Unifying Theme

UNIF YING
THEMES OF LIFE
THEMES OF LIFE
- basic ideas that apply to all
organisms
- connects many things in

the exploration of life
1. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
•
– has based on the
– together, the parts of our body enables us to move
• contraction of muscles
attached to bones causes
movement
• blood vessels then supply

these parts with oxygen and
food
•
– organisms in the ecosystem require a steady supply
of certain chemicals to live
plants obtain most of animals acquire most of chemicals are returned to

their necessary the chemicals they need the soil by bacteria and
chemicals from the fungi that decompose the
by eating plants or other
soil, water and air wastes and remains of
animals
organisms
Ecosystems
- consist of biotic
or living
components and
abiotic or
nonliving
components.
Relationships within an ecosystem

Food Chains
● A food chain represents how energy is
transferred across a series of organisms in
the form of food.
Food chain
Food Sources
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
are also known as are also known as
producers since consumers since
they can make they consume other
their own food. organisms for food.
Trophic Levels
● Organisms are
classified
based on their
hierarchy in the
food chain.
Trophic levels
Food Web
● These are made
up of multiple food
chains linked
together.
A food web
Each organisms interact with one
another to survive in an ecosystem.
This kind of interaction is called
symbiosis. There are different types
of symbiotic relationships.
Commensalism Mutualism
one organism both organisms
benefits, the other is benefit.
unaffected.
Orchids are commensalistic with

trees Bee and flowers
Competition Predation
Organisms compete A predator feeds
for a resource. on prey.
Competition for resources in Many birds are

the forest floor predators
Parasitism
A parasite relies on a
host for survival.
A liver fluke
•
2. THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
•
•
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- system
- organism
•
Contract and enable us to move
Transmit impulses that control our muscles

•
3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
•
– Technically, they are inseparable

Birds that must maneuver in forested habitats have

elliptical wings.
Elliptical wings are slotted between primary feathers
to prevent stalling at low speeds
The small chickadee can change its course within
0.03 seconds.
Elliptical Wings
(Fly catcher)
Birds that feed on the wing or make long migrations
have high-speed wings.
High Aspect Ratio These wings sweep back and taper to a slender tip;
(Swallow) this reduces turbulence.
They are flat in section and lack wing-tip slotting.
Albatrosses, gannets and other oceanic soaring birds

have long, narrow wings.
They have the highest aerodynamic efficiency of any
design, but are less maneuverable.
These birds exploit the highly reliable sea winds and
air currents of different velocities.
Dynamic Soaring
Wings
(Albatross) Vultures, hawks, eagles, owls and other birds of prey
that carry heavy loads have wings with slotting, alulas
and pronounced camber. This produces high lift at slow
speed.
High- Lift Wings Wings of these birds have an aspect ratio
(Hawk) intermediate between elliptical wings and high aspect
ratio wings. Many are land soarers; broad, slotted wings
allow sensitive response for static
•
Inside the bones, an open, honeycomb-

like structure provides great strength
with little weight
Birds have long extensions of nerve cells

that control their flight muscles
These fibers make it possible for the

bird’s brain to coordinate flying
movements
4. REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
•
– The offspring inherits units of
information called genes from
their parents
• Genes:
– Responsible for family
resemblance
– Made up of information-rich
molecules called DNA
•
– When a cell divides, it

copies its DNA and passes
this genetic information on
to each of the two cells it
produces
•
– This results in a fertilized cell containing a

combination of DNA from both parents
– The inherited DNA directs the transformation of the
fertilized egg into a person with his/her own eye color,
facial features and other characteristics
•
5. ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS
•
– The plants obtain water and nutrients from the

soil, carbon dioxide from the air and energy
from sunlight
•
– Breathing air, drinking water, eating food and

getting rid of wastes are chemical exchanges
with the environment
•
The specialized leaf of the

Venus flytrap senses the
light footsteps of a soon-to-
be-digested fly
The plant responses by

rapidly folding the leaf
together
•
The sun may cause

organism to squint
The bark of an
approaching dog causes
you to turn your head
quickly
6. ENERGY AND LIFE
•
– Sugars, fats and

other “fuel-like”
molecules in the
food produce energy
6. ENERGY AND LIFE
•
Plants are producers that convert

light energy to chemical energy
stored in food
Animals and other consumers

obtain their energy in chemical
form by eating
Energy exist in the ecosystem as

heat, which all organisms generate
as they perform work
6. ENERGY AND LIFE
•
7. REGULATION
•
The thermostat of the brain reacts

whenever your body temperature
varies slightly from 37◦C
It then sends signals to the skin to

produce sweat. Sweating helps cool
the body
Panting is another example of

cooling mechanism. It causes
moisture from the surface of the
lungs to evaporate
7. REGULATION
•
•
8. EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
•
– Adaptation allows life forms to acquire new

characteristics in response to their environment
through the process of natural selection
Some animals
make their coats
lightened to
facilitate hiding
from predators
•
•
•
– Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya

• Evolution explains this diversity
– Worked on the idea of

evolution by natural
selection
9. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
•
By fitting a radio transmitter

onto an Atlantic turtle,
researchers can monitor its
movement
This can help researchers

determine how large a nature
preserve must be to support a
population
9. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
•
– New findings about the DNA affect medicine and agriculture
– Research on the nervous system is improving the treatment of
certain mental illnesses
– The result of stem cell research, animal cloning, environmental
issues, genetically modified crops or new ways to treat diseases
show the impact of biology
10. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY
•
In 2013, Australia
developers created a
prototype for a bionic eye.
It sends an image to a
microchip in the brain,
allowing the user to “see”
the image
10. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY
•

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UNIF YING

- connects many things in

– together, the parts of our body enables us to move

• blood vessels then supply

plants obtain most of animals acquire most of chemicals are returned to

Relationships within an ecosystem

Orchids are commensalistic with

Competition for resources in Many birds are

Contract and enable us to move

Transmit impulses that control our muscles

– Technically, they are inseparable

Birds that must maneuver in forested habitats have

Albatrosses, gannets and other oceanic soaring birds

Inside the bones, an open, honeycomb-

Birds have long extensions of nerve cells

These fibers make it possible for the

– When a cell divides, it

– This results in a fertilized cell containing a

– The plants obtain water and nutrients from the

– Breathing air, drinking water, eating food and

The specialized leaf of the

The plant responses by

The sun may cause

– Sugars, fats and

Plants are producers that convert

Animals and other consumers

Energy exist in the ecosystem as

The thermostat of the brain reacts

It then sends signals to the skin to

Panting is another example of

– Adaptation allows life forms to acquire new

– Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya

– Worked on the idea of

By fitting a radio transmitter

This can help researchers

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