What is Live Zero in 4-20 mA

Current Loop ?
The popular myth about 4-20 mA, debunked.

A lot of C&I practitioners (including me) has long believed that the
establishment of 4 mA as the lower range of the widely used analog
current is due to the fact that at fault condition, the electronic signal
will always fall to 0 mA. Hence, the creation of the term “live zero.”

Live Zero in 4-20 mA Current Loop

Yes, an electronic signal may really fall to zero at certain fault
circumstances e.g. disconnection between the transmitter and analog
card receiver, but it is also possible to rise at 20 mA or at certain
locking intermediate value given the fact that a lot of electronic
transmitters now are “smart” which means that they can have self-
diagnostic capabilities, allowing them to be programmed to assume a
worst case deviation value. Chances are it won’t be 0 mA given a
certain goal of a process during fault detection.

The viable reason behind the use of this “live zero” has hardly
anything to do with failure. A live zero provides a minimum current for
the signal source which enables the device to be powered from the
receiver.

A term which we may have heard of called “two-wire transmission”

defines this scenario and it eliminates the requirement of another pair
of conductors to serve as the power source of a transmitter.
Figure 1 shows a transmitter operating on a “dead-zero” range such
as the legacy 0-10 mA standard. This requires the provision of power
supply connections to the device so four conductor wires are required
for each transmitter.

Figure 1: Without the “live zero” transmission

With a live zero, in Figure 2, the transmitter circuitry can already be

powered from the receiver itself and only two conductor wires are
required.
 Figure 2: Two-wire transmission with “live zero”

Author: Anand Kumar Mishra