6.

Deliverability of Gas Wells

• Principle of NODAL Analysis

• Graphical Solution

• Analytical Solution
 Basic Concepts

Reservoir deliverability is defined as the production

rate at a specified bottom hole pressure.

Well deliverability is defined as the production rate

at a specified wellhead pressure.

Well deliverability depends on reservoir

deliverability and wellbore performance.

Well deliverability is predicted by NODAL analysis.

 NODAL Analysis

A gas production system includes a series of

components (equipment) connected at multiple
nodes.
The system analysis for predicting fluid production
rate and pressure at a specified node is called
NODAL analysis in petroleum engineering.
 Pressure Continuity

pwh pfl psp pst pdh

Wh Chk FL Sp Cp

phf Dh

Tbg pmt

ptf Mt

Csg ppl

pwf Res PL
 Equipment Performance

pwh pfl psp pst

cp pdh
Wh Chk FL SP Cp

phf Dh
CPR FLP CPP

Tbg

ptf TPR Mt

Csg

pwf Res PLP PL

IPR
 Pressure Profile

pwh pfl psp pcp pdh

Wh Chk FL SP Cp

phf Dh

pres IPR
Tbg
TPR

ptf Mt

CPP
Csg
CPR
pwf Res PLP PL
FLP
pres
Flow Distance
Analysis at Bottom Hole Node

Consider the bottom hole node of a gas well. If

the inflow performance relationship (IPR) at the
node is defined by


q sc C p  p 2 2
wf  n

and if the outflow performance relationship at

the node (TPR) is defined by

2 6.67 10  4 [ Exp( s )  1] fq sc2 z 2T 2

p wf  Exp( s ) p hf2  5
d i cos
 Graphical Solution
2,500

IPR
2,000
TPR

1,500

1,000

500

0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Gas Production Rate (Mscf/d)
 Analytical Solution

The operating point can also be solved numerically by

combining IPR and TPR equations for single-diameter
tubing string.
1

2 2 q sc  n
p wf p   
 C 

2 6.67 10  4 [ Exp( s)  1] fq sc2 z 2T 2

p wf  Exp( s) p hf2  5
d i cos
1
4 2 2 2
2 q
 sc  n
2 6. 67 10 [ Exp ( s )  1] fq sc z T
p    Exp( s ) p hf  5
0
 C  Di cos 
 Example Problem 6.1

A vertical well in Montana produces 0.71 specific gravity

gas through a 2 7/8-in tubing set to the top of a gas
reservoir at a depth around 10,000 ft. At tubing head, the
pressure is to be maintained at 800 psia and the
temperature is 150 oF, the reservoir temperature is about
200 oF. The relative roughness of tubing is about 0.0006.

Reservoir pressure: 2,000 psia

IPR model parameter C: 0.1 Mscf/d-psi2n
IPR model parameter n: 0.8

What is the expected gas production rate from the well?

Solution:

This example problem can be solved with the

spreadsheet program BottomHoleNodalGas.xls.
Instructions

Step 1: Input your data in the Input Data section.

Step 2: Run Macro Solution to get results.

Step 3: View results in table and in the Plot

graph sheet.
Input Data

Gas-specific gravity ( g): 0.71

Tubing inside diameter (D): 2.259 in
Tubing relative roughness (/D): 0.0006
Measured depth at tubing shoe (L): 10,000 ft
Inclination angle (): 0 Deg
Wellhead pressure (phf): 800 psia
Wellhead temperature (Thf ): 150 o
F
Bottom hole temperature (Twf): 200 o
F
Reservoir pressure (pr): 2,000 psia
C-exponent in backpressure IPR model: 0.01 Mscf/d-psi2n
n-constant in backpressure IPR model: 0.8
Solution
Tav = 635 o
R
Zav = 0.8626
s= 0.486062358
es = 1.62590138
fm = 0.017396984
AOF = 1,912.70 Mscf/d
qsc (Mscf/d) IPR TPR
0 2,000 1,020
191 1,943 1,021
383 1,861 1,023
574 1,764 1,026
765 1,652 1,031
956 1,523 1,037
1,148 1,374 1,044
1,339 1,200 1,052
1,530 987 1,062
1,721 703 1,073
1,817 498 1,078
1,865 353 1,081
1,889 250 1,083
 Analytical Solution

Operating flowrate = 1470 Mscf/d

Residual of objective function = -1.54007E-06

Operating pressure = 1059 psia

 Graphical Solution
2,500

IPR
2,000
TPR

1,500

1,000

500

0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Gas Production Rate (Mscf/d)
 Analysis at Wellhead Node

The inflow is well wellhead performance relationship

(WPR) obtained by combining IPR and TPR:

n
 2  2 6.67 10 [ Exp( s )  1] fq z T  
4 2 2 2
q sc C  p   Exp ( s) p hf  5
sc 

  d i cos  

The outlow is choke performance relationship (CPR):

k 1
 k  2  k1
qsc 879C D Aphf  
  T  k  1 
 g up 
 Graphical Solution

1,800

1,600 WPR
Wellhead Pressure (psia)

1,400
CPR
1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000

Gas Production Rate (Mscf/d)

Analytical Solution

n
2
    
    
    
   qsc  
  Exp( s) k 1  
qsc C  p 2     k  2  k  1  
   879C D A  
   
    g Tup  k  1   
  
  6.67 10 4 [ Exp( s)  1] fqsc2 z 2T 2 
  d
5 
  i cos  
Example Problem 6.2

Use the following data to estimate gas

production rate of the Montana well in Example
Problem 6.1:
Gas-specific gravity: 0.71
Tubing inside diameter: 2.259 in
Tubing wall relative roughness: 0.0006
Measured depth at tubing shoe: 10,000 ft
Inclination angle: 0 Deg
Wellhead choke size: 16 1/64 in.
Flowline diameter: 2 in.
Gas-specific heat ratio: 1.3
Gas viscosity at wellhead: 0.01 cp
Wellhead temperature: 150 o
F
Bottom hole temperature: 200 o
F
Reservoir pressure: 2,000 psia
C-constant in backpressure IPR model: 0.01 Mscf/d-psi2n
n-exponent in backpressure IPR model: 0.8
Solution:

This example problem can be solved with the

spreadsheet program WellheadNodal.xls.
WellheadNodal.xls

Input Data

Gas-specific gravity g): 0.71

Tubing inside diameter (D): 2.259 in
Tubing relative roughnessD): 0.0006
Measured depth at tubing shoe (L): 10,000 ft
Inclination angle 0 Deg
Wellhead choke size (Dck): 16 1/64 in
Flowline diameter (Dfl): 2 in
Gas-specific heat ratio (k): 1.3
Gas viscosity at wellhead (): 0.01 cp
Wellhead temperature (Thf ): 120 o
F
Bottom hole temperature (Twf): 180 o
F
Reservoir pressure (p~): 2,000 psia
C-constant in backpressure IPR model: 0.01 Mscf/d-psi2n
n-exponent in backpressure IPR model: 0.8
Solution

Tav = 610 o
R
Zav = 0.8786
s= 0.4968
es = 1.6434
fm = 0.0174
AOF = 1,913 Mscf/d
Dck/Dfl = 0.125
Re = 8,348,517

CD = 1.3009
Ack = 0.0490625 in2
 qsc (Mscf/d) WPR CPR

0 1,600 0
191 1,554 104
383 1,489 207
574 1,411 311
765 1,321 415
956 1,218 518
1,148 1,099 622
1,339 960 726
1,530 789 830
1,721 562 933
1,817 399 985
1,865 282 1,011
1,889 200 1,024
1,913 1 1,037

Operating flow rate = 1,470 Mscf/d

Operating pressure = 797 psia
 1,800

1,600 WPR
1,400
CPR
Wellhead Pressure (psia)

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000

Gas Production Rate (Mscf/d)