8.1.

nEKqlfl Ne8

AECOPEqIHHI OnrHLlHl METOflH AHAfil3y

(ooToKolloPv{ METP lfi , cn EKTPOOOTOMETP lfi )
B QororvrerprL{Hr4x Meroflax BuKopl4croBy}orb era6iproee nornuHaHHc ceirna MofieKynaMn
peqoBLlHl4, ffKa ananisyerucn. B peaynurari nornHHaHHF eunporuinrcBaHHtl MorleKyna
norflHHapvol pevoenHm nepexo4r4Tb 3 ocHoBHoro craHy e luil-tiManbHoto eneprien Er Ha
eraqrli eHeprermqavth cran Ez.
flornunanHs ceirna eig6yeaerbcn firdue B ToMy BunaAKy, KonH eHeprin reanry,
nrcvth norfiHHaerbcfl, cnienagae a
pianrar4ero eneprifi AE
riaix KBaHToBaHHMt
eHepreril'.tlv1Mt pienenan e rinqeeouy {Ez) Ta noqarKoBoMy (Er) cranax MoneKynvt f,Ka
noFnHHae:

hv = AE = Ez -Et {8.1)
de h - cmana llnauxa (tt=6,625'1A3a$x'c);
v - qacmama eunpouinnaaHHfl, flKe rlaefiuHaernbcfl, fiKa eu3Havaembcfl
eaepeien noefiuHymoeo KsaHma rna
eupax<aembcs eidnouteuusu weu)xacmi
nowupeHHfr eunpo-uiuneaHHn c (weudxocmi csimnoeoi xeuni y eaxyywi c=3'171aculc) da
joexugu xeuni A, v=clA-

Eneprin annpovinrcBaHHfl xapaKrepn3yerbcn eneKTpoMamirnmu cnerrpona, RrcntZ

oxonnng o6nacru BiA rinoruerpoenx pa4ioxannu ,qo Aecert4x ,qonerl aHrcrpeMa Y-
ennpouinrcBaHHst ra xocNair.tFtux npouenie.
lnn xapaKTepncrt4Ku ginnat<w cneKrpy L{acro BvrKopr4croBytorb raKox xBnnboBe
qHcno v , FKe noKa3yo, FKe qhc.no AoBXr,rH xBr4flb npHxogt4Tbctt Ha 1 cna ufltlxy
ennpoviHroBaHHfl y earyyrvi, Ta Bu3Haqaerbctt cnieeightolueriHctvl:
y' ll 7.
Flprapoga cMyr norrlAHaHHA e ynurpaSioneroaitl ta en4nnaoi (400-760
i10400 nrta)
HM) obnacrsx cneKTpy oAHaKoBa ra 3B'F3aHa ronoBHnM qHHoM 3 qnc.rloM Ta
po3TauyBaHHFM enerrponiB B MoneKy.nax, qri nornnHatorb, ra fionax. B in$pavepeoHiti
o$nacri (0,8-1000 nltr<nlt) BoHa e binuuoMy cryneHi noe'seana 3 KonHBaHHffM aronltie e
MoneKynax norfl HHarcvoi peuo BttHVi.
3anexno BiA anaparypt4, flKa BHKopr4croByerbcs, e $ororrlerpllqHoMy aHanisi
pospisnntoru
r cnst$po$ororvrerpnvHuft MeToA - aHanie no nornHHaHHn MoHoxpoMaTHqHofo
ceirna;
o $oroxonopnMerpwuuuh aHanie 3 norrLlHaHHF nonixporrlarnqHoro
(n ennonoxpoMarilq Horo) ceirn a y BvtAtAMi ti o6nacri cneKrpy.
O6ragea Meroflt4 rpyHryrorbcfi Ha nponopr4iriniri 3anexHocri wix
ceirnonornnHaHHfiM Ta KoHqeHrpaqierc nornuHanvoi peuoennn.
Oororuerprqni vero.qr no.4inRtoru na npnui ra nenpnui.
B npflMux uemodax hon M, nnufi Br3HaqarcTb, 3a gonoMororc peareHTy R
nepeBorqsrb e ceirnonornuHaroqy cnonyrcy MR, a noriru erviptorcru iHreHcneHicru
ceirnonornHHaHHF po3r{HHy l4iei cnonyru.
flpra ,terrpf,Mux Bm3HaqeHHnx Br4Kopl4croBytorb gonouixni cnonyrcr, nrci npil
esaeMo4li a rZonou, srnfi etttguaqaerbcn, a6o pyfinyeTbce carrli, a6o yreoprctoru Hoei
ceirnonornHHarc.li cnonyKh.
 8.2.
3anexnicru inrencnanocri MoHoxpoMarnqHoro ceirnoeoro noroKy,
nvui,t npofiuoa qepes uap saoapeneHoro po3ttvtHy, BiA iHreHcileHocri
nagaloqoro norony csirna, KoHqeHTpaqis sa6apenenol peqoBhH14 ra
ToBt4rlHr4 tltapy poSt{tdHy Bn3HaqaeTbctl o6'egnannu SaKoHoM
Eyrepa -Ilanr6ePra-EePa, nwnitr e ocHoeHuM 3ar(offoM
ceimnonoenuHaHHn ra nexhrb B ocHoei Oinuuocri $oromerphqHhx
nnero4is ananisy:

I - /o .1 o-kct (8.4)
de k xoesiqienm ceimnaftoenuHaHus, nrcuil 3anoKumb eid npupodu pasuunenoi
-
peqAaLtHu, meMnepamypu, pA3quHHuKa ma doexuuu xeuni ceimna.

ffxqo KoHqeHrpaqin C BilpaxeHa B M9JIFX Ha nirp, a t B

caHT46erpax, To k e MonrrpHvrM roe$iqieHToM ceirnonorfiHHaHHtt ra

nogHaqaeTbctt frKt t. PieHqHHn $.$ B qboMy BilnaAKy MarilMe Bmrflfi.q:

[ =-r0I^'19-e,Ct
r\, (8.5)
l-lpu gorpnnauni ocHoBHoro gaKoHy ceirnonornilHaHHF onrHqHa
rycn4Ha posLu4Hy npflMo flpanopu,irtna ManfrpHaMy xoe$iqieHmy
ceimnonaefiLrHaHHrr, KaH4eHmpau,fi ftoenuHatoqoT peqaeuHu ma moetUuui
wapy pasquHy:
A- €^Cl (8 6)
flpur rpa$iuHorray so6paxenni ganexnocri onruLtHoI rycrnnn BiA
KoHqeHrpaqiT (npvr cranoMy sHaqeHHi /) yraop$erbcff npflMa ninis. l-{n npnua
npoxogrdrb qepffi noqaroK KoopAr4Har ga eigcyrnocri nornHHaHHf, ceirna
po3r'rr4HHt{KoM Ta cncreMarnqHHx noxnOox (pttc.8. 1 ).

rQ
\
b
{5
k
e
a
q,

t\
tI
r{
(,.r
{,
b
ll
h
t
(}
don4eampa4as pacm6opa

Puc. 8.1. Sanexuicmb onmuqHoi eycmunu aid xonqeumpaqii pa3'luHy

(epadyrcean au u rt ePaQix)
 8.3.
B $orouerprr-{HoMy aHaniei, 9K npaBuJ'ro, BklKopr4croByrorb norflHHaHHn ceirna
MoneKyflaMh KoMnfleKcHHX {rcoop4nnaqifinnx} cnonyK, conuearie, ? B pn4i euna4rie fi
crnagHir.unx cnofiyK {acoqiarie, aggyrcrie ra in.i.
BsaeMo.qin cairnoeoro aunpouinrcBaHHs 3 TaKnMH cKna.qHHMr4
OararoeneKTpcHHr4Myr cncreMaMu onncy$Tb 3a AonoMoron MoneKynnpHr4x cnerrpia
nornHHaHHF.
Enercrponni cneKTpr4 nornilHaHHn e sa.nexHicrro MonflpHoro roe$iqienry
csirnonornhHaHHn t, onrnunol rycrraHra (A) a6o nponycKaHHfl (I) eia floBxr4Hr4 xeuni
ceirna, flKe norflilHaerbcl (pvtc.8.1),qoBXHHa xenfli, npn nriri cnocrepiraerbcn
MaKcrdMaflbHe nornhHaHHn caitna, no3Haqaerbcf, L{epe3 A*u*", ruonnpnnri r<oe$iqienr
ceirnonornrHaHHq - tr"*".

4AA 500 6fi4 7A0

"1, Hfr{

Puc.8.2. Enexmponnuil cnexmp Puc.8.3. Cnexmpu noenuHaHnn poauunie:

I 7- xpouamy xanin; 2 - cynuSamy uiCIi;
noeruHaHHFt (4,, u.*.- A tlz \Avs6) - 3 - padanidy xo5anamy (e a4emoni).
po3M u micm b Ma Kcu MyMy noen u uau nn)

MeroAn BH3HaqeHHR oAHieT peuoBHHH

l. METOfr nAHBHflHHfl AnTr4LtHt4X ryCTHH CTAHfrAPTHOTO TA
ilo cn mx<y BAH t4x 3A6AP Bfl EH nX PASq fi H B
3Ha.{eHHs onrnqHr,lx rycrHH poavnHie, nni nopienrororbcs, 6yRyru 4opiennearn:
fl ns AocnigxyBaHoro po3qt4Hy

A, = trc"l,
,qnfl cTaHAapTHoro po3quHy
Ac^=tc*'Cr*' 16
Poe,qinileuw oAVtH BHpa3 ua intunfi, orphMaeMo:
A, I Ar*= (rr.Cx.lx) / ( roC* /*)
Ocrcinurua l*= l"r, t;=COhSt, To
Cr=Cr*Ar/Ar* (8 7)
Mero4 nopiennnHe 3acrocoByrorb npm ogHopa3oBl4x eruiprceaHHsx, eiH enMarae
o6og' cgroBoro Aorpx MaH Hr ocHoBHoro 3aKoHy ca irnonorn tAHaHHf, .
 8.4.

II. METOE TPMYNBA.ftbHATO TPAOIKA

l-lpra em6opi iHrepaany ronlqeHrpar4ifi craH.qaprHvlx poe'uHie Kepy$rbctl
HacTynHHMH nOUOXeHHtlMl4:
a) ein Mae oxon.nloBaru o6nacru MoxnHBHX stvtin rconqenrpar4iri AocniAxyeaHoro
po3qnHy; 6axano, u-{o6 onruqHa rycrnHa gocnigxyeaHoro po3t{14Hy ei.qnoei,qana
npn6nnsno cepeguHi rpagyroeanunol t<pueoi;
6) 6axano, t4o6 B LlboMy inrepeani KoHL{eHrpaqifr npra eubpanrx roat4nni KroBerH
t ra ananirra."{Hifi goaxnni xenni rl 1a 6inuurocri eunagrie i=A*"*" ceirnonornmuapqoi
cnonyrra) cnocrepiraBcq ocHoeHnft saroH ceirnonornnHaHHs, ro6ro rpa$ir A = f(C) 6ye
niniftnru;
e) inrepean po6ovnx 3HaqeHb A, nt<vtirt ei,qnoei4ae inrepaany craH,qaprHP'lx
posvrnie, uae ra6e3neqyBarn MaKcHMaflbHy npoAyrrnanicru pe3ynbrarie anruipneanu
(uiniruanuHe aiAFtouJeHHrr sA/A) Ane norpibHo MarH na yeasi, tilo Ha nparrnqi npn
3HaqeHHFX A
3anexHocri A=f(C).

P uc. B. 4. l-padynean au u it ePa$i x

trne/wt

BugnaqnBlln onrm.tHy rycrurHy po3quHy A', 3HaxoAtlrb iT gHaqeHHF Ha

oci KoopgnHar, a noriM Ha oci a$cquc eignoeigHe ih sHaqeHHfl
KoHrleHrpaqii G .

Llera Merofl 3acrocoBytoTb npil Bt{KoHaHHi cepiilHux

SomouempuqHui auanirfe. BiH Aae rapHi pesynbrarvl npil AorpHMaHHi
ocHoBHoro 3aKoHy cBiTnonornvlHaHHs'
fl pra no6ygoBi rpa.qypBanbHoro rpa$iKy po3pisHtttclrb raKi BapiaHrvl :

onrnManbHnx yMoB. Tari rpa$ixn norpi6no e o6epexHicrp BilKopl4croByBarul

AnH BH3HaqeHHe HeBigoMtlx KoHqeHTpaqifr B pos.ltllHax, tlKi Micrsrb
fionn,
u{o 3aBaxarcTb, a6o e spa3Kax pi3Htlx MarpHtlb;

KOMnOHemie MaTpHUi, BnflHB ffKl4x flOCTaTHbO peTenbHo BvlBt{eHO;

uicrsru ygi CTopOHHi npegMern O6'eKtie, sri ananiSynrucn.

 8.5.

nt. METOE flOMtWOK

BHsHaqeHHFl KoHqenrparlifi po3t{t/rHy L{l4M Mero.qoM rpyHTyerbcfi na nopiennnni
onrrqnoi rycrt4Hll po3qnHy, cruft ,qocnigxyerucn, i toro x po3qt4Hy e 4oviuron neeigotvtoi
rinurocri peqoBulH14, ttKy Bl43HaqaPTb.
Herl Merog .qo3Bonne crBopr4Tl4 ognaroei yMoBt4 Enfl QorouerpyBaHHfl
AocnirqxyeaHoro ra craHgaprHoro (a gorr,rir-uroro) sabapBneHhx posvmHie, ToMy fioro
4oqinuHo 3acrocoByBarh Anfr Bil3HaqeHHfl MaflHX rinunocreft pisHrax eneNaeHrie B
npycyrHocri eenrrnx rinurocrefr croponnix pevoenn npn anani3ax cotlboeux posvunie.
Merog 4orvrir.uorc BilMarag o6oe'sgroeoro gorpilMaHHn ocHoBHoro 3aKoHy
ceirnonorn4HaHHfi. Heeigorvry KoHlleHTpaqin anaxogtlrb po3paxyHKoBllM a6o rpa$iqnnun
MeTOAaMH.

PospaxyxoK HeeldoMaT Korqenmpaqfi 3a Memodorn nopieHf,HHs.

[lpra 4orpxuanni ocHoBHoFo 3aKoHy ceirnonornuHaHHn ra nosriilnifr roeqnni uapy
eignourenHfi onruqHnx rycrLlH gocnigxyeaHoro po3L{LlHy ra .qocnigxyBaHoro po3qnHy 3
goH,rir-urcorc ei4noulennn ix ronqenrpaqifr 6yRe raKnM:
A*/A**.=C*/(C*+C"), sBiAcYr:
Cr=C, A*4Ar*t-Ar)
rqe A, - olmuqHa eycmuHa po3tluHy, nxud dacnidxynma;
A**"- oflmuvHa eyc{nu*a po3LtuHy, sxuit docni1xynmb, 3 )auiwxon;
C* ueeidorsa xonqenmpaqia peqasuHu, flKy ztfiHaqarcmb, 6
sa6apeneHowy posuuui, sxud docnidxyrcma;
C"- xout4enmpa4in Aouiwxu e posvuui, nxuil docniAxynmu { s pspaxyHKy
fi u we dadanoi xin axocmi).
3 rconqerrpal1iero po3r{r4Hy gonltiu:xn BoHa 3B'n3aHa cnieei4HouJeHHtlM:

fion,'ir.'rra norpi6Ho 6parr,r 9:;fi-:'kgj.a;ft. He aisoyeanacn,,Brpara

ro..{Hocri npra ai4ninaaHHi"; ruiniuanuna pianur-p A**r-A, rilae 6yrr,r ne uenule 0,1 .

BusnarreHHfl Heeidouoi KoH qeHmpaqii epa$iunuul crrocodou.

Cs
t'r;t'\+ o
Puc. 8.5. {-paSiune sffiHaqeHHn KoH4eHmpaqii posttuHy uemodau )ouiwax
Ha xanu, np4 BenHKoMy conboBoMy $oni ( oco6nneo, Kont4 gotvtituxu esaeuo4ircru
3 peaKTktBorvr), uero,q .qouir-r.roK qacro npil3BogllTb,4o orpHMaHHF 3aBnl4eHilx pe3ynurarie
L{epe3 nopyueHHs npnruoniHirlHoi sanexHocri A BiA C, FKe He BpaxoByerbctl ni
po3paxyHKoBt4M pieHnnnnu , ni rpa$ivno.
 8.6.

l. Cnexmpo$omomempuqHuil ananis deoxomnoHeHmHux cucmeM

Kpraei ceirnonomuHaHHf, o6ox peqoBnH nepeKpuBarcTbcr no ycboMy
cneKrpy.
Buruipner.rira onrnqni ryrrttHw po3r{!1Hy npn ABox AoBXl,,tHax xBmnb trr la hz,
KoHqeHrpaqil Cr ta Cz po3paxoBylorb 3a piennnnnvn:
A":t,,C,l +€^,C"1
nj lnl I LAI L

(8 16)
Ak: qkCJ + €2t,Czl
3Ha,{eHHs MonspHr4x roe$iqienrie ceirnonornuHaHHs a5o Oepyru a ra6nxqs, a6o
( vacri ue) Bfi 3HaL{arcTb eKcnepn MeHTat'lbHo Hacryn H H M t'{ L1 HoM.

l-oryrcru craH,qaprHnin posuvtr gocni4xyeaHoi peqoBmHl4 1 ra eilMiprorcru fioro

onru.{rti rycrklHn npn Tr4x AoBXnHax xB!4.nb, npu qKt4x bygyts npoBoAt4Tl/
cnerrrpo$oroMerpyBaHfl cyMir.ui o6ox KoMnoHeHrie. floriru, 3Haro..tt/l A^ , sa piennnnnvt

Atz, gr^,CJ, po3paxoByrorb 3HaqeHHn MonffpHoro rcoe$iqienry ceirnonorflHHaHHn

tr^, fllrn KoMnoHeHTa 1 npra Ar T8 Az.

AHanori.{Ht4M qt4HoM Br43Haqaprb 3HaqeH * €24 At'tq KoMnoHeHTa

2 npntrr Ta Az.
Orprarvrani 3HaqeHHn roe$iqierry csirnonorflhHaHHe nigcraenRnru B ct4creMy
pieHrnu (8.17) ra po3B'f,3ytorb ii eiAnocno ,qBox neeiAorurx Ct ra Cz .

( A^ A^\/
3-t", \
-r =l €r,
C, z& I
ll\t,^ero-€zh€,r"I
'n' I )
I
(8.17)
C, =(',-+- tt.?),f,^€zh- r,au,a)
l!o6 ei4HocHa noxn6ra AC/C 6yna nafirraenuop, 3HaqeHHff
A4r^ A^, Ma$rb fiexaril e inrepeani 0,3-1, a eignouteHHf, 4t"rl€z4ra CrUler^
MarcTb 6yrn uarcHManbHnMt4.

E=102

8uo 358 4OO 45A ,5OO

Jra,rl
Puc. 8.6. Cnexmpu noenuHaHnn duemunAumioxapdaMiuamis xynpyuy (1),
xo5anama (2) ma nixens (3) e CCIn.
 8.7.
ane e npOrtlixox
Kpr'rei CeirnonornnHaHHfl o6Ox peqoBuH nepeKphBaK)Tbgf,'
cneKTpy'gecBiTnonornnHaHHf,MoflHoro3Hl4xMoxHa3HexTyBaTu.
firrloenpoMixoK,BtlKoMynornhHaefiHueorqrHKoMnoHeHT(nanpnnnarq'KOnH
ttk= 0 cncreMa piBHtlHb cnpou{yerbctl Ta KoHl{eHrpaqifl KoXHoro 3 KoMnoHeHrie
),
BH3Ha{iaerbcfl 3a cnieeigHoLtjeHHtlM:

c'=l"r+-" u)'b,^,',r\ (8 18)

C, = Ar, tVr^tl

3go 360 '*60 540 629 Vov

&ruu
xo6anama (1)
Puc. 8.7. Cnexmpu fiOefiuHaHHfl OKcuxuuoniuamia
ma uixenn (2) e cyntiuti 1 M HCI - aqemoH

He nepeKpHBalorbcn (prac' 8'8)'

Kpr,rei ceirnonorflHHaHHr o6ox peqoBHH
PoapaxyHoK Be,qyrb sa pieunnuRlu:

C, = A^lbrht) ra Cr=Ah tV,rtl;

400 50s 600 740

A, n*
puc. 6.8. cnexmpu flOefiuHa*nn aeyx KoMflaHeHmia pisuoeo Kanbapy:
a ma b - o,nacmi uaxcuuafibHoea nponycQaHn npaueuie
caimno$inbm7aMu a ma b
 8.8.
CN EKTPOOOTOMETPYI LI H E BI43HAL{ EH Hfi [E I{AM HA I

2p"
le'
tfi
t#'
1,2

1,0

o8
nl.
03
Q2
o j;nn
2?A 240 26A 280 300 320 340 360
Puc. 1. Cnexmp naenuHaHHF )eKaMina y sodi (C = 2,48 MKe/Mtr)

Onrrvny rycrvtHy Br4MiprcBanr Ha cneKrpo*oroMerpl qep$ KoxHi

5 nu e irrepeani xBLlflb ein 22A Ao 360 HM, a no6nrcy MaKcnMyMie nornmHaHHtt Q4A i
33Ouu) aa.
-qepe32i1
Cnerrp AeKaMHHa He 3anexrTb BiA pH po3qnHy. SanexHicrb onruqHoi rycrt4Ht4i
BiA KoHl{enrpaqii fleKaMHHa B po3quHi e ninifinoro.
llpra era6opi onrhManbHHX yMoB nrriniuansna ronr4eHrpaqin AeKaMHHa npFt
AonycKy ei4FtocHoi noxn6xx +2a/a ctllsna 50- 10'" rln.
3riaina reMneparypr4 B Mexax 1B-23"C u qacy Bl43HaqeHHF onrnqHol rycrnnn
nicnq npfiroryBaHHfl po3r{r4Hy nporffroM 1 go6w He eigbreaerucn Ha pe3ynbrarax
emruiploeannn.
Buicr fleKaMiHa (X) y Bi4corKax obl{Hcfltotorb 3a SopMynon:
D4A0.5AA
x==ft
onmuqr" ,flhrll"*,u*saHoeo po3quHy;
ae D
Et%t"*=74A
-
- numouuil norcasHuK noefiuHaHHn dexauuxa
npu )oexuHixeuni 240 uro;
a Ha6ax<Ka npenapamy, M.
-
flrarorvrafi noKa3HHK nornfiHaHHtr po3qr4Hy o6,{hcnloeann Ha ni.qcraei onrnqHoi
rycrHHH po:vNnie gercauiHa ei.4ouoi ronqenrpar4il npu goexnni xemni X=244 HM,
Kopr4cryrovu cu pi enHH HF M 3aKoHy Syrepa-Iana6epra-5epa.
BuslaqeH Hg nfiTomofo noHagHHKa norn uHa'HaHHf, t

C'103.r*ronsfn Qnlu,.lHa'ryclEna, D C'1o3,ruronujn CIniu!.rua rycnaua, D

0,'t011 0,05s 1.206$ 0.520

0,2357 0,113 1.3959 0,602
0,4653 0":0s 1.5068 0,625
0,5023 CI,215 1.9408 0.815
0,,707'l s,312 2,1664 0,930
1,01 12 0,437 2,2121 0,927
*
M*rcgor,r HanLrenumx tteagparie po3paxcBaHi,lr,t ruonapurfl xce$iqieHr nornl4HaHHfl
a=41700tSSS. JsoTH --26k . E]T"=ZSC- rA {p =95)
 8.9.
Gnoco6n ogepxaHHfi :a6apeneHnx cnonyK.

1. YTBOPEHHH A3OCNOIIYK,
nxi uicmnmb 6 uonexyniodny asoepyny (uouoasocnonyxu).

- giasoryBaHHn nepBnHHoro apoMarnqHoro anainy narpifi nirpurou B Kr4clroMy

cepegoBrdr4i s yreopeHHnM coniAiaeoHito (l cmadin);

ArNH2 + NaNo z+ zHCl ------> [ or-R=*]C? + NaCl + 2HzO

- a3ocnonyqeHHn coni ,qiasoHiro is $enonaur a6o apoMarHqHHMr4 auinanan B
ny?KHoMy a6o cna6roKrcltoMy cepe4oBr4qi a yreopeHHsM a3ocnot'ryKvr (ll cmadia).
r @ rO Ar-N:*\?-NHz + HCI
Inr-r't-N]ci"+ \_/-NHz*
B avroHiaqHoMy cepe,qoBnr4i yreoprorcTbcs xoemi, ),Koemoeapflvi, uepeoxi, 6ypi
cflany,$,
a B connHoKncnoMy - $ionemoea-cuui a6o cuuao-senesi.
.ee,\c
z[nr-X-ru]d-+ 4NH4OH --------> (Ar-N=ru)zN NnY * 2NH4ct + 4H2o
2. YTBOPEHH'I NOTIMETT4HOBKIX CNOflYK,
nri xaparrepn3yrorbcq HaseHicrro B MoneKyni syene4esoeo naHu,fiea
is cnpnxeHuwlt nodeiilnuuLt 3e'fr3KaMU, a raKox ae'qaxauu ls O, S, lV.

BusuaqenHa sa peax4ien {Dydxueapa:

r-\ ^- +NaOHCI2CH-NH-CH=CH-CH=CH-64.9
a + CHCI3 -------> ll\tl-llcl
I

cHC12
"rH

Busua,aeuHn 3a peaxqierc Keuiea:

H.H
ii I + CNBr --------> .-\
--\ HzO
ll\il-/I Br
\*r' ---------------
)c-cH-cH=cH-(rto
HO'
I

CN

3. yTBOPEHHfi nPOflvKTlB KOHIEHCAqII lg XRpSOHIIIbHNMI4

cnoflvl(AMr4
(npra esaenaogiT anugerigie a6o rceronie is nepsnHHxMr4 auinautn B KHcnoMy
cepe,qoBnqi yreoprolorbcn ocHoBH tUiSQa (=C=N-R)

R2C:O + HzO
 8.10.
4. YTBOPEHHfl CONEI/ KI{CNOTHYIX TA OCHOBHUIX EAPBHYIKIB,
sri nerxo eKcrparylorbctl-
Bucaxaaanexynnpui opaauiuni RucfiomlJ a6o iX coni MoxHa Bn3Haqartl
Br'rKopr4fioBytottt4 3a peaKTHe ocnoenrfi 6apennr.
' Opeauivni ocHoeu a6o iXMeroAoM,
ercrpag4iilno-SoroMerpnr{Hr4M
cani aneaaqarcrb a rarnfi catuuti cnoci6, tlKl4o 3a peaKTHB
ByrKopr4croByrorb rncnornnfr 6apennr a6o sa6apeneHi Heopranivni rounnercHi rncnorr.

5. yTBOPEHH'I nPoflyKTlB oKrlcllEHHtl - BIgHOBIIEHHfI:

- eignoenennn nirPocnonyK;
OH
,\r*ot
ilt
KCN, H2O NHOH

\/ CN
ilo,
- oKr4cHeHHF Kt4cHeM noeirPn;
- oKr4cHeHHfl xnoporvr a6o 6ponlton,t:
Alk1. Alkl\rN=O
-------> /C, +
,C:NOH + Clz
Alk/tcl HCI
AIK
- oKr4cHeHHfl nepMaHraHaroM ranin;
- oKl4cHeHHs cofltlMr $ePYnaY;
- oKr4cHeHns raniti 6ixPouarou ;

- oKr4cHeHHF apreHTyM OKCIdAOM ;

- oKr4cHeHHtt xt]opl4AoM 3onoTa:

(pearenr - HlAuCl+l)
- oKHcHeHHtl MeraBaHarqaroM raniro;

- oKrlcHennn $oc$opHo-Moni6Aenoeorc Khcfiorolo:

cyM i ul Soc$o pHo Mon i6fl eHoBoT ra SocSopHoBoIl u$pauoeoi
KHcnor (peaxmue Qonin a)

6. PEAKqll 3 HEOPTAH lt{Ht4Ml4 PEAKTI4BAMI4 :

- peaxqii 3 contlMt4 annviniP:

CH3CoCl + AlCl3 --------> [cur-c=o]*rucl+

- peaxqil is cinno PetZnere:
po3t'lt4H coni PeftHeKe NH+[Cr(SCN)4{NH.)z] ' 2HzO
- pear<r-4ii 3 conFMH $epynay {lll):
- pearr-4ii a nirponpyct4AoM r-rarpin;
- pearr4il s conHMH Co, Ni, Cu:
HanpuKnad,6iyperoBa peaKqin s 6inraMn a6o noninenrilAaMu;
- peaxqii 3 contlMl4 nana4in.