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" ,( ()
" ,(  !
")
" : ‫ﻛﺪ درس‬/‫رﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬

 .5+
;=E+ FG H"+ . IJ9

D  j molk ;=> ?
@A9? BC.;
+  ! 9: #% 8 9: %/7 . / +  0+1 ., 2+ 3 45 -1

R = 8.314 j molk
 / . / . / .  / . #

: .  8:K+ H9"    -2

H 2S(g) + 3 2O 2(g) → H 2O (l ) + SO 2( g ) ∆H = −562.6Kj

CS 2(l ) + 3O 2( g ) → CO 2( g ) + 2SO 2( g ) ∆H = −1075.2Kj
D  2AM ( ;=> . =1A ∆H ;L+
CS 2( l ) + 2H 2O (l ) → CO 2( g ) + 2H 2S ( g )
+/ .  / .  / .  + . #

D;?
+ NA 8 ., 3
O P! . 8= , Q;( 8 8NC  -3

 ! "# $ %&' .     . #

  /0 .  ()* +,- . %&' .

D  91 (Urms)  AR5+ S9+ RN  . 8= , Q;1 -4

. Xe . Kr .  H2 .#
UF6
D;"
+ ;L+ . ( Q;1 -5

:;<$ .   78.79 . 56 .  %&' . #

D"
+ Q p = Qv X. : Q;(  -6

.)* :? %&' 5 @,A9 + #9 .  .* =&> :? 56 5 @,A9 + #9 . #

.)* :?  + #9 .  .6 =&>  75B CD E9) A +76,A9 .

45 X" Q, 8:A +  A C H1 YG  ., + 81
CZ  ;" 9: #% ., 45 / P!  , -7

D;" ;O ;L> .,
E

),G> CD .   5F .  ! .   9 . #

6 ‫ از‬1 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ 1392-93 ‫ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎل دوم‬ #%#%/#%#%&#$[\

 ‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‬
  
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")
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8:A 45  & C H1 &\] / +  QCA  Z 8 R@ P, 2*C 3  
:? I; ., . 2+ A , -8

D;" ;O ;L> 1 ;L+ 4=1 SG=+

R = 8.314 j molk
  / .  +  / . / .  +/ . #

D  8= , Q;(  X;" H( JZ  ^=+ + ?  8( ( 0_  I. -9

)I5 (&,K .  )I5 J,K 9 :. . )I 5 )I .  HI . #

 ∂U  -10
D  Q;( `> 8  . YCC 8 a:A;A ., A 2? I; .,    ;L+
 ∂V  T
1 1 . n 2 a X JZ . n2a .  1 1 .#
JZ X
P XT V2 V2 T X P

8 −1 10 −1
-11
H S9+ .? G+ X;" 10 × 10 ms .,  2_:+  Hb+ A 5 × 10 s ., O a(! ,
D  ;L> .,

&m .  7m . %/%&m .  %/7m . #

D ;O B .,  ;=> A ., eJ  X;" B .,
:_:+ QN  E> X A .,
:_:+ QN , -12

1 . 1 . & . $ .#
4 2

D
9G 8> +  ., 8  89._GA -13

.5 NOP :M.> .  .5 %L . :M.> . #

.5 8Q 56  +U . .  .5 8Q RST E89  +U . .

 a  -14
D  G Q;(  a / X  P + 2  (V − b ) = RT 8:K+ 
 V 
L2 .atm −1 .mol 2 .  L2 .atm −1 .mol −2 . L2 .atm.mol −2 .  L−2 .atm.mol −2 . #

D;?
+ NA 8 .,  2? I; : . g*
h" 8> *C -15

B V .  B 56 9 7K V . #

7K 56 9 B V .  7K 56 .

6 ‫ از‬2 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ 1392-93 ‫ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎل دوم‬ #%#%/#%#%&#$[\

 ‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‬
  
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" ,(  !
")
" : ‫ﻛﺪ درس‬/‫رﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬

Yi
=K " Q, jG /  , A ...................... ? G+C 2AM Yi
=K "  jG /  ., , -16

.;"
+ ................... ? G+C 2AM

+H, W+H, .  :M- W+H, . +H, W:M- .  :M- W:M- . #

D " 4O 
* 8hL .! E:KC . : Q;1  -17

)0 – )0 .  5T – )0 . )0 – X7 .  5T – X7 . #

D  k*Z . 8= , Q;1 -18

T V . dT dV .#
Ln 2 = (γ − 1)Ln 2 = (1 + γ )
T1 V1 T V
γ −1 .  1−γ .
T 2 V 2  T 2 V 2 
=  = 
T1  V 1  T1  V 1 
D  l 8= , Q;( I R@ P, ;=?! 
m 8O>   -19

.), .Z HI 8  Q5[ ∆U 9 ∆H .  .), .Z HI ∆U 9 ∆H . #

.), .Z HI 8  Q5[ ∆U 9 HI 8  OF\ ∆H .  .), .Z HI 8  OF\ ∆U 9 ∆H .

D;
+ 2L9
9( 8> eJ ;=?! -20

Q .  +6M,0 V_> . +]^ :\' (8)> .  =0 . #

P!  49G 8 I;" I +, X45 oP! n ( A; A JGC # / P! A 9: #% 45 
9G  , -21

D;" ;O ;L> 49G
p:9? BC X;" 2AM &% /

HI .  j .  j .  j .#

D  Q;( / P! A
@A9?  I;" Q5 ;J+ 1 4 1+ -22

dG .  dH . dA .  dU . #

8b> `> 8  . YC C 8
+  
 ! ;@ : 8 1C A Z= 81 ∆G f l YG  -23

D 

HI  – HI eT .  HI eT – HI . #

HI  – HI  .  HI eT – HI eT .

6 ‫ از‬3 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ 1392-93 ‫ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎل دوم‬ #%#%/#%#%&#$[\

 ‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‬
  
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###$%#-)*+ ,
" ,( ()
" ,(  !
")
" : ‫ﻛﺪ درس‬/‫رﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬

D  qZ .  8= , . 3+;1 X ;" ∆S ≺ 0 X ∆H
0
P=(A  , -24

.:! VT^ @,A9 .  .:! VT^ $ @,A9 . #

.:! VT^ 7K V 5 @,A9 .  .:! VT^ B V 5 @,A9 .

^+  = ) D  2+  2AM ;=> JGC ## 8 JGC # . ^+  = P!  ! . 0Z
p:9? BC -25

( d = 0.879 gr / cm 3 A α = 1.237 ×10−3 K −1

 . / .  .  / . #

1.14 × 103 atm2   275°C  Kp X( CH3OH (g) ↔ CO(g) + 2H 2(g) 2KC 
-26

R=0.082lit.atm/mol.k D  ;L> 275°C  2KC H  Kc ;L+ . 

. .#
56.3mol 2lit −2 0.563mol 2lit −2
. 112mol 2 lit −2 .
11.2mol 2lit −2
D  Q;(
@A9? BC 8h XA =+ 49G   +=+C QA 0Z um  -27

dS ≤ dT = 0 .  dS ≥ dT = 0 . dS / dT = 0 .  dS / dT 〈 0 . #

9P ................. ;=?!  P! ! 45  !  XR@ P, C? A R@ P, +; ;=?! 8GL+  -28

.;"
+  . .................
+,  !v G . 

 Q5[fD7g .   OF\fD7g .  Q5[ )GZ .   OF\ )GZ . #

D  8= , Q;(  +; ;=?!
m 89G 49G   9:E .? M BC -29

dA = 0 . dA =V dp . dA = pdV . dA = − pdV .#

-30
D  . 1 Q;1 2K+ ;L+

. . . .#

-31
D;?
+  8 . 8h Q;( . "
+ 0;C T2 8 T1 . ? + 8( ., 2+ 
A M BC
T2 . T2 . T2 . T2 .#
∆U = −C P ∫ dT ∆U = −CV ∫ dT ∆U = ∫ C P dT ∆U = ∫ CV dT
T1 T1 T1 T1

6 ‫ از‬4 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ 1392-93 ‫ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎل دوم‬ #%#%/#%#%&#$[\

 ‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‬
  
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###$%#-)*+ ,
" ,( ()
" ,(  !
")
" : ‫ﻛﺪ درس‬/‫رﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ‬

D;" G .! 81  ; . 0+ Q;1X .!  2KC l  -32

+>95 V_> .  +7G* ".> K . 56 .   . #

V0 -33
D  . 8= , Q;( T / + A 8:A 45  2?; .,   + 0L+  45  Y"

273.15 . − 273.15 . V . 1 .#

273.15 273.15
D  k*Z . 8= , Q;(X;" z+ =(A  ∆H 0T , xE9A 8:K+ y -34

.)7 + @Z\ E8 :*hQ  iBSj )D .  .:!8Q @,\9 . #

0 . .* + kD :? @7[ lP  @7[ .
.:! :!5 m^  "L 5 ∆H T iCD 5G>

10 Jmol-1
p:9? BC A 20 Jmol-1
A M BC , / + 
9G 
BC AJC .;" -35

D;"
+ Jmol-1 ;=> 9:E .? M BC  a, .? M

-10 . -30 . -40 . -20 .#

D 
:L9 .? 8N ;=> 
hO
C 8 2_:+  -36

.  .  .  .#

D;"
+ 2G1+ SA { N 3+;1 -37

. .#

. .

2+ G( YG  2KC /   8h 8>
| N P! YG 2KC / H 2 ( g ) + I 2 ( g ) ↔ 2 HI ( g ) =(A  -38

D K x

K x = 2K p . K p = 2K x . K p = Kx . 2 .#
Kx = K p ( )

6 ‫ از‬5 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ 1392-93 ‫ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎل دوم‬ #%#%/#%#%&#$[\

 ‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‬
‫ 
) (‪  
   :‬‬

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‫ﻋﻨــﻮان درس ‪#  !
" :‬‬

‫رﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪/‬ﻛﺪ درس ‪###$%#-)*+ ,
" ,( ()
" ,(  !
")
" :‬‬

‫‪D  Q;1‬‬ ‫‪Kc , Kp‬‬ ‫‪H 8h‬‬ ‫)‪C(s) + CO 2(g) ↔ 2CO (g‬‬ ‫ ‪=1A‬‬ ‫‪-39‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.#‬‬
‫‪K p = Kc‬‬ ‫‪K p = Kc ( RT ) −1‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪K p = Kc ( RT ) +2‬‬ ‫‪K p = Kc ( RT ) +1‬‬

‫‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪-40‬‬

‫‪D  Q;( 25 C‬‬ ‫‪+  CO( g ) + O2 ( g ) → CO2( g ) =(A ;9 a, M‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪(∆G f (CO2 ) = −394 / 4kJmol ) (∆G f (CO) = −137 / 2kJmol −1‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪,‬‬

‫ ‪− 450kJmol −1 .‬‬ ‫‪− 531 / 6kJmol −1 .‬‬ ‫ ‪− 257 / 2kJmol −1 .‬‬ ‫‪− 463kJmol −1 . #‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ 6‬از ‪6‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻤﺴﺎل دوم ‪1392-93‬‬ ‫\[‪#%#%/#%#%&#$‬‬