
8 120 4 120 5 120 6 120
× 15 × 30 × 24 × 20
of all the digits given
in denominators of the
3 5 5 7 given set of fractions.
Therefore, ascending order is , , ,
5 8 6 4
Example 1: What fraction of a kilogram is 100g?

Answer:
100g out of 1000g
1kg = 1000g
100
=
1000
1
=
10
89

Example 2: Aisha spends 8 hours studying and 4 hours playing in
a day. What fraction of the day does she study? What fraction of the
day does she play?
Answer:
8
Aisha studies 8 hrs out of 24 hrs =
24
1
=
3
4
Aisha plays 4 hrs out of 24 hrs =
24
1
=
6
Conversion of Mixed Numbers to Improper

Fraction and Vice Versa
38
Example 1: Express as a mixed number.
5
Answer:
7
38
5 ) 38
5
–35
3 3
=7
5
90

5
Example 2: Express 4 as an improper fraction.
9
Answer:
5 4×9+5
4 =
9 9
36 + 5
=
9
41
=
9
Reducing Fractions to their Lowest Terms
84
Example 1: Reduce to its lowest term.
56
Answer:
84 84 ÷ 2 Keep on dividing
= by prime numbers
56 56 ÷ 2
until it cannot be
42 ÷ 2
= divided anymore.
28 ÷ 2
21 ÷ 7
=
14 ÷ 7
3
=
2
91

E xercise N6.2

1. Arrange the following sets of fractions in ascending order.
23 20 13 29 11
a. , , , ,
7 7 7 7 7
3 11 15 9 13
b. , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8
3 1 2 3
c. , , ,
5 2 5 4
3 3 1 4
d. , , ,
6 12 3 15
2. Reduce the following fractions to their lowest forms.

60 24 30 450
a. b. c. d.
80 32 1000 2000
3. Convert the following mixed numbers into improper fractions.

5 3 7
a. 11 b. 7 c. 12
11 13 15
4. Convert the following improper fractions into mixed numbers.

61 187 53 100
a. b. c. d.
7 15 10 11
92

5. Find out what fraction of
a. MVR 15 is 115 L
b. one year is two weeks
c. one year is 10 days
d. one year is December
6. Razan had 8 slices of pizza. He wanted to share it with three of his

friends. What was the share of each one, including Razan?
7. Ammar had 10 pens, Musáb had 20 pens and Ikrima had 30 pens. After
three months Ammar used up 5 pens, Musáb used up 10 pens and Ikrima
used up 15 pens. What fraction did each use up? Express the answer in
the lowest terms.
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

Addition and subtraction of fractions whose denominators are
multilples
7 9
Example 1: +
11 11
7 9 7+9 Both the fractions have

Answer: + =
11 11 11 the same denominators,
so simply add the
16
= numerators.
11
5
=1
11
93

19 13
Example 2: −
21 21
19 13 19 − 13
Answer: − =
21 21 21
6
=
21
2
=
7
3 1
Example 3: +
8 2
3 1
Answer: + so that the denominator is 8.
8 2
3 4
= +
8 8
7
=
8
33 17
Example 4: −
4 8
33 17
Answer: −
4 8
66 17
= −
8 8
49
=
8
1
=6
8
94

E xercise N6.3

11 9 9 19 25 29
a. + b. + c. +
21 21 13 13 15 30

8 7 71 59 27 9
a. − b. − c. −
15 15 17 17 7 14
Multiplication of Fractions
When multiplying two fractions, multiply the numerators of both the fractions
and multiply the denominators of both the fractions separately.
Example 1: Multiply three-fifths and two-thirds.
3 2
Answer: ×
5 3
3 2
= ×
5 3
2
=
5
95

Division of Fractions
5 9
Example 5: Divide by
7 11 Its Reciprocal
Number
5 9 5 11
Solution : ÷ = ×
7 11 7 9 11
9 9
5 × 11 55
= = 11
7 × 9 63
In case of a non-unit fraction,

reverse the fraction. That is,
make the numerator as the
denominator and vice-versa.
Example 6: Riza has 33 chocolates. He bought them at the rate of

1
MVR 3 per chocolate. How much did he pay for all the chocolates?
3
Answer: Total chocolates with Riza = 33
1
Price for one chocolate = MVR 3
3
10
= MVR
3
10
Therefore, total cost of 33 chocolates = MVR × 33
3
= MVR 110
96

Word Problems

9
1. Aminath’s house is km from her school.
4
She walked for some distance and then
1
took a bus for km upto the school. How
2
far did she walk?
1
2. Sugar is sold at MVR 4 per kg. Find the cost of 10kg
2
of sugar.
2
3. The product of two numbers is 17. If one of the numbers is 7 ,
3
find the other.
4. Faraha and her mother decide to go to the market which is 25km

away from their house. They took bus for one fifth of the distance
and finally got a lift in a car from their friend for the remaining
distance. Calculate how much did they travel by car?
1
5. By selling mangoes at the rate of MVR 5 per mango,
2
a fruit seller gets MVR 200.
How many dozen of mangoes does he sell?
Real-world Maths
All of us love wearing good and fashionable clothes. Most of us are fond of
reading too! And all of us know about the utensils in our mother’s kitchen.
So, all you have to do is

a. count the number of clothes you own,
b. count the number of books and
c. count the number of utensils in the kitchen.
97

After doing the above research work, calculate the following.
a. Find the fraction of number of clothes to the number of books.
b. Find the fraction of number of books to the number of utensils.
c. Find the fraction of number of utensils to the number of clothes.
d. Out of the above fractions, find like fractions.
e. Write three equivalent fractions for each of the above fractions.
f. Arrange the fractions in ascending order.
Let us go shopping!!!
We all enjoy going to the

market or to the mall with
our parents, don’t we? So,
this time let us shop with
a little twist and do some
calculations.
Go with your mother to the market this time when

she goes to buy the grocery or household items
for the month. Make a list of 15 different items
with the name of the product and the
cost of each item.
Express the quantity or the cost of

the item in terms of a fraction or both.
For example, if the cost of 250g of
butter is MVR 25, then write that 250g
is one fourth of a kilogram and costs
one fourth of MVR 100. Do it for all the
15 items.
98

Self-check

1. Write three equivalent fractions for each of the following.
4
a. = _____________, _______________, _________________
8
5
b. = _____________, _______________, _________________
9

17 8 81 120
a. = b. = c. =
16 105 10 180 3
3. What is one tenth of 5000? _____________________________
4. Order the following fractions in ascending order (increasing).

7 5 1 6 2 5 1 7 3 9
a. , , , , b. , , , ,
11 22 33 11 22 2 8 4 6 10
5. Add the following fractions.

31 81 9 7 6 9
a. + b. + c. +
23 23 11 33 17 34
6. Subtract the following fractions.

5 1 13 6 7 3
a. − b. − c. −
19 19 18 36 5 25
7. Multiply the following fractions.

17 8 21 8 10 10
a. × b. × c. ×
8 34 8 25 9 19
8. Divide the following fractions.

15 21 8 8 10 100
a. ÷ b. ÷ c. ÷
2 7 13 15 30 10
99

9. In a school of 250 students, one fifth of the students use bus to
come to school and one tenth get dropped by their parents. Find
out how many students travel by bus and how many get dropped by
their parents.
10. Gulfishan has 76 toy cars with her. She gave away one fourth of them
to her cousin brother. How many cars are left with Gulfishan?
1
11. There is a basket full of coloured balls. In that there are red balls
5 4
and white balls. Calculate the fraction of red and white balls in the
8
basket.
You Kn
?
Did
ow
The order of the planets starting from closest to the Sunto the farthest
is—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
The International Astronomical Union decided in 2006 to call Pluto a
‘dwarf planet,’ reducing the list of ‘real planets’ in our solar system from
nine to eight.
100

Here is a very interesting relationship between the size of the earth to
other planets.
Planet Size in comparison to the

size of earth
3
Mercury × size of Earth
8
Venus Same size as Earth
1
Mars × size of Earth
2
Jupiter 11 × size of Earth
Saturn 9 × size of Earth
Uranus 4 × size of Earth
Neptune 4 × size of Earth
101

Decimals
The word decimal is derived from the Latin word for ten, ‘decem’, and the word
digit means ‘finger’ or ‘toe’, as well as referring to the numerals 0 to 9. The
world’s earliest decimal multiplication table was made from bamboo slips, dating
from 305 BCE, in China.
You will learn...
to read and write decimal numbers using suitable notations.

to recognise the relationship between decimals and fractions.
to count onwards and backwards in steps of tenths, hundredths and
thousandths.
to place decimal numbers in order.
to round off decimal numbers to the nearest tenths, hundredths and
whole number.
to correlate percentage and decimals.
to converts simple fractions to decimals using division.
Making Meaning
Determine whether the collected data/information
is accurate and precise: Decimals are used in
every field in daily life in rounding of various
calculations and correlates into percentages.
102

?
Let’s Recall
A decimal 0.3865 is a proper fraction, which is a number less than 1.
tenths
hundredths
Thousands thousandths
Hundreds ten thousandths
Tens
Units
1,354.2343
decimal
point
1. Write the place value of the underlined digits.

a. 35.7 ____________________ b. 35.05 ____________________
2. Compare and write the appropriate sign (>, < or =) in the given box.
a. 77.5 67.5 b. 11.15 11.51
c. 3.88 8.38 d. 1.52 1.25
e. 19.08 19.09 f. 0.05 0
3. Write the following in decimal form.
12 7 99
a. = _______ b. = _______ c. = _______
10 100 100
45 125 67
d. = _______ e. = _______ f. = _______
100 100 100
4. Complete the series by following the pattern.
a. 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, __________, __________, __________
b. 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, __________, __________, __________
c. 70.89, 70.99, 71.00, __________, __________, __________
103

Decimals
A decimal or a decimal number may contain a whole number part and a
decimal part.
Example, 9.04—9 is whole number part; 04 is decimal part
0.7—0 is whole number part; 7 is decimal part
10 1 75 41
= = 0.10 = 0.75 = 0.41
100 10 100 100
Place value chart and reading decimals

Below is a place value chart showing decimal number up to thousandths place.
Example: Represent the numbers a. 4350.754

b. 8.005 in place value chart
Answer:
Thou- Hun- Tens Units . tenths hun- thou-
sands dreds dredths sandths
1 1 1
Decimal
1000 100 10 1 10 100 1000
Point
= 0.1 = 0.01 = 0.001
4 3 5 0 . 7 5 4
8 . 0 0 5
104

Reading Decimals
Example 1: Write 15.75 in words.

Answer:
15.75 can be read as
‘Fifteen point seven five’ or ‘Fifteen and seventy five hundredths’.
Example 2: Read 5.545

Answer:
5.545 can be read as
‘Five point five four five’ or ‘Five and five hundred forty five thousandths’.
Counting on or back in steps of 0.1, 0.01, 0.001
Example: Write the next three numbers in the following series.
a. 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, ______,

2.6 _______,
2.5 ________
2.4
b. 56.80 ______,
56.77, 56.78, 56.79, ______, 56.81 ______
56.82
c. 99.454, 99.453, 99.452, ______,

99.451 ______,
99.450 ______
99.449
Representation of decimals on a number line
We already know that

4.39 4.65
4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
105

4.39
4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39

4.3 4.4
Similarly, we mark a number with three places of decimal.
Three decimal places
4.391 4.392 4.393 4.394 4.395 4.396 4.397 4.398 4.399 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49
4.39 4.40 4.50
Example: Fill in the empty spaces.
5.5 5.51 5.53 5.54 5.56 5.58 5.6
Answer:
5.52 , 5.55 , 5.57 , 5.59
Ordering of Decimals Numbers

Decimals having the same number of decimal places are called like decimals.
Example, 5.45, 17.04, 272.89
Example: Order the given decimals from smallest to the largest.

0.08, 2.56, 7.3, 3.2
Answer:
0.08, 2.56, 3.2, 7.3
106

E xercise N6.4
1. Arrange the following numbers in ascending order.
a. 11.037, 11.1, 11.20, 11, 11.65
b. 0.03, 3, 0.003, 0.30, 10.33
c. 15.05, 15.5, 15.005, 15.055, 15.1
d. 258.8, 258, 258.08, 258.008, 258.888
e. 55.556, 55.656, 55.89, 55.70, 55
2. Order the given decimals from largest to the smallest.
a. 10.08, 12.51, 17.3, 13.9, 15.45
b. 68.6, 68.1, 65.345, 60, 63.08
c. 3.045, 31.99, 35.3, 34.444, 35.7
3. Compare and write the appropriate sign (>, < or =) in the space
provided.
a. 10.08 10.80
b. 111.101 111.011
c. 50.05 50.55
d. 78.98 98.78
e. 49.49 49.94
f. 38.98 38.88
4. List 3 decimal numbers between the following set of numbers.

a. 10.9 and 11 b. 6.7 and 6.8
c. 2.35 and 2.36 d. 9.17 and 9.18
e. 5.1 and 5.2 f. 22.34 and 22.35
107

Rounding off Decimal Numbers
Let us understand the rounding off of decimal numbers through an illustration
and few examples.
Example:
• Round 73.410 to the • Round 2145.721 to the

nearest whole number. nearest whole number.
• 73.410 • 2145.721
‘4’ is NOT greater than ‘7’ is greater than 5
5 so no change is so you must change
necessary to the ‘3’. the ‘5’ to a ‘6’.
A: 73 A: 2146
ROUNDING RULES
3.7315 = 4 Round to whole number
= 3.7 Round to one decimal place (10th)
= 3.73 Round to two decimal place (100th)
= 3.732 Round to three decimal place (1000th)
108

Example 1: Round off 32.7 to the nearest whole number.
Answer:
32.7
Tenths place: 7 is greater than 5

Units place: Add 1
So, 32.7 on rounding off = 33.
For numbers up to two decimal places

Answer:
75.54
Look at the tenths place, it is 5.

Digit at units place increases by 1
So, 75.54 on rounding off = 76.

Answer:
65.489
Less than 5
Digit at units place remains the same
So, 65.489 on rounding off = 65
109

Rounding a number to nearest tenths or hundredths
Example 1: Round off 65.47 to the nearest tenths.

Answer:
65.47
7 is more than 5 REMEMBER: For rounding

add 1 to 4 off to nearest hundredths,
tenths place: Add 1 to 4 we check the digit at
thousandths place and
So, 65.47 on rounding off = 65.5
follow the same steps.
Example 2: Round off 65.594 to the nearest given place.

a. tenths b. hundredths
Answer:
a. 65.594
9 is more than 5
tenths place: Add 1 to 5
So, 65.594 on rounding off to the nearest tenths place = 65.6
b. 65.594
4 is less than 5
hundredths place: remains same
So, 65.594 on rounding off to the nearest hundredths place = 65.59
110

Equivalence between decimal numbers and decimals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Also, look at the following illustration about equivalence between decimals and
fractions.
1 1 3
= 0.25 = 0.5 = 0.75
4 2 4
E xercise N6.5
1. Draw a number line and mark the following decimal numbers on it.
a. 6.1 b. 4.8 c. 11.13 d. 4.103
a. 8.08, 8.80, 18.08, 18.243, 8.008
___________________________________________________
b. 11.11, 1.120, 11.121, 11.102, 11.001
___________________________________________________
111

c. 215.3, 215.07, 215.332, 215.002, 212.05
___________________________________________________
3. Round off the following numbers to the nearest whole number.
a. 78.4 = _________________ b. 45.43 = ________________
c. 920.89 = _______________ d. 799.129 = ______________
5. Round off the following numbers to the nearest tenths.
a. 56.87 = ________________ b. 87. 81 = _______________
c. 79.98 = ________________ d. 54.49 = ________________
6. Round off the following numbers to the nearest hundredths.
a. 56.871 = _______________ b. 55.559 = _______________
c. 79.989 = _______________ d. 102.455 = ______________
7. Find two numbers between the given numbers.
a. 5.6 and 5.7 ______________________________________
b. 7.5 and 7.6 ______________________________________
c. 75.11 and 75.12 ______________________________________
d. 1.9 and 2 ______________________________________
Fractions and Decimals

Every fraction can be written in decimal form. Let us understand with the help
of examples.
1
Example 1: Convert to a decimal.
5
Answer:
1 1× 5 2 Make the denominator of
= = (Equivalent fractions) the given fraction 10, and
5 2× 5 10
write it in decimal form.
2
= 0.2
10
1
= 0.2
5
112

13
Example 2: Convert to a decimal.
2
13 13 × 5 65
Answer: = =
2 2× 5 10 In order to change denominator
65 to a 10, multiplying by 5
= 6.5
10
13
= 6.5
2
Percentages
Percentage: The term ‘percentage’ means ‘out of 100’ or ‘for every 100’.
It is represented as %.
65
For example, 65 percent = 65% = or 65 out of 100
100
Consider the coloured part.
1 3 1
or one half or 50% or three quarters or 75% or one quarter or 25%
2 4 4
1 2
or one third or 33% or two third or 67%
3 3
113

Conversion of fraction to percentage
9
Example 1: Express as a percent.
20
Answer:
5
9 9 100
= ×
20 20 1
 9 
= 9 × × 100  % = 45%
 20 
= (9 × 5)%
= 45%
1
3
Answer:
1 1 100
= ×
3 3 1
= 33.33 %
= 33 % (Rounded off to the nearest whole number)
2
3
Answer:
2 2 
=  × 100 %
3 3 
200
= %
3
= 66.66%
= 67% (Rounded off to the nearest whole number)
114

Conversion of decimal to percentage
Convert the
Example 4: Express 0.45 as a percent. decimal into a
Answer: fraction to make
the calculations
0.45 = 0.45 × 100
easier.
= 45%
Mental Maths
Complete the table.
Fraction Percent Decimal
1 100% 1.0
1
? 0.5
2
1
33.3% ?
3
? 25% 0.25
1
? 0.2
5
1
16.6% ?
6
1
? 0.125
8
115

Example 5: Find 12.5% of 12,000kg.
Answer: There can be two ways of solving this problem.
Method 1:
12.5
12.5% of 12,000kg = × 12000 Removing the
100
decimal point from
125
= × 12000 12.5 = 125 ÷ 10
10 × 100
= 125 × 12 Removing % sign,
= 1500kg 12.5% = 12.5 ÷ 100
Method 2:
Weight = 12,000kg
50% (half of full weight) = 6,000kg
25% (half of 50%) = 3,000kg
12.5% (half of 25%) = 1,500kg
12.5% of 12,000kg = 1,500kg
Example 6: There are 1400 students in a school. If 45% are boys,

find out the number of girls in the school.
Answer:
Total number of students = 1400
Number of boys = 45% of 1400
45
= × 12000 × 1400
100
= 630
Therefore, number of girls = 1400 – 630
= 770
116

Example 7: In an examination, Faraha
scores 50 marks out of 80 and her friend
Shaiha scored 170 out of 200. Who
performed better?
Answer:
In order to find out the better score, we need to
know the percentage in each case.
Students Total Marks Marks scored Percentage
50
× 100%
Faraha 80 50 80
= 62.5%
170
× 100%
Shaiha 200 170 200
= 85%
So, Shaiha performed better.
Example 8: Ali goes to the

market with his mother to
buy a pair of shoes. The
marked price on the pair of
shoes is MVR 450, but the
shopkeeper tells them that
there is a discount of 15% on
the shoes. Find out the actual
selling price of the shoes after
discount.
117

Answer:
Marked price of the shoes = MVR 450
Discount offered = 10%
Discount is always calculated on the marked price.
Therefore, Discount = 10% of MVR 450
10
= × 450
100
= MVR 45
So, actual selling price of shoes = Marked Price – Discount
= MVR 450 – MVR 45
= MVR 405
Example 9: A lawyer wanted MVR 9000 to be divided into his

two sons into portions 40% and 60%. How much did each of
them inherit?
Answer:
% of total money Amount received

(MVR 9000) (in MVR)
40
First son 40% × 9000 = MVR 3600
100
60
× 9000 = MVR 5400
100
Second son 60%
Or MVR 9000 – MVR 3600 = MVR
5400
118

E xercise N6.6
1. Convert the following fractions into decimals.
9 12
a. ______________ b. ______________
5 25
15 80
c. ______________ d. ______________
50 100
2. Convert the following fractions into percentage.
45 3
a. ______________ b. ______________
50 5
4 7
c. ______________ d. ______________
5 20
1 1
e. ______________ f. ______________
10 25
3. Convert the following decimals into percentage.
a. 0.81 = ________________________________________________
b. 0.56 = ________________________________________________
c. 0.251 = ________________________________________________
d. 0.6 = ________________________________________________
e. 0.35 = ________________________________________________
f. 0.505 = ________________________________________________
119

4. In a school quiz contest, the scores of the teams were as follows.
Team A: 30 out of 50
Team B: 45 put of 60
Team C: 60 out of 70
Make a table to show the percentage

scores of all the teams and declare the
winner.
5. In an examination, 92% of the candidates passed and 46 failed. How
many candidates appeared for the exam?
Self-check
a. 8.342, 8.234, 8.222, 8.200, 8.202 _____________________
b. 811.21, 181.12, 118.121, 811.122 _____________________
c. 25.13, 25.5, 25.132, 25.102, 25.50 _____________________
2. Find two numbers between the given numbers.

a. 6.7 and 6.8 _______________________________________
b. 1.11 and 1.12 ______________________________________
c. 99.8 and 99.9 _____________________________________
3. Convert the following fractions into decimals.
a. 5 = _______________
25
b. 9 = __________________
50
c. 6 = __________________
4
120

4. Convert the following decimals into percentage.
a. 0.09 = __________________
b. 0.16 = __________________
c. 0.09 = __________________
5. 45% of the students in a school are girls. If the total number of students
is 1000, find the number of girls in the school.
6. Mr Hassan decided to divide MVR 250,000 between his three children as
30%, 45% and 25%. Calculate the share of each of his child.
121

Ratio and Proportion
Egyptians used both pi (3.141592654…)
and phi (1.618033988…) in the design of
the Great Pyramids. The Greeks based the
design of the Parthenon on this proportion.
Phidias (500 BC – 432 BC), a Greek
sculptor and mathematician, studied phi
and applied it to the design of sculptures
for the Parthenon. The Parthenon
You will learn...
to relate two quantities using ratios.

to study the relationship between fractions and simple proportions.
to write ratios in a simple form.
to explain simple problems involving ratio and proportion.

Make estimations and judgments: Used in various
activities to compare quantities of a similar kind.
122

?
Let’s Recall
Ratio is a fraction of two quantities of the same kind and in the same units that
shows how the two quantities are related.
For example, if Maria’s height is 143cm and that of Sana is 150cm, we say that the
143
ratio of heights of Maria and Sana is or 143 : 150.
150
It is read as, ‘143 is to 150’ or ‘143 to 150’.
The order of the terms in a ratio is very important.
For example, for preparing 3 cups of tea, 3 cups of water and 1 cup of milk is
required.
Water : Milk = 3 : 1
Here, Milk : Water = 1 : 3
Hence, order of terms is important.
A proportion is a name we give to a statement that two ratios are equal.

It is written as:
a c
=
b d
It is read as ‘a is to b is equal to c is to d’.
Equal ratios lead to proportion.
123

So to prepare 6 cups of tea, 6 cups of water and 2 cups of milk is required.
Water : Milk = 3 : 1 Water : Milk = 6 : 2

3 6 =3:1
or =
1 2
Solve the following.

a. If there are 4 weeks in a month, how many weeks are there in 8 months?
b. For each teacher in a school, there are 25 students. How many

teachers are there if there are 275 children?
Proportion
Using ratios to compare two quantities
Remember
Ratios can only be found between two quantities of same unit, like two
lengths or two weights.
124

Example 1: Ahsan weighs 53 kg and Razan weighs 49 kg. Compare
their weights.
Answer:
Ahsan’s weight : Razan’s weight
53 : 49
53
or 53 : 49
49
Example 2: In a showroom, there are 7 white cars and 8 black cars

on display. Compare the white cars to the black cars.
Answer:
To compare the white cars to
In this example, we compared
the black cars we will use the
concept of ratio. the number of white cars to
the total number of cars in the
Number of white cars 7 show room, the ratio would
= =7:8
Number of black cars 8
become a fraction!
Number of white cars 7

=
Total number of cars 15
A fraction is defined as the ratio

of a part to a whole.
Key questions
• What is the difference between a fraction and a proportion?
• What is the difference between a ratio and a proportion?
125

Simplifying Ratios
150
Example 1: Reduce to its lowest form.
400
Answer:
Both the numerator and the
denominator can be divided by 50. To simplify fractions, think
of the biggest number by
150 ÷ 50 3 which the numerator and
So, =
400 ÷ 50 8 denominator can be divided.
3 150
Thus, is the lowest form of .
8 400
Example 2: A certain type of cloth

A is available for MVR 30 per metre
and another type of cloth B is
available for MVR 52 per metre.
What is the ratio of the costs of type
A cloth to type B cloth? Write the
ratio in the lowest form.
Answer:
Cost of type A cloth = MVR 30
Cost of type B cloth = MVR 52
Cost of type A cloth 30 ÷ 2

Ratio = =
Cost of type B cloth 52 ÷ 2
15
=
26
126

E xercise N7.1
1. Write the following ratios in fraction form and using colon (:).
a. Ratio of 45 pencils to 49 pens: ___________________
b. Ratio of 400 motorcycles to 300 bicycles: ___________________
c. Ratio of 850 girls to 900 boys: ___________________
d. Ratio of 30 mangoes to 55 apples: ___________________
e. Ratio of 75 tennis balls to 150 golf balls: ___________________
f. Ratio of 80 chairs to 80 stools:___________________
g. Ratio of 65 cars to 105 cycles: ___________________
2. In a zoo, there are 15 giraffes,

40 tigers, 25 elephants,
75 monkeys and 55 horses.
Answer the following
questions.
a. The ratio of giraffes to tigers
= _________________________________
b. The ratio of monkeys to horses
= _________________________________
c. The ratio of elephants to giraffes
= _________________________________
d. The ratio of tigers to elephants and horses
= _________________________________
e. The ratio of tigers to the total number of animals in the zoo
= _________________________________
127

3. Determine which of the following pairs of ratios form a proportion.
4 60 5 20 8 6 72 186
a. and b. and c. and d. and
3 45 6 18 16 12 84 217
4. Simplify the following ratios to the lowest form.

85 27 888 784
a. b. c. d.
255 57 242 108
Word Problems
Example 1: The cost of 30 metres of cotton cloth is MVR 450. Find
the cost of 15 metres of cloth.
Answer:
If cost of 30 metres is MVR 450, then cost of
1 metres of cotton cloth
= MVR 450 ÷ 30
= MVR 15
Therefore, cost of 2 metres of cotton cloth
= MVR 15 × 2
= MVR 30
Cost of 3 metres of cotton cloth = MVR 15 × 3
= MVR 45 and so on.
So, a proportion can be made as
Price of the cloth 450 225
= =
Length of the cloth 30 15
Here, we find that in the denominator if 30 ÷ 2 = 15

Hence, numerator should also be divided by 2 to get the answer that is,
450 ÷ 2 = 225
Hence, cost of 15 meters of cloth = MVR 225
128

Example 2: In a factory, a worker is paid MVR 162.50 for 5 days. How
much money will he earn if he works for 30 days?
Salary 162.50 ?
Answer: = =
Number of days 5 30
Now, 5 × 6 = 30
So, 162.50 is multiplied by 6 to get the answer.
162.50 × 6 975
=
5×6 30
Thus, the worker will earn MVR 975 in 30 days.
E xercise N7.2
1. Ishag can read 50 pages of a book in 1 hour. If the book has a total of
250 pages, how long will he take to finish the book?
2. The weight of 25 folding chairs is 15 kg. How many

chairs can be loaded on a truck having a capacity of
carrying 2025 kg load?
129

3. An aeroplane flies 4500 km in 5 hours. Calculate the distance it will cover
in 10 hours.
4. Junaid can cycle at a speed of 10km in 1 hour. If he decides to cycle till

his school, which is 15km away, how long will he take to reach the school?
5. Safiyya spends MVR 20 every week in her school canteen. How much
money does she spend in a month?
130

Real-world Maths
Have you ever gone to the market with your

mother to buy fruits and vegetables? Ask
her how does she make an estimate of the
consumption of her family.
Suppose you are a family of four people.

Your mother buys groceries for a week. This time when you are
accompanying her, make a list of the following.
a. Make a list of the items bought, and the ratio of each item to the cost.
b. If your 4 friends are coming to stay with you for a week, then
calculate the quantity of these items needed for a week along with
the cost of each item.
Self-check

1. Reduce the following fractions to the lowest form.
270 666 650 862
a. b. c. d.
100 99 350 222
2. Reduce the given ratios into lowest term. Tick ( ) the ratios
that form a proportion.
9 126 22 6666
a. and b. and
11 154 15 4545
7 63 10 200
c. and d. and
13 91 1000 2000
3. The ratio of the length of a school ground to its width is 5 : 2. Find

the length if the width of the ground is 60 m.
131

4. The ratio of storybooks in a library to
reference books is 1 : 5. The total number
of story books is 500. Find the total
number of books in the library.
5. Two dozen oranges cost MVR 60.

Find the cost of 120 oranges.
(1 dozen = 12)
6. A car travels 195 km in 3 hours.

a. How long will it take to cover 585 km?
b. How far will it travel in seven and a
half hours?
1. Population census in the school

Make groups of 3-4 students, depending on your class
strength. All you will need is a paper, pen, measuring tape
and weighing scale.
Each group takes one class in your school. For example, group 1 takes
class 1, group 2 takes class 2 and so on.
Fill up the table given below (it is a sample).
Class 1 Name of Boy/Girl Height Weight

student (in cm) (in kg)
1
2
3
132

a. Find out the ratio of boys to girls in each class.
b. Find out the ratio of boys/girls to the total number of students in
the class.
c. Find the ratio of height to weight of each student in the class.
d. Find out how many ratios form proportions in a class.
You Kn
?
Did
ow
Number of times the word ‘land’ appears in the Qur’an = 13

Number of times the word ‘sea’ appears in the Qur’an = 32
13
Proportion of dry land to sea covering the Earth = = 29%
32 45
Proportion of sea to dry land on Earth = = 71%
45
133


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The vision of the New National Curriculum is “every child is

In the National Curriculum, out of eight main key learning areas,

Email: schools@cambridge.org ISBN 978-1-108-43945-9

www.facebook.com/cambridgeindia MVR 64 9 781108 43945 9

© Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

notice to teachers in the uk

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press

Number Concept (N1) 1

© Cambridge University Press

Evolution of Hindu-Arabic numerals

India (Gwalior), 9th century

West Arabic (Gobar), East Arabic (Gobar), Sanskrit Devnagari Indian,

© Cambridge University Press

Thinking critically and creatively

© Cambridge University Press

5. Write the expanded form of the following numbers.

6. Fill in the blanks.

Number Beyond 999,999

Periods Millions Thousands Units

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press

Example 2: Represent 3640000 in a place value chart. Write the

3,640,000 = three million and six hundred forty thousand

© Cambridge University Press

Example 2: Round oﬀ 1,235,482 to the nearest 100.

Example 3: Athikah lives in Maldives. She is very fond

© Cambridge University Press

Far away from 6000

c. 6,914,352 ______________ d. 1,825,191 ______________

2. According to a survey done few years ago, there were 1,650,499

b. to the nearest 100 ______________

c. to the nearest 1000 ______________

© Cambridge University Press

Given below is a list of population of some Asian countries.

© Cambridge University Press

(Do questions 2 to 5 in the notebook.)

© Cambridge University Press

2. Fishing industry in Maldives

This image shows how zero was expressed in Chinese counting

© Cambridge University Press

You will learn...

Thinking critically and creatively

© Cambridge University Press

5. What is 700 more than 6. What is the result of

© Cambridge University Press

8. Evaluate the following questions.

Name of the island Population (approx.)

Addition and Subtraction

Example: Add 1,238 and 3,542.

The sum of 1,238 and 3,542 is 4,780.

© Cambridge University Press

Example 1: Subtract 2,871 from 6,209.

Checking the result

Example 2: Fill in the blanks.

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press

To add several multiples of 100, we add the hundreds digit of all

This principle can thus be similarly applied to larger numbers that

Example 1: Mentally add 700, 500 and 600.

Example 2: Mentally add 2000, 3000 and 7000.

c. 6,914,352 d. 1,825,191