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Three Phase Transformer: Connection and Configuration

Article in SSRN Electronic Journal · January 2020

DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3647143

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 Three phase Transformer: Connection and
Configuration
Saif Aldeen Saad Obayes Al-Kadhim

IEEE Member, Assist. Lecturer

Presidency of the Council of Ministers,

Shiite Endowment Office, Babylon, Iraq

Saifaldeen.Saad@ieee.org

Abstract
3-phase distribution transformers generally have a Delta (Triangular) connected
primary winding and a Star (Wye) connected secondary winding. The secondary Star
configuration allows for a 3-phase and Neutral, Dy1 supply providing line and phase
voltages and currents. Commonly the Neutral and Earth connections which provide a
5-wire (3-phases + Neutral + Earth) TN-S (separate Neutral and Earth) supply to
homes and buildings are connected together at the star point of the three secondary
windings, thus the Neutral and Earth are effectively bonded together and remain at the
same zero or Earth potential. However, with a TN-C (combined Neutral and Earth) 4-
wire (3-phases + Neutral) supply the Neutral wire also acts as the Earth wire, but the
neutral wire is still bonded along with a separate Earth electrode to the star point of
the secondary windings to provide the required phase voltages and currents. TT and
IT configurations have different Neutral and Earthing arrangements. Being a Delta
connected Primary winding and therefore a balanced load for the supplying network,
there is no Neutral or Earth connection to the three primary windings, (Earthing is
done at the generator source) but it is possible that the physical metal casing of the
transformer has been bonded to the secondaries Earthing bar for safety.

Introduction
Three-phase Transformers are the backbone of electrical power distribution whether
Delta or Star connected windings Thus far we have looked at the construction and
operation of the single-phase, two winding voltage transformer which can be used
increase or decrease its secondary voltage with respect to the primary supply voltage.
But voltage transformers can also be constructed for connection to not only one single
phase, but for two-phases, three-phases, six-phases and even elaborate combinations
up to 24-phases for some DC rectification transformers. If we take three single-phase
transformers and connect their primary windings to each other and their secondary
windings to each other in a fixed configuration, we can use the transformers on a

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three-phase supply. Three-phase, also written as 3-phase or 3φ supplies are used for
electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution, as well as for all industrial
uses. Three-phase supplies have many electrical advantages over single-phase power
and when considering three-phase transformers we have to deal with three alternating
voltages and currents differing in phase-time by 120 degrees as shown below.

Three Phase Voltages and Currents

Where: VL is the line-to-line voltage, and VP is the phase-to-neutral voltage.A

transformer cannot act as a phase changing device and change single-phase into three-
phase or three-phase into single phase. To make the transformer connections
compatible with three-phase supplies we need to connect them together in a particular
way to form a Three Phase Transformer Configuration.

A three-phase transformer or 3φ transformer can be constructed either by connecting

together three single-phase transformers, thereby forming a so-called three phase
transformer bank, or by using one pre-assembled and balanced three phase
transformer which consists of three pairs of single-phase windings mounted onto one
single laminated core.

The advantages of building a single three phase transformer is that for the same kVA
rating it will be smaller, cheaper and lighter than three individual single-phase
transformers connected together because the copper and iron core are used more
effectively. The methods of connecting the primary and secondary windings are the
same, whether using just one Three Phase Transformer or three separate Single-Phase
Transformers. Consider the circuit below:

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Three Phase Transformer Connections

The primary and secondary windings of a transformer can be connected in different

configuration as shown to meet practically any requirement. In the case of three phase
transformer windings, three forms of connection are possible: “star” (wye), “delta”
(mesh) and “interconnected-star” (zig-zag).

The combinations of the three windings may be with the primary delta-connected and
the secondary star-connected, or star-delta, star-star or delta-delta, depending on the
transformers use. When transformers are used to provide three or more phases they
are generally referred to as a Polyphase Transformer.

Three Phase Transformer Star and Delta Configurations

But what do we mean by “star” (also known as Wye) and “delta” (also known as
Mesh) when dealing with three-phase transformer connections? A three-phase
transformer has three sets of primary and secondary windings. Depending upon how
these sets of windings are interconnected, determines whether the connection is a star
or delta configuration.

The three available voltages, which themselves are each displaced from the other by
120 electrical degrees, not only decided on the type of the electrical connections used
on both the primary and secondary sides, but determine the flow of the transformer's
currents.

With three single-phase transformers connected together, the magnetic flux’s in the
three transformers differ in phase by 120 time-degrees. With a single the three-phase
transformer there are three magnetic flux’s in the core differing in time-phase by 120
degrees.
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The standard method for marking three phase transformer windings is to label the
three primary windings with capital (upper case) letters A, B and C, used to represent
the three individual phases of RED, YELLOW and BLUE. The secondary windings
are labelled with small (lower case) letters a, b and c. Each winding has two ends
normally labelled 1 and 2 so that, for example, the second winding of the primary has
ends which will be labelled B1 and B2, while the third winding of the secondary will
be labelled c1 and c2 as shown.

Transformer Star and Delta Configurations

Symbols are generally used on a three-phase transformer to indicate the type or types
of connections used with upper case Y for star connected, D for delta connected
and Z for interconnected star primary windings, with lower case y, d and z for their
respective secondaries. Then, Star-Star would be labelled Yy, Delta-Delta would be
labelled Dd and interconnected star to interconnected star would be Zz for the same
types of connected transformers.

Transformer Winding Identification

Connection Primary Winding Secondary Winding

Delta D d

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 Star Y y

Interconnected Z z

We now know that there are four different ways in which three single-phase
transformers may be connected together between their primary and secondary three-
phase circuits. These four standard configurations are given as: Delta-Delta (Dd),
Star-Star (Yy), Star-Delta (Yd), and Delta-Star (Dy).

Transformers for high voltage operation with the star connections has the advantage
of reducing the voltage on an individual transformer, reducing the number of turns
required and an increase in the size of the conductors, making the coil windings easier
and cheaper to insulate than delta transformers.

The delta-delta connection nevertheless has one big advantage over the star-delta
configuration, in that if one transformer of a group of three should become faulty or
disabled, the two remaining ones will continue to deliver three-phase power with a
capacity equal to approximately two thirds of the original output from the transformer
unit.

Transformer Delta and Delta Connections

In a delta connected (Dd) group of transformers, the line voltage, VL is equal to the
supply voltage, VL = VS. But the current in each phase winding is given
as: 1/√3 × IL of the line current, where IL is the line current.

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One disadvantage of delta connected three phase transformers is that each transformer
must be wound for the full-line voltage, (in our example above 100V) and for 57.7 per
cent, line current. The greater number of turns in the winding, together with the
insulation between turns, necessitate a larger and more expensive coil than the star
connection. Another disadvantage with delta connected three phase transformers is
that there is no “neutral” or common connection.

In the star-star arrangement ( Yy ), (wye-wye), each transformer has one terminal

connected to a common junction, or neutral point with the three remaining ends of the
primary windings connected to the three-phase mains supply. The number of turns in
a transformer winding for star connection is 57.7 per cent, of that required for delta
connection.

The star connection requires the use of three transformers, and if any one transformer
becomes fault or disabled, the whole group might become disabled. Nevertheless, the
star connected three phase transformer is especially convenient and economical in
electrical power distributing systems, in that a fourth wire may be connected as a
neutral point, ( n ) of the three star connected secondaries as shown.

Transformer Star and Star Connections

The voltage between any line of the three-phase transformer is called the “line voltage”,
VL, while the voltage between any line and the neutral point of a star connected
transformer is called the “phase voltage”, VP. This phase voltage between the neutral
point and any one of the line connections is 1/√3 × VL of the line voltage. Then above,
the primary side phase voltage, VP is given as.

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The secondary current in each phase of a star-connected group of transformers is the
same as that for the line current of the supply, then IL = IS.

Then the relationship between line and phase voltages and currents in a three-phase
system can be summarised as:

Three-phase Voltage and Current

Connection Phase Voltage Line Voltage Phase Current Line Current

Star VP = VL ÷ √3 VL = √3 × VP IP = IL IL = IP

Delta VP = VL VL = VP IP = IL ÷ √3 IL = √3 × IP

Where again, VL is the line-to-line voltage, and VP is the phase-to-neutral voltage on

either the primary or the secondary side.

Other possible connections for three phase transformers are star-delta Yd, where the
primary winding is star-connected and the secondary is delta-connected or delta-
star Dy with a delta-connected primary and a star-connected secondary.

Delta-star connected transformers are widely used in low power distribution with the
primary windings providing a three-wire balanced load to the utility company while
the secondary windings provide the required 4th-wire neutral or earth connection.

When the primary and secondary have different types of winding connections, star or
delta, the overall turns ratio of the transformer becomes more complicated. If a three-
phase transformer is connected as delta-delta ( Dd ) or star-star ( Yy ) then the
transformer could potentially have a 1:1 turns ratio. That is the input and output
voltages for the windings are the same.

However, if the 3-phase transformer is connected in star–delta, ( Yd ) each star-

connected primary winding will receive the phase voltage, VP of the supply, which is
equal to 1/√3 × VL.

Then each corresponding secondary winding will then have this same voltage induced
in it, and since these windings are delta-connected, the voltage 1/√3 × VL will
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become the secondary line voltage. Then with a 1:1 turns ratio, a star–delta connected
transformer will provide a √3:1 step-down line-voltage ratio.

Then for a star–delta ( Yd ) connected transformer the turns ratio becomes:

Star-Delta Turns Ratio

Likewise, for a delta–star ( Dy ) connected transformer, with a 1:1 turns ratio, the
transformer will provide a 1:√3 step-up line-voltage ratio. Then for a delta-star
connected transformer the turns ratio becomes:

Delta-Star Turns Ratio

Then for the four basic configurations of a three-phase transformer, we can list the
transformers secondary voltages and currents with respect to the primary line voltage,
VL and its primary line current IL as shown in the following table.

Three-phase Transformer Line Voltage and Current

Primary-Secondary Line Voltage Line Current

Configuration Primary or Secondary Primary or Secondary

Delta – Delta

Delta – Star

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 Star – Delta

Star – Star

Where: n equals the transformers “turns ratio” (T.R.) of the number of secondary
windings NS, divided by the number of primary windings NP. ( NS/NP ) and VL is
the line-to-line voltage with VP being the phase-to-neutral voltage.

Three Phase Transformer Example

The primary winding of a delta-star ( Dy ) connected 50VA transformer is supplied
with a 100 volt, 50Hz three-phase supply. If the transformer has 500 turns on the
primary and 100 turns on the secondary winding, calculate the secondary side voltages
and currents.

Given Data: transformer rating, 50VA, supply voltage, 100v, primary turns 500,
secondary turns, 100.

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Then the secondary side of the transformer supplies a line voltage, VL of about 35v
giving a phase voltage, VP of 20v at 0.834 amperes.

Three Phase Transformer Construction

We have said previously that the three-phase transformer is effectively three
interconnected single-phase transformers on a single laminated core and considerable
savings in cost, size and weight can be achieved by combining the three windings
onto a single magnetic circuit as shown.

A three-phase transformer generally has the three magnetic circuits that are interlaced
to give a uniform distribution of the dielectric flux between the high and low voltage
windings. The exception to this rule is a three-phase shell type transformer. In the
shell type of construction, even though the three cores are together, they are non-
interlaced.

Three Phase Transformer Construction

The three-limb core-type three-phase transformer is the most common method of

three-phase transformer construction allowing the phases to be magnetically linked.
Flux of each limb uses the other two limbs for its return path with the three magnetic
flux’s in the core generated by the line voltages differing in time-phase by 120
degrees. Thus, the flux in the core remains nearly sinusoidal, producing a sinusoidal
secondary supply voltage. The shell-type five-limb type three-phase transformer
construction is heavier and more expensive to build than the core-type. Five-limb
cores are generally used for very large power transformers as they can be made with
reduced height. A shell-type transformers core material, electrical windings, steel
enclosure and cooling are much the same as for the larger single-phase types. Consider
the below figure in which the primary of the transformer is connected in star fashion
on the cores. For simplicity, only primary winding is shown in the figure which is
connected across the three phase AC supply. The three cores are arranged at

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an angle of 120 degrees to each other. The empty leg of each core is combined in such
that they form center leg as shown in figure.

working of a transformer

When the primary is excited with the three-phase supply source, the currents IR, IY
and IB are starts flowing through individual phase windings. These currents produce
the magnetic fluxes ΦR, ΦY and ΦB in the respective cores. Since the center leg is
common for all the cores, the sum of all three fluxes are carried by it. In three phase
system, at any instant the vector sum of all the currents is zero. In turn, at the instant
the sum of all the fluxes is same. Hence, the center leg doesn’t carry any flux at any
instant. So even if the center leg is removed it makes no difference in other conditions
of the transformer.

Likewise, in three phase system where any two conductors act as return for the
current in third conductor, any two legs acts as a return path of the flux for the third
leg if the center leg is removed in case of three phase transformer. Therefore, while
designing the three-phase transformer, this principle is used.

These fluxes induce the secondary EMFs in respective phase such that they maintain
their phase angle between them. These EMFs drives the currents in the secondary and
hence to the load. Depends on the type of connection used and number of turns on
each phase, the voltage induced will be varied for obtaining step-up or step-down of
voltages.

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Three Phase Transformer Connections

As discussed above, either by a single three phase transformer or by three single

phase transformers combination, three phase transformations can be carried out. The
way of connecting the windings for three phase transformation is same whether the
three windings of a three-phase transformer or three windings of three single phase
transformers are used. The primary and secondary windings are connected in different
ways, such as in delta or star or combination of these two. The voltage and current
ratings of the three-phase transformer is depending on suitable connection. The most
commonly used connections are

• Star-delta
• Delta-star
• Delta-delta
• Star-star

Star – Delta Connection

This type of connection is commonly used to step-down the voltages to a lower value
in transmission end substations. Utility companies use this connection to reduce the
voltage levels for distribution systems.

• In this, the primary winding of the transformer is connected in star and

secondary in delta connection.
• The neutral point on the primary or high voltage side can be grounded which
is desirable in most of the cases.
• The line voltage ratio between secondary and primary is 1/√3 times the
transformation ratio of each transformer.

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 • There exists 30 degrees phase difference between primary and secondary line
voltages.
• Since the actual primary coil voltage is 58% of the primary line voltage, the
insulation requirements for HV windings is reduced by using this winding.
• In this connection balanced three phase voltage are obtained at the secondary
or LV side, even when the unbalanced currents are flowing the in the primary
or HV side due to neutral wire. The neutral wire grounding also provides
lightning surge protection.
Delta – Star Connection

• This connection is used to step-up the voltage level and is commonly

employed in sending end or starting of high-tension transmission system.
• In this, the primary is connected in delta fashion and secondary in star fashion
so that three phase 4 wire system at secondary is possible.
• The secondary voltage to the load is √3 times the delta connected primary
voltage. Also, the load and secondary currents will be the same due to the same
series circuit.
• This connection provides three single phase circuits at both lower and higher
voltages and one three phase circuit at higher voltage so that single and three
phase loads can be supplied.
• Dual voltages are obtained delta-star connection. Low single- p h a s e voltages
are obtained by wiring between any phase and ground. Higher single- p h a s e
voltages are obtained by wiring between any two phases. And by connecting
all three phases to the load, three phase voltage is obtained.
• The insulation requirement on high voltage side is lowered due to the star (less
number of turns per phase) connected secondary.

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 • Similar to star-delta, this connection causes to create a 30 degrees phase
difference between primary and secondary line voltages.
• By using this connection, it is not possible to connect it parallel with delta-
delta and star-star transformers due to the primary and secondary voltage
phase difference.

Delta-delta

• This type of connection is used when the supply source is delta connected and
the secondary load needs single voltage with high current. This is generally
employed for three phase power loads (like three phase motor).
• In this, both primary and secondary windings are connected in delta fashion.
• The voltage across the load is equal to the secondary voltage and voltage
across the primary winding is equal to source voltage. In this, the current flow
through the load will be 1.732 times the secondary current and the feeder
current will equal to the 1.732 times current through the primary winding. Due
to these high supply and load currents, it is recommended to place transformer
much closer to both source and load circuits.
• In this, there exists no phase difference between the primary and secondary
voltages.
• The three phase voltages remain constant even with unbalanced load, thus
allows unbalanced loading.
• The main advantage of this connection is if the one transformer is defective or
removed for service (open delta connection), then remaining two transformers
continue to deliver thee phase power at reduced load capacity.

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Star – Star Connection

• In this, both primary and secondary windings are connected in star fashion and
also there exist no phase difference between the primary and secondary
voltages.
• In this, current flowing through both primary and secondary windings are
equal to the currents of the lines to which they are connected (supply source
and load). And voltages between line phases on either end equal to 1.732
times respective winding voltages.
• Due to neutral availability, it is well suited for three phase four wire system.
• This type connection satisfactorily works if the load is balanced. But if the
load is unbalanced, the neutral point shift causes unequal phase voltages.
• Large third harmonic voltages would appear in both primary and secondary
windings without the neutral tie. This may lead to the insulation failures.
• This connection considerably generates interference with communication lines
and hence with this connection configuration, telephone lines cannot be run
in parallel.
• Due to these disadvantages, the star-star connection is rarely used and not
employed in practice.

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Scott Connection

• This connection is used to convert the three-phase power into two phase power
using two single phase transformers.
• One transformer called as main transformer having center or 50 percent tap
and is connected between the two lines of the three phase wires. The other
transformer called as teaser transformer having 86.6 tap and is connected
between the third phase wire and 50 percent tap of the main transformer.
• The secondary winding of each transformer provides the phases of two-phase
systems.
• The secondary voltages in the two transformers will be equal in magnitude if
both transformers are wound for equal number of turns on secondary. And
produced voltages are 90 degrees out of phase with each other.
• This connection is mainly used to supply the power to the two-phase motor.

Conclusion
The advantages of Three Phase Transformers are:

• Being prewired and ready to install, these can be easier to install.

• To provide the same KVA, the core material required is very less compared to
a bank of three single phase transformers.
• It is lighter and smaller.
• It requires less space to install.
• Higher efficiency
• Low cost compared with three units of single-phase transformers.
• Transportation is easy and also transportation cost is less.
• Bus bar structure and switchgear installation for single three phase unit is
simpler.
• Only three terminals are required to be brought out in case of a three-phase
transformer compared to six terminals from three single phase transformers.
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The disadvantages of Three Phase Transformers are:

In case of fault or loss of one phase results to the complete unit shut down. This is
because in three phase transformers, a common core is shared for all three units.
If one unit is defective, the core of this defective unit would immediately saturate
because the absence of an opposing magnetic field. This causes the greater escape of
magnetic flux to the metal enclosures from the core. This further raises the heating of
the metallic parts and in some cases this heat would enough to cause to fires. Therefore,
a three-phase transformer (or entire unit) must be shut down if any one phase is
defective.

• Cost of repair is more for three phase transformers.

• To restore the service, spare unit cost is more compared with one single
transformer spare unit.
• When these are self-cooled, the capacity of the transformer is reduced.

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keywords: {CAD/CAM;computer vision;computerised numerical control;costing;milling;milling
machines;production engineering computing;profitability;prototypes;mini CNC milling
machine;wireless communication;computer vision component;NC machine tool
monitoring;machining table;electrical industry;medical industry;self-testing procedures;engraving
machine;CAD-CAM systems;wireless controller system prototype;Raspberry Pi technique;Arduino
technique;cost analysis;profit estimation;Control systems;Software;Pins;Wireless
communication;Computer numerical control;Machining;DC motors;Wireless controller
system;Prototype;Raspberry PI;Arduino;Mini CNC machine},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8359046&isnumber=8359024

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